Jiddische Filme Verstehen: Religiöse Symbolik Und Kultureller Kontext

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Jiddische Filme Verstehen: Religiöse Symbolik Und Kultureller Kontext Bamberger Studien zu Literatur, 24 Kultur und Medien Jiddische Filme verstehen Religiöse Symbolik und kultureller Kontext Elisa Kriza 24 Bamberger Studien zu Literatur, Kultur und Medien Bamberger Studien zu Literatur, Kultur und Medien hg. von Andrea Bartl, Hans-Peter Ecker, Jörn Glasenapp, Iris Hermann, Christoph Houswitschka, Friedhelm Marx Band 24 2018 Jiddische Filme verstehen Religiöse Symbolik und kultureller Kontext Elisa Kriza 2018 Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deut- schen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Informationen sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de/ abrufbar. Dieses Werk ist als freie Onlineversion über den Hochschulschriften-Server (OPUS; http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-bamberg/) der Universitätsbibliothek Bamberg erreichbar. Kopien und Ausdrucke dürfen nur zum privaten und sons- tigen eigenen Gebrauch angefertigt werden. Herstellung und Druck: Digital Print Group, Nürnberg Umschlaggestaltung: University of Bamberg Press, Larissa Günther Umschlagbild: © Elisa Kriza © University of Bamberg Press Bamberg, 2018 http://www.uni-bamberg.de/ubp/ ISSN: 2192-7901 ISBN: 978-3-86309-583-3 (Druckausgabe) eISBN: 978-3-86309-584-0 (Online-Ausgabe) URN: urn:nbn:de:bvb:473-opus4-519552 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irbo-51955 JIDDISCHE FILME VERSTEHEN Über dieses Buch Es gibt nicht viele Filme auf Jiddisch, die einst meistgesprochene Spra- che der osteuropäischen Juden. Die meisten dieser Filme sind histori- sche Zeugnisse einer Kultur, die in der Gegenwart nur in sehr kleinen Gemeinden in Israel, den USA und wenigen anderen Ländern weiter- lebt. Jiddischsprachige Filme sind aber nicht nur aufgrund ihrer Selten- heit interessant. Die vier Filme, die in diesem Buch untersucht werden, sind spannende Werke, die eine komplexe Beziehung zu anderen As- pekten der jüdischen Kultur Osteuropas besitzen: Sie beziehen sich häufig auf wichtige Werke der jiddischsprachigen Literatur und verwen- den zahlreiche jüdische Symbole, die dem heutigen Zuschauer häufig fremd sind. Mit diesem Buch bekommt ein interessiertes Publikum einen Einblick in die religiöse Symbolik und in den kulturellen Kontext von vier jiddischsprachigen Filmen aus den 1930er Jahren. Aufgrund der Ermordung von mindestens sechs Millionen Juden in Europa durch die Nationalsozialisten und deren Kollaborateure wurden nach 1945 nur noch wenige Filme auf Jiddisch gedreht. So fand die „goldene Ära“ des jiddischen Kinos in den 1930er Jahren statt. Aus diesem Grund behan- delt dieses Buch Filme aus dieser Zeit. Das Verhältnis zwischen Wirklichkeit und Fantasie im jiddischen Kino ist genauso wie in allen anderen Filmen: Diese Spielfilme stellen keine Dokumentation von Fakten über das damalige Leben der Juden Osteu- ropas dar. Nichtsdestotrotz verwendeten damalige Filmemacher – so wie heute – mitunter Motive aus dem Alltagsleben des damaligen Publi- kums, um den Eindruck der Vertrautheit zu erwecken. Religiöse Symbo- le in diesen Filmen sind zum Teil sehr traditionsnah dargestellt, aber manchmal sind diese Symbole stark entstellt. Dieses Buch soll Zu- schauerinnen und Zuschauern sowie Neugierigen helfen, diese Symbo- le zu begreifen und ihren Bezug zum Judentum, zum Christentum und zu dem damaligen gesellschaftlichen Kontext zu verstehen. 5 ELISA KRIZA Über die Autorin Dr. Elisa Kriza ist Komparatistin und Kulturhistorikerin. Sie hat Osteu- ropastudien, Osteuropäische Geschichte und Semitistik an der Freien Universität Berlin studiert. Anschließend hat sie im Fach Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft mit einem Stipendium an der Universität Aarhus promoviert. Ihre Artikel über osteuropäische und über jüdische Themen sind in Zeitschriften wie German Life and Letters, Jahrbuch für Antisemi- tismusforschung, Jüdische Allgemeine, European Review of History und Dekoder.org erschienen. Ihr erstes Buch, „Alexander Solzhenitsyn: Cold War Icon, Gulag Author, Russian Nationalist?“, wurde 2014 veröffent- licht. Zurzeit habilitiert sie mit einem Stipendium an der Fakultät für Geistes- und Kulturwissenschaften an der Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg. 6 JIDDISCHE FILME VERSTEHEN Stimme zum Buch „Generell ist Elisa Kriza ein beeindruckendes Sach- und Kontextwissen zu bescheinigen. Sie gibt einen sehr konzentrierten und informativen Einblick in die Geschichte des jiddischen Films im Kontext einer globa- lisierten Kinokultur, sie referiert die Archivierungs-, Restaurierungs- und Rezeptionsgeschichte des jiddischen Films (mit der „Rutenberg and Everett Yiddish Film Library“ im Zentrum), und sie weiß bezüglich der o.g. Referenzrahmen offenbar sehr gut, wovon sie spricht. Sehr hilfreich ist diesbezüglich auch die Beifügung eines Glossars mit der Erklärung zentraler kultur- und religionsrelevanter jiddischer Begriffe. Die gewählten theoretischen Grundlagen helfen der Verfasserin, immer wieder die konstitutive Differenz zwischen Fiktionalisierung des jüdi- schen Lebens in Schtetl und Galut einerseits und Ethnographie anderer- seits einzuhalten, gerade angesichts eines oftmals pseudoethnographi- schen Erwartungsanspruchs in der historischen Rezeption der Filme. Es kann kein Zweifel daran bestehen, dass Elisa Kriza mit dieser Studie eine sehr wichtige Pionierarbeit in der Erforschung eines marginalisier- ten Bereichs der Filmgeschichte geleistet hat.“ Professor Dr. Georg Witte, Osteuropa-Institut, Freie Universität Berlin 7 JIDDISCHE FILME VERSTEHEN Inhaltsverzeichnis Über dieses Buch ......................................................................................... 5 Über die Autorin ..................................................................................... 6 Stimme zum Buch .................................................................................. 7 Inhaltsverzeichnis ........................................................................................ 9 Abbildungsverzeichnis .............................................................................. 11 Danksagung ................................................................................................ 13 Anmerkungen ............................................................................................ 17 I. Die Analyse von religiösen Motiven im jiddischsprachigen Film ....... 19 1.1 Ziel dieses Buches ........................................................................... 19 1.2 Einführung in das Forschungsgebiet ............................................. 21 II. Religion im jüdischen Schtetl .............................................................. 38 2. The Dybbuk ......................................................................................... 40 2.1 Einführung ...................................................................................... 40 2.2 Religiöse Topoi und kulturhistorischer Kontext ............................ 43 2.3. Die Vorlagen: S. An-skys „Dybbukim“ ........................................... 74 2.4 Rezeption und Hypertextualität ...................................................... 80 2.4.1 Rezeption ................................................................................. 80 2.4.2 Hypertextualität ....................................................................... 84 3. The Light Ahead .................................................................................. 86 3.1 Einführung ...................................................................................... 86 3.2 Religiöse Topoi und kulturhistorischer Kontext ............................ 88 3.3 Die Vorlage: Abramowitsch alias Mendele Mojcher Sforim ...... 105 3.4 Rezeption und Hypertextualität .................................................... 114 3.4.1 Rezeption ............................................................................... 114 3.4.2 Hypertextualität ..................................................................... 117 III. Am Israel beGalut – Jüdischsein in der Diaspora ............................. 118 4. Tevye the Milkman ............................................................................ 119 4.1 Einführung .................................................................................... 119 4.2 Religiöse Topoi und kulturhistorischer Kontext .......................... 121 4.3 Die Vorlage: Scholem Aleichems Tevye der Milchiker ................. 143 4.4 Rezeption und Hypertextualität .................................................... 151 4.4.1 Rezeption ............................................................................... 151 4.4.2 Hypertextualität ..................................................................... 153 9 ELISA KRIZA 5. The Yiddishe Mama ......................................................................... 157 5.1 Einführung .................................................................................... 157 5.2 Religiöse Topoi und kulturhistorischer Kontext ......................... 157 5.3 Die Vorlage: Majne jiddische Mame ............................................ 178 5.4 Rezeption und Hypertextualität ................................................... 180 5.4.1 Rezeption ............................................................................... 180 5.4.1 Hypertextualität ..................................................................... 181 IV. Zusammenfassung und Ausblick .................................................... 186 V. Anhang ................................................................................................ 193 Filmsynopsen .....................................................................................
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