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Sibilants in Gujarati Phonology (--THIS SECTION DOES NOT PRINT--) QUICK DESIGN GUIDE QUICK TIPS (--THIS SECTION DOES NOT PRINT--) Sibilants in Gujarati Phonology (--THIS SECTION DOES NOT PRINT--) This PowerPoint 2007 template produces a 48”x96” professional Purnima Thakur This PowerPoint template requires basic PowerPoint (version 2007 or poster. It will save you valuable time placing titles, subtitles, text, The Graduate Center, CUNY newer) skills. Below is a list of commonly asked questions specific to and graphics. this template. [email protected] If you are using an older version of PowerPoint some template Use it to create your presentation. Then send it to features may not work properly. PosterPresentations.com for premium quality, same day affordable BACKGROUND THE PPRM PRODUCTION STUDY RESULTS printing. • 8 speakers displayed a quasi-phonemic contrast (H 0.857 - 0.482) Using the template Gujarati, a regional language spoken in India (classified as a New Indo-Aryan The Probabilistic Phonological Relationship Model Participants: 20 multilingual Gujarati speakers (18 - 29 o.a.) • Systemic entropies (H) ranged between 0.482 and 1.000 language) is not rich in native fricatives. Most analyses of Gujarati assume We provide a series of online tutorials that will guide you through the • It accounts for intermediate phonological relationships between pairs of • 12 speakers showed near perfect contrast (H 1.000 - 0.943) • No evidence of allophonic distribution as none had a systemic entropy score of 0.000 alveolar /s/, alveo-patal /ʃ/, and glottal /h/. segments that fall somewhere between “fully contrastive” and “fully Verifying the quality of your graphics poster design process and answer your poster production questions. Word reading task: Participants read out words embedded in a carrier phrase allophonic.” Həve ________ bolo (“Now ____say”) Go to the VIEW menu and click on ZOOM to set your preferred Three differing views on the status of sibilants in Gujarati. • It is based on the twin concepts of probability and entropy (uncertainty), a magnification. This template is at 50% the size of the final poster. All View our online tutorials at: 1. Single sibilant /s/ and allophonic [ʃ]: Sibilant contrast historically concept borrowed from Information Theory. Materials: 90 familiar Gujarati words targeting sibilants /s/ and /ʃ/ in text and graphics will be printed at 200% their size. To see what your http://bit.ly/Poster_creation_help neutralized in all environments. Alveo-palatal [ʃ] appears as an allophone • Three basic components of the PPRM: word-initial, word-medial, and word-final positions. poster will look like when printed, set the zoom to 200% and evaluate (copy and paste the link into your web browser). of /s/ before front vowels /i,ɛ,e/ and glide /j/ (Turner, 1921; Grierson, (i) PROBABILITY of occurrence of one of the two sounds in a particular the quality of all your graphics before you submit your poster for 1931). environment; a bias towards X vs. Y in a given environment. A. Simple onset contrasts (40 words) printing. For assistance and to order your printed poster call 2. Phoneme /s/ and quasi-phoneme /ʃ/: Sibilant contrast neutralized in all (ii) ENVIRONMENTAL ENTROPY: measures degree of uncertainty of environments except before front vowels and glide. /s/ and /ʃ/ contrast choice between a pair of sounds, X and Y, in a certain environment. front vowels ʃijalo „cold‟ sitaro „planet‟ PosterPresentations.com at 1.866.649.3004 before front vowels /i,ɛ,e/ and glide /j/, and elsewhere only /s/ appears (iii) SYSTEMIC ENTROPY: measures uncertainty of choice between two ʃekvũ „to roast‟ sevvũ „to serve‟ Using the placeholders (Pandit, 1954). segments, X and Y, across all environments or the entire system. back vowels ʃubʰ „auspicious‟ sukʰ „happiness‟ To add text to this template click inside a placeholder and type in or 3. Phonemes /s/ and /ʃ/: The sibilants are considered truly contrastive, due to PROBABILITY of occurrence of X in environment e, limiting possibilities ʃodʰək „examiner‟ sogən „promise‟ paste your text. To move a placeholder, click on it once (to select it), the existence of some minimal pairs like [sal] „hindrance‟~ [ʃal] „shawl‟, [pas] „near‟ ~ [paʃ] „bondage‟, and [oresjo] „pebble‟ ~ [kəɭəʃjo] „big glass‟ to X and Y: low vowel ʃãnt „quiet‟ sãnɟ „evening‟ place your cursor on its frame and your cursor will change to this Object Placeholders central vowel ʃəŋka „doubt‟ səŋkʰja „number‟ (Adenwala, 1965; Dave, 1977; Masica, 1991) p(X; X, Y │e) = NX/e / (NX/e + NY/e) symbol: Then, click once and drag it to its new location where Near Perfect Contrast Group Quasi-phonemic Contrast Group you can resize it as needed. Additional placeholders can be found on • 8 speakers contrasted sibilants in all given environments (they showed a Front vowels /i, ɛ, e/ Probability Range: 0 to 1 B. Medial onset contrasts with glide (10 words) the left side of this template. Use the placeholders provided below to add new elements to your ISSUE slight [s]- or [ʃ]-bias in certain environments (H(e) > 0.971 < 1.000), which • Only 2 speakers showed the predicted contrast udeʃjə „advice‟ aləsjə „laziness‟ poster: Drag a placeholder onto the poster area, size it, and click it to is treated as noise in the data) • Of the remaining, 3 were [s]-biased and 3 [ʃ]-biased. Modifying the layout edit. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTROPY SYSTEMIC ENTROPY • Remaining 4 speakers contrasted sibilants in almost all environments, Glide /j/ Does Gujarati have three distinct fricative systems synchronically C. Simple coda contrasts (20 words) except one – a strong bias towards either [s] or [ʃ] in these environments • No contrast observed, all 8 speakers produced [ʃ], indicating this is an This template has four different H = - ∑ pi log2 pi Σ (H(e) * p(e)) with individual speakers acquiring different ones? syllable-final məʃkəri „fun‟ təskəri „theft‟ was noted. environment for palatalization. column layouts. Right-click your Section Header placeholder word-final vivəʃ „dependant‟ divəs „day‟ Mouse on the background and a. H(e) = - Σ p log p Other environments Use section headers to separate topics or concepts within your pi is the probability of each segment (X i 2 i !! Interesting Observations Three distinct fricative systems in Gujarati • 4 speakers were [s]-biased and 4 were [ʃ]-biased click on “Layout” to see the layout presentation. and Y) in the given environment. b. p(e) = Ne / Σ Ne Є E Phonetic conditioning (i) s h [ʃ] is an allophone of /s/ D. Coda contrasts with plosives (20 words) options. The columns in the provided • Speaker G5: strong [ʃ]-bias when followed by velar /k/ (H(e) 0.881) (ii) s (ʃ) h /ʃ/ is a quasi-phoneme syllable-final raʂʈrə „nation‟ vəstrə „clothing‟ ‼ Interesting Observations layouts are fixed and cannot be moved but advanced users can modify Entropy Range: 0 to 1 (0 no uncertainty = allophony, 1complete Sanskrit Ruki Rule. 3 speakers (G10, G16 and G9) showed a distribution similar to that (iii) s ʃ h /s/ and /ʃ/ are contrastive uncertainty = contrast) prətiʂʈʰa „prestige‟ vjəvəstʰa „arrangement‟ any layout by going to VIEW and then SLIDE MASTER. • E14: strong [ʃ]-bias when followed by glide /j/ (H(e) 0.722) /j/ trigger predicted for the allophonic group: word-final bʰrəʂʈ „corrupted‟ trəst „frightened‟ for palatalization. • Entropy and Probability both are defined over pairs of segments in a • always produced [ʃ] in context of glide /j/ language system. vəriʂʈʰ „senior‟ gruhəstʰ „householder‟ Not readily explained Importing text and graphics from external sources Text placeholder • Traditional models of phonological relationships, based on a binary • almost always produced [s] in other contexts • While two probabilities are required to understand the relationship • E3: strong [s]-bias when followed by retroflex /ʈ, ʈʰ/ (H(e) 0.8111), a TEXT: Paste or type your text into a pre-existing placeholder or drag Move this preformatted text placeholder to the poster to add a new distinction between predictably distributed (allophonic) and not predictably HOWEVER, G10 showed contrast in the context of back vowels; and between a pair of segments, entropy offers a single measure to capture context for palatalization. in a new placeholder from the left side of the template. Move it body of text. distributed (contrastive), can successfully predict two of the three possible G16 and G9 in the environment of codas with plosives. fricative systems. the relationship. Data Analysis • E13: strong [ʃ]-bias in the environment of low vowels (H(e) 0.5444) anywhere as needed. • They, however, don‟t easily capture a possible third system – one with • They are used in conjunction to examine the notion of phonological • Based on perceptual judgments of four raters (author and three others), PHOTOS: Drag in a picture placeholder, size it first, click in it and quasi-phonemic distinctions between the two sibilants. contrast. utterances were coded on a scale of 1-2-3 (1 = [s], 3 = [ʃ], 2 = ambiguous insert a photo from the menu. • A probabilistic measure, rather than a binary measure is needed to define token). An equal number of items with [s] and [ʃ] were included in the DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION TABLES: You can copy and paste a table from an external document PRODUCTION STUDY analysis. predictability of distribution. • Evidence was found for at least two possible fricative systems in Gujarati: • The production study taps into the use of grammatical knowledge. To onto this poster template. To make the text fit better in the cells of Picture placeholder • “Majority wins” strategy applied to ambiguous tokens showing 75-25% • The Probabilistic Phonological Relationship Model (PPRM) proposed by near perfect, and quasi-phonemic, and a tendency towards a possible third: confirm the precise detail of the sibilant grammar, a future study should also Hypotheses split: if 3 out of 4 raters agreed token was [s], it was coded as 1 an imported table, right-click on the table, click FORMAT SHAPE then Move this graphic placeholder onto your poster, size it first, and then Hall (2009), based on a continuous scale of predictability, calculates the allophonic.
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