DOCSLIB.ORG

In the Paradigm of Gross National Happiness in Bhutan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
In the Paradigm of Gross National Happiness in Bhutan Gender, Culture and Development: In the Paradigm of Gross National Happiness in Bhutan A THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS IN SOCIOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY By TSHERING YANGDEN Sociology Programme SCHOOL OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY 2009 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to offer my deepest gratitude to both my supervisors, Nabila Jaber and Alison Loveridge for keeping me going with their enthusiasm and commitment. I have no words to show my appreciation for their patience and dedication they have shown me during some of the darker moments. My most sincere thanks go to the staff of International Student Support namely, Sarah Beavens, Eunice Mckessar, Lawrence Teo, Mary Funari and Mary Thomas for being supportive during my problematic moments. I thank Brenda Mackie and her husband Colin for helping me with the structuring and arranging table formats and other forms of help which are too numerous to mention. I would also like to thank my husband and children for being patient with me and being supportive throughout this thesis. Most importantly, I would like to thank the Government of New Zealand (NZAID) for the financial support without which I would not have been able to undertake this research. My gratitude also goes to all the research participants, 20 households from the rural area and 22 participants from the urban area. I offer my special thanks to Mr Dorji Penjor of the Centre for Bhutan Studies, Thimphu, for providing me with many research materials and for responding very promptly to any enquiries I made regarding my research through emails. I am thankful to Mr Dawa Tshering of the National Statistics Bureau and Mr Damcho Rinzin of the Tourism Authority of Bhutan for being very helpful in providing me with vital statistics and information for my thesis. 2 ABSTRACT This study of women in Bhutan is based on the country’s unique development concept known as Gross National Happiness (GNH). Whereas in most countries, a western approach to development concentrates on increasing Gross Domestic Product to improve a country’s economy, Bhutan follows a different approach based on improving the general well-being of the people. The thesis argues that Bhutan has relegated Gross Domestic Product to the background where it can be used as a means to enhance “happiness” but not as an overall goal of development and that the impacts of this on women require separate study. There are four elements that form the core of the Gross National Happiness concept: good governance, environmental conservation, cultural preservation and socio-economic development. This thesis has focused on only two elements of the GNH concept, questioning the nature of cultural preservation and socio-economic development. This is because cultural preservation is one of the areas that affects women particularly. In the path of development, many socio-economic policies inadvertently discriminate against women although their intentions are gender neutral. Thus, the overall purpose of this thesis is to explore women’s position, especially in the education sector and the impact of tradition and culture on Bhutanese women. The relationship between women in Bhutan and the government policy of preserving culture is analysed in order to determine if there is conflict between preserving culture and sustaining happiness against the backdrop of the fast pace of economic development. The methodological approach for this thesis is both qualitative and quantitative. Because of the limited written material on Bhutan, it was important to talk to members of the public to explore general perceptions, feelings and opinions relating to government policies and the impact of development activities and culture on their lives and also to bring in unofficial perspectives. Participants consisted of twenty households in the village and twenty-two participants from the urban area to address urban/rural differences. Literacy is less in rural areas as is access to information and exposure to western influences. Official documents, newspapers, on-line discussion forums, school curricula and films were also drawn on to explore the role of culture and the impact of development policies on the Bhutanese people. The thesis concludes that cultural preservation, particularly when followed uncritically, remains a major obstacle to women’s empowerment towards achieving their development goals. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2 ABSTRACT 3 1. INTRODUCTION 7 Research Question...........................................................................................................8 Aims and Objectives ........................................................................................................9 Results............................................................................................................................11 Background on Gross National Happiness (GNH) .........................................................12 Methodology .................................................................................................................15 Introduction ..................................................................................................................15 Methodological Approach ............................................................................................16 Constraints.................................................................................................................20 Literature Analysis .........................................................................................................21 Rationale....................................................................................................................21 Gender Analysis Framework......................................................................................21 Boserup’s development approach ............................................................................24 Caroline Moser’s Critical Strategy Framework..........................................................27 Naila Kabeer’s Development Approach ....................................................................34 Thesis overview .............................................................................................................38 2.OVERVIEW OF BHUTANESE DEVELOPMENT PLANS 40 Government...................................................................................................................43 Modern Government.................................................................................................45 Administration...........................................................................................................47 Economy ........................................................................................................................49 Agricultural Sector .........................................................................................................50 Industrial Sector.............................................................................................................52 Tourism..........................................................................................................................53 Developmental Programmes.........................................................................................56 Five Year Plans ...........................................................................................................57 Poverty reduction ......................................................................................................64 Impacts of development on women in rural areas ...................................................64 Gross National Happiness and Development................................................................65 Importance of Gross National Happiness..................................................................69 Has the GNH concept made Bhutanese happier?.....................................................71 Relevance of GNH to the thesis.................................................................................75 Summary........................................................................................................................76 4 3. GENDER AND EDUCATION 77 Introduction...................................................................................................................77 Education Overview.......................................................................................................77 Indian education and its relation to the Bhutanese education system....................78 Gender Disparity in Enrolments.................................................................................81 Perception towards Education...................................................................................90 Education and Employment.....................................................................................102 Summary......................................................................................................................108 4. CULTURE, DEVELOPMENT AND GENDER IN BHUTAN 111 Introduction.................................................................................................................111 Culture and development............................................................................................112 Can culture be neutral in development? .................................................................116 Women and Culture ....................................................................................................118
Load more

Recommended publications
  • National Transport Policy of Bhutan 2017 – Policy Protocol Report (Final Draft)
    National Transport Policy of Bhutan 2017 – Policy Protocol Report (Final Draft) National Transport Policy 2017 POLICY PROTOCOL REPORT National Transport Policy of POLICY PROTOCOL REPORT FINAL DRAFT Bhutan 2017 1 United Nations Development Programme June 2017 National Transport Policy of Bhutan 2017 – Policy Protocol Report (Final Draft) Disclaimer • The information contained herein is of a general nature and is not intended to address the circumstances of any particular individual or entity. No one should act on such information without appropriate professional advice after a thorough examination of the particular situation. • We have prepared this report solely for the purpose of providing select information on a confidential basis to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) [in accordance with the contract dated 27 October 2016 executed between UNDP and us (“Contract”). • This report is confidential and for the use of UNDP and other Government Ministries and Government Agencies of Bhutan only. It is not to be distributed beyond the management nor is to be copied, circulated, referred to or quoted in correspondence, or discussed with any other party, in whole or in part, without our prior written consent. • This report sets forth our views based on the completeness and accuracy of the facts stated to KPMG and any assumptions that were included. If any of the facts and assumptions is not complete or accurate, it is imperative that we be informed accordingly, as the inaccuracy or incompleteness thereof could have a material effect on our conclusions. • We have not performed an audit and do not express an opinion or any other form of assurance.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of the Introduction and Adoption of Important Food Crops in Bhutan
    The history of the introduction and adoption of important food crops in Bhutan Rice, maize, potato and chili Dedicated to the Fourth Druk Gyalpo Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Biodiversity Centre Ministry of Agriculture and Forests Serbithang, Thimphu, Bhutan 2nd June 2015 Working team members 1. Dr. Tashi Y. Dorji, Program Director, National Biodiversity Centre, MoAF 2. Asta M. Tamang, Principal Biodiversity Officer, National Biodiversity Centre, MoAF 3. Dr. Ronnie Vernoy, Policy Expert, Bioversity International, Rome CONTENTS FOREWORD ............................................................................ 6 ACRONYMS .............................................................................. 6 LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................... 7 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 8 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY .......................................... 9 3. METHODS .......................................................................... 10 3.1. Initial compilation of literature .......................................... 10 3.2. Selection of crops ............................................................... 10 3.3. Compilation of country-specific information ..................... 10 3.4. Literature review ................................................................ 11 3.5. Documentation ................................................................. 11 4. RICE ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Tiger Country
    CONSERVATION ACTION SERIES 20160423 TIGER COUNTRY Helping Save Bhutan’s Natural Heritage Department of Forests and Park Services Principal Investigator Vivek Menon Co-Principal Investigators Dr. NVK Ashraf and Dr. Jagdish Kishwan Project Team Radhika Bhagat, Jose Louies, Krishnendu Mondal, Debobroto Sircar, Amrit Menon, Prerna Panwar, Achintya Tripathi, Jeetendra Kumar and Vivek Menon Governing Council H.E. Lyonpo Yeshey Dorji, Minister of Agriculture and Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan Mr. Chencho Norbu, Director General, Department of Forests & Park Services (DoFPS) Mr. Sonam Wangchuk, Chief, Wildlife Conservation Division, DoFPS Mr. Vivek Menon, Executive Director, Wildlife Trust of India; Senior Advisor to the President, IFAW Mr. Kelvin Alie, Director, Wildlife Trade Program, IFAW Ms. Radhika Bhagat, Head, Wild Aid, Wildlife Trust of India Mr. Jose Louies, Head, Enforcement and Law, Wildlife Trust of India Mr. Tobgay Sonam Namgyal, Consultant for Bhutan, IFAW-WTI TIGER COUNTRY Helping Save Bhutan’s Natural Heritage Radhika Bhagat, Debobroto Sircar, Krishnendu Mondal, Achintya Tripathi, Jose Louies, Sonam Wangchuk, Vivek Menon, Kelvin Alie and Azzedine Downes Department of Forests and Park Services i The designations of geographical entities in this publication and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the authors or WTI concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) is a leading Indian Citation: Bhagat, R., Sircar, D., Mondal, K., nature conservation organisation committed to Tripathi, A., Louies, J., Wangchuk, S., Menon, V., the service of nature.
    [Show full text]
  • Master Thesis
    MASTER THESIS Titel der Master Thesis / Title of the Master‘s Thesis „Analysis of the Administration of Child Justice In Bhutan“ verfasst von / submitted by Kinzang Chedup angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2017 / Vienna 2017 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 992 884 Postgraduate programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Universitätslehrgang lt. Studienblatt / Human Rights Postgraduate programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Univ.-Prof. MMag. Dr.Christina Binder, E.MA List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ADR Alternative Dispute Resolution BNCA Bhutan Narcotic Control Agency CAAB Child Adoption Act of Bhutan CCPAB Child Care and Protection Act of Bhutan CCPCB Civil and Criminal Procedure Code of Bhutan CCPRR Child Care and Protection Rules and Regulations CICL Children in Conflict with the Law CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child CSO Civil Society Organisation GNH Gross National Happiness ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights NCWC National Commission for Women and Children OAG Office of the Attorney General PCB Penal Code of Bhutan RBP Royal Bhutan Police RCJ Royal Court of Justice RENEW Respect, Educate, Nurture and Empower Women RGOB Royal Government of Bhutan UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund WCPU Women and Child Protection Unit YDF Youth Development Fund YDRC Youth Development and Rehabilitation Centre i Table
    [Show full text]
  • Building Cyber-Security Capacity in the Kingdom of Bhutan
    Building Cyber-security Capacity in the Kingdom of Bhutan Drafted by: Taylor Roberts Global Cyber Security Capacity Centre University of Oxford 1 Table of Contents Assessment of Cyber-security Maturity Cyber-security Capacity by Factor Dimension 1: Cyber-security Policy and Strategy Dimension 2: Cyber-security Culture and Society Dimension 3: Cyber-security Education, Training and Skills Dimension 4: Legal and Regulatory Frameworks Dimension 5 - Standards, Organisations, and Technologies Recommendations Dimension 1 Capacity Gap – develop national cyber-security strategy Dimension 2 Capacity Gap – establish national cyber-security awareness campaign Dimension 3 Capacity Gap – public and private sector collaboration in the development of cyber- security curriculum and training Dimension 4 Capacity Gap – Ensure existing legislation reflects international commitments to combat cybercrime and investigation capacity is equipped to enforce legislation Dimension 5 Capacity Gap – Implement ISO standards in within the public sector, in consultation with the Central Bank, and provide incentives for a cyber-security market Conclusion Building Cyber-security Capacity in the Kingdom of Bhutan The Kingdom of Bhutan is undergoing a major shift with regards to its technological infrastructure. The government is updating its ICT Roadmap by June of this year, exploring an alternate submarine cable connection through Bangladesh and a new payment gateway, and is considering establishing a national data centre, among other initiatives. However, as Bhutan increases national investment into its ICT infrastructure, the risk of inadequate security mechanisms to protect these technologies simultaneously increases as well. It is important to understand the cyber-security capacity in Bhutan in order to invest effectively in both security and new technologies.
    [Show full text]
  • Profile of Samdrup Jongkhar
    Fall 08 PROFILE OF SAMDRUP JONGKHAR PreparedPrepared by Linda by Pannozzo Linda Pannozzo, Karen Hayward, Tsering Om, Luke Raftis, Katherine Morales, Dahlia Colman,GPI Atlantic Kathleen Aikens, Alex Doukas, Michael Oddy, and Ronald Colman GPI AtlanticOctober 2011 February 2012 Funded by International Development Research Centre, Canada The Samdrup Jongkhar Initiative Samdrup Jongkhar Dzongkhag is situated in the southeastern part of Bhutan, sharing its western border with Pemagatshel Dzongkhag and northern border with Trashigang Dzongkhag. The Indian states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh are in the south and east respectively. The dzongkhag has eleven gewogs: Martshalla, Pemathang, Phuntsothang, Samrang, Lauri, Serthi, Langchenphu, Gomdar, Wangphu, Orong and Dewathang. The dzongkhag has a population of 35,960 and a total of 7,453 households (2009). It has a total area of 1,878.79 sq. km with elevations ranging from 200 m to 3,600 m above sea level, with the majority of the land ranging from 600 m to 1,200 m. The flattest areas are in the south along the Assam border. A broad leaf subtropical evergreen forest covers roughly 85% of the land area. The soil type varies from sandy to clay loam, the latter which is suitable for agricultural production. Most of the gewogs are prone to landslides and soil erosion due to loose soil and heavy monsoon rains. Settlements tend to be located in the foothills where the soil is most fertile. Climate is subtropical with a maximum temperature of 35 °C dropping to cooler daytime temperatures of 16 °C from October to March, which is the dry season.
    [Show full text]
  • BHUTAN CLIMATE + CHANGE Handbook
    CLIMATE + CHANGE handbook BHUTAN CLIMATE + CHANGE Handbook 131 BHUTAN CLIMATE + CHANGE Handbook Acknowledgement We thank the following organizations for their support in publishing this book: • EU for funding the project • The Ministry of Agriculture, Royal Society for Protection of Nature, National Environment Commission, World Wildlife Fund and Tarayana Foundation for information and suggestions Copyright © 2016 Bhutan Media and Communications Institute (BMCI) All rights reserved ISBN 978-99936-738-0-4 BICMA Registration No: 100000415 Published by Bhutan Media and Communications Institute Post Box: 1790 Dhondrup Lam Thimphu, Bhutan International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development G.P.O. Box 3226 Kathmandu, Nepal This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational pur- poses without prior permission from the copyright holder. However, the source must be ac- knowledged clearly. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other com- mercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the copyright holder. This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of Bhutan Media & Communications Institute and ICIMOD and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. Table of Contents Message from Hon’ble Lyonpo Yeshey Dorji, Minister of Agriculture and Forests 9 Foreword from Dr. David Molden, ICIMOD 10 Chapter 1 Basics of Climate Science 12 What is global climate change? 13 Climate change overview – climate change and its impact 14 The earth is warming up 15 How do we know that the climate is changing? 15 Humans are largely responsible for climate change 17 Climate change is happening 18 Climate change affects everyone 18 Key concepts i.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Document
    Document of The World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Report No: ICR00004171 IMPLEMENTATION COMPLETION AND RESULTS REPORT (IDA-49830) ON A CREDIT IN THE AMOUNT OF SDR 1.40 MILLION Public Disclosure Authorized (US$2.25 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF BHUTAN FOR A SECOND PHASE OF THE ADAPTABLE PROGRAM LOAN (APL) ON STRENGTHENING REGIONAL COOPERATION FOR WILDLIFE PROTECTION IN ASIA Public Disclosure Authorized June 28, 2017 Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Bhutan Country Management Unit South Asia Region Public Disclosure Authorized CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective March 29, 2017) Currency Unit = Bhutanese Ngultrum (BTN) BTN 1.00 = US$0.02 US$1.00 = BTN 64.99 FISCAL YEAR July 1 – June 30 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS APL Adaptable Program Loan ASEAN-WEN Association of South East Asian Nations-Wildlife Enforcement Network BhuFED Bhutan Forest and Wildlife Enforcement Database BTN Bhutanese Ngultrum CPS Country Partnership Strategy DOFPS Department of Forests and Park Services FA Financing Agreement FPSU Forest Protection and Surveillance Unit GECC Gewog Environmental Conservation Committee GEF Global Environment Facility GRF Government Reserve Forest GTI Global Tiger Initiative GTRP Global Tiger Recovery Program HWC Human Wildlife Conflict ICDP Integrated Conservation Development Project ICR Implementation Completion and Results Report IDA International Development Association ISR Implementation Status Report M&E Monitoring and Evaluation METT Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool MOAF Ministry
    [Show full text]
  • Tenth Five Year Plan 2008-2013
    TENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN 2008-2013 VOLUME 2: PROGRAMME PROFILE Gross National Happiness Commission Royal Government of Bhutan Tenth Plan Document Volume 2 i © Copyright Gross National Happiness Commission (2009) Published by: Gross National Happiness Commission Royal Government of Bhutan ISBN 978-99936-769-1-1 ISBN 978-99936-769-2-8 (For Set) ii Tenth Plan Document, Volume 2 His Majesty Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck Tenth Plan Document Volume 2 iii iv Tenth Plan Document, Volume 2 Tenth Plan Document Volume 2 v vi Tenth Plan Document, Volume 2 CONTENTS Acronyms ...............................................................................................................................xii SUMMARY OF PROGRAMME PROFILES BY THEMES ..................................................... 1 MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE .............................................................................................. 5 MoA/01: Commodity/Cereal Development Programme ........................................................7 MoA/02: Post Harvest Management Programme ..................................................................10 MoA/03: Integrated Pest Management Programme ..............................................................12 MoA/04: Irrigation & Water Management Programme ........................................................14 MoA/05: Seed and Plant Development Programme .............................................................16 MoA/06: Horticulture/Cash Crop Development Programme ..............................................18 MoA/07:
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Organic Agriculture in Bhutan
    Acknowledgements Contents 1. Introduction 01 I would like to thankfully acknowledge the encouraging support and advice from many 1.1 Sustainable Agriculture 02 offi cers, professionals and scientists from various government departments, academic 1.2 Why Sustainable Agriculture? 03 and R&D institutions in Bhutan and in particular. Mr. Chencho Norbu, Director, Mr. 1.2.1 Ecological Sustainability 04 Ganesh Chettri, Specialist Agriculture, Department of Agriculture, Mr. P.M. Pradhan, 1.2.2 Economic Sustainability 05 MD, Druk Seed Corporation, Mrs.Karma Dema and Mr. Tshewang Dorji, Scientists, 1.2.3 Social Sustainability 06 NSSC, Mr. Doe Doe, Scientist, NPPC and Mr. Karma Nidup, Scientist, BPDP. 1.3 Background of organic agriculture 07 1.4 Low-cost Organic Agriculture Systems 08 1.4.1 Vedic Agriculture 18 The support of SNV Bhutan in facilitating rural development activities with appropri- 1.4.2 Organic Agriculture 10 ate clean technologies like, organic agriculture for sustainable livelihoods of small 1.4.3 Biodynamic Agriculture 11 farmers is highly appreciable. The fi nancial support for preparing this document from 1.4.4 Permaculture 12 SNV, Bhutan, through the facilitation of Ms. Christine McMohan, Country Director, 1.4.5 Effective Micro-organisms 13 SNV Bhutan is gratefully acknowledged. 1.4.6 Natural Farming 14 1.5 Principles of Organic farming 14 1.6 Bhutan – The land of Thunder Dragon 15 I thank the relentless support and profound gratitude of Ms. Kesang Tshomo, Coor- 1.6.1 Agriculture 17 dinator, National Organic Program, Department of Agriculture in the preparation of 1.6.2 Buddhism and Agriculture: A communion 19 this document.
    [Show full text]
  • Bhutan Agricultural Sector Review Volume 1 Issues, Institutions and Policies
    Bhutan Agricultural sector review Volume 1 Issues, institutions and policies FAO INVESTMENT CENTRE COUNTRY HIGHLIGHTS FAO INVESTMENT CENTRE Bhutan - Agricultural sector review Issues, institutions and policies Bhutan Agricultural sector review Volume 1 Issues, institutions and policies Garry Christensen Senior Agricultural Economist Turi Fileccia Senior Agronomist, Investment Centre Division, FAO Aidan Gulliver Senior Economist, Investment Centre Division, FAO COUNTRY HIGHLIGHTS prepared under the FAO/World Bank Cooperative Programme Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations i The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) or the World Bank concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO or the World Bank in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO or the World Bank. All rights reserved. FAO encourages reproduction and dissemination of material in this information prod- uct. Non-commercial uses will be authorized free
    [Show full text]
  • Intermediate Media Literacy Training Module
    INTERMEDIATE MEDIA LITERACY TRAINING MODULE Supported by Copyright © 2019 Bhutan Media Foundation. All Rights Reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means - electronics, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise - without the permission of the publisher. This module development for Basic Media Literacy Training has been supported by European Union and HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation. Table of Contents Overview SESSION 4: 5 34 Constructing Media Message Media Literacy Training SESSION 5: Module Grid 6 37 Understanding News Media Literacy Training SESSION 6: 10 Schedule Day 1 44 Using Media Smartly Media Literacy Training Handout 1: 11 Schedule Day 2 45 Media Inventory Worksheet Media Literacy Training Handout 2: 12 Schedule Day 3 48 Glamorization Appeals SESSION 1: Handout 3: 14 Let’s get Media Savvy 49 CML Media Deconstruction/ Construction Framework SESSION 2: Handout 4 - 9 25 What’s in a picture 50 SESSION 3: Reference 27 Understanding Media 56 Messages Intermediate Media Literacy Training Module OVERVIEW As per the latest Bhutan Facebook statistics report, Bhutan has 413,000 Facebook users with the highest number of users recorded between 13 and 25 years (47%). This demographic also has the highest Instagram users (38.9%) in this (Napoleancat.com). As per the Hootsuite digital statistics report January 2018, Bhutan has close to 760,000 mobile users with over 46% of them using social media on their devices. The Bhutanese youth today are using mobile devices to stay connected and to access information and entertainment, which has both positive and negative impacts.
    [Show full text]