DOCSLIB.ORG

Phasianidae: Francolinus)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Phasianidae: Francolinus) The Auk 109(1):24-42, 1992 PHYLOGENETIC, TAXONOMIC AND BIOGEOGRAPHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF GENETIC, MORPHOLOGICAL, AND BEHAVIORAL VARIATION IN FRANCOLINS (PHASIANIDAE: FRANCOLINUS) TIMOTHY M. CROWE,• ERIC H. HARLEY,2 MARIOLAB. JAKUTOWICZ,•'2 JORISKOMEN, 3'• AND ANNA A. CROWE1 •FitzPatrickInstitute, University of CapeTown, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa; 2Departmentof ChemicalPathology, University of CapeTown, Rondebosch7700, South Africa; and 3Departmentof Birds,State Museum of Namibia,Box 1203, Windhoek, Namibia ASSTRACT.--Westudied restriction-fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in mitochon- dria! DNA for 13 speciesof African franco!ins(Francolinus spp.) and the JapaneseQuail (Coturnixc. japonica). Phylogenetic analyses of RFLPsfor these14 speciesand of morphological and behavioralcharacters for the 41 francolinspecies and other perdicinetaxa do not confirm the monophylyof Francolinusas currently recognized.Analyses of morpho-behaviora!char- acters suggestthat Francolinusconsists of at least four major assemblages:the five Asiatic species;two groupsof Africanquail-like species; and the Africanpartridge-like species. Within theseassemblages, analyses of RFLPsand/or morpho-behaviora!characters support the mono- phy!y of six of eight speciesgroups attributed to Francolinus.Assuming the monophy!yof currently recognizedsupraspecific groups of ga!!iformbirds, morphometricanalyses of gal- !iform skeletonscorrectly classified 90-99% of specimensto family, subfami!yand tribe, as well as 95% of the francolin specimensto genus. Genetic distancesderived from RFLP data imply thatAfrican francolinsdiverged from their sistertaxa at or beforethe mid-lateMiocene, and that a!! speciesstudied diverged from their sister-speciesduring the Plioceneor early Pleistocene.Received 29 June1990, accepted 13 July 1991. THESUPRASPECIFIC phylogenetic relationships skeletalanatomy has led to a proliferation of amongmembers of the family Phasianidae(sen- small genera(mean phasianidspecies-to-genus su Morony et al. 1975) remain poorly resolved ratio = 3.3; range = 1-41; Morony et al. 1975) (Verheyen 1956,Cracraft 1981,Stock and Bunch of uncertainphylogenetic affinity (Olson 1985). 1982,Gutierrez et al. 1983,Sibley and Ahlquist The most striking exception to this "small- 1985,Helm-Bychowski and Wilson 1986,Crowe genus rule" in the Phasianidaeis the genus 1988,Randi et al. 1991).A primary causeof this Francolinus.The francolins form the largest ge- phylogenetic uncertainty is that, while the di- nus in the Galliformes(Morony et al. 1975)and agnostic morphological and behavioral attri- one of the largestgenera in the classAves (Bock butes (hereafter termed morpho-behavioral and Farrand 1980). Hall (1963:109;Fig. 1A) rec- characters)of phasianidsupraspecific taxa tend ognized 41 speciesof francolins (36 African, 5 to be highly divergentqualitatively, differences Asian) and concluded that francolins form a in the skeletalanatomy of thesetaxa tend to be single, monophyletic genus, the members of subtle and continuous.For example, although which are distinguishablefrom other members Steadman(1980) was able to assignavian fossil of the Perdicini (sensuMorony et al. 1975) by bones to various speciesof turkeys (Meleagri- a long, hooked bill, a short tail of 14 feathers, dinae) by a relatively simple morphometricap- an upright stanceand, in the majorityof species, proach,only a few of the more than 100 skeletal spurs at least in the males. charactershe employed qualitatively distin- Hall (1963:110)proposed the monophyly of guish turkeys from other phasianids.Because Francolinusand then partitioned all but four osteologicalcharacters are among the more im- species(F. lathami,F. pondicerianus,F. nahani, and portant diagnosticfeatures used to assignspe- F. gularis)of this assemblageinto eight mono- cies to avian genera, this marked divergence in phyletic groups,seven of which have represen- external morphology and relatively conserved tatives in Africa (Fig. 1A). Hall (1963:170)fur- 24 January1992] EvolutionofFrancolins 25 QUAIL-FRANCOUNS PARTRIDGE-FRANCOLINS 11 26 C•ow• ETA[. [Auk, Vol. 109 ther suggested that the genus may have and Milstein and Wolff's (1987) quail- and par- originatedin Asiaduring the Oligocene(ca. 25- tridge-francolins(Fig. 1A); (2) determine the 35 x 106y.b.p.), and that extant speciesof Af- degreeof geneticvariation within and between rican francolins diverged from their sister spe- certain(primarily southern)African francolins; cies perhaps as recently as the last 10,000 to (3) estimatethe evolutionarydivergence times 100,000 years. of the genusFrancolinus and its componenttaxa; Milstein and Wolff (1987) argued for parti- (4) comment on the taxonomic and biogeo- tioning Francolinusinto two major clades com- graphical implications of these results;and (5) prising quail-like and partridge-likebirds (Fig. assessthe correlation between speciesgroup- 1A). "Quail-francolins"(called patryseby Mil- ings suggestedby morphometric, morpho-be- stein and Wolff 1987) are generally small, havioral,and geneticinformation for galliforms ground-roostingbirds with striped and barred in general and francolins in particular. rufousdorsal plumage resembling that of quails (Coturnixspp.); they have high-pitched, tonal METHODS AND MATERIALS calls. "Partridge-francolins"(called fisanteby Milstein and Wolff 1987) are generally larger, MtDNA datacollection and analysis.--Liver tissue was tree-roosting birds with dark dorsal plumage excisedfrom one specimenof the JapaneseQuail and vermiculatedwith white or buff; they give low- eachof the 13 African francolin species(Table 1) and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Tissue from additional er-pitched, raucouscalls (Milstein and Wolff specimensof F. africanusand F. levaillantiiwas col- 1987).Taxonomically, following Wolters(1975 ), lectedat sites400-700 km from the original collection Milstein and Wolff split the southern African localities(Table 1) to assessgeographical variation in speciesinto four genera (Fig. 1A). mtDNA structure. In a preliminary phylogeneticstudy of fran- MtDNA from each specimenwas extractedfrom colin morphology and behavior, Crowe and about 4 g of whole tissue (Brown 1980, as modified Crowe (1985) failed to corroborate the mono- by Densmoreet al. 1985). We used 14 restrictionen- phyly of Francolinus.However, they confirmed donucleases:EcoRI, ScaI, SacI, SacII, PvuII, StuI, HindIII, the monophyly of Hall's Spotted,Red-winged, NcoI, BamHI, BclI, PstI, EcoRV, Asp 718, and XbaI. Red-tailed,Bare-throated and Montane groups, Conditions for restriction-endonucleasedigestions were those suggestedby the suppliers(Amersham as well as that of Milstein and Wolff's (1987) International,Boehringer Mannhelm, New England partridge-francolins(Fig. 1A). Crowe and Crowe Biolabs).We end-labeledmtDNA fragmentswith 32p_ (1985) also concludedthat quail-francolinsare dCTP by incubation with the Klenow fragment of a paraphyletic assemblage.Based primarily on DNA polymeraseI at 25øCfor 10 min to exposead- ontogenetic information, Crowe and Crowe ditional nucleotidesfrom fragmentswith blunt ends (1985) hypothesized that the ancestor of the or 3' overhangs.The fragmentswere incubatedfor francolinswas a small, quail-like phasianid,be- an additional 10 min after addition of unlabeled DTTP, causeplumage and other integumentary fea- dATP and dGTP plus 32P-dCTP.The labeled frag- tures (e.g. bill and tarsus color) of immature mentswere separatedby electrophoresisthrough 1.2% francolinsare remarkablyquail-like (Crowe et horizontal agarosegels in 1 x TAE buffer that in- cluded0.05% pyrophosphate. Gels were visualizedby al. 1986). Taxonomically,on the strength of autoradiography.Lambda phage DNA digestedwith overall morphometric osteologicalsimilarities HindIII was used as a molecular-weightmarker. amongfrancolins, Crowe and Crowe (1985)pro- We assessedrestriction-fragment length polymor- visionally kept the francolinsin one genus,but phism (RFLP) in mtDNA from restriction-endonu- proposeda systemof subgenerasimilar to that cleasefragment patterns, assumingthat fragments of Wolters (1975). with the same electrophoreticmobility are homolo- In this paper, we discussstudies of: (1) the gousbetween haplotypes.The percentageoverall nu- mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 13 speciesof cleotidedivergence (b) between haplotypeswas es- African francolins and of the JapaneseQuail timated in a pairwisemanner by the iterative method (Coturnixcoturnix japonica); (2) the morphology of Nei (1987). Due to the large number of francolin speciesex- and behavior of the 41 speciesof francolins and amined, it was not feasible to map restriction sites. a range of other perdicine species;and (3) the Therefore, we used RFLPs as characters. We realize morphometricsof a representativerange of gal- that this involvesa potentialloss of phylogeneticin- lifotins (including 25 Francolinusspecies). Our formation (Swoffordand Olsen 1990),but RFLPsare aimsare to: (1) reassessthe monophylyof Fran- alsolegitimate synapomorphies in phylogeneticanal- colinus,Hall's (1963) francolin speciesgroups, ysis(Zink and Avise 1990).Therefore, phylogeneti- January1992] Evolutionof Francolins 27 TAISLE1. Speciesand sourcesof specimensused in mtDNA analysis. Species Locality Coturnixc. japonica Domestic bird. F rancolinus leucoscepus Athi River District, Kenya. levaillantii Sable District, Transvaal, and Giants Castle Nature Reserve, Natal. levaillantoides Balfour District, Transvaal. natalensis Sable District, Transvaal. adspersus Omaruru District, Namibia. sephaena Nylstroom District, Transvaal. Uitenhage
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nogth AMERICAN BIRDS
    CHECK-LIST OF NOgTH AMERICAN BIRDS The Speciesof Birds of North America from the Arctic through Panama, Including the West Indies and Hawaiian Islands PREPARED BY THE COMMITTEE ON CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION SEVENTH EDITION 1998 Zo61ogical nomenclature is a means, not an end, to Zo61ogical Science PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION 1998 Copyright 1998 by The American Ornithologists' Union All rights reserved, except that pages or sections may be quoted for research purposes. ISBN Number: 1-891276-00-X Preferred citation: American Ornithologists' Union. 1983. Check-list of North American Birds. 7th edition. American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, D.C. Printed by Allen Press, Inc. Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A. CONTENTS DEDICATION ...................................................... viii PREFACE ......................................................... ix LIST OF SPECIES ................................................... xvii THE CHECK-LIST ................................................... 1 I. Tinamiformes ............................................. 1 1. Tinamidae: Tinamous .................................. 1 II. Gaviiformes .............................................. 3 1. Gaviidae: Loons ....................................... 3 III. Podicipediformes.......................................... 5 1. Podicipedidae:Grebes .................................. 5 IV. Procellariiformes .......................................... 9 1. Diomedeidae: Albatrosses .............................
    [Show full text]
  • The Importance of Muraviovka Park, Amur Province, Far East Russia, For
    FORKTAIL 33 (2017): 81–87 The importance of Muraviovka Park, Amur province, Far East Russia, for bird species threatened at regional, national and international level based on observations between 2011 and 2016 WIELAND HEIM & SERGEI M. SMIRENSKI The middle reaches of the Amur River in Far East Russia are still an under-surveyed region, yet holding a very high regional biodiversity. During a six-year survey at Muraviovka Park, a non-governmental nature reserve, 271 bird species have been recorded, 14 of which are globally threatened, highlighting the importance of this area for bird conservation. INTRODUCTION RESULTS Recent studies have shown that East Asia and especially the Amur A total of 271 species was recorded inside Muraviovka Park between basin hold huge numbers of endangered species, and the region was 2011 and 2016; 24 species are listed as Near Treatened (NT), designated as a hotspot of threatened biodiversity (e.g. Vignieri 2014). Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN) or Critically Endangered (CR) Tis is especially true for birds. Te East Asian–Australasian Flyway (BirdLife International 2017a), 31 species in the Russian Red Data is not only one of the richest in species and individuals but is also the Book (Iliashenko & Iliashenko 2000) (Ru) and 60 species in the least surveyed and most threatened fyway (Yong et al. 2015). Current Amur region Red Data Book (Glushchenko et al. 2009) (Am). In data about distribution, population size and phenology are virtually the case of the Russian and Amur regional Red Data Books, the lacking for many regions, including the Amur region, Far East Russia.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Status of Handsome Francolin Francolinus Nobilis in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Western Uganda
    Scopus 25: 4150, December 2005 Assessing the status of Handsome Francolin Francolinus nobilis in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, western Uganda Richard Ssemmanda and Richard A. Fuller The Handsome Francolin is a ground-dwelling partridge occurring in montane forest and the high-altitude bamboo zone within a restricted area along the Albertine Rift Mountains from the Bleus Mountains in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) south to Burundi (Urban et al. 1986, Madge & McGowan 2002). It appears to occur over a global range of about 120 000 km2 (Fuller et al. 2000, BirdLife International 2004), although there are very few recent records from most parts of this area. The small area of the Albertine Rift Mountains supports 41 endemic bird species, 11 of which are globally threatened (BirdLife International 2004, Plumptre et al. 2003). Forest covers much of the 56 000 km2 in the Albertine Rift Endemic Bird Area, and much of it is rugged terrain very difficult to access (Shaw & Shewry 2001). Despite this, there are significant human pressures in the area, stemming mostly from large increases in human population densities as a result of refugee movements (Omari et al. 1999, Gatarabirwa et al. 2000). Being large, slow-moving, palatable terrestrial birds, the Galliformes are under particularly direct pressure from humans through hunting and disturbance, and they may provide useful rapid indicators of the amount of human pressure in a particular area. The area surrounding Bwindi is one of Ugandas most densely populated rural areas with human densities of 160320 people/km2. Approximately 10 000 families cultivate the land immediately surrounding the park (Butynski 1984).
    [Show full text]
  • 111 Historical Notes on Whooping Cranes at White
    HISTORICAL NOTES ON WHOOPING CRANES AT WHITE LAKE, LOUISIANA: THE JOHN J. LYNCH INTERVIEWS, 1947-1948 GAY M. GOMEZ, Department of Social Sciences, McNeese State University, Box 92335, Lake Charles, LA 70609, USA RODERICK C. DREWIEN, Hornocker Wildlife Institute, University of Idaho, 3346 E 200 N, Rigby, ID 83442, USA MARY LYNCH COURVILLE, John J. Lynch American Natural Heritage Park, 1393 Henderson Highway, Breaux Bridge, LA 70517, USA Abstract: In May 1939 biologist John J. Lynch of the U.S. Bureau of Biological Survey conducted an aerial survey that documented the existence of a non-migratory population of whooping cranes (Grus americana) near White Lake in southwest Louisiana. Lynch found 13 cranes, including 2 pre-fledged young, confirming breeding. Lynch’s survey occurred, in part, because fur trappers and alligator hunters working in the White Lake marshes had informed the biologist of the cranes’ presence and habits. Lynch con- tinued his contacts with these knowledgeable marsh users, and in 1947 and 1948 interviewed at least 7 individuals. In 2001, M. L. Courville, along with her sister Nora Z. Lynch, discovered the interview notes among their father’s papers. The notes contain information on the Louisiana non-migratory population’s range, abundance, habitat use, feeding behavior, nesting, and young, including survival of twins; they also include a small amount of information on sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis) and migratory whooping cranes. Both Lynch and Robert P. Allen relied heavily on this “traditional ecological knowledge” in their accounts of non-migratory whooping cranes in southwest Louisiana. Because of their biological and historical significance, the interview notes are reproduced in this paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Birds of Bharatpur – Check List
    BIRDS OF BHARATPUR – CHECK LIST Family PHASIANIDAE: Pheasants, Partridges, Quail Check List BLACK FRANCOLIN GREY FRANCOLIN COMMON QUAIL RAIN QUAIL JUNGLE BUSH QUAIL YELLOW-LEGGED BUTTON QUAIL BARRED BUTTON QUAIL PAINTED SPURFOWL INDIAN PEAFOWL Family ANATIDAE: Ducks, Geese, Swans GREATER WHITE-FRONTED GOOSE GREYLAG GOOSE BAR-HEADED GOOSE LWSSER WHISTLING-DUCK RUDDY SHELDUCK COMMON SHELDUCK COMB DUCK COTTON PYGMY GOOSE MARBLED DUCK GADWALL FALCATED DUCK EURASIAN WIGEON MALLARD SPOT-BILLED DUCK COMMON TEAL GARGANEY NORTHERN PINTAIL NORTHERN SHOVELER RED-CRESTED POCHARD COMMON POCHARD FERRUGINOUS POCHARD TUFTED DUCK BAIKAL TEAL GREATER SCAUP BAER’S POCHARD Family PICIDAE: Woodpeckers EURASIAN WRYNECK BROWN-CAPPED PYGMY WOODPECKER YELLOW-CROWNED WOODPECKER BLACK-RUMPED FLAMBACK Family CAPITONIDAE: Barbets BROWN-HEADED BARBET COPPERSMITH BARBET Family UPUPIDAE: Hoopoes COMMON HOOPOE Family BUCEROTIDAE: Hornbills INDAIN GREY HORNBILL Family CORACIIDAE: Rollers or Blue Jays EUROPEAN ROLLER INDIAN ROLLER Family ALCEDINIDAE: Kingfisher COMMON KINGFISHER STORK-BILLED KINGFISHER WHITE-THROATED KINGFISHER BLACK-CAPPED KINGFISHER PIED KINGFISHER Family MEROPIDAE: Bee-eaters GREEN BEE-EATER BLUE-CHEEKED BEE-EATER BLUE-TAILED BEE-EATER Family CUCULIDAE: Cuckoos, Crow-pheasants PIED CUCKOO CHESTNUT-WINGED CUCKOO COMMON HAWK CUCKOO INDIAN CUCKOO EURASIAN CUCKOO GREY-BELLIED CUCKOO PLAINTIVE CUCKOO DRONGO CUCKOO ASIAN KOEL SIRKEER MALKOHA GREATER COUCAL LESSER COUCAL Family PSITTACIDAS: Parrots ROSE-RINGED PARAKEET PLUM-HEADED PARKEET Family APODIDAE:
    [Show full text]
  • A Molecular Phylogeny of the Pheasants and Partridges Suggests That These Lineages Are Not Monophyletic R
    Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 11, No. 1, February, pp. 38–54, 1999 Article ID mpev.1998.0562, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on A Molecular Phylogeny of the Pheasants and Partridges Suggests That These Lineages Are Not Monophyletic R. T. Kimball,* E. L. Braun,*,† P. W. Zwartjes,* T. M. Crowe,‡,§ and J. D. Ligon* *Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131; †National Center for Genome Resources, 1800 Old Pecos Trail, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87505; ‡Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Capetown, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa; and §Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024-5192 Received October 8, 1997; revised June 2, 1998 World partridges are smaller and widely distributed in Cytochrome b and D-loop nucleotide sequences were Asia, Africa, and Europe. Most partridge species are used to study patterns of molecular evolution and monochromatic and primarily dull colored. None exhib- phylogenetic relationships between the pheasants and its the extreme or highly specialized ornamentation the partridges, which are thought to form two closely characteristic of the pheasants. related monophyletic galliform lineages. Our analyses Although the order Galliformes is well defined, taxo- used 34 complete cytochrome b and 22 partial D-loop nomic relationships are less clear within the group sequences from the hypervariable domain I of the (Verheyen, 1956), due to the low variability in anatomi- D-loop, representing 20 pheasant species (15 genera) and 12 partridge species (5 genera). We performed cal and osteological traits (Blanchard, 1857, cited in parsimony, maximum likelihood, and distance analy- Verheyen, 1956; Lowe, 1938; Delacour, 1977).
    [Show full text]
  • Masked Bobwhite (Colinus Virginianus Ridgwayi) 5-Year Review
    Masked Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi) 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation Photograph by Paul Zimmerman U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge Sasabe, AZ March 2014 5-YEAR REVIEW Masked Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus ridgwayi) 1.0 GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 Reviewers Lead Regional Office Southwest Region, Region 2, Albuquerque, NM Susan Jacobsen, Chief, Division of Classification and Restoration, 505-248-6641 Wendy Brown, Chief, Branch of Recovery and Restoration, 505-248-6664 Jennifer Smith-Castro, Recovery Biologist, 505-248-6663 Lead Field Office: Buenos Aires National Wildlife Refuge (BANWR) Sally Gall, Refuge Manager, 520-823-4251 x 102 Juliette Fernandez, Assistant Refuge Manager, 520-823-4251 x 103 Dan Cohan, Wildlife Biologist, 520-823-4351 x 105 Mary Hunnicutt, Wildlife Biologist, 520-823-4251 Cooperating Field Office(s): Arizona Ecological Services Tucson Field Office Jean Calhoun, Assistant Field Supervisor, 520-670-6150 x 223 Mima Falk, Senior Listing Biologist, 520-670-6150 x 225 Scott Richardson, Supervisory Fish and Wildlife Biologist, 520-670-6150 x 242 Mark Crites, Fish and Wildlife Biologist, 520-670-6150 x 229 Arizona Ecological Services Field Office Steve Spangle, Field Supervisor, 602-242-0210 x 244 1.2 Purpose of 5-Year Reviews: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service or USFWS) is required by section 4(c)(2) of the Endangered Species Act (Act) to conduct a status review of each listed species once every 5 years. The purpose of a 5-year review is to evaluate whether or not the species’ status has changed since it was listed (or since the most recent 5-year review).
    [Show full text]
  • Scottish Birds 22: 9-19
    Scottish Birds THE JOURNAL OF THE SOC Vol 22 No 1 June 2001 Roof and ground nesting Eurasian Oystercatchers in Aberdeen The contrasting status of Ring Ouzels in 2 areas of upper Deeside The distribution of Crested Tits in Scotland during the 1990s Western Capercaillie captures in snares Amendments to the Scottish List Scottish List: species and subspecies Breeding biology of Ring Ouzels in Glen Esk Scottish Birds The Journal of the Scottish Ornithologists' Club Editor: Dr S da Prato Assisted by: Dr I Bainbridge, Professor D Jenkins, Dr M Marquiss, Dr J B Nelson, and R Swann Business Editor: The Secretary sac, 21 Regent Terrace Edinburgh EH7 5BT (tel 0131-5566042, fax 0131 5589947, email [email protected]). Scottish Birds, the official journal of the Scottish Ornithologists' Club, publishes original material relating to ornithology in Scotland. Papers and notes should be sent to The Editor, Scottish Birds, 21 Regent Terrace, Edinburgh EH7 SBT. Two issues of Scottish Birds are published each year, in June and in December. Scottish Birds is issued free to members of the Scottish Ornithologists' Club, who also receive the quarterly newsletter Scottish Bird News, the annual Scottish Bird Report and the annual Raplor round up. These are available to Institutions at a subscription rate (1997) of £36. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club was formed in 1936 to encourage all aspects of ornithology in Scotland. It has local branches which meet in Aberdeen, Ayr, the Borders, Dumfries, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Inverness, New Galloway, Orkney, St Andrews, Stirling, Stranraer and Thurso, each with its own programme of field meetings and winter lectures.
    [Show full text]
  • Wisconsin Bird Nesting Dates for Species Tracked by the Natural
    Introduction to the “Wisconsin Bird Nesting Dates (Avoidance Period) for Species Tracked by the Natural Heritage Inventory” The table “Wisconsin Bird Nesting Dates (Avoidance Period) for Species Tracked by the Natural Heritage Inventory” below, provides guidance to DNR staff and external certified reviewers who use the NHI Portal for Endangered Resources reviews. This guidance was developed by a team of Natural Heritage Conservation program staff from DNR using the best available information for species on the Natural Heritage Working List. The Nesting Dates (Avoidance Period) table was developed to help customers comply with State and Federal laws and thus avoid “intentional taking, killing, or possession” of bird nests, eggs, and body parts. For each species, the avoidance dates are the period each year when birds are most vulnerable because there are eggs or flightless chicks in nests. Species tracked by the Natural Heritage Inventory include endangered, threatened and special concern species. Avoidance of these nesting dates is required for endangered and threatened species and recommended (voluntary) for special concern species. For more information on rare bird species, see the Rare Bird webpage. Revised 10/18/2019 https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/endangeredresources/documents/wisbirdnestingcalendar.pdf Wisconsin Bird Avoidance Dates for Species Tracked by the Natural Heritage Inventory Common Name Scientific Name Status Avoidance Dates Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax virescens THR 25 May - 20 Aug American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus SC/M
    [Show full text]
  • Captive Breeding and Reintroduction of Black Francolin, Grey Francolin and Chukar Partridge (2015-2020) in District Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
    CAPTIVE BREEDING AND REINTRODUCTION OF BLACK FRANCOLIN, GREY FRANCOLIN AND CHUKAR PARTRIDGE (2015-2020) IN DISTRICT DIR LOWER, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN Syed Fazal Baqi Kakakhel Naveed Ul Haq Ejaz Ul Haq European Journal of Biology Vol.5, Issue 2, pp 1-9, 2020 CAPTIVE BREEDING AND REINTRODUCTION OF BLACK FRANCOLIN, GREY FRANCOLIN AND CHUKAR PARTRIDGE (2015-2020) IN DISTRICT DIR LOWER, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN Syed Fazal Baqi Kakakhel¹*, Naveed Ul Haq², Ejaz Ul Haq³ ¹Conservator Wildlife Northern Circle Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Wildlife Department, Pakistan ²Deputy Conservator Wildlife Dir Wildlife Division Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Wildlife Department, Pakistan ³Sub Divisional Wildlife officer Dir Lower Wildlife Sub Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Wildlife Department Pakistan *Crresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Purpose: The ex-situ conservation aims to discover new populations or supports the populations that yet survive in the wild. To breed animals in captivity and release them in their natural control habitats is one of the conservation methods. Amongst other species partridges also breed in captivity and can be release in the wild but presently data lacking, need to examine. Chukar partridge, Black francolin and Grey francolin are used for sports hunting in Pakistan. The available record on captive breeding of Chukar partridge, Black francolin and Grey francilin and their release in the wild for the years 2015-2020 was reviewed using a developed questionnaire. Methodology: Review record of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Wildlife Department Pakistan through a developed questionnaire Findings: It was found that the maximum number of chukar partridge breed was 36, Black francolin (6) and Grey francolin (24). Out of the breeding stock, Chukar partridges (44) and Grey francolin (28) were released in the wild to its natural habitat by hard release technique.
    [Show full text]
  • Wild Turkey Education Guide
    Table of Contents Section 1: Eastern Wild Turkey Ecology 1. Eastern Wild Turkey Quick Facts………………………………………………...pg 2 2. Eastern Wild Turkey Fact Sheet………………………………………………….pg 4 3. Wild Turkey Lifecycle……………………………………………………………..pg 8 4. Eastern Wild Turkey Adaptations ………………………………………………pg 9 Section 2: Eastern Wild Turkey Management 1. Wild Turkey Management Timeline…………………….……………………….pg 18 2. History of Wild Turkey Management …………………...…..…………………..pg 19 3. Modern Wild Turkey Management in Maryland………...……………………..pg 22 4. Managing Wild Turkeys Today ……………………………………………….....pg 25 Section 3: Activity Lesson Plans 1. Activity: Growing Up WILD: Tasty Turkeys (Grades K-2)……………..….…..pg 33 2. Activity: Calling All Turkeys (Grades K-5)………………………………..…….pg 37 3. Activity: Fit for a Turkey (Grades 3-5)…………………………………………...pg 40 4. Activity: Project WILD adaptation: Too Many Turkeys (Grades K-5)…..…….pg 43 5. Activity: Project WILD: Quick, Frozen Critters (Grades 5-8).……………….…pg 47 6. Activity: Project WILD: Turkey Trouble (Grades 9-12………………….……....pg 51 7. Activity: Project WILD: Let’s Talk Turkey (Grades 9-12)..……………..………pg 58 Section 4: Additional Activities: 1. Wild Turkey Ecology Word Find………………………………………….…….pg 66 2. Wild Turkey Management Word Find………………………………………….pg 68 3. Turkey Coloring Sheet ..………………………………………………………….pg 70 4. Turkey Coloring Sheet ..………………………………………………………….pg 71 5. Turkey Color-by-Letter……………………………………..…………………….pg 72 6. Five Little Turkeys Song Sheet……. ………………………………………….…pg 73 7. Thankful Turkey…………………..…………………………………………….....pg 74 8. Graph-a-Turkey………………………………….…………………………….…..pg 75 9. Turkey Trouble Maze…………………………………………………………..….pg 76 10. What Animals Made These Tracks………………………………………….……pg 78 11. Drinking Straw Turkey Call Craft……………………………………….….……pg 80 Section 5: Wild Turkey PowerPoint Slide Notes The facilities and services of the Maryland Department of Natural Resources are available to all without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, age, national origin or physical or mental disability.
    [Show full text]
  • Than a Meal: the Turkey in History, Myth
    More Than a Meal Abigail at United Poultry Concerns’ Thanksgiving Party Saturday, November 22, 1997. Photo: Barbara Davidson, The Washington Times, 11/27/97 More Than a Meal The Turkey in History, Myth, Ritual, and Reality Karen Davis, Ph.D. Lantern Books New York A Division of Booklight Inc. Lantern Books One Union Square West, Suite 201 New York, NY 10003 Copyright © Karen Davis, Ph.D. 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of Lantern Books. Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data For Boris, who “almost got to be The real turkey inside of me.” From Boris, by Terry Kleeman and Marie Gleason Anne Shirley, 16-year-old star of “Anne of Green Gables” (RKO-Radio) on Thanksgiving Day, 1934 Photo: Underwood & Underwood, © 1988 Underwood Photo Archives, Ltd., San Francisco Table of Contents 1 Acknowledgments . .9 Introduction: Milton, Doris, and Some “Turkeys” in Recent American History . .11 1. A History of Image Problems: The Turkey as a Mock Figure of Speech and Symbol of Failure . .17 2. The Turkey By Many Other Names: Confusing Nomenclature and Species Identification Surrounding the Native American Bird . .25 3. A True Original Native of America . .33 4. Our Token of Festive Joy . .51 5. Why Do We Hate This Celebrated Bird? . .73 6. Rituals of Spectacular Humiliation: An Attempt to Make a Pathetic Situation Seem Funny . .99 7 8 More Than a Meal 7.
    [Show full text]