Historical Dictionary of U.S.-Latin American Relations

Home , Lodge Corollary, Wilsonianism

David W. Dent

Greenwood Press Westport, Connecticut • London Contents

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xvii

Introduction xix

Guide to Related Topics xxvii

Timeline of U.S.-Latin American Relations xxxix

Historical Dictionary of U.S.-Latin American Relations 1

Abrams, Elliott (1948- ) 1 Adams, John Quincy (1767-1848) 3 Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) 4 Agee, Philip (1935- ) 5 Agency for International Development (AID) 7 Allende Gossens, Salvador (1908-1973) 9 Alliance for Progress 12 Alpha 66 15 Ambassadors 16 American Enterprise Institute (AEI) 19 American Institute for Free Labor Development (AIFLD) 21 Americas Watch 22 viii Contents

Andean Initiative 23 Anti-Americanism 24 Anti-Imperialism 26 Arbenz Guzman, Jacobo (1913-1971) 28 Arevalo Bermejo, Juan Jose (1904-1990) 30 Arias Sanchez, Oscar (1940- ) 33 Aristide, Jean-Bertrand (1953- ) 34 Arms Trade 38 Assassination 40 Backyard Metaphor 45 Balaguer Ricardo, Joaquin (1907-2002) 46 Ball, George Wildman (1909-1994) 48 Banana Republic 50 Banana Wars 51 Barrett, John (1866-1938) 52 Batista, Fulgencio (1901-1973) 53 Bay of Pigs (1961) 55 Beals, Carleton (1893-1979) 59 Beaulac, Willard Leon (1899-1990) 62 Bemis, Samuel Flagg (1892-1973) 62 Berle, Adolf A., Jr. (1895-1971) 64 Bernays, Edward L. (1891-1995) 65 Betancourt, Romulo (1908-1981) 67 Bidlack, Benjamin Alden (1804-1849) 68 Bidlack-Mallarino Treaty (1846) 69 Big Stick Diplomacy 71 Bissell, Richard (1909-1994) 72 Blaine, James Gillespie (1830-1893) 73 Blowback 76 Bogota Conference (1948) 78 Boland Amendments 80 Bolivar, Simon (1783-1830) 82 Bonsai, Philip Wilson (1903-1995) 83 Braden, Spruille (1894-1978) 84 Brady Plan (1989) 86 Bryan, William Jennings (1860-1925) 87 Bryan-Chamorro Treaty (1916) 87 Bucareli Agreements (1923) 88 Buchanan, James (1791-1868) 89 Bunau-Varilla, Philippe (1859-1940) 91 Bunker, Ellsworth (1894-1984) 92 Bush, George Herbert Walker (1924- ) 93 Bush, George W. (1946- ) 95 Butler, Smedley Darlington (1881-1940) 97 Contents ix

Cabot, John Moors (1901-1981) . 101 Calvo Clause 102 Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) 102 Caribbean Legion 103 Carnegie, Andrew (1835-1919) 104 Carter, James (Jimmy) Earl (1924- ) 104 Carter Center 108 Casey, William Joseph (1913-1987) 109 Castro Ruz, Fidel (1926- ) 110 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) 113 Chapultepec Conference (1945) 116 Chicago Boys 117 Church Committee Report 118 Clark Memorandum 118 Clay, Henry (1777-1852) 119 ' Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) 120 Cleveland, Stephen Grover (1837-1908) 121 Clinton, William Jefferson (1946- ) 122 Cold War 124 Contadora Group 127 Contras 129 Council of the Americas (COA) 130 Council on Hemispheric Affairs (COHA) 131 Covert Operations 132 Cuba Lobby 134 Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) 137 Cultural Imperialism 140 Daniels, Josephus (1862-1948) 143 Death Squads (Escuadrones de Muerte) 144 Democracy and Democracy Promotion 145 Dependency Theory 148 Dictatorships 149 Doctrines 153 Dollar Diplomacy 156 Domino Theory 158 Drago Doctrine 161 Drug Trafficking 161 Dulles, Allen Welsh (1893-1969) 164 Dulles, John Foster (1888-1959) 166 Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro (1992) 169 Economic Sanctions 170 Eisenhower, Dwight David (1890-1969) 173 Eisenhower, Milton S. (1899-1985) 175 Elian Gonzalez Incident 175 x Contents

Enterprise for the Americas Initiative (EAI) 176 Estrada Doctrine (1930) 177 Falklands/Malvinas War (1982) 179 Father Roy: Inside the School of Assassins (1997) 180 Filibusters/Filibustering 182 Ford, Gerald R. (1913- ) 184 Fox Quesada, Vicente (1942- ) 186 Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) 187 Frelinghuysen, Frederick Theodore (1817-1885) 187 Friendly Dictators 188 Garfield, James A. (1831-1881) 195 German Threat 196 Good Neighbor Policy 197 Gordon, [Abraham] Lincoln (1913- ) 198 Grace, William Russell (1832-1904) * 200 Grenada Invasion (1983) 201 Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of (1848) 203 Guantanamo Bay 203 Guatemala, U.S. Invasion of (1954) 206 Guerrilla Warfare 207 Guevara, Ernesto "Che" (1928-1967) 209 Gunboat Diplomacy 212 Harding, Warren (1865-1923) 215 Hay, John Milton (1838-1905) 216 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) 217 Hayes, Rutherford B. (1822-1893) 217 Hegemony 219 Helms, Jesse Alexander, Jr. (1921- ) 221 Helms, Richard McGarrah (1913-2002) 222 Helms-Burton Law (1996) 224 Heritage Foundation 226 Herring, Hubert Clinton (1889-1967) 227 Hickenlooper Amendment (1962) 229 Hoover, Herbert (1874-1964) 229 Hull, Cordell (1871-1955) 231 Human Rights 232 Imperialism 237 Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) 242 Inter-American Dialogue (IAD) 243 Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (1947) 245 International Court of Justice (ICJ) 246 International Criminal Court (ICC) 247 International Law 248 Intervention and Non-intervention 250 Contents xi

Iran-Contra Scandal 253 Johnson, Lyndon Baines (1908-1973) 255 Johnson Doctrine 257 Kennan, George Frost (1904-2005) 259 Kennedy, John Fitzgerald (1917-1963) 261 Kerry, John F. (1943- ) 264 Kirkpatrick, Jeane Jordan (1926- ) 266 Kissinger, Henry Alfred (1923- ) 267 Kissinger Commission (1983) 270 Knox, Philander Chase (1853-1921) 272 Lansky, Meyer (1902-1983) 275 Latin American Working Group (LAWG) 276 League of Nations 277 Lodge, Henry Cabot, Sr. (1850-1924) 278 Lodge Corollary (1912) 279 Lowenthal, Abraham F. (1941- ) 279 Mahan, Alfred Thayer (1840-1914) 283 Manifest Destiny 284 Mann, Thomas Clifton (1912- ) 285 Mann Doctrine 286 Marti y Perez, Jose Julian (1853-1895) 286 Mas Canosa, Jorge L. (1939-1997) 288 Matthews, Herbert (1900-1977) 289 McKinley, William (1843-1901) 290 Media 291 Mexican-American War (1846-1848) 295 Miranda, Carmen (1909-1955) 297 Missing (1982) 298 Monroe, James (1758-1831) 299 Monroe Doctrine (1823) 300 Morrow, Dwight Whitney (1873-1931) 303 National Endowment for Democracy (NED) 305 National Security Council (NSC) 307 Negroponte, John Dimitri (1939- ) 309 Nixon, Richard Milhous (1913-1994) 309 Noriega, Manuel Antonio (1940- ) 311 North, Oliver Lawrence (1943- ) 313 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 314 Olney, Richard (1835-1917) 317 Operation Blast Furnace 318 Operation Condor 319 Operation Just Cause 322 Operation Mongoose 325 Operation Northwoods 327 xii Contents

Operation Pan America 327 Operation Urgent Fury (1983) 328 Organization of American States (OAS) 329 Ostend Manifesto (1854) 330 Panama Canal Treaties 333 Pan-Americanism 334 Pan American Union 335 Partisanship and Policy 336 Pastor, Robert A. (1947- ) 337 Perez Jimenez, Marcos (1914-2001) 339 Peron, Juan Domingo (1895-1974) 341 Peurifoy, John Emil (1907-1955) 343 Pierce, Franklin (1804-1869) 344 Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto (1915- ) 345 Plan Colombia 348 Platt Amendment (1902) 350 Poinsett, Joel Roberts (1779-1851) 351 Political Cartoons 351 Polk, James Knox (1795-1849) 354 Private Military Contractors 356 Propaganda 359 Public Opinion 361 Race and Racism 365 Radio Marti 368 Reagan, Ronald W. (1911-2004) 369 Reagan Doctrine 371 Recognition and Non-Recognition 372 Regime Change 374 Reich, Otto Juan (1945- ) 375 Revolutions 377 Rockefeller, Nelson Aldrich (1908-1979) 379 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882-1945) 381 Roosevelt, Theodore (1858-1919) 382 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine 385 Root, Elihu (1845-1937) 386 Sandinistas 389 Sandino, Augusto Cesar (1895-1934) 390 Scandals and Blunders 391 School of the Americas (SOA) 395 September 11, 2001 397 Slidell, John (1793-1871) 400 Smith, Earl E.T. (1903-1991) 401 Soccer War (1969) 402 Somoza Debayle, Anastasio "Tachito" (1925-1980) 404 Contents xiii

Southern Command 405 Spanish-Cuban-American War (1898) 407 State Department 408 State of Siege (1973) 410 Summit of the Americas 412 Szulc, Tadeusz Witold (1926-2001) 413 Taft, William Howard (1857-1930) 417 Taylor, Zachary (1784-1850) 418 Teller Amendment or Resolution (1898) 419 Terrorism 419 Think Tanks 422 Thomson-Urrutia Treaty (1921) 424 Threat Perception/Assessment 424 Tlatelolco, Treaty of (1968) 429 Tobar Doctrine 430 Trist, Nicholas Philip (1800-1874) 431 Trujillo Molina, Rafael Leonidas (1891-1961) 431 Truman, Harry S. (1884-1972) 433 United Fruit Company 437 United Nations (UN) 439 Valenzuela, Arturo (1944- ) 443 Vanderbilt, Cornelius (1794-1877) 444 Vaughn, Jack Hood (1920- ) 445 Villa, Francisco "Pancho" (1878-1923) 445 Walker, William (1824-1860) 447 Walters, Vernon A. (1917-2002) ' 449 Washington Consensus 450 Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA) 451 Washington Policymakers 452 Welles, Benjamin Sumner (1892-1961) 455 Wiarda, Howard J. (1939- ) 457 Wilson, Thomas Woodrow (1856-1924) 459 Wilsonianism 461 World War I 462 World War II 463 Yankee Fidelistas 467 Zemurray, Samuel (1877-1961) 469 Zimmermann Telegram (1917) 470

Epilogue: Lessons from the Past: Toward a More Enlightened Relationship 471

Appendix: President Ronald Reagan's Speech on Congressional Aid for the Contras 477 xiv Contents

List of Online Resources 483

Select Bibliography 485

Index 491