Updated Second Printing A Supplement for Harpoon covering the Royal and Commonwealth Navies from 1960 to the Present Day designed by R. A. Doty
edited by
Larry Bond and Charlie Spiegel
published by
The AdmiraltySample Trilogyfile Group
The author is a Chief Fire Controlman, stationed aboard USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63) as part of Commander, Carrier Group Five’s staff. This publication and its contents are the author’s own work and do not represent the views, plans or assess- ments of the United States Navy or the United States government.
Copyright © 1998, 2003, 2013, 2015 the Admiralty Trilogy Group, LLC and R. A. Doty. All rights reserved. Printed in the USA. Made in the USA. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from the publisher.
The designers of White Ensign and Harpoon are prepared to answer questions about the game system. They can be reached in care ofhe Admiralty Trilogy Group at [email protected]. Visit their website at http://www.admiraltytrilogy.com.
Harpoon is Larry Bond’s and Chris Carlson’s trademarked name for their modern naval wargame system. Admiralty Trilogy is Larry Bond’s, Chris Carlson’s, Ed Kettler’s, and Michael Harris’ trademarked name for their Twentieth Century naval game system.
This version of White Ensign has been updated with all errata corrected through 3 Nov 2013.
Cover: HMS Liverpool, a Type 42 Batch 2 guided missile destroyer, during Exercise Joint Warrior, in 2011 (wikimedia) 2 White Ensign Table of Contents Page Table of Contents 3 Author’s Introduction 4 Editorial 4 What You Get 4 Where the White Ensign Has Flown 5 Ship Class Index 9 Annex A Royal Australian Navy (RAN) A-1 Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) A-6 Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) A-9 Royal Navy (RN) A-12 Annex B Aircraft Australia B-1 Canada B-4 New Zealand B-5 United Kingdom B-6 Annex C1 Naval Surface Guns C1-1 Annex C2 Naval Air Defense Guns C2-1 Annex D Surface Missiles D-1 Annex E1 ASW Standoff Weapons E-1 Annex E2 Ahead-Thrown Weapons E-1 Annex E3 Depth Charges E-1 Annex F Torpedoes F-1 Annex G1 Unguided Air Ordnance G-1 Annex G2 Electronic Air Ordnance G-1 Annex G3 Air Cannon G-1 Annex G4 Guided Air Ordnance G-2 Annex G5 Anti-Runway Ordnance F-1* Annex H Air-to-Air Missiles H-1 Annex J Naval Radars J-1 Annex K Fire Control Radars K-1 Annex L Air Radars L-1 Annex M1 Sonar Systems M1-1 Annex M2 Airborne Sonobuoy Processors M2-1 Annex Q Conversion Factors and Scales Q-1 Annex S (modified) Land Surface-to-Air Missiles Sample file E-1* Carrier Air Groups 80 Squadron Histories 84 Bibliography 88
*To save space, Annex G-5 appears on Page F-1, and Annex S appears on page E-1
Notes to the Second Printing: This publication has been updated to incorporate new weapons and upgrades to existing weapons systems, as well as ships commissioned and decommissioned. It also includes the errata to the first printing sent in by many readers. Thanks to Dwayne Austin, Simon Curry, Peter Grining, Stuart Machin, Evan Powles, Brian Prieor and Brooks Rowlett for their contributions. Information cutoff date for the 2nd printing: September 2003. White Ensign 3 squadrons at roughly five year marks. Several of the Squadron Signal books on aircraft were also used. Using earlier editions of Harpoon had its problems. The Mk6(6)1 40mm/60 stats were not going to correlate with the H4 stats for the Mk3, Mk5, Mk7 or Mk9 40mm/60. Also, the way radars are figured has changed. This is where I want to thank Larry Bond and Chris Carlson for all the stats that I could not come up with. Chris is also the ECM/ECCM guru. I had problems with the “Gen- Introduction erations” of ECM for ships and he helped out tremendously. White Ensign provides the Harpoon4 (H4) player a list Mr. Paul French was a big help. He gets to go to the Fleet of all the British and Commonwealth ships and aircraft from Air Arm Museum! Lucky him. I hope it is as good as the 1960 to 2003. You will find a lot of information reprinted from Pensacola Naval Air Museum. His major problem, and mine previous editions of the Harpoon system, but you will find a as it turned out, was Britain’s 30-year rule. It doesn’t matter lot of information that was not. Of course, this is not a stand- that there are no more Sea Vixen, Sea Venom, or Scimitars. alone supplement. You must have the H4 rules to use White If the information isn’t over 30 years old, you won’t be able Ensign, except as a reference. to get it. Also, his help on the introduction for Borneo was of great help. Hopefully we will see more from him in the Editorial future. Mr. Mal Wright from Down Under has helped with a Concerning the collection of data: If you look at the bib- lot of stats for the RAN/RNZN. I didn’t even know that RAAF liography you will see that a lot of references were looked had F-4 Phantoms before the F-111 Aardvark was intro- at, from Jane’s Fighting Ships all the way back to 1959, to duced, and he got to see them!! Thanks also to Dr. Adrian Friedman’s new Naval Weapons Systems from the Naval Davis for his help with the RN stats and the introductory Institute Press to old editions of various magazines. work, it was badly needed. It’s hard to find some information. If you look at early I hope you like White Ensign. editions of Jane’s or books like Weyer’s Warships of the V/R World you notice that the radars, sonars and ECM are not Andy Doty mentioned, and looking at the pictures (and I looked at a lot) you cannot always tell what radars were on a ship. Sonar is even harder! What You Get Norman Friedman’s Naval Radar was very helpful and Annex A lists the Royal Australian Navy (RAN), Royal I want to take this chance to encourage him to put out an Canadian Navy (RCN), Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN), updated version. Weapon systems bring their headaches to and Royal Navy (RN). Ships from carriers all the way down this also. Jane’s does a good job when you get to the 1980s to patrol/fast attack craft are listed, as well as ships taken but try to find out when the AIM-7 or AIM-9 were given to up from trade (STUFT) during the Falklands War. the British, or when any other missile system entered into Annex B lists all the shipboard and land-based aircraft service. I’m hoping someone will do an “older” version of that would or could be used in a naval environment. Naval Weapons Systems. Sample fileSquadron Histories and Carrier Air Groups during this To the point. What reference do you use as a basis? I period are listed at the end of the book. It is interesting like Conway’s because it lists all the naval ships of a coun- to note that unlike US practice, the British would disband try, what modifications were done to them, and the eventual squadrons and then reform them, usually after a deploy- disposition of the ship. I next went to Jane’s for the list of ment on board one of the carriers. auxiliaries. Now this takes several trips to the Library, and Ships are listed either as built or as they appeared in with two girls tagging along you can’t stay very long!! Next, 1960, if they were built before then. Modifications to a ship’s Combat Fleets was used. Coverage starts with the 1976 weapons or sensors are listed in the remarks, along with edition, so for years earlier than that you have to depend the period when the change was made. The number of on other sources. These books give good descriptions and ships in service will either be the number in service at the even mention ECM in the ’76 edition. Wyer’s Warships was present time (2003) or, if enclosed in brackets ([ ]), the total also used for determining weapon system layout. number built, but the class is now out of service completely. For specific ships or ship classes/types, take a look The Remarks will include the dates when ships of the class at Norman Friedman’s British Carrier Aviation. This book were removed from service, as well as actions or conflicts not only ate up my profits but is outstanding in its ability to they took part in. take the mundane stuff that happens to a ship when it is A note on electronics designations: Until the early modified throughout its life and put it into terms that even 1990s, all radars and sonars received a “Type” designation, I could read and enjoy. For some of the frigates, the early in series with communications and EW equipment, e.g., the editions of Warship have good articles on the Leander, Type Type 965 was an an search radar and the Type 184 was a 15 and Type 16 classes. Aircraft Carriers of the Royal and hull mounted search sonar. Commonwealth Navies gives a listing of all the carriers and Beginning in the 1990s, radars and sonars included when and what aircraft were embarked. the type in the designation, so that “Type 965” became Putnam’s The British Fighter Since 1912 gives a very “Radar 965” and “Type 184” became “Sonar 184.” Because good description of each aircraft and a list of all fighter it is more informative, we have used the new designation system througout the Annexes. 4 White Ensign Where the White Ensign has Flown Ruthven, and the LSTs Striker and Empire Gull, LCTs When I started this venture, I was not aware of all the Redoubt, Bastion, and Parapet, with armor from Bahrain, locations and conflicts that the British had been in. I thought as well as the MSF Meon. In fact, Bulwark had the only air with Taiwan/Formosa, and some time in China, Korea, search radar in theater until the arrival of Victorious and the Vietnam, Grenada, Panama, Kuwait and a couple of other DD Cassandra and the FF Lincoln, on the 9th of July, (they places, that the US had been everywhere (that’s why we were in Hong Kong at the start). July 5th brought Centaur, are the great Satan). I was wrong. The following is a short the destroyers Camperdown, Finisterre, and Saintes from list of places the Royal Navy, along with the Commonwealth the 2nd DD Squadron, the AO Olna, and another LST, navies, have been since the end of World War II up to 1960, Messina, through the Suez Canal. Remember, that this is when this book starts: the first time since the Suez Crisis that the British would be • Palestine between 1945 to 1948 moving any sizable task force through the Canal, but noth- • Malaya 1948 to 1960 ing happened. Other units brought into the area were the • China in 1949 frigates Loch Insh, Llandaff, and Yarmouth. 6 July brought • Oman between 1957 to 1958 four Ton class mine sweepers and a tug through. Centaur • Jordan in 1958 arrived on the 31st of July. Within two weeks, the British • Korea in 1950 to 1953 had 5700 men with artillery and armor support inside Ku- • Cyprus 1956 to 1959 wait. Also included were Hunters, Canberras and Shackle- • Suez in 1956 (this would make a great mini-campaign tons and various transport aircraft from the RAF. if you found a competent Egyptian player). Iraqi forces at this time included 12 Ex-Soviet P-6 fast Here are the places that the RN, RAN, RCN, and attack craft with torpedoes. The Iraqi Air Force flew the re- RNZN have been between 1960 and 1998: mainder of “pro western” 15 Hunter F.6 and 5 F-86 Sabres, and earlier Vampire FB, Venom FB, and Furys. These would Yemen 1960-1967 supplement its recent Soviet bloc acquisitions of approxi- mately 20 Mig-15, 10 Mig-15 UTI, and 11 Il-28 Beagles. From 1945 on, the RAF was carrying out strikes against The strong forces and political pressure dissuaded an rebels in the country of Yemen. The following carriers were invasion, and by 11 October, all forces were out of Kuwait. used to provide help: A good reference for the RAF/FAA units involved is Air Wars • Centaur in March of 1960, still a conventional carrier and Aircraft. It lists all aircraft, including transports, that with 891 Squadron flying Sea Venom FAW.22 in the strike were involved. Vanguard to Trident gives a detailed account role of naval movements and the political atmosphere during • Hermes in July of 1963 with 892 Squadron flying Sea this event. A listing of Iraqi aircraft can be found in Arab Air Vixen FAW.1 Forces. It may not list what was available in 1961 but gives • Centaur from January 1964 until July of 1964, now as an account of what might be usable after Iraqis turn to the an assault carrier Soviet bloc for equipment. • Eagle in June 1964 and March of 1966 with 800 The twelve Soviet P-6 fast attack craft may not sound Squadron flying Buccaneer S.1 and S.2. like a lot, but right now (April 1998) I am on USS Russell During the withdrawal from Aden, both HMS Eagle and (DDG-59) in the Northern Arabian Gulf looking for sanc- HMS Albion provided cover and transportation for the evac- Sampletions violators.file I operate the Tomahawk Weapons Control uating troops with 899 squadron providing top cover in Sea System so I get to see the Over-The-Horizon (OTH) picture Vixen FAW.2s, and 848 squadron flying the last British unit, and it’s not as easy as it would seem trying to keep track 42 Commando, to HMS Albion along with HMS Bulwark, of all the small fishing or cargo dhows, not to mention the HMS Fearless, and HMS Intrepid. Escorts included HMS large supertankers that are out here. If a P-6 was to come London, HMS Minerva, HMS Phoebe and HMS Auriga. A out at night, doing roughly 6 to 10 knots, radar won’t tell you good reference for the land and air campaign is Air Wars anything. If this is a problem for a modern combatant with and Aircraft, which has a detailed description of the conflict the latest in sensors, imagine yourself on an aging World from 1945 until 1967. Not much to game, but it gives you a War II destroyer or frigate with one radar, and you can see background. what those twelve P-6s could have accomplished! Kuwait 1961 (Operation Vantage) Here is one that will blow you away if you didn’t already Borneo 1962-1966 The Far East Fleet had a significant presence with the know it. 25 June 1961, the Prime Minister (Ruler) of Iraq, deployment of at least one aircraft carrier plus supporting Abdul Qarim Qassem, declared that Kuwait was part of Iraq units. It should be noted, however, that the ‘East of Suez’ and started moving troops toward Kuwait. Sound familiar? forces were also needed in Hong Kong, Aden and East The carrier Bulwark was near Karachi, Pakistan at this Africa so cover could be thin at crucial times. Following time as were several frigates in the Persian Gulf. Probably the rebellion (with covert Indonesian support) in Brunei in not very good duty at this time of limited air conditioning in December 1962, British and Commonwealth forces were ships! (My second ship, David R Ray, lost all three genera- rapidly reinforced. Despite the failure of the insurrection, tors for over eight hours in August of 1990. I can attest to during 1963 Indonesia embarked upon a guerrilla war the hellish conditions on a ship with no A/C!). aimed at destabilizing the new Federation of Malaysia and The British had, of course, been in the Gulf a lot longer driving the British out of the region. This became known as than the US and had troops and equipment in Bahrain, plus the Indonesian Confrontation. equipment in Aden. The Confrontation led to the longest and largest de- The first units on the scene were 42 Commando from ployment of the postwar RN. At its peak in late 1964 over Bulwark plus three frigates Loch Fyne, Loch Alvie, Loch White Ensign 5 one third of the active fleet was deployed in the area, com- Rhodesia 1965-1966 prising on the order of 50 ships including auxiliaries. Force The independence of Zambia and Malawi brought levels varied depending on the scale of Indonesian opera- about sanctions and a naval blockade of a landlocked tions and problems elsewhere. But in general, in addition country! Rhodesia was getting oil from the Mozambique to the two aircraft carriers and one commando ship, there city of Beira, hence the name of the blockade, “Beira Patrol”. was also at least one County-class DDG, four destroyers, Eagle was first on the scene from November of 1965 until with about twelve frigates of one kind or another, and ad- December, followed by Ark Royal from January 1966 until ditionally five submarines of the 7th Division were based March, Eagle March until May, then Ark Royal from May un- at Singapore. Inshore patrol work was carried out by three til June. The final patrol was Victorious from June to August flotillas of minesweepers. Annually, there were ‘FOTEX’ of 1966. After the withdrawal of the carriers, land-based exercises involving ships of the Commonwealth navies. One Shackletons took over. If Rhodesia had tried to make a of the largest ‘FOTEX 65’ in March 1965 involved Eagle, stand it could have gotten very hot for the RN. The following Victorious, Melbourne and Bulwark with a host of support- is a list of possible units of the Royal Rhodesian Air Force ing vessels. (RRAF) to be used against any one of the carriers during Until mid-1964 most operations were confined to 1965 to 1966. Sarawak, and the navy’s role was primarily inshore, with No 1 Squadron 12 Hunter FGA.9 the provision of patrols, guardships and helicopter sup- No 2 Squadron 25 Vampire FB.9 port. However, from August 1964, with British and Com- No 4 Squadron 14 Provost trainers (armed) monwealth forces in the ascendancy, the emphasis was No 5 Squadron 12 Canberra B.2 changed to the mainland. In one attack, Indonesian paratroopers were landed through a gap in the Air Defense The withdrawal from “East of Suez” 1966 to 1973 Intercept Zone (ADIZ). To combat this HMS Kent (County- Something should be said about the withdrawal from class DDG) was used as a mobile air search radar. This Britain’s positions East of Suez. With the death of CVA attack, however, brought British and Commonwealth units 01, a major rethinking of where and what the RN would to the verge of retaliation. Plans at the time ranged from do and how it would do it was undertaken. Most of the attacks against Indonesian Special Forces bases to the personnel in charge at that time were “gun” types and not destruction of the Indonesian Air Force. The most signifi- fond of the carrier in general. What came out of this study cant naval event of this period was the transit of Victorious was a reduced navy with more light fleet units, and you through the Lombok Strait. The period from September could probably guess, no carriers. Even the inclusion of a 1964 to September 1965 was one of equilibrium. helicopter V/STOL vessel brought about the dismissal of The primary aspect of the Confrontation was the use of the man in charge of writing the paper! Next to crop up was diplomacy and veiled threats (by both sides) accompanied the budget, including defense. Money could come from two by minimal actual conflict. The British wished to contain it at places, Germany and the Far East. the lowest possible level and cost. The Indonesians wanted The timetable was set up for half of the British forces to prolong it so that the British would lose interest and go to be out of the Far East by 1971 and the rest by 1975. This home, and they didn’t want to provoke attacks on the home was not what a lot of countries wanted to hear. The US islands. Finally, it was President Sukarno who lost, follow- didn’t want the British to give an ultimate date of withdrawal ing the coup attempt of September 1965, whichSample effectively while file the Vietnam War was going on. And Singapore, Ma- removed him from power. This resulted in a peace agree- laysia, and Australia were not happy at all. Britain’s with- ment in August 1966, despite the fact that officially there drawal meant they would have to do more with their small had been no war! forces. Despite the emphasis placed upon the naval role, it As things usually happen, the 1967 Arab-Israeli War should be remembered that there were numerous RAF, showed what little the RN could do at that time. The Suez RAAF and RNZAF squadrons employed in the area provid- Canal was closed, again, but this time the RN was in no ing combat and transport support. Ground forces included position to argue with the Egyptian air force. In the Mediter- 42 and 43 RM Commando, King’s Own Yeomanry Light In- ranean were Victorious, Rhyl, Eskimo, Malcolm, Grafton, fantry, the Paratroop Regiment, and of course the Ghurkas, and Phoebe, coming all the way from Scotland. In the In- to name but a few. dian Ocean area were Hermes, Nubian, Ashanti, with Kent, Arethusa and Lynx on the way around the Horn. A com- East Africa 1964 bined Anglo-American military intervention was not deemed The British colonies of Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika, practical, and it was feared the Americans might bug out at and Zanzibar all gained independence between 1961 to the last minute. 1963. However, British officers and NCOs were still serv- Then, the British pound began to fall, and money was ing in the national armies, which led to several mutinies needed quickly. Victorious was in refit, but then had a seri- by troops unhappy with this situation. There was no naval ous fire and it was decided to strike her instead of finishing action to speak of, except for the landing of 45 RM Com- the refit. The decision was made in a period of only 10 days, mando from HMS Centaur, followed by 41 RM Commando so you can imagine how surprised the crew would have from HMS Victorious. Only one air strike was planned, Sea been. The carrier would be decommissioned by 1971, and Vixen FAW.1 from 892 squadron and Buccaneer S.1 from the carriers that remained would be gone by 1972 instead 801 squadron against the barracks at Tabora, Tanganyika, of 1975. 1967 finally brought about the evacuation of Aden. but it was called off. Aircraft and Air Wars gives a good ac- As you can tell from the list of ships present, all of the RN’s count of the action on the ground between the mutineers of amphibious forces were together. In fact, for the first time, all four countries and the British forces involved. being Intrepid’s first cruise. 6 White Ensign October 1971 was the last time the “Far East Fleet” On April 2nd, 1982, Argentina invaded the British sailed out of Singapore, and the Persian Gulf force was Falkland Islands, and took South Georgia the following day. disestablished in November of 1971. Royal Marine detachments on both islands inflicted losses Vanguard to Trident will give you a good taste as to on the invaders, including damaging the frigate Guerrico how boring blockade duty is. And let me tell you it is very when she approached South Georgia. boring unless you’re on the boarding teams (I’m not). Air- Two RN task forces were quickly dispatched, one craft and Air Wars is good for the aircraft involved, or those from the Gibraltar area commanded by Rear-Admiral John that could have been involved. Woodward. Another, including the carriers Hermes and Invincible, left from Britain. More units would be departing Iceland 1972 - 1973 Britain in the ensuing weeks, including many “Ships Taken On 1 September 1972 Iceland extended its territo- Up from Trade” or STUFT ships. rial waters out to 50 nautical miles. GPS had not been Most ships headed for Ascension Island to assemble invented yet so fishermen in the North Sea were not quite and prepare for the transit to enemy-held waters. Ascension sure where they were. Icelandic patrol/gun boats began to was used as a forward base during the entire war. It was harass these individuals. On the 23rd of January, the RN the closest land and airbase between Britain and the Falk- ships Statesman proceeded to the area to protect British lands. US supplies being sent to Britain were also staged trawlers. On 18 March, the Icelandic patrol boat Odin fired through this island. over the bow of Statesman. Two months later on 26 May, The first naval operation took place with a landing of the Icelandic patrol boat Aegir fired into the trawler Everton. Special Boat Squadron troops from the submarine Con- June 7th brought about the collision between Aegir and the queror on 14 April, followed by Special Air Squadron troops RN frigate Scylla. After this, the two Prime Ministers came on Fortuna Glacier on South Georgia to gather intelligence. to a peaceful agreement, and the “Cod Wars” ended. Next was the depth charging and beaching of the Argentine submarine Santa Fe, and the invasion of South Georgia on Cyprus 1974 25th and 26th April. In 1974, there was war again between the Turks and The next phase was softening up of the Falkland the Greeks. This time civilians from the US and the UK islands by air strikes and naval gunfire support. It started on were evacuated by elements of the US Sixth Fleet and the May first with the famous but ineffective Vulcan bomber raid British Carrier Hermes. on Stanley Airport. May 2nd witnessed the sinking of the As mentioned, Hermes was used to evacuate civilians patrol boat Alferez Sobral and the torpedoing of the cruiser using No 814 Squadron flying Sea King HAS.1 and No 845 General Belgrano by Conqueror. With the loss of Belgrano, Squadron flying Wessex HU.5. The US 6th Fleet was doing the carrier Vienticinco de Mayo, along with the major units the same thing with CH-46s and CH-53s. There was no of the Argentine navy took no further action, while the car- intervention by Greek or Turkish forces, however, on 21 July rier’s air group was transferred to shore. On the 4th of May 1974, the Turkish Air Force accidentally sank the Turkish an air-launched Exocet missile disabled Sheffield, which destroyer Kocatepe. burned out and later sank. During a naval gun fire support This might not be much of a problem for the RN but the mission, Brilliant and Glasgow were attacked, with the latter US 6th Fleet was using some of the same class of destroy- damaged. ers as both the Greeks and Turks. Again, Air Wars andSample The file actual invasion began on the 21st of May. While Aircraft gives a short but concise history of the land and air British forces were landing, the Argentine Air Force made battles that happened during 1960 to 1974. near-continuous air strikes on the ships in Falkland Sound. Attacks were made on Antrim, Argonaut, and Ardent, with Falklands 1977 Ardent sinking the next day. Antelope was bombed on the Good background can be found in Vanguard to Trident. 23rd of May, the bomb detonating as it was being defuzed. It has plenty of detail on the dwindling “station” ships that On the 25th of May, Coventry and Atlantic Conveyor were preceded the 1982 invasion. both sunk, Atlantic Conveyor to the second attack by Exo- cet. Falklands 1982 With the loss of the heavy-lift Chinook helicopters on board Atlantic Conveyor, the landing forces’ mobility was The Falkland Islands, in British possession since 1833, severely reduced. To compensate, a landing was made are also claimed by the Argentines, who call them the close to enemy positions without proper air cover. On the Malvinas. A series of events triggered by a scrap merchant 8th of June, the amphibious ships Sir Galahad and Sir started the largest combat action for the Royal Navy since Tristram and the frigate Plymouth were hit. Sir Tristram was World War II. The Argentine junta, beset by internal political lost with heavy loss of life. While providing naval gunfire problems, perceived a weakening and lack of resolve in the support, Glamorgan was also hit on the 12th May by a British, possibly based on the announcement of the retire- ground-launched Exocet. ment of the patrol ship Endurance, which served as the Two days later the war was over. guard ship for South Georgia and the Falklands. There are dozens of books available on the Falklands The landing of workers on South Georgia without War. South Atlantic War, published by GDW (out of print) following proper customs procedures caused a minor provides scenarios for the entire 1982 war. There is also diplomatic flurry on 19 March 1982. This triggered an ac- a scenario in Harpoon Naval Review 1994. One Hundred celeration of Argentine planning efforts, which had started Days, by the commander of the Task Force Rear-Admiral in mid-January for a September invasion, and a late March Sir John Woodward shows what goes on in someone’s UNITAS exercise was used as a cover for troop and ship head from “our,” the players, perspective. Air Wars and movements.