The Study on the Integrated Tourism Development Plan in the Republic of Final Report Vol. 3 Feasibility Study Report

Annex

ANNEX-1 The Study on the Integrated Tourism Development Plan in the Republic of Lebanon Final Report Vol. 3 Feasibility Study Report

Annex 2 Environmental Impact Assessment

Part 1 (Bekaa) 1.1 EXISTING CONDITIONS 1.1.1 DESCRIPTION OF FLORA & FAUNA 1.1.2 AIR QUALITY 1.1.3 WATER QUALITY 1.1.4 WASTE 1.1.5 NOISE 1.2 INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

Part 2 (Bcharre) 2.1 EXISTING CONDITIONS 2.1.1 TOPOGRAPHY 2.1.2 SOIL EROSION 2.1.3 HYDROGEOLOGY AND GROUNDWATER 2.1.4 HYDROLOGY 2.1.5 FAUNA AND FLORA 2.1.6 METEOROLOGY 2.1.7 LANDSCAPE 2.1.8 AIR POLLUTION 2.1.9 WATER POLLUTION 2.1.10 SOIL CONTAMINATION 2.2 INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE) 2.2.1 SCREENING AND SCOPING

Part 3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPCT ASSESSMENT (EIA) 3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION 3.1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION 3.1.2 INSTRUCTIONAL FRAMEWORK 3.2 PROJECTS REQUESTED EIA 3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 3.3.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3.3.2 BASELINE CONDITIONS 3.3.3 IMPACT ASSESSMENT 3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 3.4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION PLAN 3.4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN 3.5 ZONING MAP OF LAND USE

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Part 1 (Bekaa Valley) 1.1 EXISTING CONDITION 1.1.1 DESCRIPTION OF FLORA FAUNA 1.1.1.1 Background Information

(1) Endemic Species Endemism in Lebanon is significant, owing to its geomorphologic diversity and the isolation effect of its diverse topography. According to the biodiversity reports, approximately 400 plants are endemic to Lebanon, Syria, and Palestine, of which 92 percent are presumed endemic to Lebanon only (MoA/UNEP, 1996). Species endemic to Lebanon are typically found on the high summits of Mount Makmel and Mount Sannine. Some endemic plants are abundant, while others are rare and/or endangered. According to the 2000 IUCN “Red List of Threatened Species,” only the Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani) is considered an endangered plant species in Lebanon, and is denoted “low risk – near threatened”.

(2) Threats to Biodiversity in the Lebanese Forests Biodiversity and forests in Lebanon are threatened by various factors resulting from both the local and external population. The significance and degree of threats varies greatly and is affected by direct and indirect factors such as the site characteristics, population characteristics, and governmental control and protection. The following factors are examples of threats affecting forest biodiversity: Urban expansion in the mountain areas provides a real threat to the Lebanese forest. Unchecked expansion is not only destroying the trees but also disturbing the ecological system of the areas ( plants, animals, birds, etc); Illegal wood cutting by the local population; Illegal removal and picking of the aromatic, wild, and medicinal plants; Overgrazing and illegal grazing; Poor management and harvesting policies of the forests; Forest fires due to public carelessness.

(3) Fauna There are 52 reported mammal species in Lebanon today. An additional seven are extinct including the Syrian brown bear, the Persian lynx and the Arabian gazelle. About one-third of the 52 are rare, and another 39 percent are vulnerable species or species in apparent danger. The wolf, wildcat, mongoose and squirrel are close to extinction (Ecodit, 2001).

1.1.1.2 Description of the Biodiversity in and Zahle Districts (1) General Description of Vegetation Communities Bekaa area includes the Eastern slopes of Mount-Lebanon and Western slopes of Anti-Lebanon mountain chains, with a characteristic pre-steppic environment. The vegetation climax of this zone ceases to be a true forest landscape. The vegetation series is pre-steppic,

ANNEX-3 The Study on the Integrated Tourism Development Plan in the Republic of Lebanon Final Report Vol. 3 Feasibility Study Report the landscape is generally bare, and trees are extremely scattered or completely lacking (METAP, 1995; MoA 1996).

According to the ecological zone, these levels of vegetation should typically be composed of Querqus calliprinos Webb., Querqus infectoria Oliv, and Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb., present as climax maquis with their characteristic series of vegetation, or mixed with various degrees of regeneration. The typical climax oak maquis covering the slopes of the mountains were, however, heavily destroyed by human activities leading to their disappearance in most of the areas. Very few patches of climax maquis are left. The rest were replaced by degraded garrigues, scattered trees, and low shrubs. In some places, oak trees are coming back to abandoned terraces. In others pine woods with underwood thickets and various oaks and shrubs are developing and regenerating.

Furthermore, a few remnants of the primitive maquis stands are still found in some patches with regenerating thick series of vegetation, containing a wide variety of species. This zone at the highest elevations (down to 1700 m) includes meager stands of Junipers excelsa, Prunus ursino, Amygadalus korschinskii, Poterium spinosum, and the herbs Ononis natrix, Asphodelus microcarpus, Poa bulbosa, Hordeum ochroleuca, Dactylis glomerata, and Lolium perene. These are notoriously fragile ecosystems, and they show clearly the signs of anthropic disturbances, such as overgrazing. This ensemble typically contains the following 4 levels (MoA/UNEP 1996): the pre-steppe Mediterranean zone, the pre-steppe Supramediterranean zone, the pre-steppe Mediterranean mountain zone, and the lower limit of the pre-steppe Oromediterranen zone.

(2) Eastern Slopes of The eastern Mount Lebanon foothills are steppic and dessicated. In general, they are either occupied by a heavily degraded garrigues or barren, and the sub-desertic soils support a poor, overgrazed rangeland. The pre-steppic vegetation zone ranging between 1000 and 1500m is mainly composed of heavily grazed forestlands of Q. calliprinos. In the supra-Mediterranean zone (1400 – 1800 m), Q calliprinos is mixed with Q infectoria, followed by sparse Juniperus excelsa stands, which extend to higher altitudes and figures as sporadic trees mixed with dwarf thorny shrubs. However, the dominant formation on these slopes is degraded garrigues used for grazing (METAP, 1995; MoA, 2003). On the eastern slopes of the northern section of Mount Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon, the vegetation climax ceases to be a true forest landscape. The vegetation series is pre-steppic, the landscape is generally bare, and trees are extremely scattered or completely lacking. This zone includes in the highest elevations (down to 1700 m) meager stands of Junipers excelsa, Prunus ursino, Amygadalus korschinskii, Poterium spinosum, and the herbs Ononis natrix, Asphodelus microcarpus, Poa bulbosa, Hordeum ochroleuca, Dactylis glomerata, and Lolium perene (METAP, 1995).

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(3) Western Slopes of Anti-Lebanon One single series has established itself in this area: the pre-steppe series of Quercus calliprinos Webb. These woods are to be found from the plain of Bekaa to around 1500 m altitude as very low and poor underwood but very widespread. These areas are at present being overgrazed, which prevents any re-growth. However, in some areas, patches of the primitive climax forest are still observed and merit special attention due to their high level of endemism and their environmental importance. Degraded Quercus forests and natural areas with various degrees of regeneration or degradation were noticed in several locations ( en Nqar, Chmiss el Emjar, and Dhour el Ghanzir) along the Eastern slopes of Anti-Lebanon mountain chain. Significant forest stands include Qoussaya, Jenta/Yahfoufa, and En Nabi Sbat/Ein El Bnaiye. Such forests typically contain pre-steppic vegetation series of Quercus calliprinos Webb, and are located from the Bekaa plain up to 1500 m altitude as large opened degraded areas with a tree cover of 20 to 40% Quercus spp grouped with Pyracantha coccinea roem and Acer hermoneum. The Amygdalus Korschinskii is not very frequent, and Crataegus azarolus appears when the level of degradation is relatively high. Furthermore, Mount Hermon presents some particularities including the presence of endemic species such as Ferula hermonensis (MoA, 2003). Ras Baalbeck (800 – 1000) area can be characterized as a steppe with Haloxylon articulata (METAP, 1995).

(4) The Bekaa Plain The Bekaa plain has been cultivated for over 2000 years, causing profound disturbances in its natural vegetation. Ancient accounts indicate that the central part was once occupied with lakes and swamps. The steppic dry to very dry area in the north (down to Housh en Nabi area) is the entrance to the Syrian Badia. Only a few xerophytic bushes and herbs can be seen, mostly Carex stenophylla, Poa sinaica, Poa timoleontis, and Artemiasa herba-alpa, indicating the closeness to the steppe. This area is intensively grazed and shows severe degradation. Towards the South, the Bekaa becomes more humid and the vegetation sequences changes progressively. The central Bekaa harbors bushes associated with Poa bulbosa and Hordeum bulbosun on devegetated lands (METAP, 1995).

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The Study on the Integrated Tourism Development Plan in the Republic of Lebanon Final Report Vol. 3 Feasibility Study Report

(5) Terrestrial Fauna of Baalbeck and Zahle The following section describes the fauna of the study area. The mountain ranges of Mount Lebanon and Anti Lebanon harbors most of the faunal species; furthermore, the wetlands, ponds, and riversides are also considered rich in fauna. Within the scope of this study, it is difficult to perform a complete faunal survey. However, information was collected from available literature such as the MoA/UNEP biodiversity study, 1996, as well as from personal contacts, interviews with locals and researchers, and species encountered during the field visits, in addition to species listed to be found in the habitats of the study area. Nevertheless, several species remain unknown and may not have been included in this report due to the lack of comprehensive studies and long term monitoring projects. As for the avian diversity, the discontinuity of observations in time and space could be leading to inaccurate estimates and distribution (Ecodit, 2001).

(i) Amphibians and Reptiles There are in total 5 reported species of amphibians in Lebanon: 4 species of frogs and toads, and 1 species of salamander. However, this list was identified as “undoubtedly incomplete” (MoA/UNEP, 1996). Reptiles in Lebanon are not commercialized; shells are not used for artifacts. Geckonids and snakes are indifferently killed because they are considered venomous; however, only two species of snakes in Lebanon are venomous and dangerous to man. The arboreal species (Chameleon chameleon) and insectivores are indirectly affected by human activities and the overuse of agrochemicals. Urbanization and destruction of natural biotypes is the main factor affecting the ecosystem of these animals.

(ii) Birds The Bekaa plain is situated at the meeting point of the most favorable environment and the most hostile one having 72 species. More birds are to be found there than anywhere else. For this reason, one would expect to have many more species in this varied agricultural environment, but the region suffers from human activities and hunting in particular. The avifauna of the forests of the high mountains is as large as that of the Bekaa (71 species). The forests and woods of Mount Lebanon provide shelter to 87 species, which is considered as an underestimation due to the difficulty to spot migratory birds in thick woods.

(iii) Mammals There are 52 reported mammal species in Lebanon, in addition 7 are already extinct. Bats make up the largest single group of mammals (16 species). About one third are rare, and another 39% are vulnerable species or species in apparent danger (Ecodit, 2001). Mammals in Lebanon can be classified according to the following groups (MoA/UNEP, 1996): Species very close to extinction: The wolf, the wild cat, the mongoose, and the squirrel are considered to be very close to extinction (MoA/UNEP, 1996). Rare species: Rare species include 3 shrews (Bi-color white-toothed shrew (Rayak), Large white-toothed shrew (Anjar), and Lesser white-toothed shrew (Bcharre)) and 11 bats including

ANNEX-8 The Study on the Integrated Tourism Development Plan in the Republic of Lebanon Final Report Vol. 3 Feasibility Study Report the Kuhl's pipistrelle found in Baalbek, the Schreiber's bat, the common otter (found in the marshes of Ammiq at Anjar and on river banks and should be protected), as well as the weasel (MoA/UNEP, 1996). Greatly diminished species: Four (4) species are considered to be greatly diminished; they include the squirrel, which was very common in the Lebanese mountains until 1954 but was almost wiped out due to the widespread use of insecticides, the hyrax, and the black rat (MoA/UNEP, 1996). The squirrel is till reported in Bcharre and El Chouf Reserve. Vulnerable species: Thirteen (13) species are considered vulnerable, those include 4 bats species of which the greater mouse-eared bat found in Baalbeck, the serotine bat found in Chtaura, and the Kuhl's pipistrelle found in Baalbeck. Endemic species: There are 2 reported endemic species in Lebanon, one of them is the greater mouse-eared bat found in Baalbeck (MoA/UNEP, 1996).

The fauna encountered in the Bekaa and its status is summarized in Figure 3.

(iv) Araneida Family The species of spiders listed in Lebanon are 234, of which 22 are endemic. Spiders of shady forests of the genus Agelena regress with deforestation and their number decrease from the eastern slopes of Mount Lebanon towards Anti-Lebanon. Species of the section Pterotricha are found in warm, arid, and desert regions existing on the Anti Lebanon.

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Figure 3: Fauna of the Bekaa and its Status

Common name Places found Status Species Erinaceus concolor Hedgehog Baalbek, Ras Baalbek, Zahle, Chmistar Vulnerable Crocidura leucodon judaica Bicolor white-toothed shrew Rayak Rare Crocidura lasia Large white-toothed shrew Anjar Rare Crocidura russula Common white-toothed shrew Rayak, Anjar, Torbol No apparent danger Suncus etruscus Savi's pygmy shrew Chtaura No apparent danger Myotis myotis macrocephalius Greater mouse-eared bat Baalbak, Anjar Vulnerable Eptesicus serotinus serotinus Serotine bat Chtaura Vulnerable Pipistrellus kuhli ikhawanius Kuhl's pipistrelle Baalbek, Zahle Rare & vulnerable Miniopterus schreibersi pallidus Schreiber's bat Anjar Rare Canis aureus syriacus Jackal Baalbek, Anjar, NabiChit Growing Canis lupus pallipes Wolf Beqaa, Rayak Close to extinction Baalbek, Rayak, Qaa, Vulpes vulpes palaestina Red fox No apparent danger Yammouneh, Chmistar Martes foina syriaca Stone martin Rayak Vulnerable Vormela peregusna syriaca Marbled polecat Rayak, Haouch Sneid Vulnerable Meles meles canescens Badger NabiChit , Baalbek Vulnerable Lutra lutra seistanica Common otter Anjar Rare Hyaena hyaena syriaca Striped hyaena Baalbek, Zahle Vulnerable Sus scrofa lybicus Wild boar Ammiq Growing Rayak, Arsal, Baalbek, Lepus capensis syriacus Cape hare Vulnerable DeirelAhmar, Chmistar Hystrix indica indica Porcupine NebiChit, Beqaa, Rayak Vulnerable Spalax leucodon ehrenbergi Mole rat Balbek, Tall Amara, Beqaa Growing Apodemus mystacinus mystacinus Field mouse Beqaa No apparent danger Rattus norvegicus norvegicus Brown rat Zahle, Beqaa Growing Mus musculus praetextus House mouse Beqaa No apparent danger Haouch Sneid, Rayak, Ras Cricetulus migratorius cinerascens Grey hamster No apparent danger Baalbek, Tall Amara Meriones tristrami tristrami Jird Tall Amara, Haouch Sneid No apparent danger Microtus guentheri guentheri vole Ammiq, Haouch Sneid, Anjar No apparent danger

(6) List of Flora and Fauna The following biodiversity lists relevant to Baalbeck and Zahleh districts are existing. List of flora (Nehmeh 1980 and MoA/UNEP, 1996) List of flora, Baalbeck district (Tohmeh and Tohmeh, 1985) List of flora, Zahle District (Tohmeh, 1985) List of flora, Yammouneh area (Greenline) List of flora, Zahle Jourd (900-1000m) (Noun, 1980) List of fauna, Yammouneh (Greenline) Birds of Ammique area (A. Rocha) List of fauna (Tohmeh, 1985)

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1.1.2 AIR QUALITY Existing data on air pollution was not found in Baalbek and Zahle regions. Air pollutants are generally grouped into primary and secondary pollutants. The list of primary pollutants generally includes particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5 and PM10), lead, carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Secondary pollutants include by-products of primary pollutants, such as ozone, and are usually country specific. Continuous air quality monitoring at the national level does not exist in Lebanon. Partial data are becoming available either from local continuous monitoring (e.g., Tripoli, Meteorological Services at International Airport) or from sporadic monitoring campaigns (e.g., in Beirut, Chekka, along highways). Air quality monitoring results in Chekka region are shown as one example (see Figure 4). According to this, SO2 and NO2 exceeded the Lebanese standards of 120 mg/m3 (0.21ppm) and 150 mg/m3 (0.017ppm) respectively.

Figure 4: Monitoring Results of Air Quality in the Chekka Region Constituent Concentration range Lebanese Standards in µg/m3 (ppm)

SO2 (ppm) 0.45 - 0.7 120 (0.21) in 24 hrs

NO2 (ppm) 6.4 - 10.11 150 (0.079) in 24 hrs CO (ppm) 0.33 10,000 (9) in 8 hrs Source: State of Environment Report, MOE, 2001, Indicator Data Sheet, MOE, March 2001

1.1.3 WATER QUALITY Water quality is adversely affected by industrial, agricultural and domestic wastewaters. Leaching of pesticides and fertilizers from agriculture causes ground and surface water pollution. Surface water quality data are available from sporadic sampling activities conducted by various institutions. In November 1999, a study conducted by the AUB Water Resources Center assessed the impact of waste disposal on water quality in nine major rivers in Lebanon (including Litani River which receives the untreated sewage from Baalbeck). The results of water and sediment samples from 65 separate sampling sites showed generally high concentrations of BOD (up to 154 mg/l at certain sites) as well as fecal and total coliforms. (MoE-CDR/MVM, 2000)

The Litani River is considered to be one of the most polluted rivers in Lebanon. The Qaraaoun Lake which is located 70km down stream from Baalbek, fed by the Litani River, was put off limits for fishermen, due to the high concentrations of heavy metal and pesticide residues found in fish. In fact, all rivers in Lebanon suffer at varying degrees from the effects of solid waste and effluents. Existing data of biological oxygen demand (BOD) in the Litani River is shown in Figure 5.

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Figure 5: BOD in Litani River Measurement Point Value (BOD; mg/l) Remarks Tamnine et Tahta 300~800 Litani River at about 3km east from Rayak Qaa er Rim 16~100 Berdaouni River (about 5km upstream from Zahle urban 100~800 area) Taalabaya 100~300 Berdaouni River (about 3km upstream from the Junction of Berdaouni River and Litani River) Barr Elias 100~300 Litani River in Barr Elias El Mansoura 16~100 Litani River in El Mansoura Jobb Jannine 16~100 Litani River in Jobb Jannine El Qaraaoun Dam 16~100 South end of Quaraaoun Lake Source: MoE Lebanon has a water quality standard for drinking and household water. The standard for household water is indicated to be less than 2 mg/l of BOD. MoE assumed the BOD load of raw sewage was 400 mg/l for an estimation of the yearly outflow of BOD load in 2001. Considering these figures of BOD, the fact of 300~800 mg/l of BOD in the Litani River indicates that the water pollution is quite serious.

1.1.4 WASTE 1.1.4.1 Wastewater As part of the National Emergency Reconstruction Program (NERP), the design and construction of a water supply and distribution network for Baalbek was implemented under the ERRP, funded through a World Bank loan. Similarly to the water supply and distribution network, considerable efforts have been made to improve the wastewater system in Baalbek and the surrounding villages. Under the ERRP, around 20 km of wastewater pipelines were laid in the city of Baalbek, mainly in replacement of damaged or old existing pipelines. Later on CDR initiated a new contract that included: (1) the construction of a wastewater treatment plant with a capacity of 12,500 m3/day to serve Baalbek and the surrounding villages up to year 2008. (2) the provision of approximately 7.4 km of trunk lines; and (3) the operation and maintenance of the wastewater treatment plant for one year. Source: Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Loan to the Lebanese Republic for a Baalbek Water and Wastewater Project, May 6, 2002

1.1.4.2 Sold Waste Sizeable, uncontrolled inland landfills include Zahle, Sour (Tyre), Nabatiye and Baalbek. Figure 6 shows background information on the status of the Zahle and Baalbek dumps.

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Figure 6: Status of Dumpsites in Zahle and Baalbek Area Current status Remarks

Zahle To be used until nearby landfill Existing dump to be used until existing becomes fully operational. New facility inearby landfill facility becomes also includes a sorting plant and a available. Social cost incurred includes the leachate evaporation pond. presence of small communities living on top of the existing dump

Baalbek Still used. Emits fumes and smoke No immediate plans to close it. most of the year.

Source: State of Environment Report, MOE, 2001 1.1.5 NOISE Existing data of noise level is not in Baalbek areas. Construction noise can be a significant source of community noise. The noise levels generated from the different construction activities are checked against the Lebanese daytime noise standard set for urban residential areas and business districts (Figure 7).

Figure 7 Lebanese Noise Guidelines in Different Zones (Ministry of Environment, 1996) Maximum accepted noise level dBA Area classification Day1 Evening2 Night3 Business district 55 – 65 50 – 60 45 –55 Residential area with few construction 50 – 60 45 – 55 40 – 50 sites, commercial activities or on highway Urban residential area 45 – 55 40 – 50 35 – 45 Residential suburb 40 – 50 35 – 45 30 – 40 Rural residential, hospital, public garden 35 – 45 30 – 40 25 – 35 Industrial zone 60 – 70 55 – 65 50 – 60 Note: 1 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. 2 6 p.m. to 10 p.m. 3 10 p.m. to 7 a.m.

2.1.2 INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION The screening table from the main report is presented below with some additional comments.

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Figure 8 JICA Format for Screening (Tourism) in Baalbek and Zahle Environmental Item Description Evalu- Remarks (Reason) ation Social Environment 1 Resettlement Resettlement due to land occupancy (transfer of (N) No resettlement is expected rights of residence/land ownership) 2 Economic Loss of bases of economic activities, such as land, No negative impacts. Positive impact is (N) Activities and change of economic structure assumed. 3 Traffic and Impacts on schools, hospitals and present traffic No big traffic flow is expected comparing with Public conditions, such as the increase of traffic congestion (N) existing traffic flow. Traffic to be mitigated in Facilities and accidents Zahle by municipal improvements 4 Split of Community split due to interruption of area traffic (N) There is no factor regarding this item. Communities 5 Cultural Damage to or loss of the value of churches, temples, Positive impact. Cultural property will be well Property shrines, archaeological remains or other cultural (N) maintained with management plan. assets 6 Water Rights Obstruction of fishing rights, water rights, rights of No change of right to drinking or irrigation and Rights in common (N) water. Common 7 Public Health Deterioration of public health and sanitary condition No change is expected with Public Health Condition due to generation of garbage and the increase of (N) Condition. vermin 8 Waste Generation of construction and demolition waste, No significant construction works are (N) debris and logs expected. 9 Hazards Increase in risk of landslides, cave-ins and accidents No significant construction works are (N) (Risk) expected. Natural Environment 10 Topography Changes of valuable topography and geology due to (N) No change of topography is expected. and Geology excavation or filling work 11 Soil Erosion Topsoil erosion by rainfall after reclamation and (N) There is no factor regarding this item. vegetation removal 12 Groundwater Change of distribution of groundwater by large-scale (N) No significant construction works are excavation expected. 13 Hydrological Changes of river discharge and riverbed condition (N) There is no factor regarding this item. Situation due to changes of habitat conditions 14 Coastal Zone Coastal erosion and sedimentation due to landfill or (N) There is no costal zone. change in marine condition 15 Fauna and Obstruction of breeding and extinction of species (N) Tourism facilities will be established to avoid Flora due to changes of habitat conditions impacting the important fauna and flora. 16 Meteorology Changes of temperature, precipitation, wind, etc. (N) There is no factor regarding this item due to large-scale land reclamation and building construction 17 Landscape Changes of topography and vegetation due to (N) There is no factor regarding this item. reclamation. Deterioration of aesthetic harmony by Recommending policies to protect landscapes structures Pollution 18 Air Pollution Pollution caused by exhausted gas or toxic gas from (N) The increase of tourist vehicles is not much vehicles and factories compared with present amounts. 19 Water Pollution by inflow of slit, sand and effluent into rivers (N) Tourist excreta will be treated by new system. Pollution and groundwater 20 Soil Contamination of soil by dust and chemicals, such (N) There is no factor regarding this item. Contaminatio as herbicides n 21 Noise and Noise and vibration generated by vehicles (N) The increase of tourist vehicles is not much Vibration compared with present amounts. 22 Land Deformation of land and land subsidence due to the (N) There is no factor regarding this item. Subsidence lowering of groundwater table 23 Offensive Generation of exhaust gas and offensive odor by (N) There is no factor regarding this item. Odor facility construction and operation Overall Evaluation: (N) EIA is not necessary for the project Either IEE or EIA is necessary for the project implementation? implementation because all items are N. Y: Yes N: No U: Unknown

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(1) Fauna and Flora During the construction phase, fauna and flora will be not negatively impacted because of the tourism facilities will be constructed avoiding the inhabiting areas of important fauna and flora. (2) Air Pollution, Noise During the construction and operating phases air quality and noise will not be negatively impacted because that the construction will be not so large scale and the increase of tourist vehicles is not so much comparing present amount. (3) Water Quality, Solid Waste During the construction and operating phases water quality and solid waste will not be negatively impacted because that the construction will be not so large scale and the increase of tourist excreta is not so much comparing present amount. (4) Other Items During the construction and operating phases all of other items will not be negatively impacted.

Part 2 (Bcharre)

2.1 EXISTING CONDITIONS Exhibits 9 and 10 present sensitive eco-system and land cover for Bcharre Qaza.

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