Sir Dudley North: Merchant Politics in the First Age of Party
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University of Mississippi eGrove Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 1-1-2011 Sir Dudley North: Merchant Politics in the First Age of Party Jamie Suzanne Farmer University of Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Farmer, Jamie Suzanne, "Sir Dudley North: Merchant Politics in the First Age of Party" (2011). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1425. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/1425 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SIR DUDLEY NORTH: MERCHANT POLITICS IN THE FIRST AGE OF PARTY A Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History The University of Mississippi by JAMIE SUZANNE FARMER August 2011 Copyright Jamie Suzanne Farmer 2011 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT ThisdissertationisanexaminationofSirDudleyNorth’spoliticalcareerandthe relationshipbetweenhispoliticalandeconomicphilosophiesandhispoliticalactions.In1682, DudleyNorthenteredthenationalpoliticalsphereinthecontroversialshrievalelectionofthe CityofLondon.ATory,North’sentryintopoliticscoincidedwiththeCrown’sattemptto regaincontrolovertheCityandthenation.DuringhistimeasSheriffofLondon,Northensured thatastaunchTorywas“elected”LordMayorandhealsoselectedthepanelofjurorsthatwould serveduringtheRyeHouseconspiracytrials.AfterNorth’sstintasSheriff,hewasrewardedby theCrownandhewasabletocontinuehispoliticalcareerintheCommissionoftheTreasury andtheCommissionoftheCustoms. AfterCharlesII’sdeath,JamesIIretainedNorthasaCommissioneroftheCustomsand NorthservedasanMPinthe“Loyalist”ParliamentwherehelobbiedtoproperlyfundJamesto suchanextentthatitwouldhavebeenpossiblefortheCrowntorulewithoutParliament.North utilizedhismercantileexperienceandhisnotionsaboutthepoliticaleconomytoillustratehis absolutisttendencies.Northreinforcedhismercantileintereststhroughhispartisanship.By seekingtoensurethatJameswasproperlyfunded,Northwasalsoprotectinghismercantile interestsasheneededafinanciallystableCrown.Duringhissevenyearcareer,Northmade decisionsthathelpedtoshapethepoliticalsphereofthenationandalsocontributedtoanon- goingdiscussionaboutthenatureofthepoliticaleconomy. ii LISTOFABBREVIATIONSORSYMBOLS Add.MS AdditionalManuscripts,BritishLibrary BL BritishLibrary,London Bodl.Lib. BodleianLibrary,Oxford Burnet, HOT GilbertBurnett, Historyofhisowntimefromthe RestorationofKingCharlestheSecondtotheTreatyof PeaceatUtrecht,intheReignofQueenAnne (1850) CJ JournalsoftheHouseofCommons Clarke, LifeofJamesII TheLifeofJamesII ,ed.J.S.Clarke,2vols(1816) CPHE WilliamCobbett, TheParliamentaryHistoryofEngland fromtheearliestperiodtotheyear1803. 36vols.(1806- 20) CSPC CalendarsStatePapers,Colonial,AmericaandWest Indies CSPD CalendaroftheStatePapers,Domestic CTB CalendarofTreasuryBooks Dalrymple, Memoirs SirJohnDalrymple, MemoirsofGreatBritainandIreland; FromtheDissolutionoftheLastParliamentofCharlesII tilltheCaptureoftheFrenchandSpanishfleetsatVigo. 3 vols.(1790) Examen R.North, Examen,oranInquiryintotheCreditand VeracityofaPretendedCompleteHistory (1740) Fountainhall, HistoricalObserves SirJohnLaudofFountainhall, HistoricalObservesof MemorableofMemorableOccurentsinChurchandState fromOctober1680toApril1686 ,ed.DavidLaingandA. Urquhart(1840) GHL GuildhallLibrary,London iii Grey, Debates Grey,Anchitell. DebatesoftheHouseofCommonsfrom theyear1667totheyear1694 ,10vols.(1763) Grey, SecretHistory FordLordGrey, TheSecretHistoryoftheRye-HousePlot andofMonmouth’sRebellion .(1764) HattonCorrespondence TheCorrespondenceoftheHattonFamily ,ed.E.M. Thompson,2vols.(1878) Henning, HouseofCommons BasilDukeHenning,ed. TheHouseofCommons1660- 1690 ,3vols.(1983) HMC HistoricalManuscriptsCommission Journal JournaloftheCourtofCommonCouncil Kennett, History WhiteKennett. ACompleteHistoryofEngland ,3vols. (1706) LCMS LibraryofCongressManuscripts,WashingtonD.C. Lives R.North. TheLivesoftheRt.HonFrancisNorthBaron Guilford,theHon.Sr.DudleyNorthandtheHon.&Rev. Dr.JohnNorth .3vols.(1826) LJ JournalsoftheHouseofLords LMA LondonMetropolitanArchive,London Luttrell NarcissusLuttrell, ABriefHistoricalRelationoftheState Affairs .6vols.(Oxford,1857) Morrice RogerMorrice,Ent’ringBook MS.Carte CarteManuscripts,BodleianLibrary NA NationalArchives,London Newdigate NewdigateNewsletters,FolgerShakespeareLibrary, WashingtonD.C. iv PRO PublicRecordOffice,NationalArchives,London Repertory RepertoriesoftheCourtofAldermen Reresby, Memoirs MemoirsofSirJohnReresby ,ed.AndrewBrowning(1936) RPS RecordsoftheParliamentsofScotland SomersTracts Acollectionofscarceandvaluabletracts...oftheLate LordSomers, ed.SirW.Scott,13vols.(1809-15) SP StatePapers,NationalArchives,London Sprat, Copies ThomasSprat, CopiesoftheInformationandOriginal PapersRelatingtotheProofoftheHorridConspiracy againsttheLateKing,HisPresentMajesty,andthe Government SROHA SirDudleyNorth’sPapers,SuffolkRecordOffice,Ipswich StateTrials ACompleteCollectionofStateTrials, ed.T.B.Howelland T.J.Howell,34vols.(1811-28) StatutesoftheRealm TheStatutesoftheRealm, ed.JohnRaithby3vols.(1819- 20) v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thisdissertationwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthesupportoffaculty,colleagues, friendsandfamily.Iowemydeepestgratitudetomyadvisor,JoeWard.Heworkedwithme fromtheinceptionofthisprojectandhasalwayschallengedmetodogoodwork.WheneverI hitawritingorresearchwall,Joewasalwayswillingtohelpmefindthewayaroundit.Joehas readnumerousdraftsandalwayspushedmetoseethelargerissueswhenIcouldnotseethe forestforthetreesthroughhisinsightfulcommentsandthemanyconversationswehadabout merchantsandpolitics.HeworkedtogetthesourcesIneededandmadephonecallstoarchives onmybehalftoensurethatIwouldbeabletodoalltheresearchthatwasnecessary.This projectsurelywouldnothavebeencompletedwithouthisguidance.Ilookforwardto continuingtoworkwithJoeinthefuture. JeffreyWatt,MarcLerner,andJeffJacksonalsoservedonmycommittee.Jeff,Marc, andJohnreaddraftsofchaptersthatwerelessthanstellarandstillfoundwaystocompliment mywork.Theircommentshaveonlybolsteredmyconfidenceinmyideasandmyplansformy futureresearch.IamalsothankfulforthesupportofotherfacultymembersoftheHistory departmentattheUniversityofMississippi,includingChiarellaEsposito,LesterField,Sue Grayzel,StevePalmer,ElizabethPayne,BashirSalau,SheilaSkemp,andDouglassSullivan- González,whoalwayshadkindwordsofencouragement.Iamsofortunatetohavebeena graduatestudentinsuchawonderfulandsupportivedepartment.Ialsocontinuedtoreceive supportfromformerfacultymembersfromWesternIllinoisUniversityandtheUniversityof vi Arkansas,Monticello.ThankyouGeorgiaTsouvala,LeeBrice,GinnyJelatis,RobertMoore, RichCorby,andBillSheafortheencouragingemailsoverthelastfewyears. Myresearchwouldnothavebeenpossiblewithoutthegenerosityofmanypeople.I wouldliketothanktheHollowayfamily.TheJ.L.andDianeHollowayFellowshipallowedme toliveinLondonforasemesterandtoobtainthebulkofmyresearch.JoeWardalsohelpedto fundmyfirstsummerofresearchinLondonandsubsequentothertrips.Withouthisgenerous financialsupport,severalofthetripsImadewouldnothavebeenpossible.TheGraduate School’sSummerResearchFellowshipallowedmeafinalweekinLondontocompletethe necessaryresearchforwhichIamalsothankful.IwouldalsoliketothankMunaAffifah,my dearfriendandflatmateinLondon,whohelpedtomakeMuswellHillmyhome-away-from- homeforanentiresemesterandalsograciouslyallowedmetocrashinherflatonlatertrips.I willalwaysbegratefulforherkindnessandfriendship IspentmanyhoursintheFolgerShakespeareLibrary,theBritishLibrary,theGuildhall, theLondonMetropolitanArchives,theSuffolkRecordOffice,andtheNationalArchives.Iam incrediblythankfulforthestaffandarchivistsattheselibrarieswhowerealwayshelpfulin answeringanyandallquestions.IamespeciallythankfulforJaneRuddellattheMercers Company’sArchiveswhoallowedmetocomeandworkduringaparticularlystressfultimefor thearchives. Graduateschoolisoftenexhaustingandcanbeisolatingduetotheworkload.Ihave beenblessedtohaveagreatmanyfriendswhohavecontinuallysupportedmyjourney.Thank youtomy“Mondaynightcrew”—PipGordon,AnnMarieSchott,MelAnderson,andHillary vii Hamblen—whomadesurethatItooktimeoutatleastonceaweektocatchmybreath.Icould alwayscountonDionneBaileytomakemelaugheverydayandtoremindmetotaketimefor myself.IwouldalsoliketothankAshleyGutierrezSiler,WendySmith,JordanYoungblood, WillHustwit,BobHodges,JackCarey,MarcoandTracyRobinson,DaphneChamberlain, AmberWilliams,MarjonAmes,andSteveCatania.Iamalsogratefulformyfriendsoutsideof theacademywhoalwayskeepmyspiritsup.ThankyouSethandKateNorberg,BrianTooke, JarettLamb,andBrandiandJosefCookforallyourloveandsupport. Myfamilyhasalwaysencouragedmyloveandpursuitofknowledgeandhigher education.Myparents,WadeandCarolCulp,havealwayspushedmetostriveforsuccess. Althoughneitherofthemwenttocollege,theyalwaysinstilledinmeagreatrespectandlovefor education.Iamalsogratefulformysister,KimberlyDuplantis,andmybrother,RobertCulp, forhelpingtokeepmegroundedintherealworld. Finallyandmostimportantlymyhusband,Joe.Healwayssupportsmeandmywork evenwhenittakesmeawayformonthsatatime.Hisunfailingloveandsupporthaskeptme saneoverthepastfiveyearshereinOxford.Withouthim,Iwouldneverhavestoppedtoeator sleep.Hehasspentmanyhourslisteningtometalkabout“mymerchants”andalwaysshows interest.IameternallygratefulforthetimeshehasbeenabletotravelwithmetoWashington D.C.andtoLondontohelpwithmyresearch,butalsotopullmeawaytogoeatdeliciousfood