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Acari: Laelapidae) of Small Mammals in an Atlantic Forest Area of Brazil

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Acari: Laelapidae) of Small Mammals in an Atlantic Forest Area of Brazil University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of 2002 ECOLOGY AND HOST SPECIFICITY OF LAELAPINE MITES (ACARI: LAELAPIDAE) OF SMALL MAMMALS IN AN ATLANTIC FOREST AREA OF BRAZIL Fernanda Martins-Hatano Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, [email protected] Donald Gettinger University of Central Arkansas, [email protected] Helena G. Bergallo Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs Part of the Parasitology Commons Martins-Hatano, Fernanda; Gettinger, Donald; and Bergallo, Helena G., "ECOLOGY AND HOST SPECIFICITY OF LAELAPINE MITES (ACARI: LAELAPIDAE) OF SMALL MAMMALS IN AN ATLANTIC FOREST AREA OF BRAZIL" (2002). Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. 680. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/parasitologyfacpubs/680 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Parasitology, Harold W. Manter Laboratory of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications from the Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. J. Parasitol., 88(1), 2002, pp. 36-40 C American Society of Parasitologists 2002 ECOLOGYAND HOST SPECIFICITYOF LAELAPINEMITES (ACARI: LAELAPIDAE) OF SMALLMAMMALS IN AN ATLANTICFOREST AREA OF BRAZIL Fernanda Martins-Hatano,Donald Gettinger*, and Helena G. Bergallo Departamentode Ecologia, IBRAG,Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Sao FranciscoXavier, no. 524, Maracana,Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP:20550-011, Brasil.e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Mesostigmaticmites of the LaelapinaeBerlese, 1892 (Acari:Laelapidae) are nidicolous arthropodsthat commonly occur in the fur of Neotropicalsmall mammmals.In this 2-yr study,the laelapineacarofauna associated with the small mammal communityin an area of Atlanticforest on Ilha Grande,Rio de JaneiroState, was examined,including observations on patterns of host specificity,mite dispersal,ecology, and food habits.A total of 1,347 laelapineswas sampledfrom the pelage of 6 species of small mammals(Marmosops incanus, Nectomys squamipes, Oryzomys russatus, Rhipidomys n. sp., Oxymycterusdasytrichus, and Trinomysdimidiatus), all of which occurredexclusively in monoxenousassociations with theirhosts. No evidence of a blood meal was observed in the gut of the mites. With the exception of the 2 species of Tur, mite populationson hosts were entirely or nearly restrictedto adult females. These results, togetherwith some morphologicalcharacteristics of laelapines,reinforce the hypothesesthat Neotropicallaelapine mites are not ectoparasitic,and that females disperseby phoresy. Mesostigmatic mites of the cosmopolitan Laelapinae Berlese, host-mite association, and retaining verifiable specimen vouch- 1892 (Acari: Laelapidae) are common associates of Neotropical ers of small mammal hosts. small mammals of the Rodentia and Didelphimorphia. In fact, The general life cycle of mesostigmatic mites includes egg, these mites are usually the predominant group of arthropods larva, protonymph, deutonymph, and adult male and female. sampled in the Neotropics when nonvolant small mammals are However, in many laelapines the egg and even the larval stage captured, etherized, and brushed. The taxonomic foundation of may be suppressed, with females giving birth to larvae or even the Neotropical Laelapinae is well established (for the most octopod protonymphs (Fonseca, 1939a, 1939b; Radovsky, comprehensive studies see Fonseca, 1939a, 1939b; Furman, 1994). All previous studies of Neotropical laelapine mites have 1972), and it is now possible to begin to develop a more com- been based on field sampling of small mammals by brushing parative view of laelapine ecology and evolution. Here, we re- and removing arthropods from the host skin and pelage. In gen- port the results of a 2-yr study of the laelapine acarofauna as- eral, these samples are comprised mainly of adult female mites; sociated with the small mammal community in an area of At- the males, protonymphs, deutonymphs, and larvae are usually lantic forest on Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro State. We include very rare. Radovsky (1985, 1994) suggested that in most nidic- observations on patterns of host specificity, mite dispersal ecol- olous laelapine species, females disperse by phoresy, which is ogy, and food habits. why they are commonly found in host fur; males and immature Information about the host specificity of Neotropical laelap- forms are presumed to be restricted to the nest of the host. ine mites is conflicting. Pleioxenous or polyxenous associations Phoresy provides an avenue of dispersal for nonvagile nidico- have been reported for most laelapines where they have been lous microarthropods between the nests of the host mammals. extensively surveyed in northeastern Brazil (Fonseca, 1958), Very little information is available about the food habits of Panama (Tipton et al., 1966), Venezuela (Furman, 1972), and laelapine mites, but most of them are considered nidicolous Al- Argentina (Castro et al., 1987) or intensively surveyed in small- ectoparasites with generalist food habits (Radovsky, 1994). er studies in southeastern Brazil (Botelho and Williams, 1980; though a few laboratory studies have been done, primarily with Botelho, 1981; Whitaker and Dietz, 1987; Linardi et al., 1991) laelapines of Old World origin (Furman, 1959; Radovsky, and Paraguay (Whitaker and Abrell, 1987). However, after 1969), this broad conclusion is based on comparative morphol- completing a large intensive survey of small mammals and their ogy of the chelicerae. Although there is evidence that some laelapine mites in the Federal District of Central Brazil, Gettin- laelapines have chelicerae adapted somewhat for bloodsucking, ger (1987, 1992) concluded that laelapine mites of the genera the stout chelate-dentate chelicerae of most of the Neotropical Gigantolaelaps and Laelaps were monoxenous, each mite spe- laelapine mites appear to be adapted for grasping and tearing cies associated exclusively with a separate species of host. On the cuticle of small prey and are poorly formed for perforating the island Ilha Grande, Guitton et al. (1986) reported polyxen- and penetrating the skin of adult hosts (Furman, 1959; Radov- for the ous or pleioxenous associations for all laelapine mite species sky, 1985). The male chelicerae are highly modified in where the sample size was >3 individuals (12 species of lae- transfer of sperm and are of doubtful use feeding. Laelapine but some lapines were reported in 36 separate host-mite associations), mites are not highly specialized for blood feeding, but Bittencourt (1998) reported strictly monoxenous relation- species are known to take blood facultatively, even initiating ships between small mammals and laelapine mites on the same wounds and abrasions (Furman, 1959, 1966; Radovsky, 1985). Old World island. With this study, we hoped to clarify this important issue Reytblat (1965, in Radovsky, 1985) found that some in the lab without some by vigilantly controlling the brushing process to avoid any sam- laelapines were not able to reproduce the diet. pling biases, carefully preparing indices of infestation for each vertebrate blood in We attempted to determine (1) which laelapine mite species occur on Ilha Grande and which mammalian hosts are infested, Received 25 March 2001; revised 12 July 2001; accepted 12 July how are distributed across the small mam- 2001. (2) laelapine species mal the mean * Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, Ar- community (host associations), (3) prevalence, kansas 72035. e-mail: [email protected] abundance, and mean intensity of mite infestation on their 36 MARTINS-HATANOET AL.-LAELAPINE MITESAND SMALL MAMMALS 37 r.• hosts, (4) the sex and life stages of mites present in host fur, S and (5) whether evidence of blood feeding could be observed. lc? 0 00 00 l cl9 0 cl MATERIALS AND METHODS The research was conducted from January 1998 to December 1999 S in an area of Atlantic forest located in Vila Dois Rios (23"05'-23'15'S; 44006'-44023'W), Ilha Grande, Angra dos Reis Municipality, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The average precipitation was about 2,200 mm ?1 Nuclear de and annual S +I +I +I +I +I +I +I +I +I +1I+1 + (Central Angra-NUCLEN), average temperature 4--1 was 23 C. The general area was a complex of diverse habitats, including inundated land (brejos), brushwoods (capoeiras), orchards, hayfields, and forest transected small streams. The ,o secondary by average height of forest canopy was about 4 m, with taller trees rising to nearly 10 m. Small mammals were surveyed on a 3.24-ha grid, with 10 lines ar- m0o A rayed at 20-m intervals. Each line had 10 live traps (Sherman, Toma- 01 hawk, or Movarti) placed at 20-m intervals. During 3 successive nights +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 each month, traps were set on the forest floor and baited with banana 0 7 t\1 0 C 0 oo0t 9 0 0 C or manioc with peanut butter. Traps remained open throughout the night and were checked in the early morning. Each small mammal was removed from the live trap and transferred to a plastic bag in which a cotton ball soaked in ether was placed. When the mammal was torpid, it was removed from the bag, identified, and S a00 O C o0 + +1 + t 00 o t-- Cc V; r: cr; 0 O6 O6 Cm marked, and the entire body was brushed with a toothbrush over a white 0- No• 00o z NoV - m V)V Sr.• tray. After recovery from anesthesia, the animal was released at the point of capture. The tray was washed with 70% ethyl alcohol, and all the contents (alcohol and ectoparasites) were transferred with a pipette 424 to a vial. The plastic etherization bag was visually searched for ecto- parasites. A unique toothbrush and plastic bag were reserved for each ?3 • t",! ",! -------- host species, and after the sample was processed, all instruments were dried with disposable paper towels to reduce the chance of contami- nation.
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