من انتخاب می کنم هک خشم دیگران را اندیذه بگیرم Classification  KINGDOM PROTOZOA

 Subkingdom Neozoa

o Phylum :Sporozoa

 Class : Coccidiea

. Order Haemosporida

Family Plasmodiidae

Family Haemoproteidae (G. Haemoproteus)

Family Garniidae (G. Fallisia)

Family Leucocytozoidae(G.Leucocytozoon) haemosporidian

 Rhoptries(largest),micronemes are electron-dense structures.

 Micronemes(smaller) in Anterior, posterior , center

 Ookinete : No Micropyles and Rhoptries

 Conoid :Absence in sporozoites&merozoites

 an important peculiarity of the structure of ookinetes

 Nucleolus:exoerythrocytic merozoites but not in the RBC

 Family Plasmodiidae

G : plamodium

 subG1: vincheia (P.v.berghei)

 subG2 :laverania (P.L.falciparum)

 subG3:plasmodium (P.P.vivax,simium.

cynomolgi Primate malaria parasite  Human malaria infection with Source Animal

 P.Knowlesi(Malasiae)

 P.Simium (Barazil)

 P.Cynomolgi (48)

 P.Brazillianum (Barazil)

 P.inui

 bite of infected mosquitoes and contaminated blood transfusions Plasmodium knowlesi

Primate malaria parasite (macaques)

 the first time in humans in 1965

South East Asia(up to 70% of malaria )

infection humans(naturally or artificially)

Anopheles mosquito

ancestry with the human malaria parasite. Plasmodium knowlesi

 Symptoms

 the same as for human malaria

 low blood platelet count.

 Treatment

 the same as for malaria

 more intensive.

 chloroquine and quinine are used to reduce malaria. P. knowlesi

 easily be confused with P. m(similar microscopy)

 causes a benign form of malaria.“

 platelet counts were much lower than for other types of malaria

 infection is potentially fatal

 severe malaria

 The typical fever ( quotidian)

 making early diagnosis and treatment essential Plasmodium knowlesi

 Researchers (over 150 patients in Hospital in Malaysian(2006-2008)

 blood film slides all patients were infected with Plasmodium

 molecular detection (P. knowlesi >2/3 the patients).

 complications malaria

 1 /10 patients

 two of the patients died.

 breathing and kidney problems, transmission

 monkey to another monkey

 monkey to an human

 human to another human

 human back to a monkey

 Anopheles hackeri(not normally attracted to humans)

 A.latent(main vector) P. knowlesi

 Under the microscope

 the early stages of look very similar to P. f (severe malaria)

 the later stages are indistinguishable from P. malariae.

 Hypnozoites in the liver has not yet been found.  Misdiagnosis:

 clinically less important (P. f )

 responds to the same treatment.

 the more benign slower growing parasite P. malariae is a problem. Diagnosis

 the same way as other malaria  similar to that of p.malariae  band forms(sometimes observed)  Schizonts (8-10 merozoites)  rosette pattern  a clump of pigment in the center  Rapid diagnostic tests kits may or may not recognize  correctly diagnosed by using molecular detection (PCR)  cannot be used for routine identification(not rapid )  expensive and requires very specialized equipment. rodent malaria

 11 species parasites have been described,  only four have been adapted to laboratory mice and have been extensively used as models:  P. berghei (predilection for reticulocytes )  P. yoelii (predilection for reticulocytes )  P. vinckei (adult erythrocytes)  P. chabaudi (adult erythrocytes)  10 subspecies (isoenzyme forms) and over 70 different laboratory strains.  All these parasites have a 24 h erythrocytic schizogony; rodent malaria

 not normally susceptible to infection by human malaria

 Even in immunosuppressed, splenectomised or genetically- manipulated ('knock-out')

 SCID mice

 reported of transfer of human hepatocytes or RBC infected by P. falciparum in vivo leading in the latter case to mature, infective gametocytes. model systems :  ease of handling & maintaining rats and mice in the laboratory.  development of new anti-malarials  immune responses in the host.

 naturally parasitize non-human primates(P.Simian &P.knowlesi)

 bird malaria )P. gallinaceum/domestic chicken (

 species of African thicket rat parasite )laboratory rodents)

 four species have been the most widely used as mice models for the study of P. falciparum(P. berghei,P. chabaudi,P.vinckei &P. yoelii) PLASMODIIDAE in birds

 Vectors (Diptera: Culicidae)  Culex , Aedes,&Culiseta ,Anopheles (certain species)  Exoerythrocytic merogony

 cells of mesodermal origin(cells lining the capillaries(

 cells of hemopoietic

 lymphoid macrophage systems.  Erythrocytic meronts

 the erythrocytic series

 gametocytes develop mainly in mature erythrocytes  Exoerythrocytic merogony

 primary (pre erythrocytic)

 two generations

 The first cryptozoites (reticular cells,organs &tissues(skin) Frequently in the spleen)

 Meta cryptozoites (like cryptozoites, but a greater number of merozoites (macrophages in many organs)

 secondary (post erythrocytic). endothelial cell of capillaries

 several generations of meronts(phanerozoites) 1 –reticuloendothelial cell; 2, 3 – cryptozoites; 4 –macrophage;metacryptozoites; ) 7 –erythrocytes(gametocytes) 9 –erythrocyte( meronts) 12 –endothelial cell of capillaries; 13– phanerozoites; 15 – RBC(gametocytes;)

I, II – primary exoerythrocytic III – erythrocytic merogony; IV – secondary exoerythrocytic merogony; life cycle of bird malaria p. Gallinaceum p. cathemerium

P. relictum

P.elongatum

P.Vaughani Plasmodium in reptiles

 Sub G1 :Sawramoeba

 p.agame (lizard) Sand fly

 Sub G2: Ophidiella

 p.wenyoni culex

 Sub G3 carima (p.minaserse) Family Garniidae :  The same characters as for Plasmodiidae species  bird Parasites

 in the blood are mainly thrombocytes

 mononuclear leukocytes

 malarial pigment (hemozoin) is absent.