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ANNEX-1 the Study on the Integrated Tourism Development Plan in the Republic of Lebanon Final Report Vol The Study on the Integrated Tourism Development Plan in the Republic of Lebanon Final Report Vol. 3 Feasibility Study Report Annex ANNEX-1 The Study on the Integrated Tourism Development Plan in the Republic of Lebanon Final Report Vol. 3 Feasibility Study Report Annex 2 Environmental Impact Assessment Part 1 (Bekaa) 1.1 EXISTING CONDITIONS 1.1.1 DESCRIPTION OF FLORA & FAUNA 1.1.2 AIR QUALITY 1.1.3 WATER QUALITY 1.1.4 WASTE 1.1.5 NOISE 1.2 INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION Part 2 (Bcharre) 2.1 EXISTING CONDITIONS 2.1.1 TOPOGRAPHY 2.1.2 SOIL EROSION 2.1.3 HYDROGEOLOGY AND GROUNDWATER 2.1.4 HYDROLOGY 2.1.5 FAUNA AND FLORA 2.1.6 METEOROLOGY 2.1.7 LANDSCAPE 2.1.8 AIR POLLUTION 2.1.9 WATER POLLUTION 2.1.10 SOIL CONTAMINATION 2.2 INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE) 2.2.1 SCREENING AND SCOPING Part 3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPCT ASSESSMENT (EIA) 3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION 3.1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION 3.1.2 INSTRUCTIONAL FRAMEWORK 3.2 PROJECTS REQUESTED EIA 3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 3.3.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3.3.2 BASELINE CONDITIONS 3.3.3 IMPACT ASSESSMENT 3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 3.4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION PLAN 3.4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN 3.5 ZONING MAP OF LAND USE ANNEX-2 The Study on the Integrated Tourism Development Plan in the Republic of Lebanon Final Report Vol. 3 Feasibility Study Report Part 1 (Bekaa Valley) 1.1 EXISTING CONDITION 1.1.1 DESCRIPTION OF FLORA FAUNA 1.1.1.1 Background Information (1) Endemic Species Endemism in Lebanon is significant, owing to its geomorphologic diversity and the isolation effect of its diverse topography. According to the biodiversity reports, approximately 400 plants are endemic to Lebanon, Syria, and Palestine, of which 92 percent are presumed endemic to Lebanon only (MoA/UNEP, 1996). Species endemic to Lebanon are typically found on the high summits of Mount Makmel and Mount Sannine. Some endemic plants are abundant, while others are rare and/or endangered. According to the 2000 IUCN “Red List of Threatened Species,” only the Cedar of Lebanon (Cedrus libani) is considered an endangered plant species in Lebanon, and is denoted “low risk – near threatened”. (2) Threats to Biodiversity in the Lebanese Forests Biodiversity and forests in Lebanon are threatened by various factors resulting from both the local and external population. The significance and degree of threats varies greatly and is affected by direct and indirect factors such as the site characteristics, population characteristics, and governmental control and protection. The following factors are examples of threats affecting forest biodiversity: Urban expansion in the mountain areas provides a real threat to the Lebanese forest. Unchecked expansion is not only destroying the trees but also disturbing the ecological system of the areas ( plants, animals, birds, etc); Illegal wood cutting by the local population; Illegal removal and picking of the aromatic, wild, and medicinal plants; Overgrazing and illegal grazing; Poor management and harvesting policies of the forests; Forest fires due to public carelessness. (3) Fauna There are 52 reported mammal species in Lebanon today. An additional seven are extinct including the Syrian brown bear, the Persian lynx and the Arabian gazelle. About one-third of the 52 are rare, and another 39 percent are vulnerable species or species in apparent danger. The wolf, wildcat, mongoose and squirrel are close to extinction (Ecodit, 2001). 1.1.1.2 Description of the Biodiversity in Baalbek and Zahle Districts (1) General Description of Vegetation Communities Bekaa area includes the Eastern slopes of Mount-Lebanon and Western slopes of Anti-Lebanon mountain chains, with a characteristic pre-steppic environment. The vegetation climax of this zone ceases to be a true forest landscape. The vegetation series is pre-steppic, ANNEX-3 The Study on the Integrated Tourism Development Plan in the Republic of Lebanon Final Report Vol. 3 Feasibility Study Report the landscape is generally bare, and trees are extremely scattered or completely lacking (METAP, 1995; MoA 1996). According to the ecological zone, these levels of vegetation should typically be composed of Querqus calliprinos Webb., Querqus infectoria Oliv, and Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb., present as climax maquis with their characteristic series of vegetation, or mixed with various degrees of regeneration. The typical climax oak maquis covering the slopes of the mountains were, however, heavily destroyed by human activities leading to their disappearance in most of the areas. Very few patches of climax maquis are left. The rest were replaced by degraded garrigues, scattered trees, and low shrubs. In some places, oak trees are coming back to abandoned terraces. In others pine woods with underwood thickets and various oaks and shrubs are developing and regenerating. Furthermore, a few remnants of the primitive maquis stands are still found in some patches with regenerating thick series of vegetation, containing a wide variety of species. This zone at the highest elevations (down to 1700 m) includes meager stands of Junipers excelsa, Prunus ursino, Amygadalus korschinskii, Poterium spinosum, and the herbs Ononis natrix, Asphodelus microcarpus, Poa bulbosa, Hordeum ochroleuca, Dactylis glomerata, and Lolium perene. These are notoriously fragile ecosystems, and they show clearly the signs of anthropic disturbances, such as overgrazing. This ensemble typically contains the following 4 levels (MoA/UNEP 1996): the pre-steppe Mediterranean zone, the pre-steppe Supramediterranean zone, the pre-steppe Mediterranean mountain zone, and the lower limit of the pre-steppe Oromediterranen zone. (2) Eastern Slopes of Mount Lebanon The eastern Mount Lebanon foothills are steppic and dessicated. In general, they are either occupied by a heavily degraded garrigues or barren, and the sub-desertic soils support a poor, overgrazed rangeland. The pre-steppic vegetation zone ranging between 1000 and 1500m is mainly composed of heavily grazed forestlands of Q. calliprinos. In the supra-Mediterranean zone (1400 – 1800 m), Q calliprinos is mixed with Q infectoria, followed by sparse Juniperus excelsa stands, which extend to higher altitudes and figures as sporadic trees mixed with dwarf thorny shrubs. However, the dominant formation on these slopes is degraded garrigues used for grazing (METAP, 1995; MoA, 2003). On the eastern slopes of the northern section of Mount Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon, the vegetation climax ceases to be a true forest landscape. The vegetation series is pre-steppic, the landscape is generally bare, and trees are extremely scattered or completely lacking. This zone includes in the highest elevations (down to 1700 m) meager stands of Junipers excelsa, Prunus ursino, Amygadalus korschinskii, Poterium spinosum, and the herbs Ononis natrix, Asphodelus microcarpus, Poa bulbosa, Hordeum ochroleuca, Dactylis glomerata, and Lolium perene (METAP, 1995). ANNEX-4 The Study on the Integrated Tourism Development Plan in the Republic of Lebanon Final Report Vol. 3 Feasibility Study Report (3) Western Slopes of Anti-Lebanon One single series has established itself in this area: the pre-steppe series of Quercus calliprinos Webb. These woods are to be found from the plain of Bekaa to around 1500 m altitude as very low and poor underwood but very widespread. These areas are at present being overgrazed, which prevents any re-growth. However, in some areas, patches of the primitive climax forest are still observed and merit special attention due to their high level of endemism and their environmental importance. Degraded Quercus forests and natural areas with various degrees of regeneration or degradation were noticed in several locations (Jouar en Nqar, Chmiss el Emjar, and Dhour el Ghanzir) along the Eastern slopes of Anti-Lebanon mountain chain. Significant forest stands include Qoussaya, Jenta/Yahfoufa, and En Nabi Sbat/Ein El Bnaiye. Such forests typically contain pre-steppic vegetation series of Quercus calliprinos Webb, and are located from the Bekaa plain up to 1500 m altitude as large opened degraded areas with a tree cover of 20 to 40% Quercus spp grouped with Pyracantha coccinea roem and Acer hermoneum. The Amygdalus Korschinskii is not very frequent, and Crataegus azarolus appears when the level of degradation is relatively high. Furthermore, Mount Hermon presents some particularities including the presence of endemic species such as Ferula hermonensis (MoA, 2003). Ras Baalbeck (800 – 1000) area can be characterized as a steppe with Haloxylon articulata (METAP, 1995). (4) The Bekaa Plain The Bekaa plain has been cultivated for over 2000 years, causing profound disturbances in its natural vegetation. Ancient accounts indicate that the central part was once occupied with lakes and swamps. The steppic dry to very dry area in the north (down to Housh en Nabi area) is the entrance to the Syrian Badia. Only a few xerophytic bushes and herbs can be seen, mostly Carex stenophylla, Poa sinaica, Poa timoleontis, and Artemiasa herba-alpa, indicating the closeness to the steppe. This area is intensively grazed and shows severe degradation. Towards the South, the Bekaa becomes more humid and the vegetation sequences changes progressively. The central Bekaa harbors bushes associated with Poa bulbosa and Hordeum bulbosun on devegetated lands (METAP, 1995). ANNEX-5 The Study on the Integrated Tourism Development Plan in the Republic of Lebanon Final Report Vol. 3 Feasibility Study Report Map Figure 1: Land Cover ANNEX-6 The S t udy ontheIntegratedT ourism Developm ANNEX-7 ent Planinth e RepublicofL V o l. 3Feasibilit ebanon FinalR y S t udy Repor epor Figure 2: Location of Sensitive Ecosystems Map t t The Study on the Integrated Tourism Development Plan in the Republic of Lebanon Final Report Vol. 3 Feasibility Study Report (5) Terrestrial Fauna of Baalbeck and Zahle The following section describes the fauna of the study area. The mountain ranges of Mount Lebanon and Anti Lebanon harbors most of the faunal species; furthermore, the wetlands, ponds, and riversides are also considered rich in fauna.
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