Monitoring Urban Growth and Land Use Changes Using GIS and Remote Sensing: a Case Study of Tehsil Burewala
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences Volume 53, No. 1, 2020 pp. 140-152 Monitoring urban growth and land use changes using GIS and remote sensing: A case study of Tehsil Burewala Sher Muhammad Malik1, Sana Arshad1, Khan Alam2 and Owais Bilal1 1Department of Geography, The Islamia University Bahawalpur 2Department of Physics, University of Peshawar *Corresponding author's email: [email protected] Submitted date:03/01/2019 Accepted date:23/03/2020 Published online:30/03/2020 Abstract Geospatial data is being extensively used to monitor the changes in an urban environment and assists as a decision-making tool for sustainable urban growth of the towns and cities. Intermediate and small cities of Pakistan are also getting urbanized day by day due to population growth and infrastructure development. The tehsil Burewala is one of the intermediate tehsil of Punjab province with Burewala city as Headquarter. Burewala city is included in medium sized cities of Pakistan presenting a kind of social and economic interaction. Urban growth of the city has extended beyond the municipal limits converting peri-urban vegetation into built up land. This study is aimed to focus on analyzing the urban growth of tehsil Burewala from 1981 to 2011 using Geo-spatial techniques. The land use changes and urban growth of the tehsil were analyzed using Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) and Thematic Mapper (TM) data. The results of land cover classification revealed that built up area of the tehsil increased from 3.3% in 1981 to 4.7% in 2011. Likewise, vegetation cover of the tehsil is also increased from 66% in 1981 to 81% in 2011. The change detection analysis further depicted the conversion of barren land into agriculture in four rural areas of the city, while peri-urban agriculture is converted into built up assisted by residential and commercial development of the tehsil. The urban growth of the city is increased at the rate of 4.2% from 1981 to 2001 and 2% from 2001 to 2011. GIS based analysis of land use maps also revealed an increase in built up from 29% in 1981 to 62% in 2011. Remote sensing and GIS based analysis of urban growth of intermediate cities can be proved as basis of urban planning and management for decision makers. Keywords: Urban growth, Landsat, Land use changes, Burewala. 1. Introduction centers. Urban growth is a global phenomenon and Increasing urban density in cities of less one of the most fundamental reforming developed countries requires proper processes affecting both natural and human monitoring for planning purpose because environment through many ecological and accelerated urban expansion is posing a serious socio-economic processes (Mandelas et al, threat for sustainable urban development 2007). The massive migration of population (Sivakumar, 2014; Islam et al, 2017) . Although into cities is becoming a major reason of the movement of people from rural to urban accelerated urban growth. Other than human areas for residential and commercial purposes population growth and migration to cities, has been a reasonable sign of economic vigor as urban areas are also increasing in number and well as the cause of the city expansion and land spatial extent due to more infrastructure use change (Sankhala and Singh, 2014), but this development (Mohammady and Delavar, type of changes can affect the local and global 2015). On the one hand, urban growth is an environmental conditions. Human activities important indicator of socio economic causes changes in land cover and land use development, but unfortunately it takes place at patterns through several means (Alves and the expense of loss of agricultural land and Skole, 1996). Requirement of shelter, food and results in major land use conversions (Badlani other infrastructure has altered the shapes of et al, 2017). Increasing trend of urbanization in cities. It is therefore essential to inspect the developing countries cause various kinds of changes in land use/cover, so that sustainable land use conversions within and outside the city land use planning can be achieved (Muttitanon 140 and Tripathi, 2005). In Pakistan, population 1981 to 2011 using geospatial techniques. The growth and rural urban migration with major objectives include (i) to analyze the land unplanned progression has led to urbanization use changes of the Tehsil Burewala using and urban sprawl, which make the shortage of Landsat data from 1981 to 2011 (ii) to analyze infrastructure facilities. Sprawl is usually the urban growth of the city Burewala through referred as the dispersed development along change detection in remote sensing and land use highways, suburbs of the cities and rural areas change analysis in GIS. of a region. (Belal and Moghanm, 2011). The process or phenomenon of remotely observing 2. Material and methods the state of change in urban patterns at different times is referred as urban growth monitoring 2.1. Study area and has become a main application of remote sensing data (El-Baz et al, 1979); thus urban Tehsil Burewala is located on 30.16°N growth monitoring is the process of observing 72.67°E in the east of tehsil Vehari. It is or depicting changes in land use land cover surrounded by Pakpattan in the east, Vehari in attributes using multi-temporal satellite images the west, Sahiwal in the northern side. In the (Shalaby and Tateishi, 2007). Currently, southeastern side of the Tehsil Bahawalnagar worldwide city planners require remote sensing district is present, and it form boundary to river data to observe present urban growth and Sutlej on its south-eastern side. It is 35 Km east planning for anticipated future change (Goetz of District Capital Vehari on the main Burewala et al, 2003; Rawat and Kumar, 2015). Multan Road. Total area of the tehsil is 1603.14 Km2 (160314 hectare) and comprises of many To monitor urban growth and Land use small villages and settlements with main urban change in remote sensing environment include center known as Burewala. Fig. 1 shows the the examination of two aerial or satellite multi- location of tehsil Burewala in Pakistan. The spectral images with same geographical area at climate of the tehsil is hot in summers with cold different time periods. Derived observations winters. Maximum and minimum temperatures recognize changes in land use patterns that have of the tehsil are 35.5°C in June and 12.8°C in taken place in the same geographical land January with an average rainfall of 60mm. between the two times periods considered Burewala is the 31st biggest city of Pakistan in (Radke et al, 2005). Hence, monitoring land use terms of population as well as the second change over local or regional levels at different biggest tehsil of Punjab with respect to area. time periods through remote sensing is becoming more effective and lower costs than Sutlej River crosses Burewala near the those used of traditional methods (El-Raey et towns Jamlera and Sahuka in the south. al, 1995). Satellite data in the form of digital Southern side of the tehsil was occupied by the images, are widely used in various studies to forest and with the passage of time it was monitor the expansion of built up areas and humanized by local clan called Langrial. other land use changes (Mukherjee, 1987). People started to settle in villages due to Pakpattan canal operating in this area, resulting Monitoring LULC modifications, more in conversion of forest to agricultural fields. than one satellite/raster images are needed for comparison, satellite images at distinctive time, 2.2. Data collection obtained for this objective can be used to monitor the temporal differences that have To analyze the changes in land use pattern taken place between them (Yuan and Elvidge, and urban growth of the tehsil, satellite data of 1998). This study aims to analyze the changes Landsat 4 MSS (multispectral scanner) and in land use of tehsil Burewala and associated Landsat 5 TM (thematic mapper) are obtained urban growth of city Burewala. The accelerated from the online service of USGS (United States urban growth of Burewala city is analyzed Geological Survey). Landsat 1, 2 and 3 using multi temporal satellite images processed operated in near polar orbits from altitude of in ERDAS Imagine. This study is focused on 920 kms. They completed 14 orbits a day and analyzing the urban growth of the city from producing continuous swath imagery of 185km 141 wide with complete coverage of earth's surface processed in ERDAS Imagine analyzing the in 18 days. These Satellites carried two sensors temporal variations of land use in the study area namely Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) and (see Fig. 2). Table 1 provides the detail of Multispectral Scanner (MSS). The spatial acquired multi spectral satellite data. resolution of MSS was 80 meters with four band spectral coverage of visible green to near Other ancillary data used to examine the infrared wavelengths. Landsat 4 and 5 carried city expansion and growth in different MSS and another developed sensor namely directions consists of land use base maps of the Thematic Mapper (TM). TM sensor provided city Burewala obtained from the city master seven spectral channels of data as compared to plan and physical housing and planning four channels collected by MSS. Like other department and administrative department of Landsat sensors, these also had a swath width of local Government. The land use maps for the 185km (Livermann et al, 1998). three respective years are georeferenced and created in ArcGIS 10 that was also used for Three multi date satellite images of the image training. years 1981, 2001 and 2011 were used and Fig. 1. Location of Study area (Tehsil Burewala) in Pakistan. 142 Fig. 2. False color composite of study area. Fig. 3.