Hawaiian Plants

Home , Abutilon menziesii, Acacia koaia, Cordia subcordata, Euphorbia celastroides, Gardenia brighamii, Osteomeles

Na¯ Mea Kanu Hawai‘iHawai‘i HAWAIIAN PLANTS

VINES, GRASSES & GROUNDCOVERS

Pā‘ū-o-Hi‘iaka Nehe Dwarf Naupaka ‘Ae‘ae Palapalai Kupukupu Jacquemontia sandwicensis Melanthera integrifolia Scaevola coriacea Bacopa monnieri Microlepia strigosa Nephrolepis cordifolia 0 – 3 Feet Height 0 – 3 Feet

Photos: Forest & Kim Starr Photos: Forest & Kim Starr Photo: David Eickhoff | Inset: Forest & Kim Starr Photo: Forest & Kim Starr | Inset: David Eickhoff Photo: David Eickhoff | Inset: Forest & Kim Starr Photos: Forest & Kim Starr

Pili Grass Kāwelu ‘Uki‘uki Pōhinahina ‘Ilie‘e O‘ahu Sedge Heteropogon contortus Eragrostis variabilis Dianella sandwicensis Vitex rotundifolia Plumbago zeylanica Carex wahuensis subsp. wahuensis 3 – 6 Feet

Photo: Forest & Kim Starr | Inset: David Eickhoff Photo: Forest & Kim Starr Photos: Forest & Kim Starr Photo: David Eickhoff | Inset: Forest & Kim Starr Photo: David Eickhoff | Inset: Forest & Kim Starr Photo: David Eickhoff | Inset: Forest & Kim Starr SHRUBS

Maiapilo ‘Āweoweo ‘Akoko ‘Ākia Ma‘o ‘Ilima Capparis sandwichiana Chenopodium oahuense Euphorbia celastroides Wikstroemia uva-ursi var. uva-ursi Gossypium tomentosum Sida fallax – 10 Feet 2

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Photos: David Eickhoff Photo: David Eickhoff | Inset: J.B. Friday Photos: David Eickhoff Photo: David Eickhoff | Inset: J.B. Friday Photos: David Eickhoff Photo: David Eickhoff | Inset: Forest & Kim Starr

Ko‘oloa ‘ula ‘Ūlei Ma‘o Hau Hele Kulu‘ī ‘A‘ali‘i Naupaka Kuahiwi Abutilon menziesii Osteomeles anthyllidifolia Hibiscus brackenridgei Nototrichium sandwicense Dodonaea viscosa Scaevola gaudichaudii 10 – 15 Feet

Photos: David Eickhoff Photos: David Eickhoff Photo: David Eickhoff | Inset: Forest & Kim Starr Photo: David Eickhoff | Inset: Forest & Kim Starr Photos: Forest & Kim Starr Photos: David Eickhoff Trees & palms

Nā‘ū ‘Iliahialo‘e Koai‘a Kou Hāpu‘u Māmaki Gardenia brighamii Santalum ellipticum Acacia koaia Cordia subcordata Cibotium spp. Pipturus albidus 15 – 30 Feet

Photos: Forest & Kim Starr Photo: Forest & Kim Starr | Inset: David Eickhoff Photo: J.B. Friday | Inset: David Eickhoff Photos: David Eickhoff Photos: Forest & Kim Starr Photos: Forest & Kim Starr

Wiliwili Hō‘awa Alahe‘e Milo Loulu ‘Ōhi‘a Lehua Erythrina sandwicensis Pittosporum spp. Psydrax odorata Thespesia populnea Pritchardia spp. Metrosideros polymorpha 30+ Feet

Photos: Forest & Kim Starr Photos: David Eickhoff Photos: David Eickhoff Photos: David Eickhoff Photos: David Eickhoff Photo: David Eickhoff | Inset: Chris Dacus

Dry Partial Sun Indigenous Endangered Species Wet Shade Pollinators Cultural Significance Full Sun Endemic Salt & Wind Tolerant oha.org

For more information, go to data.bishopmuseum.org/ethnobotanydb or nativeplants.hawaii.edu hawaiian plants Aloha ‘Ia Na¯ Mea Kanu Hawai‘i b e l o v e d a r e th e hawaiian plants GENERAL NATIVE PLANT USAGE GUIDELINES: 1. Golden rule: Use of native plants should never endanger their wild populations 2. Comply with all applicable DLNR permitting requirements for any collection of native plants from the wild. Remember that many native plant species are considered threatened or endangered and may be subject to special legal protections. 3. Collect native plants only if you are a trained individual. Native ground cover vegetation can be damaged very easily. Avoid unnecessary damage to collection sites by staying on or near established trails. 4. When collecting common species with a permit, collect less than 5 percent of total seeds from each plant. 5. When collecting, propagating and planting native plants, replicate nature’s genetic diversity. Ideally, collect from 8-10 plants per population and a total of 3-5 populations. Keep good records of the location and description of parent plants. Note provenance of plants throughout propagation to installation. 6. Use native plants from your island even if the species distribution is statewide. 7. Avoid moving native plants interisland. 8. Do not import native plants from outside of Hawai‘i. 9. Purchase native plants from an established plant nursery. 10. Use native plants in your landscaping only and do not outplant them in natural areas.

VINES, GRASSES & GROUNDCOVERS

Pā‘ū-o-Hi‘iaka Nehe Dwarf Naupaka ‘Ae‘ae Palapalai Kupukupu Jacquemontia sandwicensis Melanthera integrifolia Scaevola coriacea Bacopa monnieri Microlepia strigosa Nephrolepis cordifolia

VEGETATION COMMUNITY Coastal VEGETATION COMMUNITY Coastal, Dry Forest, Mesic VEGETATION COMMUNITY Coastal VEGETATION COMMUNITY Coastal, Riparian VEGETATION COMMUNITY Dry to Moderately Wet Forest VEGETATION COMMUNITY Mesic PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds and Cuttings PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds and Cuttings PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds and Cuttings PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Stem Cuttings PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE By Division or Spores PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE By Division or Spores Timing Use Small Tan/Brown Dry Timing Use Dry Brown Achenes Timing Use Soft White or Purple Seeds Timing Use Stem Cuttings During Cool Timing Divide Full Pots in Halves or Thirds Timing Divide Full Pots in Halves or Thirds Seeds Along Stem READY FOR OUTPLANTING 6 Months Morning Hours READY FOR OUTPLANTING 6 months READY FOR OUTPLANTING 3 Months From Division READY FOR OUTPLANTING 3 Months From Division READY FOR OUTPLANTING 5-6 months READY FOR OUTPLANTING 3 Months PLANTING SPACING 12 Inches PLANTING SPACING 12-24 inches PLANTING SPACING 24-36 inches PLANTING SPACING 12-36 inches PLANTING SPACING 12-24 inches PLANTING SPACING 12-24 Inches TOLERANCES Drought, Wind, Salt, Heat TOLERANCES Drought, Wind TOLERANCES Drought, Wind, Salt, Heat TOLERANCES Wind, Heat ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, TOLERANCES Waterlogged Soil, Wind, Salt TOLERANCES Drought, Wind, Salt, Heat ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, Lāna‘i, Maui, Kaho‘olawe, ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, Maui, Hawai‘i ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Hawai‘i, Northwest Islands Lāna‘i, Maui, Hawai‘i Lana‘i, Maui, Hawai‘i, Northwest Maui, Hawai‘i PEST & DISEASE INFO Generally pest free, but may be Lāna‘i, Maui, Kaho‘olawe, Hawai‘i PEST & DISEASE INFO Ants, Scale, Spittle Bugs, Islands PEST & DISEASE INFO Slugs, Ants, Aphids, Spittle Bug, PEST & DISEASE INFO Caterpillars and scale infested with ants, mealybugs, PEST & DISEASE INFO Ants, Mealybugs, and Slugs and Mealy Bugs and Spider Mites. PEST & DISEASE INFO Slugs and Snails HOW TO USE THE PLANT Groundcover, Indoor scale, and slugs SOIL TYPES Sand, Cinder, Coral SOIL TYPES Sand, Cinder, Coral SOIL TYPES Clay, Sand, Cinder, Coral SOIL TYPES Sand, Cinder, Organic CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Associated with hula HOW TO USE THE PLANT Groundcover, Indoor, Specimen, HOW TO USE THE PLANT Groundcover HOW TO USE THE PLANT Groundcover, Hedge, Specimen, HOW TO USE THE PLANT Groundcover, Hedge, Xeriscape HOW TO USE THE PLANT Groundcover, Xeriscape Xeriscape Riparian, Rain Garden CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Flowers were used to make lei CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Symbolized sprouting

0 – 3 Feet Height 0 – 3 Feet CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Protected the goddess Hi‘iaka MAJOR POLLINATORS Bees, Flies, Moths MAJOR POLLINATORS Bees, Flies knowledge

VEGETATION COMMUNITY Dry Forest VEGETATION COMMUNITY Coastal, Dry Forest VEGETATION COMMUNITY Mesic, Riparian VEGETATION COMMUNITY Coastal VEGETATION COMMUNITY Coastal, Dry Forest VEGETATION COMMUNITY Dry Forest, Mesic PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds and Cuttings PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds, Cuttings, Air Layering PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds and Cuttings PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds and Cuttings PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds and Cuttings Timing Use Dry Brown Seed Timing Use Dry Brown Seed Timing Use Soft and Dark Blue Seeds Timing Use Round Blackish Fruit Timing Use when Browning and Timing Use Dry Brown Seed Shedding from Stems READY FOR OUTPLANTING 6-12 Months READY FOR OUTPLANTING 6-12 Months READY FOR OUTPLANTING 6-12 Months READY FOR OUTPLANTING 6-12 Months READY FOR OUTPLANTING 3-6 Months READY FOR OUTPLANTING 6 Months PLANTING SPACING 18-24 Inches PLANTING SPACING 18-24 Inches PLANTING SPACING 24-36 Inches PLANTING SPACING 24-36 Inches PLANTING SPACING 18-24 Inches PLANTING SPACING 24 Inches TOLERANCES Drought, Wind, Salt, Heat TOLERANCES Drought, Wind, Salt, Heat TOLERANCES Drought, Salt, Wind, Heat TOLERANCES Drought, Salt, Wind, Heat TOLERANCES Drought, Wind TOLERANCES Drought, Wind, Heat ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Ni’ihau, Kaua‘i, O’ahu, Moloka’i, ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, Maui, Kaho‘olawe, Hawai‘i Lāna‘i, Maui, Kaho‘olawe, Lāna‘i, Maui, Hawai‘i Lāna’i, Maui, and Hawai’i ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, Maui, Hawai‘i Hawai‘i, Northwest Islands Lāna‘i, Maui, Kaho‘olawe, Hawai‘i PEST & DISEASE INFO Scale, Mealybugs, Locusts, PEST & DISEASE INFO Mealybugs, Scale and Ants PEST & DISEASE INFO Ants, Scale, Aphids, Mealy Bugs, PEST & DISEASE INFO Ants, Scale, Thrips, Mealybugs, and Grasshoppers PEST & DISEASE INFO Ants, Scale, Mealybugs, PEST & DISEASE INFO Ants, Mealybugs, Aphids, Scales, and Aphids

3 – 6 Feet and Spittle Bugs and Aphids SOIL TYPES Cinder, Organic Slugs, and Chinese Rose Beetles HOW TO USE THE PLANT Groundcover, Erosion Control, SOIL TYPES Sand, Well Drained Soil SOIL TYPES Clay, Cinder, Organic Xeriscape, Specimen HOW TO USE THE PLANT Groundcover, Erosion Control, HOW TO USE THE PLANT Shrub, Water Feature, Indoor, HOW TO USE THE PLANT Groundcover, Hedge, Specimen, HOW TO USE THE PLANT Groundcover, Specimen, Rain Xeriscape Rain Garden, Xeriscape, Riparian HOW TO USE THE PLANT Shrub, Seashore, Xeriscape Riparian, Rain Garden CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Used for thatching Garden, Xeriscape CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Inspiration for a hula step CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Used to make a purple-blue dye CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Used to treat various maladies CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Root juice used in tattooing

SHRUBS

Maiapilo ‘Āweoweo ‘Akoko ‘Ākia Ma‘o ‘Ilima Capparis sandwichiana Chenopodium oahuense Euphorbia celastroides Wikstroemia uva-ursi var. uva-ursi Gossypium tomentosum Sida fallax

VEGETATION COMMUNITY Coastal VEGETATION COMMUNITY Coastal, Dry Forest, Subalpine VEGETATION COMMUNITY Dry Forest, Mesic, Wet Forest, VEGETATION COMMUNITY Dry Forest, Mesic, Subalpine VEGETATION COMMUNITY Coastal VEGETATION COMMUNITY Coastal Subalpine PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds and Cuttings PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds and Cuttings PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds and Cuttings PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds and Cuttings Timing Use Ripe Soft Orange Berries Timing Use Dry, Brown Fruit when Timing Use Mature Soft Orange or Timing Use Dry, Brown, and Splitting Timing Use Dry Star-Shaped Capsules Timing Use Mature Soft Orange or READY FOR OUTPLANTING 6 Months Red Fruit when Shedding from Plant Seam Capsules Falling from Branches READY FOR OUTPLANTING 6 Months Red Fruit when Shedding from READY FOR OUTPLANTING 12 Months PLANTING SPACING 36-60 Inches Plant READY FOR OUTPLANTING 6-12 Months READY FOR OUTPLANTING 6-8 Months PLANTING SPACING 36-48 Inches TOLERANCES Drought, Wind, Salt, Heat PLANTING SPACING 36-48 Inches PLANTING SPACING 24-36 Inches READY FOR OUTPLANTING 6-12 Months PLANTING SPACING 24-36 Inches TOLERANCES Drought, Salt, Wind, Heat TOLERANCES Drought, Wind, Salt, Heat ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, PLANTING SPACING 36-48 Inches TOLERANCES Drought, Salt, Wind, Heat TOLERANCES Drought, Salt, Wind, Heat Lāna‘i, Maui, Kaho‘olawe, TOLERANCES Drought, Salt, Wind, Heat ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, ISLAND DISTRIBUTION O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Maui Lāna‘i, Maui, Kaho‘olawe Hawai‘i, Northwest Islands ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, Maui, Kaho‘olawe,

– 10 Feet PEST & DISEASE INFO Ants, Scale, Aphids And Mealybugs. PEST & DISEASE INFO Caterpillars, Cabbage Butterflies, Lāna‘i, Maui, Hawai‘i, Lāna‘i, Maui, Hawai’i, PEST & DISEASE INFO Chinese Rose Beetles, Ants, Scales, Hawai‘i, Northwest Islands

2 Chickens are Known to Eat the Coffee Twig Borers, ants and Kaho‘olawe, Moloka‘i Mealybugs, Aphids, White Flies PEST & DISEASE INFO Ants, Aphids And Mealybugs PEST & DISEASE INFO Ants, Scale, Aphids, Mealybugs, Fruit and to Scratch at the Roots and Red Spider Mites 1 seeds predated by rats PEST & DISEASE INFO Root Mealybugs, Spider Mites, Ants Red Spider Mites and Slugs HOW TO USE THE PLANT Shrub SOIL TYPES Sand, Cinder, Organic, Coral HOW TO USE THE PLANT Shrub, Hedge, Specimen, SOIL TYPES Clay, Cinder, Coral - Well Drained 2 SOIL TYPES Well Drained Soil HOW TO USE THE PLANT Groundcover, Hedge, Specimen, CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Used to make hooks for sharks Japanese Gardens HOW TO USE THE PLANT Ground cover, Hedge HOW TO USE THE PLANT Shrub, Hedge HOW TO USE THE PLANT Shrub, Hedge, Xeriscape, Riparian Xeriscape CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Used to stupefy fish CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Used to make dyes CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Used to heal bones CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Used to encourage lactation CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Used in healing by Hi‘iaka

VEGETATION COMMUNITY Dry Forest VEGETATION COMMUNITY Coastal, Dry Forest, Mesic VEGETATION COMMUNITY Dry Forest, Mesic, Wet Forest VEGETATION COMMUNITY Dry Forest, Mesic VEGETATION COMMUNITY Coastal, Dry Forest, Mesic VEGETATION COMMUNITY Coastal, Dry Forest, Mesic PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE From Seed, Cuttings, Air Layers

PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds, Cuttings, Air Layering PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds and Cuttings PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds and Cuttings PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seed, Cuttings, Air Layering PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seed and Cuttings community. HIPLANTS-L@LISTS.HAWAII.EDU Musick, Marla Jadine Lee, Eickhoff, David Friday, J.B. & Kim Starr, Forest Williams, Adam to Big Mahalo and Grafting Timing Use Ripe Dry Brown Seeds Timing Use Soft White Pulpy Fruits Timing Use Brown Seeds when Timing Use Small Dry Seeds when Timing Use Dry Red or Tan Capsules Timing Use Soft White or Purple Seeds READY FOR OUTPLANTING 4-6 Months the Seeds Begin to Fall Off Plant you READY FOR OUTPLANTING 6-12 Months Capsules Split READY FOR OUTPLANTING 6-12 Months READY FOR OUTPLANTING 12 Months READY FOR OUTPLANTING 6-12 Months PLANTING SPACING 36-48 Inches PLANTING SPACING 36 Inches READY FOR OUTPLANTING 6-8 Months

PLANTING SPACING 36-72 Inches PLANTING SPACING 5 - 7 Feet PLANTING SPACING 36 - 48 Inches T hank TOLERANCES Drought, Heat TOLERANCES Drought, Wind, Salt, Heat PLANTING SPACING 36 Inches TOLERANCES Drought, Heat TOLERANCES Drought, Wind, Salt TOLERANCES Drought, Wind, Heat ISLAND DISTRIBUTION O‘ahu, Lana‘i (largest population), ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, TOLERANCES Drought, Salt, Heat Maui, Hawai‘i ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, Maui, Hawai‘i Maui, Hawai‘i PEST & DISEASE INFO Chinese Rose Beetles, Aphids and PEST & DISEASE INFO Mealybugs, Chinese rose beetles, ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i Lāna‘i, Maui, Hawai‘i Maui, Hawai‘i PEST & DISEASE INFO Ants, Scale, Mealybugs and Mealybugs. Overwatering can Root knot nematodes, ants, white Lāna‘i, Maui, Kaho‘olawe,Hawai‘i Aphids PEST & DISEASE INFO Mealybugs, Ants, Thrips, Aphids, PEST & DISEASE INFO Ants, Scale, Thrips and Other Cause Black Sooty Mold. flies, spider mites and aphids. PEST & DISEASE INFO Ants, Scales, Mealybugs, Aphids, Scales, Black Twig Borers Sucking Insects SOIL TYPES Clay, Cinder, Organic - Must Be SOIL TYPES Clay, Cinder, Coral Overwatering can cause powdery Thrips mildew on leaves and root rot. HOW TO USE THE PLANT Shrub, Hedge, Xeriscape, Specimen SOIL TYPES Well Drained Soil 10 – 15 Feet Well Drained HOW TO USE THE PLANT Shrub, Hedge, Specimen, Trellis, SOIL TYPES Cinder, Organic SOIL TYPES Cinder CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE A metaphor for strength HOW TO USE THE PLANT Shrub, Hedge, Specimen HOW TO USE THE PLANT Shrub, Hedge, Specimen, Xeriscape Japanese Garden, Xeriscape HOW TO USE THE PLANT Shrub, Hedge, Specimen HOW TO USE THE PLANT Shrub, Hedge, Screening, Specimen CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Used in lei and as a laxative CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Used to make fishing spears CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Planted for ornamental use CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Used for a purple-blue dye

Trees & palms

Nā‘ū ‘Iliahialo‘e Koai‘a Kou Hāpu‘u Māmaki Gardenia brighamii Santalum ellipticum Acacia koaia Cordia subcordata Cibotium spp. Pipturus albidus

VEGETATION COMMUNITY Dry Forest, Mesic, Wet Forest VEGETATION COMMUNITY Dry Forest, Mesic, Wet Forest, VEGETATION COMMUNITY Dry Forest, Mesic, Wet Forest VEGETATION COMMUNITY Coastal, Dry Forest VEGETATION COMMUNITY Mesic, Wet Forest VEGETATION COMMUNITY Mesic, Wet Forest, Subalpine, Alpine, Riparian PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds, Cuttings, Air Layers, Subalpine PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seed PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds, Cuttings, Air Layers, PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Spores, Side Shoots and Grafting PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seed and Grafting PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds and Cuttings Timing Use Brown Seed Pods Timing Use Spores when Sori are Timing Use White Pulpy Soft Mature Timing Use Soft Orange Fruit Timing Use Blackish Purple Drupes. Timing Use Dry Brown Capsules Light Tan and Plump Fruits READY FOR OUTPLANTING 3-9 Months Remove Pulp Immediately READY FOR OUTPLANTING 12 Months with White Seeds READY FOR OUTPLANTING 18 Months from Spore Germination READY FOR OUTPLANTING 6-12 Months PLANTING SPACING 15 Feet READY FOR OUTPLANTING 12-24 Months PLANTING SPACING 40 Feet READY FOR OUTPLANTING 6 Months PLANTING SPACING 10 Feet TOLERANCES Drought, Wind PLANTING SPACING 10-15 Feet PLANTING SPACING 6-10 Feet TOLERANCES Drought, Wind PLANTING SPACING 40 Feet TOLERANCES Waterlogged Soil ISLAND DISTRIBUTION O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, Maui, TOLERANCES Drought, Wind, Salt, Heat TOLERANCES Wet ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Kaua‘i, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, Maui, TOLERANCES Drought, Wind, Salt, ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i Hawai‘i ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i Hawai‘i Waterlogged Soil ISLAND DISTRIBUTION O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, Maui, Maui, Hawai‘i PEST & DISEASE INFO Ants, Scale, Mealybugs, Thrips, Lāna‘i, Maui, Kaho‘olawe, Hawai‘i, Hawai‘i, Kaua‘i PEST & DISEASE INFO Ants, Scale, Mealybugs, Thrips, PEST & DISEASE INFO Scale Insects, mealybugs and ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Red Spider Mites and Aphids, Northwest Islands Aphids, Chinese Rose Beetles, Koa Wilt disease Lāna‘i, Maui, Hawai‘i PEST & DISEASE INFO Feral Pigs and Termites Black Twig Borers PEST & DISEASE INFO Black Twig Borer, Ants, White Caterpillars, Grasshoppers, And PEST & DISEASE INFO Kou Leaf Worm SOIL TYPES Clay, Sand, Cinder, Organic, Coral Flies And Scale SOIL TYPES Clay, Cinder, Organic HOW TO USE THE PLANT Tree, Specimen, Japanese Garden Spittle Bugs. Fungal Disease Can

15 – 30 Feet HOW TO USE THE PLANT Tree, Coastal, Shade, Specimen, Attack And Kill Young Plants. HOW TO USE THE PLANT Tree, Hedge, Specimen, HOW TO USE THE PLANT Tree, Hedge, Shade, Specimen, HOW TO USE THE PLANT Tree, Shade, Specimen, Xeriscape CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Pulu wool used for medicine Fragrant, Xeriscape Xeriscape Xeriscape HOW TO USE THE PLANT Tree, Hedge, Shade, Edible, Riparian Water Supply. of Board Honolulu Watershed Planner, Tsuneyoshi, Amy Water Conservation by: Presentation for Plants Native

CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Used for weapons and tools 7. CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Wood used for kapa anvils CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Used to perfume kapa cloth CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Used for wooden images of gods CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Durable material for kapa

Wiliwili Hō‘awa Alahe‘e Milo Loulu ‘Ōhi‘a Lehua Erythrina sandwicensis Pittosporum spp. Psydrax odorata Thespesia populnea Pritchardia spp. Metrosideros polymorpha

VEGETATION COMMUNITY Dry Forest VEGETATION COMMUNITY Dry Forest, Mesic, Wet Forest, VEGETATION COMMUNITY Dry Forest, Mesic, Wet Forest VEGETATION COMMUNITY Coastal, Dry Forest VEGETATION COMMUNITY Dry Forest, Mesic VEGETATION COMMUNITY Dry Forest, Mesic, Wet Forest Subalpine PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds And Cuttings PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds And Cuttings PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Seeds PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Cuttings, Air-Layering, Seeds PROPAGATION TECHNIQUE Use Seeds and Cuttings Timing Use Brown Dry Splitting Timing Use Dry Brown Pods with Timing Use Blackish Shedding Ripe Timing Use Dry Seed Capsules Timing Use Ripe Brown/Black Fruit Red Seeds Fruits Capsules Timing Brown Splitting Capsules READY FOR OUTPLANTING 12-24 Months READY FOR OUTPLANTING 5 - 6 Months READY FOR OUTPLANTING 24 Months READY FOR OUTPLANTING 3 - 6 Months READY FOR OUTPLANTING 12-24 Months READY FOR OUTPLANTING 9-12 Months PLANTING SPACING 10 Feet PLANTING SPACING 25 Feet PLANTING SPACING 40 Feet PLANTING SPACING 10-15 Feet PLANTING SPACING 40 Feet PLANTING SPACING 15 Feet TOLERANCES Drought, Wind, Salt TOLERANCES Waterlogged Soil, Drought, TOLERANCES Drought, Wind TOLERANCES Drought, Wind, Heat TOLERANCES Wind TOLERANCES Drought, Wind Brackish Water, Wind, Salt, Heat ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Lāna‘i, Lāna‘i, Maui, Hawai‘i Maui, Hawai‘i Lāna‘i, Maui, Kaho‘olawe, Hawai‘i Maui, Hawai‘i ISLAND DISTRIBUTION Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i Maui, Hawai‘i PEST & DISEASE INFO Rats, Ants, Leaf Rollers, Red Spider PEST & DISEASE INFO Caterpillars, Black Twig Borer, PEST & DISEASE INFO Spider mites, mealybugs, powdery PEST & DISEASE INFO Seed Borers, Seed Weevils, Ants, Lāna‘i, Maui, Hawai‘i PEST & DISEASE INFO Red Spider Mites, Ants, Aphids, Mites And Sugar Cane Borers Whiteflies, Guava Rust, Chinese mildew, Erythrina Gall Wasp and Scale, Mealybugs, Thrips and Mealybugs And Scale Insects PEST & DISEASE INFO Fairly Pest Free Rose Beetle, Ohia Psyllid And Ants 30+ Feet SOIL TYPES Cinder, Coral, Sand seed-predating beetles Aphids. SOIL TYPES Cinder, Organic SOIL TYPES Cinder, Organic HOW TO USE THE PLANT Tree, Coastal, Hedge, Shade, SOIL TYPES Cinder SOIL TYPES Clay, Cinder, Organic Specimen, Xeriscape HOW TO USE THE PLANT Palm, Specimen, Iconic Hawaiian HOW TO USE THE PLANT Tree, Specimen, Iconic Hawaiian http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/ Database, Propagation Plant Native 4. Hawaiian http://nativeplants.hawaii.edu/ Hawai‘i, Plants 3.Native 2006. Hawai‘i, Honolulu, Mutual Publishing, Every for Species, Approach Step-by-StepA Simple Plants: Native Hawaii’s Growing E. Kerin 2 .Lilleeng-Rosenberger, 1971. Hawai‘i, Honolulu, Press, Bess The Gardener, the for A How to Guide Plants; Hawaiian Native Growing Heidi. Bornhorst, HOW TO USE THE PLANT Tree, Shade, Specimen, Xeriscape HOW TO USE THE PLANT Tree, Hedge, Japanese Garden HOW TO USE THE PLANT Tree, Hedge, Xeriscape Palm, Xeriscape Plant, Japanese Garden, Xeriscape 1. CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Used to make home goods CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Used to make surfboards CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE used to make canoe gunwales CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Used for tools and fishhooks CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Signified a fishing heiau CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE Flowers and buds used for lei R eferences : Salt and Wind Tolerance of Landscape Plants for Hawai‘I, Norman Bezona, David Hensley, Julie Yogi, James Tavares, Fred Rauch, Ruth Iwata, Melissa Kellison, Melvin Wong, Wong, Melvin Melissa Kellison, Ruth Iwata, Rauch, Fred Tavares, James Yogi, Julie Hensley, David Norman Bezona, Hawai‘I, for Plants of Landscape Tolerance Wind 6. Salt and 2013. Campaign, NorthAmerican Pollinator Protection Shrubland, & Grassland Tropical and Forest, Dry Tropical Moist Forest, Tropical the Including and Gardeners Land Managers, Farmers, for Guide Regional A Pollinators, for Plants 5. Selecting hawnprop/moreinfo.htm Agriculture &Tropical andHuman of College of Hawai‘i University Patti Clifford, Resources, 2009

Dry Partial Sun Indigenous Endangered Species Wet Shade Pollinators Cultural Significance Full Sun Endemic Salt & Wind Tolerant oha.org

For more information, go to data.bishopmuseum.org/ethnobotanydb or nativeplants.hawaii.edu