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Lessons from a Dialect Survey of Bena: Analysing Wordlists

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Lessons from a Dialect Survey of Bena: Analysing Wordlists DigitalResources Electronic Survey Report 2013-020 ® Lessons from a Dialect Survey of Bena: Analysing Wordlists Bernadette Mitterhofer Lessons from a Dialect Survey of Bena Analysing Wordlists Bernadette Mitterhofer SIL International® 2013 SIL Electronic Survey Report 2013-020, October 2013 © 2013 Bernadette Mitterhofer and SIL International® All rights reserved Lessons from a Dialect Survey of Bena Analysing Word Lists Bernadette Mitterhofer S1048686 University of Leiden MA thesis paper MA of African Linguistics First reader: Thilo Schadeberg (University of Leiden) Second reader: Maarten Mous (University of Leiden) TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................................................... 2 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 MOTIVATION ......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND PURPOSE ................................................................................................... 5 1.3 THESIS OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................ 5 2 COMPARING DIALECTS ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.1 DIALECTS .............................................................................................................................................. 6 2.2 DIALECTOLOGY AND THE FIRST SURVEYS ............................................................................................ 8 2.3 METHODS FOR COMPARING AND ANALYSING DIALECTS .................................................................... 10 2.3.1 Linguistic Maps and Atlases........................................................................................................... 11 2.3.2 The Comparative Method............................................................................................................... 16 2.3.3 The Blair Method ........................................................................................................................... 18 2.3.4 Levenshtein Distance and Gabmap................................................................................................ 20 3 THE SOCIOLINGUISTIC SURVEY OF THE BENA LANGUAGE.................................................. 24 3.1 THE BENA PEOPLE AND THE BENA LANGUAGE ................................................................................... 24 3.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS OF THE SOCIOLINGUISTIC SURVEY OF THE BENA LANGUAGE ......................... 27 3.3 PROCEDURE AND METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION DURING THE SURVEY .......................................... 28 3.3.1 Sociolinguistic Interviews............................................................................................................... 30 3.3.2 Word lists ....................................................................................................................................... 31 3.3.3 Phrase Lists.................................................................................................................................... 32 3.3.4 Intelligibility Tests.......................................................................................................................... 33 3.3.5 Orthography Tests.......................................................................................................................... 33 4 ANALYSIS OF THE BENA WORD LISTS........................................................................................... 35 4.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 35 4.2 ANALYSIS USING THE BLAIR METHOD AND LINGUISTIC MAPS ........................................................... 35 4.2.1 Phonological Findings ................................................................................................................... 36 4.2.2 Lexical Findings............................................................................................................................. 41 4.3 ANALYSIS USING GABMAP .................................................................................................................. 56 5 EVALUATION OF METHODS AND CONCLUSION......................................................................... 64 5.1 LINGUISTIC MAPS ................................................................................................................................ 64 5.2 BLAIR METHOD ................................................................................................................................... 64 5.3 GABMAP .............................................................................................................................................. 65 5.4 COMPARISON OF RESULTS ................................................................................................................... 65 5.5 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 72 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................................. 73 2 FROM THE INTERNET ........................................................................................................................................ 75 FIGURES............................................................................................................................................................ 77 MAPS .................................................................................................................................................................. 78 TABLES.............................................................................................................................................................. 80 APPENDIX: BENA WORD LISTS FROM THE THIRTEEN LOCATIONS ............................................ 81 3 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Motivation In my work in Language Assessment with SIL in Tanzania the analysis and comparison of word lists is a quite frequent task. For this reason I started to look into different methods of analysing word lists. The data collected during a sociolinguistic survey of the Bena 1 language provided a good opportunity. Unlike after other surveys, we did not come back with a good general idea of the linguistic layout of the area, and the sociolinguistic data we collected was not very straightforward. The analysis of the linguistic data became even more important than before and a comparison of some of the methods used was needed. When someone begins to learn a new language, he usually starts with words and some phrases to build up vocabulary before learning all the intricate rules of the language. Likewise, linguists, especially those working on formerly “unknown” 2 languages start with the elicitation of a word list. For the analysis of a language, a word list is a good starting point and analysing word lists has always been a part of the work of linguists. One of the reasons for using word lists is that in order to understand one another, speakers have to recognise the words the other speakers are using, since “as long as the listener correctly recognises words, he will be able to piece the speaker’s message together” (Van Heuven 2008:43). Thus word lists are an integral part of the data collection in any language. However, after the word lists have been collected, the question arises what methods can and should be employed in the analysis of the data. Depending on the research questions different methods can be used. If the aim is to analyse the phonological 3 system of a language, the analysis will be to some degree different from an analysis that compares word lists of different languages or dialects in order to evaluate their relatedness. 1 The name “Bena” can be used to designate both the people group and the language. In Swahili the difference is marked by a prefix. "Wabena" refers to the people (a single individual is “Mbena”) and “Kibena” refers to the language. The name itself may originate from a founding father by that name. Another possible explanation could be that it derives from hubena ‘to reap finger millet’. However, the name has been applied to all of the present-day Bena people only since the nineteenth century. Before the people were called by the names of the areas they lived in or by their clan leaders’ names. (Lyaya 2008) 2 With “unknown” I mean from the viewpoint of the linguist and the scientific community. Of course, this is a rather ethnocentric view because each language is known to its speakers. 3 Phonology is the study of the system of sounds and their organisation and behaviour within natural languages. 4 1.2 Research Questions and Purpose During a linguistic research a lot of data are collected. As data collection in itself is usually not the aim, the question arises how to analyse the data, and after analysis, how to present the results in a logical and clear way. More specifically, what can be done with the data collected during the sociolinguistic survey of the Bena language in order to give a clear picture of the dialectal
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