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Home , Arthur Leonard Schawlow, Coulomb constant, Walter Houser Brattain

Appendix C REFERENCE

Table 1 Système International (SI) Base Units of Measurement Quantity Quantity Symbol SI Unit Symbol length L, l, h, d, w, r, λ, d m mass m kilogram kg time t s electric current I ampere A thermodynamic temperature T kelvin K amount of substance n mole mol

luminous intensity lv candela cd

Table 2 Metric Prefixes and Their Origins Prefix Abbreviation Meaning Origin exa E 1018 Greek exa — out of peta P 1015 Greek peta — spread out tera T 1012 Greek teratos — monster giga G 109 Greek gigas — giant mega M 106 Greek mega — great kilo k 103 Greek khilioi — thousand hecto h 102 Greek hekaton — hundred deca da 101 Greek deka — ten standard unit 100 deci d 101 Latin decimus — tenth centi c 102 Latin centum — hundred milli m 103 Latin mille — thousand micro 106 Greek mikros — very small nano n 109 Greek nanos — dwarf pico p 1012 Italian piccolo — small femto f 1015 Greek femten — fifteen atto a 1018 Danish atten — eighteen

Table 3 The Greek Alphabet Upper Case Lower Case Name Upper Case Lower Case Name A alpha nu B beta xi gamma omicron delta pi epsilon rho zeta sigma eta tau theta upsilon iota phi kappa chi lambda psi mu omega

774 Appendix C NEL Appendix C

Table 4 Some SI Derived Units Quantity Symbol Unit Unit Symbol SI Base Unit acceleration a metre per second per second m/s2 m/s2 area A square metre m2 m2 Celsius temperature t degrees Celsius °C °C density r, D kilogram per cubic metre kg/m3 kg/m3 electric charge Q, q C As E volt per metre V/m kgm/As3 electric field intensity per coulomb N/C kgm/As3 C electric potential V volt V kgm2/As3 electric resistance R ohm kgm2/A2s3 energy E joule J kgm2/s2 force F newton N kgm/s2 frequency f hertz Hz s1 heat Q joule J kgm2/s2 magnetic field B weber per square metre (Tesla) T kg/As2 gravitational field g newton per kilogram N/kg m/s2 momentum p kilogram metre per second kgm/s kgm/s period T second s s power P watt W kgm2/s3 pressure P newton per square metre N/m2 kg/ms2 radiation activity A becquerel Bq s1 speed v metre per second m/s m/s velocity v metre per second m/s m/s volume V cubic metre m3 m3 2 weight Fw newton N kg m/s work W joule J kgm2/s2

Table 5 Physical Constants Quantity Symbol Approximate Value in a vacuum c 3.00 108 m/s universal gravitation constant G 6.67 1011 Nm2/kg2 Coulomb’s constant k 9.00 109 Nm2/C2 charge on electron e 1.60 1019 C charge on proton e 1.60 1019 C 31 electron rest mass me 9.11 10 kg 27 proton rest mass mp 1.673 10 kg 27 neutron rest mass mn 1.675 10 kg atomic mass unit u 1.660 1027 kg electron volt eV 1.60 1019 J Planck’s constant h 6.63 1034 Js

NEL Reference 775 Table 6 The Solar System Object Mass (kg) Radius of Period of Mean Radius Period of Orbital Object (m) Rotation on of Orbit (m) Revolution of Eccentricity Axis (s) Orbit (s) Sun 1.99 1030 6.96 108 2.14 106 ——— Mercury 3.28 1023 2.44 106 5.05 106 5.79 1010 7.60 106 0.206 Venus 4.83 1024 6.05 106 2.1 107 1.08 1011 1.94 107 0.007 Earth 5.98 1024 6.38 106 8.64 104 1.49 1011 3.16 107 0.017 Mars 6.37 1023 3.40 106 8.86 104 2.28 1011 5.94 107 0.093 Jupiter 1.90 1027 7.15 107 3.58 104 7.78 1011 3.75 108 0.048 Saturn 5.67 1026 6.03 107 3.84 104 1.43 1012 9.30 108 0.056 Uranus 8.80 1025 2.56 107 6.20 104 2.87 1012 2.65 109 0.046 Neptune 1.03 1026 2.48 107 5.80 106 4.50 1012 5.20 109 0.010 Pluto 1.3 1023 1.15 106 5.51 105 5.91 1012 7.82 109 0.248 Moon 7.35 1022 1.74 106 2.36 106 3.84 108 2.36 106 0.055

Table 7 Atomic Masses of Selected Particles Name Symbol Atomic Mass (u) neutron n 1.008 665 proton p 1.007 276 deuteron d 2.013 553 alpha particle 4.002 602

Table 8 Data for Some Radioisotopes Atomic Number (Z ) Name Symbol Atomic Mass (u) Decay Type Half-Life 3 1 tritium hydrogen-3 1H 3.016 049 12.33 a 7 4 beryllium-7 4 Be 7.016 928 53.29 d 11 6 carbon-11 6 C 11.011 433 20.385 min 14 6 carbon-14 6 C 14.003 242 5730 a 15 8 oxygen-15 8 O 15.003 065 122.24 s 22 11 sodium-22 11 Na 21.994 434 , 2.6088 a 31 14 -31 14 Si 30.975 362 , 157.3 min 32 15 phosphorus-32 15 P 31.973 908 14.262 d 35 16 sulfur-35 16 S 34.969 033 87.51 d 40 9 19 potassium-40 19 K 39.96 400 , 1.28 10 a 60 27 cobalt-60 27 Co 59.933 820 , 5.2714 a 90 38 strontium-90 38 Sr 89.907 737 29.1 a 98 6 43 technetium-98 43 Tc 97.907 215 , 4.2 10 a 115 14 49 indium-115 49 In 114.903 876 , 4.41 10 a 131 53 iodine-131 53 I 130.906 111 , 8.04 d 145 61 promethium-145 61 Pm 144.912 745 , 17.7 a

776 Appendix C NEL Appendix C

Table 8 continued Atomic Number (Z ) Name Symbol Atomic Mass (u) Decay Type Half-Life 187 10 75 rhenium-187 75 Re 186.955 746 4.35 10 a 191 76 osmium-191 76 Os 190.960 922 , 15.4 d 210 82 lead-210 82 Pb 209.984 163 , , 22.3 a 211 82 lead-211 82 Pb 210.988 734 , 36.1 min 212 82 lead-212 82 Pb 211.991 872 , 10.64 h 214 82 lead-214 82 Pb 213.999 798 , 26.8 min C 211 83 bismuth-211 83 Bi 210.987 254 , , 2.14 min 210 84 polonium-210 84 Po 209.982 848 , 138.376 d 214 84 polonium-214 84 Po 213.995 177 , 0.1643 s 218 85 astatine-218 85 At 218.008 68 , 1.6 s 222 86 radon-222 86 Rn 222.017 571 , 3.8235 s 223 87 francium-223 87 Fr 223.019 733 , , 21.8 min 226 88 radium-226 88 Ra 226.025 402 , 1600 a 227 89 actinium-227 89 Ac 227.027 749 , , 21.773 a 228 90 -228 90 Th 228.028 716 , 1.9131 a 232 10 90 thorium-232 90 Th 232.038 051 , 1.405 10 a 231 4 91 protactinium-231 91 Pa 231.035 880 , 3.276 10 a 232 92 uranium-232 92 U 232.037 131 , 68.9 a 233 5 92 uranium-233 92 U 233.039 630 , 1.592 10 a 235 8 92 uranium-235 92 U 235.043 924 , 7.038 10 a 236 7 92 uranium-236 92 U 236.045 562 , 2.3415 10 a 238 9 92 uranium-238 92 U 238.050 784 , 4.468 10 a 239 92 uranium-239 92 U 239.054 289 , 23.50 min 239 93 neptunium-239 93 Np 239.052 932 , 2.355 d 239 94 plutonium-239 94 Pu 239.052 157 , 24 119 a 243 95 americium-243 95 Am 243.061 373 , 7380 a 245 96 curium-245 96 Cm 245.065 484 , 8500 a 247 97 berkelium-247 97 Bk 247.070 30 , 1380 a 249 98 californium-249 98 Cf 249.074 844 , 351 a 254 99 einsteinium-254 99 Es 254.088 02 , , 275.7 d 253 100 fermium-253 100 Fm 253.085 174 , 3.00 d 255 101 mendelevium-255 101 Md 255.091 07 , 27 min 255 102 nobelium-255 102 No 255.093 24 , 3.1 min 257 103 lawrencium-257 103 Lr 257.099 5 0.646 s 261 104 rutherfordium-261 104 Rf 261.108 69 65 s 262 105 dubnium-262 105 Db 262.113 76 34 s 263 106 seaborgium-263 106 Sg 263.116 2 0.9 s 262 107 bohrium-262 107 Bh 262.123 1 0.10 s 264 108 hassium-264 108 Hs 264.128 5 0.00008 s 266 109 meitnerium-266 109 Mt 266.137 8 0.0034 s

NEL Reference 777 1 IA

1 –259 2.1 –253 0.0899 1 H 37 of the Elements He hydrogen 1 1s Key 1.01 2 IIA melting point (°C) 26 1535 boiling point (°C) 3 181 4 1278 atomic number 1.8 2750 1.0 1342 1.5 2970 3+ 7.87 density of solid (g/cm3) 0.534 1.85 electronegativity 2+ 124 density of liquid (g/mL) 152 111 common ion charge density of gas at SATP (g/L) 2 Li Be other ion charge NOFNe lithium beryllium Fe atomic radius (pm) [He] 2s1 [He] 2s2 symbol of element iron 6.94 9.01 (solids in black, [Ar] 4s2 3d 6 name of element liquids in blue, 11 97.8 12 649 gases in red) 55.85 0.9 883 1.2 1107 electron configuration 0.971 1.74 186 160 atomic mass (u) atomic molar mass (g/mol) VIIIB 3 Na Mg Cl Ar sodium magnesium [Ne] 3s1 [Ne] 3s2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 22.99 24.31 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB

19 63.3 20 839 21 1541 22 1660 23 1890 24 1857 25 1244 26 1535 27 1495 0.8 760 1.0 1484 1.3 2836 1.5 3287 1.6 3380 1.6 2672 1.5 1962 1.8 2750 1.8 2870 0.862 1.54 3+ 2.99 4+ 4.54 5+ 5.96 3+ 7.20 2+ 7.20 3+ 7.87 2+ 8.9 227 197 161 3+ 145 4+ 132 2+ 125 4+ 124 2+ 124 3+ 125 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Br Kr potassium calcium scandium titanium vanadium chromium manganese iron cobalt [Ar] 4s1 [Ar] 4s2 [Ar] 4s2 3d1 [Ar] 4s2 3d2 [Ar] 4s2 3d3 [Ar] 4s1 3d5 [Ar] 4s2 3d5 [Ar] 4s2 3d6 [Ar] 4s2 3d 7 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.88 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93

37 38.9 38 769 39 1522 40 1852 41 2468 42 2610 43 2172 44 2310 45 1966 0.8 686 1.0 1384 1.3 3338 1.4 4377 1.6 5127 1.8 5560 1.9 4877 2.2 3900 2.2 3727 1.53 2.6 3+ 4.47 4+ 6.49 5+ 8.57 6+ 10.2 7+ 11.5 3+ 12.4 3+ 12.4 248 215 3+ 4+ 135 5 Rb Sr Y 181 Zr 160 Nb 143 Mo 136 Tc 136 Ru 133 Rh Xe rubidium strontium yttrium zirconium niobium molybdenum technetium ruthenium rhodium [Kr] 5s1 [Kr] 5s2 [Kr] 5s2 4d1 [Kr] 5s2 4d 2 [Kr] 5s1 4d 4 [Kr] 5s1 4d 5 [Kr] 5s2 4d 5 [Kr] 5s1 4d 7 [Kr] 5s1 4d 8 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 98.91 101.07 102.91

5528.4 56 725 71 1663 72 2227 732996 743410 75 3180 76 2700 77 2410 0.7 669 0.9 1640 1.2 3402 1.3 4602 1.5 5425 1.7 5660 1.9 5627 2.2 5300 2.2 4130 1.88 3.5 3+ 9.84 4+ 13.3 5+ 16.6 6+ 19.4 7+ 21.0 4+ 22.5 4+ 22.4 265 217 188 156 143 137 137 134 136 6 Cs Ba Lu Hf Ta WRe Os Ir Hg Rn cesium barium lutetium hafniumtantalum tungsten rhenium osmium iridium [Xe] 6s1 [Xe] 6s2 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ14 5d1 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ14 5d2 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ14 5d3 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ14 5d4 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ14 5d5 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ14 5d6 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ14 5d7 132.91 137.33 174.97178.49 180.95 183.85 186.21 190.2 192.22

87 27 88 700 103 1627 104 — 105 — 106 — 107 — 108 — 109 — 0.7 677 0.9 1140 — — — — — — — — — 5 3+ — — — — — — — 7 Fr— Ra 215 Lr — Rf — Db— Sg — Bh — Hs — Mt — francium radium lawrencium rutherfordium dubnium seaborgium borium hassium meitnerium [Rn] 7s1 [Rn] 7s2 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ14 6d1 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ14 6d2 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ14 6d3 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ14 6d4 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ14 6d5 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ14 6d6 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ14 6d7 (223) 226.03 (260) (261) (262) (266) (264) (269) (268)

57 918 58 798 59 931 60 1021 61 1042 1.1 3464 1.1 3443 1.1 3520 1.2 3074 — 3000 3+ 6.15 3+ 6.69 3+ 6.64 3+ 7.01 3+ 7.26 6 2+ La 195 Ce185 Pr185 Nd 185 Pm 185 lanthanum cerium praseodymium neodymium promethium [Xe] 6s2 5d1 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ1 5d1 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ3 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ4 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ5 138.90 140.12 140.91 144.24 (145)

89 1050 90 1750 911600 92 1132 93 630 1.1 3200 1.3 4790 1.5 — 1.7 3818 1.3 3902 3+ 10.1 4+ 11.7 5+ 15.4 6+ 19.1 5+ 20.5 7 2+ Ac195 Th 180 4+ Pa 180 4+ U 175 Np 175 actinium thorium protactinium uranium neptunium [Rn] 7s2 6d1 [Rn] 7s2 6d2 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ2 6d1 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ3 6d1 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ4 6d1 227.03 232.04 231.04 238.03 (237) 18 VIIIA

2 –272 — –269 X 0.179 H of the Elements He 50 1 helium 13 14 15 16 17 1s2 IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 4.00

5 2300 6 3550 7 –210 8 –218 9 –220 10 –249 2.0 2550 2.5 4827 3.0 –196 3.5 –183 4.0 –188 — –246 X 2.34 X 2.26 1.25 1.43 1.70 X 0.900 64 62 2 B 88 C 77 N 70 O 66 F Ne boron carbon nitrogen oxygen fluorine neon [He] 2s2 2p1 [He] 2s2 2p2 [He] 2s2 2p3 [He] 2s2 2p4 [He] 2s2 2p5 [He] 2s2 2p6 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 C

13 660 14 1410 15 44.1 16 113 17 –101 18 –189 1.5 2467 1.8 2355 2.1 280 2.5 445 3.0 –34.6 — –186 2.70 X 2.33 1.82 2.07 3.21 X 1.78 95 Al 143 Si 117 P 110 S 104 Cl 99 Ar 3 aluminum silicon phosphorus sulfur chlorine argon 10 11 12 [Ne] 3s2 3p1 [Ne] 3s2 3p2 [Ne] 3s2 3p3 [Ne] 3s2 3p4 [Ne] 3s2 3p5 [Ne] 3s2 3p6 IB IIB 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95

28 1455 29 1083 30 420 31 29.8 32 937 33 817 34 217 35 –7.2 36 –157 1.8 2730 1.9 2567 1.6 907 1.6 2403 1.8 2830 2.0 613 2.4 684 2.8 58.8 — –152 2+ 8.90 2+ 8.92 2+ 7.14 3+ 5.90 4+ 5.35 5.73 4.81 3.12 X 3.74 3+ Ni 124 1+ Cu 128 Zn 133 Ga 122 Ge 123 As 121 Se 117 Br 114 Kr 112 4 nickel copper zinc gallium germanium arsenic selenium bromine krypton [Ar] 4s2 3d 8 [Ar] 4s1 3d 10 [Ar] 4s2 3d 10 [Ar] 4s2 3d 10 4p1 [Ar] 4s2 3d 10 4p2 [Ar] 4s2 3d 10 4p3 [Ar] 4s2 3d 10 4p4 [Ar] 4s2 3d 10 4p5 [Ar] 4s2 3d 10 4p6 58.69 63.55 65.38 69.72 72.61 74.92 78.9679.90 83.80

46 1554 47 962 48 321 49 157 50 232 51 631 52 450 53 114 54 –112 2.2 2970 1.9 2212 1.7 765 1.7 2080 1.8 2270 1.9 1750 2.1 990 2.5 184 — –107 2+ 12.0 1+ 10.5 2+ 8.64 3+ 7.30 4+ 7.31 3+ 6.68 6.2 4.93 X 5.89 4+ 138 144 149 163 2+ 140 5+ 141 137 133 130 Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 5 palladium silver cadmium indium tin antimony tellurium iodine xenon [Kr] 4d 10 [Kr] 5s1 4d 10 [Kr] 5s2 4d 10 [Kr] 5s2 4d 10 5p1 [Kr] 5s2 4d 10 5p2 [Kr] 5s2 4d 10 5p3 [Kr] 5s2 4d 10 5p4 [Kr] 5s2 4d 10 5p5 [Kr] 5s2 4d 10 5p6 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.69 121.75 127.60 126.90 131.29

78 1772 79 1064 80 –39.0 81 304 82 328 83 271 84 254 85 302 86 –71 2.2 3827 2.4 2808 1.9 357 1.8 1457 1.8 1740 1.9 1560 2.0 962 2.2 337 — –61.8 4+ 21.5 3+ 19.3 2+ 13.5 1+ 11.85 2+ 11.3 3+ 9.80 2+ 9.40 — X 9.73 2+ 138 1+ 144 1+ 160 3+ 170 4+ 175 5+ 155 4+ 167 142 140 Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 6 platinum gold mercury thallium lead bismuth polonium astatine radon [Xe] 6s1 4ƒ14 5d9 [Xe] 6s1 4ƒ14 5d10 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ14 5d10 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ14 5d10 6p1 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ14 5d10 6p2 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ14 5d10 6p3 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ14 5d10 6p4 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ14 5d10 6p5 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ14 5d10 6p6 195.08 196.97200.59 204.38 207.20 209.98 (209) (210) (222)

110— 111— 112 — 113 114 — 115 116 — 117 118 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Uun Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh 7 ununnilium unununium ununbium ununquadium ununhexium [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ14 6d8 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ14 6d9 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ14 6d10 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ14 6d10 7p2 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ14 6d10 7p4 (269, 271) (272) (277) (285) (289)

62 1074 63 822 64 1313 65 1356 66 1412 67 1474 68 1529 69 1545 70 819 1794 1527 3273 3230 2567 2700 2868 1950 1.2 — 1.1 1.2 — 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1196 7.52 5.24 7.90 8.23 8.55 8.80 9.07 9.32 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 6.97 185 185 180 175 175 175 175 175 2+ Sm 2+ Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm 2+ Yb 175 6 samarium europium gadolinium terbium dysprosium holmium erbium thulium ytterbium [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ6 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ7 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ7 5d1 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ9 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ10 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ11 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ12 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ13 [Xe] 6s2 4ƒ14 150.36151.96 157.25 158.92 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04

94 641 95 994 96 1340 97 986 98 900 99 860 100 1527 101 1021 102 863 1.3 3232 1.3 2607 — 3110 — — — — — — — — — 3074 — — 4+ 19.8 3+ 13.7 3+ 13.5 3+ 14 3+ — 3+ — 3+ — 2+ — 2+ — 6+ Pu 175 4+ Am 175 Cm — 4+ Bk — Cf — Es — Fm — 3+ Md — 3+ No — 7 plutonium americium curium berkelium californium einsteinium fermium mendelevium nobelium [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ6 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ7 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ7 6d1 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ9 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ10 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ11 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ12 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ13 [Rn] 7s2 5ƒ14 (244) (243)(247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) 1962 Lev Davidovich Landau (1908–1968) Winners 1961 (1915–1990), Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer (1929–) For more information on the physics Nobel Prize winners 1960 Donald Arthur Glaser (1926–) and their work, check out the official Nobel Foundation Web 1959 Emilio Gino Segrè (1905–1989), (1920–) site at http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates. Canadian citi- 1958 Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (1904–1990), Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank (1908–1990), Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm (1895–1971) zens or those scientists doing their work primarily in 1957 Chen Ning Yang (1922–), Tsung-Dao Lee (1926–) are indicated by a maple leaf. 1956 William Bradford Shockley (1910–1989), (1908–1991), (1902–1987) 2001 Eric A. Cornell (1961–), (1957–), Carl E. Wieman (1951–) 1955 Willis Eugene Lamb (1913–), (1911–1993) 2000 Zhores I. Alferov (1930–), (1928–), Jack S. Kilby (1923–) 1954 (1882–1970), (1891–1957) 1999 Gerardus ’t Hooft (1946–), Martinus J.G. Veltman (1931–) 1953 Frits (Frederik) Zernike (1888–1966) 1998 Robert B. Laughlin (1950–), Horst L. Störmer (1949–), Daniel C. Tsui 1952 (1905–1983), (1912–1997) (1939–) 1951 Sir John Douglas Cockcroft (1897–1967), Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton 1997 (1948–), Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (1933–),William D. Phillips (1903–1995) (1948–) 1950 Cecil Frank Powell (1903–1969) 1996 David M. Lee (1931–), Douglas D. Osheroff (1945–), Robert C. Richardson 1949 (1907–1981) (1937–) 1948 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett (1897–1974) 1995 Martin L. Perl (1927–), (1918–1998) 1947 Sir Edward Victor Appleton (1892–1965) 1994 Bertram N. Brockhouse (1918–) , Clifford G. Shull (1915–2001) 1946 Percy Williams Bridgman (1882–1961) 1993 Russell A. Hulse (1950–), Joseph H. Taylor Jr. (1941–) 1945 (1900–1958) 1992 (1924–) 1944 (1898–1988) 1991 Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1932–) 1943 (1888–1969) 1990 Jerome I. Friedman (1930–), W. Kendall (1926–), Richard E. Taylor 1939 Ernest Orlando Lawrence (1901–1958) (1929–) 1938 (1901–1954) 1989 Norman F. Ramsey (1915–), Hans G. Dehmelt (1922–), 1937 Clinton Joseph Davisson (1881–1958), (1892–1975) (1913–1993) 1936 Victor Franz Hess (1883–1964), (1905–1991) 1988 Leon M. Lederman (1922–), (1932–), 1935 (1891–1974) 1933 Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961), Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (1902–1984) (1921–) 1932 Werner Karl Heisenberg (1901–1976) 1987 J. (1950–), K. Alexander Müller (1927–) 1930 Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (1888–1970) 1986 (1906–1988), (1947–), (1933–) 1929 Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie (1892–1987) 1985 (1943–) 1928 Owen Willans Richardson (1879–1959) 1984 (1934–), (1925–) 1927 Arthur Holly Compton (1892–1962), Charles Thomson Rees Wilson 1983 Subramanyan Chandrasekhar (1910–1995), (1869–1959) (1911–1995) 1926 (1870–1942) 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson (1936–) 1925 (1882–1964), (1887–1975) 1981 (1920–), (1921–1999), 1924 Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn (1886–1978) Kai M. Siegbahn (1918–) 1923 (1868–1953) 1980 Cronin (1931–), (1923–) 1922 Niels Henrik David Bohr (1885–1962) 1979 (1932–), (1926–1996), 1921 (1879–1955) (1933–) 1920 Charles-Edouard Guillaume (1861–1938) 1978 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (1894–1984), (1933–), 1919 (1874–1957) (1936–) 1918 Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (1858–1947) 1977 Philip Warren Anderson (1923–), Sir (1905–1996), 1917 (1877–1944) (1899–1980) 1915 Sir (1862–1942), William 1976 (1931–), Samuel Chao Chung Ting (1936–) (1890–1971) 1975 Aage (1922–), Ben Roy Mottelson (1926–), Leo 1914 (1879–1960) (1917–1986) 1913 (1853–1926) 1974 Sir (1918–1984), (1924–) 1912 Nils Gustaf Dalén (1869–1937) 1973 (1925–), (1929–), Brian David Josephson (1940–) 1911 (1864–1928) 1972 John Bardeen (1908–1991), Leon Neil Cooper (1930–), John Robert 1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837–1923) Schrieffer (1931–) 1909 (1874–1937), Carl Ferdinand Braun (1850–1918) 1971 (1900–1979) 1908 (1845–1921) 1970 Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén (1908–1995), Louis Eugène Félix Néel 1907 Albert Abraham Michelson (1852–1931) (1904–2000) 1906 Sir Joseph John Thomson (1856–1940) 1969 Murray Gell-Mann (1929–) 1905 Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (1862–1947) 1968 (1911–1988) 1904 Lord (John William Strutt) Rayleigh (1842–1919) 1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe (1906–) 1903 Antoine (1852–1908), (1859–1906), 1966 (1902–1984) (1867–1934) 1965 Sin-Itiro Tomonaga (1906–1979), (1918–1994), Richard 1902 Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (1853–1928), (1865–1943) P. Feynman (1918–1988) 1901 Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845–1923) 1964 Charles Hard Townes (1915–), Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov (1922–), Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov (1916–2002) *No prizes were awarded in 1916, 1931, 1934, and from 1940–1942. 1963 Eugene Paul Wigner (1902–1995), Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1906–1972), J. Hans D. Jensen (1907–1973)

780 Appendix C NEL