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Anuran Families Morphological Characteristics

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Identification of Tennessee Anurans Hyla versicolor Matthew J. Gray College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Tennessee-Knoxville Suborder Suborder Mesobatrachia Anuran Families Neobatrachia Order Anura Bufonidae Scaphiopodidae Microhylidae 2 1 1 True Toads American Spadefoots Narrow-mouthed Toads Hylidae Ranidae 10 7 Tree Frogs True Frogs Morphological Characteristics Ranidae, Hylidae Bufonidae Glanular glands 1 Family American toad Bufonidae (Anaxyrus americanus) Eggs: 1-2 strings (4,000-12,000 eggs) >10 m length Breeding Call • Long, musical trill (constant) Breeding Season • Early (March) Characteristics: SVL = 3” • Parotoid glands rarely touch cranial crest • 1-2 glanular glands “warts” per dark spot Family American toad Bufonidae (Anaxyrus americanus) Distribution: http://www.apsu.edu/amatlas/ • Eastern United States • Statewide Family Fowler’s toad Bufonidae (Anaxyrus fowleri) Eggs: 1-2 strings (5,000-10,000 eggs) <3 m length Breeding Call • Nasal "w-a-a-h" • Sheep bleating or baby crying Breeding Season • Mid (May) Characteristics: SVL = 2.5” • Parotoid glands touch cranial crest • >3 glanular glands “warts” per dark spot 2 Family Fowler’s toad Bufonidae (Anaxyrus fowleri) Distribution: http://www.apsu.edu/amatlas/ • Eastern United States • Statewide Family Eastern spadefoot Scaphiopodidae (Scaphiopus holbrookii) Metatarsal tubercle Breeding Call • Nasal grunts: “wahh, wahh, wahh” • Young crow Breeding Season T-storms SVL = 2” • Late (June,July) Characteristics: (heavy rain) • Vertical Pupil • Glanular glands but no parotoid glands Family Eastern spadefoot Xeric Adapted Scaphiopodidae (Scaphiopus holbrookii) Genera Distribution: http://www.apsu.edu/amatlas/ • Southeastern United States • Statewide (rare, Smokies) 3 Family Eastern Microhylidae narrow-mouthed toad (Gastrophryne carolinensis) Breeding Call • High pitch buzz “bzzzzzz” • Insect wings T-storms Breeding Season SVL = 1” • Late (June, July) Characteristics: (heavy rain) • Pointed snout, short limbs, plump body • Folded skin between eyes Family Eastern Microhylidae narrow-mouthed toad (Gastrophryne carolinensis) Distribution: http://www.apsu.edu/amatlas/ • Southeastern United States • Statewide (rare Smokies) Family Eastern Acris = locust crepitans = clattering Hylidae cricket frog (Acris crepitans) Breeding Call • Metallic clicking Breeding Season (2 metal balls) • Tempo changes: • Mid (May) (slow-fast-slow) SVL = <1” Characteristics: • Dark triangle between eyes; often bright “Y” racing stripe • >1/2 of longest toe on rear feet webbed 4 Family Northern Hylidae cricket frog (Acris crepitans) Distribution: http://www.apsu.edu/amatlas/ • Midwest and Eastern U.S. • Statewide Family Southern Acris = locust gryllus = cricket Hylidae cricket frog (Acris gryllus) Breeding Call • Metallic clicking Breeding Season (2 metal balls) • Raspier, shorter • Late (June, July) • Tempo constant SVL = <1” Characteristics: • Dark triangle between eyes; often bright “Y” racing stripe (more distinct line than A. crepitans) • <1/2 of longest toe on rear feet webbed Family Southern Hylidae cricket frog (Acris gryllus) Distribution: http://www.apsu.edu/amatlas/ • Deep Southern U.S. • Southwest TN 5 Family Bird-voiced Hylidae treefrog (Hyla avivoca) Breeding Call • Bird-like Chirping Breeding Season • Whistling for dog • Mid (May, June) SVL = 1.5” Characteristics: Coloration can be highly variable! • Light green or gray with light-colored patch under eye • No flash colors like gray treefrogs Family Bird-voiced Hylidae treefrog (Hyla avivoca) Distribution: http://www.apsu.edu/amatlas/ • Primarily MAV • Western TN Family Green treefrog Hylidae (Hyla cinerea) Breeding Call • Short nasal repeating Breeding Season "quonk" • Bicycle horn • Late (June, July) Characteristics: SVL = 2” • Always green, smooth back and belly • White-yellow stripe extending from upper lip mid-laterally 6 Family Green treefrog Hylidae (Hyla cinerea) Distribution: http://www.apsu.edu/amatlas/ • Southeastern United States • Western TN but expanding into East TN! Family Cope’s Gray Hylidae treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) Breeding Call • Short raspy trill (constant) • ½ chromosomes of H. versicolor • Faster than H. versicolor 34-69 pulses/sec Breeding Season • Mid (May, June) ” Characteristics: SVL = 2 • Gray to greenish with mottled back • Yellow-orange flash colors under legs Family Cope’s Gray Hylidae treefrog (Hyla chrysoscelis) Distribution: http://www.apsu.edu/amatlas/ • Eastern United States • Statewide 7 Family Barking Hylidae treefrog (Hyla gratiosa) Breeding Call • Steady raspy honk Breeding Season • Sounds similar to a beagle • Late (June, July) bark or Canada goose • Higher pitch than green frog Largest of the treefrogs in Tennessee Characteristics: SVL = 2-3” • Solid green (granulated) or green with dark spots • White upper lip does not extend mid-laterally Family Barking Hylidae treefrog (Hyla gratiosa) Distribution: http://www.apsu.edu/amatlas/ • Deep Southern U.S. • West TN & Cumberland Plateau Family Spring Peeper Hylidae (Pseudacris crucifer) Breeding Call • Clear Distinct Peep Breeding Season • Early (Feb, March) “Cross bearer” SVL = 1” Characteristics: • Light-brown, smooth skin with dark line between eyes • Dark cross on back 8 Family Spring Peeper Hylidae (Pseudacris crucifer) Distribution: http://www.apsu.edu/amatlas/ • Eastern United States • Statewide Family Mountain Chorus Frog Hylidae (Pseudacris brachyphona) Breeding Call • Short, raspy call that Breeding Season rises in pitch • Running finger • Early (April) over comb but duller than P. feriarum 1/3 size of a SVL = 1” Characteristics: wood frog • Light-brown, smooth skin with dark line through eye • Backward parentheses on back (sometimes) Family Mountain Chorus Frog Hylidae (Pseudacris brachyphona) Distribution: >1000 m elevation http://www.apsu.edu/amatlas/ • Southern Appalachia • Mostly Cumberland Mountains and Plateau 9 Upland (southeastern) Family Chorus Frog Hylidae (Pseudacris feriarum) Breeding Call Earliest breeding frog • Running finger over comb but more metallic than P. brachyphona SVL = 1” Note: call rises (gray treefrogs do not) Breeding Season Characteristics: • Early (January) • Light to dark brown with dark triangle between eyes • Three dark dorsal lines (usually) Family Upland Chorus Frog Hylidae (Pseudacris feriarum) Distribution: http://www.apsu.edu/amatlas/ • Southeastern United States • Statewide Family Crawfish Frog Ranidae (Lithobates areolatus) Breeding Call • Deep "Waaaaa" Breeding Season • Sounds like • Early (March) someone snoring SVL = 2.5” Characteristics: • Dark spots encircled in white, white throat • Dorsal lateral folds very apparent 10 Family Crawfish Frog Ranidae (Lithobates areolatus) Distribution: http://www.apsu.edu/amatlas/ • Mississippi Alluvial Valley • West Tennessee Family American bullfrog Ranidae (Lithobates catesbeianus) Largest frog in Breeding Call Tennessee • loud deep "jug-o-rum" • Often play dead when handled SVL = 5” Breeding Season Characteristics: • Late (June, July) • Green or brown with dorsal lateral folds around tympanum • Males: Tympanum larger than eye Family American bullfrog Ranidae (Lithobates catesbeianus) Distribution: http://www.apsu.edu/amatlas/ • Eastern U.S. (introduced western states) • Statewide 11 Family Green frog Ranidae (Lithobates clamitans) Breeding Call • Short, explosive Breeding Season "glunk" • Late (June, July) • Banjo string being plucked SVL = 3” • Lower pitch than barking treefrog Characteristics: • Green or brown with dorsal lateral folds extending past tympanum, center of tympanum raised • Males: Tympanum larger than eye Family Green frog Ranidae (Lithobates clamitans) Distribution: http://www.apsu.edu/amatlas/ • Eastern United States • Statewide Family Pickerel frog Ranidae (Lithobates palustris) Breeding Call • Sounds like opening a • Drawn-out, creaky door descending snore, "yeeeeeoooow" • Not as deep as L. ” areolatus SVL = 2.5 Breeding Season Characteristics: • Early (April) • Tan with dark paired dorsal spots (square) • No white spot on tympanum 12 Family Pickerel frog Ranidae (Lithobates palustris) Distribution: http://www.apsu.edu/amatlas/ • Eastern United States (excluding Gulf Coast) • Statewide (less common in west TN) Family Southern leopard frog Ranidae (Lithobates sphenocephalus) Breeding Call • Series of clucks or chuckles • Also, groans similar to rubbing hand over ” a balloon SVL = 2.5 Breeding Season Characteristics: • Early (Feb, March) • Tan with dark dorsal spots in irregular pattern • White spot on tympanum Family Southern leopard frog Ranidae (Lithobates sphenocephalus) Distribution: http://www.apsu.edu/amatlas/ • Southeastern U.S. • Statewide (not common in Smokies) 13 Family Wood frog Ranidae (Lithobates sylvaticus) Bi-colored Embryos Black (above), white (below) Breeding Call Forested • Series of clucks or wetlands chuckles (mallard) often before • Interspersed with ice is gone low grunts SVL = 2” Breeding Season Characteristics: • Early (February) • Tan dark mask below and behind eye • White upper lip Family Wood frog Ranidae (Lithobates sylvaticus) Distribution: http://www.apsu.edu/amatlas/ • Northeastern U.S. • Middle & East TN Commonly Confused Species Past WFS 433/533 Students “Snores” “High, Fast Trills” • Pickerel frog • Eastern narrow-mouthed toad • Crawfish frog • American toad “Loud Clunks” “Low, Slow Trills” • Barking tree frog • Upland chorus frog • Green frog • Mountain chorus frog “Chuckles” • Cope’s gray tree frog • Southern leopard frog “Guttural Waah” • wood frog • Eastern spadefoot
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  • This Article Appeared in a Journal Published by Elsevier. the Attached

    This Article Appeared in a Journal Published by Elsevier. the Attached

    (This is a sample cover image for this issue. The actual cover is not yet available at this time.) This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Toxicon 60 (2012) 967–981 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Toxicon journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/toxicon Antimicrobial peptides and alytesin are co-secreted from the venom of the Midwife toad, Alytes maurus (Alytidae, Anura): Implications for the evolution of frog skin defensive secretions Enrico König a,*, Mei Zhou b, Lei Wang b, Tianbao Chen b, Olaf R.P. Bininda-Emonds a, Chris Shaw b a AG Systematik und Evolutionsbiologie, IBU – Fakultät V, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany b Natural Drug Discovery Group, School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Center, Queen’s University, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, Northern Ireland, UK article info abstract Article history: The skin secretions of frogs and toads (Anura) have long been a known source of a vast Received 23 March 2012 abundance of bioactive substances.
  • FROGS in an EFFLUENT SOCIETY Risks, Remedies and Responsibilities by Dr Sara Broomhall First Published in June 2004 by WWF Australia © WWF Australia 2004

    FROGS in an EFFLUENT SOCIETY Risks, Remedies and Responsibilities by Dr Sara Broomhall First Published in June 2004 by WWF Australia © WWF Australia 2004

    FROGS IN AN EFFLUENT SOCIETY Risks, Remedies and Responsibilities by Dr Sara Broomhall First published in June 2004 by WWF Australia © WWF Australia 2004. All Rights Reserved. ISBN: 1 875941 67 3 Author: Dr Sara Broomhall WWF Australia GPO Box 528 Sydney NSW Australia Tel: +612 9281 5515 Fax: +612 9281 1060 www.wwf.org.au For copies of this booklet or a full list of WWF Australia publications on a wide range of conservation issues, please contact us on [email protected] or call 1800 032 551. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of WWF. Special thanks to Craig Cleeland for supplying the photographs for this booklet. CONTENTS FROGS AS ENVIRONMENTAL BAROMETERS The aim of this booklet is to help What is a pollutant? 2 you understand: Australian frogs 2 How do frogs interact with their environment? 3 What pollutants are – Life stages 3 – Habitat requirements 3 How frogs interact with their environment – Ecological position 3 – Frogs and pollutants in the food chain 3 Why water pollution affects frogs Why is environmental pollution a frog issue? 3 – Are frogs more sensitive to environmental pollutants than other species? 3 Where pollutants come from and how they enter the environment WHAT WE DO AND DON’T KNOW Why don’t we have all the answers? 4 How you may be polluting water – How relevant are these toxicity tests to real world situations anyway? 4 Categories of pollutants (such as pesticides) Where do pollutants come from? 4 How many chemicals do we use here in Australia?