RAMADI URBAN RECOVERY AND STRATEGIC SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME-EU Copyright © United Nations Human Settlements Programme in Iraq (UN-HABITAT) 2018 All rights reserved United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) www.unhabitat.org
DISCLAIMER The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any county, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries regarding its economic system or degree of development. Excerpts may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the United Nations and its member states.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS UN-Habitat Iraq thanks the European Union for its support and interest in the urban recovery in Iraq and the implementation of the New Urban Agenda in the country. This report was developed under the Local Area Development Programme (LADP-EU) by Anna Soave and Bozhan Hawizy with contributions from Natacha Rohmer, Haitham Obaid, Ivan Thung, Ameer Hussain, Sakar Mustafa, Mohammad Al-Rubaie, Maan Sami Abdul Hamid, Saad Hameed Mahdi, and from UN-Habitat Ramadi office: Ahmed Al- QaisiI, Ahmed Al-Kubaisi and Noor Adil.
The UN-Habitat team would like to thank the following Anbar Governorate local authorities for their contributions: H.E Mohammad Al-Halbosi, Anbar Governor, Khalid Thueni Ahmed, Anbar Governorate Planning and Follow Up Directorate; Adnan Abdulla Bardan, Anbar Governorate Office; Omer Anwer Latif, Anbar Planning Directorate; Mohammed Hasim Namer, Planning Directorate; Adnan Abdulla Bardan, Anbar Governorate Office; Muhanad Ibrahiam Turki, Investment Comission; Thaar Shakir Mahmood, Anbar University; Jassim Mohammed Abdullah, Anbar Governorate Office; Omer Mishaan Dabus, Ramadi Municipality; Hashim Abdulmajead Ahmed, Ramadi Municiplaity; Husaam Mohammed Ibrahaim, Housing Directorte; Essam Hashim Khalil, Anbar housing directorate;Mazin Nawaf Hamid, Anbar Governorate Office; Munaf Kamil Yussief, Planning Directory; Amar Fawzy Sayed, Urban Planning Directorate; Abdul Ghafor Ibrahim Mubarak, Anbar education directorate; Monem Mohammaed Khalaf, Ramadi electricity directorate; Qassim Mohammed Hamid, Anbar roads and bridges; Andan Hamlan, Anbar roads and bridges; Ahmed Mohammed Khazal, Ramadi water directorate; Mohammed Khalaf Hamed, Anbar Health directorate; Omer Rajab Mohsin, Anbar planning directorate.
Finally, UN-Habitat acknowledges the support of the Iraqi Ministry of Planning, namely H.E. Dr Maher Johan, Deputy Minister; Dr Mohammed Muhsin Al Sayed, Director General of Local and Regional Development; and Dr Sawsan Jabbar Ibraheem, Head of Local Planning Department.
Graphic design by Bozhan Hawizy Cover page: Ramadi City ©UN-Habitat RAMADI STRATEGIC RECOVERY & SPATIAL MODERNIZING AND DEVELOPING TOURISM CONTENTS DEVELOPMENT ...... 36 OPPORTUNITIES……………………………………………..70 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 2 6 PROPOSED PROGRAMMES FOR Recommended actions:………………………………….73 PREAMBLE ...... 3 CONSIDERATION ...... 36 Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial 01 SCALING UP HOUSING RECOVERY AND HOW TO ATTRACT INVESTORS ...... 77 Development Plan ...... 3 NEIGHBOURHOOD UPGRADING ...... 37 PLANNING PROCESS AND METHODOLOGY ..... 4 Housing Finance ...... 38 Planning steps ...... 4 CORE HOUSING ...... 39 The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 6 Recommended actions: ...... 47 From crisis to opportunity: UN-HABITAT’s 02 REHABILITATING CRITICAL URBAN SERVICES response to disaster and conflict ...... 9 AND KEY PUBLIC FACILITIES ...... 50 Housing ...... 9 Recommended actions: ...... 51 Critical infrastructure and services ...... 10 03 ADDRESSING INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS, Planning ...... 10 ENCROACHMENTS AND UNPLANNED URBAN CONTEXT ...... 12 GROWTH ...... 55 Anbar Governorate Location ...... 12 Recommended actions: ...... 57 Ramadi City Profile ...... 12 04 ENHANCING THE MOBILITY OF PEOPLE WITHIN THE CITY, TRANSPORTATION SERVICES Conflict context ...... 13 IN THE DISTRICT AND PROVINCIAL Occupation by ISIL ...... 13 CONNECTIONS ...... 61 Multi-sectoral Analysis ...... 14 Recommended actions: ...... 63 Ramadi Master Plan 2013 ...... 21 Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) ...... 63 Damage Assessment ...... 22 05 GREENING RAMADI: REHABILITATING PUBLIC SPACES AND COMBATING DESERTIFICATION .. 66 STRATEGIC URBAN RECOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING APPROACH ...... 33 Recommended actions: ...... 67 Building Back better in Ramadi ...... 35 06 BUTTRESSING THE LOCAL ECONOMY BY ENHANCING TRADE, COMMERCE, INDUSTRIAL Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
Through its “bottom-up” and participatory The proposed strategic spatial plan focuses EXECUTIVE SUMMARY approach, the LADP-EU program has on rebuilding communities by linking housing contributed to a better understanding of how recovery, basic services and infrastructure The Local Area Development Programme can local development and urbanisation be upgrading, with the trade-based economy of (LADP), funded by the European Union (EU) steered and supported by effective sectoral, the city. In looking ahead to the medium to and implemented by UNDP in partnership spatial and land policies, frameworks and long-term future of the city, the plan with UN-Habitat, in close coordination with implementation tools. promotes a more equitable and sustainable the Ministries of Planning (MOP) of the use of land and environmental resources, Federal and Kurdistan Region governments The Ramadi Strategic Urban Recovery and embodied by the notions of “compact cities” and Governorate-level authorities, was Development Plan, developed through and “cities for all” – both of which lie at the designed to address the main issues that intensive data collection, damage core of the New Urban Agenda. hinder planning at the local level, the assessments, consultations, and joint implementation of plans and related delivery planning work, aims to assist the local The proposed approach of ‘building back of service to citizens of Iraq. authorities address citizens’ most pressing better’ hinges upon existing opportunities to: needs and reconstruction priorities. relocate selected polluting industries and The overall objective has been to contribute reuse brownfields; create infill opportunities to the stability and socio-economic Destruction in Ramadi has notoriously been within the city centre to reduce the need for development of the country by strengthening more severe than anywhere else in Iraq. As of future urban expansion; address residential its government systems and enhancing the today, since its liberation, the scale of the encroachments on land earmarked for public capacity to plan and execute budgets at the physical destruction of homes, public use and the informal growth of fertile local level. facilities, services and infra-structure is still agricultural land; and spatially guide public apparent and humbling. The analysis of Over the course of the past three years, and private investments towards identified satellite imagery revealed that over 7,500 future economic poles and infrastructure LADP-EU has supported the development of buildings have been partially or totally nodes where they will have a multiplier effect coherent strategic frameworks for local destroyed – including nearly 200 public on the future socio-economic prospects of planning that aimed to link investment facilities and road infrastructure. UNDP, UN- expenditures to the achievements of the the city. The Ramadi Strategic Urban Habitat and other agencies and NGOs are Recovery and Development Plan hinges a set larger strategic investment priorities at both engaged in the physical rehabilitation of local or national levels embodied by the of critical pillars (physical, infrastructural, several hundreds of homes of returnees - yet environmental, socio-economic, services and National Development Plan 2018-2022 and there are still many severely damaged Iraq’s commitment to the 2030 Agenda for facilities, land tenure, accessibility etc.) and neighbourhoods where the damage is so identified ‘anchors’ of physical and socio- Sustainable Development and its Sustainable extensive that few families have been able to Development Goals (SDGs). economic development where to maximize return. potentials for growth and investments by donors and government agencies. LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan
PREAMBLE urbanization as part of their overall economic urban planning strategies to facilitate return, transformation. In this regard, efforts to recovery, development and reconciliation in UN-Habitat is the United Nations Programme develop National Urban Policies and National one of the worst conflict-affected cities in for Human Settlements. It is mandated by the Spatial Plans are critical to maximize the Iraq. UN General Assembly to promote socially and opportunities offered by a specific system of The proposed approach of ‘building back environmentally sustainable towns and cities cities to promote sustainable development. better’ hinged upon opportunities to relocate with the goal of providing adequate shelter UN-Habitat has strengthened its areas of selected land uses and spatially guide for all. Its activities contribute to the overall work around three main areas: urban investments towards future economic poles objective of the United Nations system to planning, urban economy and urban and infrastructure nodes where they will reduce poverty and promote sustainable legislation. have a multiplier effect on the future socio- development within the context and the Through LADP, UN-Habitat is supporting Iraq economic prospects of the city. challenges of a rapidly urbanizing world. to develop National and Governorate Urban Urbanization has increasingly been Strategies, policies and spatial plans based on recognized as a key driver of the context-specific drivers, dynamics and transformation of national economies and as structural transformations of urban growth. an effective instrument for poverty alleviation. However, rapid urbanization is Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial often taking place in a context of weak urban Development Plan and territorial planning at different scales and In the pilot governorate of Anbar, LADP has levels. As a result, its outcomes are uncertain, supported the drafting of an urban recovery as urbanization can only deliver economic and development plan for Ramadi city. This transformation and prosperity if it is guided learning-by-doing component was being and supported by effective sectoral and implemented by UN-Habitat under the spatial national policies, frameworks and umbrella of the EU-funded Local Area implementation tools. Development Programme (LADP), led by UNDP. UN-Habitat’s contribution to LADP-EU To harness urbanization and mitigate its focuses essentially on capacity building and negative externalities, and promote an providing substantive technical support in “urban paradigm shift”, there is need for a achieving the programme’s objective and coordinated approach and clear policy results. directions based on a spatial framework. The Ramadi Strategic Urban Recovery and UN-Habitat is developing new tools and new Development Plan offers a set of effective responses to support countries to look at 3 Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
PLANNING PROCESS education and infrastructure directorates ▪ Set of presentations (post conflict planning (water, electricity, roads, bridges), buildings and building back better, anchoring physical AND METHODOLOGY directorate investment board. The planning recovery to socio-economic growth, process was concluded with a presentation of ▪ Situation update on housing, industrial, In an effort to understand the scale of urban the proposed plan to Ministry of Planning in commerce, agriculture, education, health; destruction, population displacement and Baghdad, and to the local authorities in ▪ State of infrastructure and public services consequent economic crisis that governorate Ramadi. of Anbar has suffered as a consequence of ▪ SWOT and Stakeholders analysis; This report aims to capture the information the violent conflict with ISIL, LADP team ▪ One-to-one consultations of officials in the gathered so far on the level of destruction in worked closely with the local authorities to Directorates of Water, Sewage, Electricity, the urban areas and summarise the outcomes develop a comprehensive physical damage Municipality, Urban Planning, Planning; of the consultation and planning process. assessment, prioritize needs in infrastructure, ▪ Delivery of consultation panels: housing and services & facilities to be for (1) damage to housing, infrastructure, Planning steps addressed by Strategic Urban Recovery and services and public facilities; Development Plan. The consultations brought The team and the participants involved in this (2) Proposed Development Poles; together officials and civil society, providing a initiative have contributed to the following (3) viable Housing Recovery Solutions; platform where to address citizens’ sequence of information gathering and (4) Ramadi priority projects and cost aspirations with a view to facilitate return, planning steps: estimation; recovery, development and reconciliation. ▪ Drafting of detailed GIS maps on (1) Ramadi ▪ Set of 3D illustrations for core housing unit The consultations workshops were organised city land use; (2) damage assessment of development and Ramadi west; as a step-by-step participatory process that housing, services, education, health, sewage ▪ Proposed institutional framework for offered participants a holistic platform to stations, water treatment plans and pumping Ramadi reconstruction; stations; (3) priority areas for rehabilitation; discuss the transition from humanitarian ▪ Proposed housing assistance strategies; assistance and recovery efforts to sustainable (4) overview of rehabilitation projects of ▪ Housing finance; urban development in these areas will entail public facilities implemented in Ramadi; (5) large and long-term multi-sectorial informal settlement boundaries. ▪ Presentations in Ministry of Planning in investments from both the public and private ▪ Drafting dashboards for (1) who is doing Baghdad and Ramadi; sectors, with support from multi-lateral what in Ramadi (2) Informal settlements and ▪ Punctual consultations on selected topics; agencies, donors and lending institutions. The informal urbanisation on agricultural lands ▪ Collation of illustrative panels to describe workshops were attended by officials from ▪ Environmental assessment for the industrial proposed interventions. Ministry of Planning, Anbar governorate, zone in Ramadi. ▪ Sharing of final plans with local stakeholders Ramadi Municipality, urban planning for feedback. directorate, planning directorate, Anbar housing directorate, Anbar University, Anbar 4 LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan
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The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development The adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the global endorsement of the New Urban Agenda (NUA) following Habitat III have set ambitious targets on urban development by the global community and UN member states, and provides fresh impetus to strengthen the role of cities in driving poverty reduction, stability, and sustainable development. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which aims to ‘leave no one behind’, recognizes the importance of leveraging good urbanization as a solution to the global challenges of poverty, exclusion, peace and security.
The NUA, adopted by Member States in Figure 1 Suitable development goals October 2016, provides a direct link between urbanization and sustainable development by offering a practical framework for its these goals will be challenging – particularly practioners and decision-makers. Urban implementation at the local level, calling for a where rapid urbanization and structural planners, specifically, will be increasingly more effective, coordinated and accelerated transformation are taking place in the context under pressure to interpret the multi- implementation of urban development of climate change and socio-economic disciplinary implications of social, economic solutions is needed to harness urbanization fragility. Governments will have to mobilise and environmental sustainability and spatial and unleash the potential of cities to provide long-term resources and sustained technical justice in cities – with the Iraqi academia solutions to poverty, inequality, climate support if they wish to succeed. The issue is playing a critical role in the formation of change, and to other barriers to sustainable not merely financial, but scholarly. future “change agents”. development. Fundamental for the implementation of the As UN and bi/multi-lateral agencies, partners New Urban Agenda in Iraq will be the and member states gear up for its development of critical minds and evidence- implementation, in many countries achieving based decision-making skills among 6 LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan
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The New Urban Agenda We envisage cities a) Fulfil their social function, including the social discrimination, violence and harassment against and ecological function of land, with a view to women and girls in private and public spaces; progressively achieving the full realization of the d) Meet the challenges and opportunities of right to adequate housing as a component of the present and future sustained, inclusive and right to an adequate standard of living, without sustainable economic growth, leveraging discrimination, universal access to safe and urbanization for structural transformation, high affordable drinking water and sanitation, as well productivity, value-added activities and resource as equal access for all to public goods and quality efficiency, harnessing local economies and taking services in areas such as food security and note of the contribution of the informal economy nutrition, health, education, infrastructure, while supporting a sustainable transition to the mobility and transportation, energy, air quality formal economy; and livelihoods; e) Fulfil their territorial functions across b) Are participatory, promote civic engagement, administrative boundaries and act as hubs and engender a sense of belonging and ownership drivers for balanced, sustainable and integrated among all their inhabitants, prioritize safe, urban and territorial development at all levels; inclusive, accessible, green and quality public f) Promote age- and gender-responsive planning spaces that are friendly for families, enhance and investment for sustainable, safe and social and intergenerational interactions, cultural accessible urban mobility for all and resource- VISION expressions and political participation, as efficient transport systems for passengers and appropriate, and foster social cohesion, inclusion freight, effectively linking people, places, goods, We share a vision of cities for all, and safety in peaceful and pluralistic societies, services and economic opportunities; referring to the equal use and enjoyment of cities where the needs of all inhabitants are met, g) Adopt and implement disaster risk reduction and human settlements, seeking to promote recognizing the specific needs of those in and management, reduce vulnerability, build inclusivity and ensure that all inhabitants, of vulnerable situations; resilience and responsiveness to natural and present and future generations, without c) Achieve gender equality and empower all human-made hazards and foster mitigation of and discrimination of any kind, women and girls by ensuring women’s full and adaptation to climate change; effective participation and equal rights in all fields h) Protect, conserve, restore and promote their are able to inhabit and produce just, safe, healthy, and in leadership at all levels of decision-making, ecosystems, water, natural habitats and accessible, affordable, resilient and sustainable by ensuring decent work and equal pay for equal biodiversity, minimize their environmental impact cities and human settlements to foster work, or work of equal value, for all women and and change to sustainable consumption and prosperity and quality of life for all. by preventing and eliminating all forms of production patterns.
and human settlements that: 8
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From crisis to opportunity: resolutions of the gency's Governing Council stakeholders – including, where applicable, and the UN General assembly. the international aid community and local UN-HABITAT’s response to national governments – to work towards a The normative framework for UN-HABITAT’s common purpose; a commitment to analyse work in this arena is its Strategic Policy on disaster and conflict previous and future vulnerability and mitigate Human Settlements in Crisis, together with risk through reconstruction; and finally, an Helping cities and communities reduce the Sustainable Relief and Reconstruction honest appraisal of the capacity to deliver risks and transition from crisis to Framework. The work is carried out through and a commitment to address any limitations sustainable urban development. three primary mechanisms: 'prospecting' or to ensure sustainability. undertaking programme formulation The urban environment, which includes built initiatives in countries and cities facing or Housing elements, social structures, land, and ecology, recovering from crisis; 'programming' or is becoming progressively more fragile as a Promoting stronger housing and holistic managing the mainstreaming and oversight of reconstruction result of uncontrolled urbanization. the implementation of the agency’s Consequently, urban populations face normative framework and the production of UN-HABITAT provides policy and technical increasing risks associated with economic, tools, learning materials, and guidelines advice to governments, humanitarian actors, social, and environmental crises. Nowhere is derived from its work; and 'promotion' or and communities to support hazard-resistant this more evident than in countries where engaging in advocacy, outreach, networking, housing reconstruction. Our approach is urban in-migration and population growth and partnerships within the international aid based on the following principles: outpace local governments' capacity to meet community. • Survivors of a crisis are the agents of their basic needs, plan and finance growth, and own recovery. They should not be treated UN-HABITAT strongly encourages the earliest address growing vulnerabilities within their as liabilities, but as assets to be mobilized engagement by local authorities in defining villages, towns, and cities. and supported. risks, assessing capacities, establishing • Promoting safe return to habitable houses UN-HABITAT supports national governments, stakeholder systems, and building financial is critical, combined with advice on local authorities, and civil society to resources for reducing risk. The failure to do hazard-resistant reconstruction. strengthen their capacity in managing human- so is often sadly illustrated in the loss of life, • Traditional building materials and made and natural disasters affecting human property, infrastructure, and social systems culturally acceptable forms and settlements. This applies to the prevention during a crisis. Ironically, it is typically only techniques are the foundation for and mitigation of disasters, as well as after a disaster that local and national reconstruction and must be improved, not rehabilitating human settlements and governments wake up to the vulnerabilities of replaced. addressing the needs of displaced their urban settlements and see opportunities • Housing solutions must be complemented populations. UN-HABITAT’s mandate is to reduce vulnerability and create resilience. by initiatives to address land use, tenure, derived from the Habitat Agenda and However, 'building back better' requires livelihoods, and critical infrastructure and certain key principles: a compact with all 9
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services. Experience has shown that complexity to the challenge, and loss of other runs the risk of entrenching inequitable land temporary solutions have a way of service capacity (such as solid or liquid waste use or legitimizing unjust outcomes of becoming permanent. management) exacerbates already critical conflict. conditions. It is the intersection of all of these These principles have been proved time and Globally, UN-HABITAT plays a key role in vulnerabilities with natural or human-made again in a variety of contexts. putting spatial planning back at the core of crises that concerns UN-H Habitat. the global drive towards sustainable Critical infrastructure and services Planning urbanization and development. Protecting basic services and ensuring post- Building back better Country-level experiences are used to further disaster recovery Strategic spatial planning is a powerful tool to develop planning approaches that facilitate Affordable basic services and infrastructure in ‘build back better’ in crisis-affected countries. risk mitigation, adaptation, and more cities are some of the most important engines It provides an integrative framework for equitable access to land. UN-H Habitat is of sustainable urbanization. However, assistance; puts the focus on building back committed to supporting communities, local dependency on services and infrastructure communities by linking housing with basic and national governments, and our partners also represents a key point of vulnerability for services and infrastructure and the essential to make cities more resilient – preferably urban populations during disasters. urban recovery elements of environmental before crises occur and definitely after they 1 UN-Habitat’s experience in natural or human- remediation and livelihoods; and enables do. made disasters. Urbanization, a changing more equitable and sustainable use of space. climate, and social instability add layers of This is necessary when emergency response
Figure 2 UN-Habitat crisis work: examples of activities worldwide
1 UN-Habitat (2011),”Disaster and risk management”. 10
LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan
Housing Promoting stronger housing and holistic reconstruction UN-HABITAT provides policy and technical advice to governments, humanitarian actors, and communities to support hazard- resistant housing reconstruction. Our approach is based on the following principles: xx Survivors of a crisis are the agents of their own recovery. They should not be treated as liabilities, but as assets to be mobilized and supported. xx Promoting safe return to habitable houses is critical, combined with advice on hazard-resistant reconstruction. xx Traditional building materials and culturally acceptable forms and techniques are the foundation for reconstruction and must be improved, not replaced. xx Housing solutions must be complemented by initiatives to address land use, tenure, livelihoods, and critical infrastructure and services. Experience has shown that temporary solutions have a way of becoming permanent. ▪
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CONTEXT into Iraq are: Qa’im and Waleed crossing 1947 to about 30,000 in 1965. The City’s points with Syria, Traibeel with Jordan and population was estimated at about 39,000 in Anbar Governorate Location Ara’ar with Saudi Arabia. 1970 and it present population is estimated to have grown to approximately 230,500. Anbar Governorate is divided into 11 qadhas (districts) – (from North to South) Qa’im, The topography of Al Ramadi is generally Rawa, Ana’a, Haditha, Heet, the governorate characterized by relatively gentle slopes. The centre Ramadi, Khalidiya, Fallujah, Amiriyat, town centre is built on flat, drained land Karmah, and (in the south-west) Rutba; these situated between dykes to the north and are further sub-divided into 22 nahias. We south. A high-water table prevails under most note that Amiriyat, Karmah and Khalidiya of the City area. qadhas only obtained this administrative Over the years, Ramadi’s boundaries and status very recently (2017). Therefore, (1) development patterns have generally been some ministries are still working with the old influenced by its natural landscape and the administrative division, which may create water bodies surrounding the City. The key confusion; and (2) data for Anbar features of Al Ramadi include the mosque, disaggregated per all 11 qadhas is not readily the bazaar and the water tower. The mosque, 2 available. with its distinctive architectural form, and the water tower are the most common land Figure 3 Anbar governorate location Ramadi City Profile marks penetrating the almost horizontal Anbar Governorate is located in the western skyline of the City. Evidence of earlier part of Iraq. With area of 138 579 km2 (55 The City of Ramadi is the capital of Al Anbar Governorate (Muhafadha) and is situated at settlement can be traced in the old section of 315 200 donums), it is the largest the intersection of the Euphrates River and Al the City where the town developed around governorate in Iraq, constituting 32% (almost Warrar Channel, at 110 Km to the west of the mosque and the market. The danger of a third) of Iraq’s total area. Baghdad and about 450 Km from the Iraq. floods forced the city growth away from the The Governorate has joint administrative Jordan border along the Baghdad – Rutba – Euphrates River in the north in the direction 3 borders with Nineveh, Salah Al-Din, Baghdad, Damascus highway. In addition to these two of the highway towards the south. Babil, Kerbala and Najaf governorates, and bodies of water, the Habbaniyah Lake is international borders with Syria, Jordan and located a short distance to the south of Saudi Arabia. As such, it has strategic location the City of Al Ramadi. The population of Al for trade and transport. Four crossing points Ramadi has grown from just under 10,000 in
2 GoI/UNDP (2018), “Anbar Provincial Recovery Plan” 3 Ramadi Master Plan 2013 12
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Conflict context major offensive in Anbar alongside their to clear Anbar of explosive devices. Much of assault on Northern Iraq. In late Sept–early the economic infrastructure is destroyed, During the first four years of Operation Iraqi Oct 2014, ISIL launched an offensive aimed at making difficult economic recovery; services Freedom (OIF) in 2003, the Anbar Province fully occupying Anbar. ISIL seized Saqlawiya are still missing; and poverty levels are very was the deadliest province for American on 22 Sept following a 7-day siege, and Kbesa high. The situation is exacerbated by the service members, claiming approximately on 4 Oct, following the capture of most of number and situation of IDPs and the one-third of American fatalities. Aside from nearby Heet; the Iraqi army fully retreated pervasive fear of retributive acts. 4 Baghdad, Anbar witnessed more fighting and from Heet on 13 Oct. By UN estimates, the killing than any other governorate since the fighting over Heet alone displaced ca. 180 000 US-led occupation of Iraq began in 2003. people. On 17 May 2015, ISIL captured During the early years of OIF, it provided an Ramadi, after launching multiple waves of important base for Al Qaeda and insurgent suicide attacks during a sandstorm, which operations, as foreign fighters and insurgents caused Iraqi forces to retreat. The liberation used the river valley to move in relative offensive started on 13 July 2015, involving safety from the Syrian border to cities like different types of security forces in Baghdad, Ramadi and Fallujah. coordination with the International Coalition Forces. Since, all qadhas of Anbar province Occupation by ISIL have been liberated from ISIL control: Ramadi (end-Jan 2016), Amiriyat and Fallujah (June Anbar is one of Iraq's governorates worst 2016), Karmah, Khalidiya, Heet (Apr 2016), affected by the 2013–2014 ISIL invasion and Haditha and Rutba (May 2016), and most resultant heavy combat. More than one recently, Ana’a (Sept 2017), Qa’im (Nov 2017) million people have been internally displaced, and Rawa (Dec 2017). With the liberation of and infrastructural damage has been the last sands of ISIL in Anbar – announced on significant. All in all, ISIL came to control ca. 10 Dec 2017 – there are officially no longer 80% of Anbar’s territory. In Dec 2013, ISIL-held parts of Iraq. incidents led to violence in Anbar between the Iraqi Army and a loose alliance of tribal Still, the situation in Anbar remains unstable. militias and other groups fighting alongside On being driven out, ISIL have left thousands ISIL. In Jan 2014, the anti-government forces of explosive devices, which makes difficult the took control of Fallujah, and there was heavy return to normal life; the Army with the fighting in Ramadi. In June, ISIL launched a support of UNMAS are conducting operations Figure 4 Returnee women in Ramadi© UN-Habitat
4 GoI/UNDP (2018), “Anbar Provincial Recovery Plan” 13
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Multi-sectoral Analysis
Issues and challenges 2.1 HOUSING 2.2 INDUSTRIAL 2.3 TRADE AND COMMERCE SYNOPSIS SYNOPSIS SYNOPSIS • Type of residential buildings: 95.9% single unit; 4.1 • The eastern part of the city: existence of car repair • Central Business District: It comprises wholesale and apartments workshops as well as some light industries. retail establishments, restaurants and cafes, hotels, • Residential buildings age: 7% (40 years+); 19.2% (30- • The western part of the city: Glass and ceramic medical clinics and offices. The streets of this area 39 years); 31.5% (20-29 years); 21.3% (10-19 years); industry, construction material industries (tiles, are characterized by their narrowness and the 20.3% (10 years) concrete building blocks, concrete tiles, and prefab intensity of commercial uses on both sides of the • Ownership of residential buildings: 80.5% privately building). In addition to the manufacturing street, leading to high traffic congestion despite the owned, 14.9 leased, 1.5% illegally occupied industries such as asphalt, textiles and food adopted one-way traffic system. • Housing plot size: 9.6% (400-800 m2); 50.7% (200- factories. • Local commercial streets: Commercial facilities are 400m2); 33.3% (100-200 m2). • 940 industrial enterprise (small 912, medium 18, located on both sides of the central streets and the • Housing unit construction material: Stone 58.6%; large 6) total number of workers 2732. Main Street, main terminal at the junction of brick 33.5%; cement 3% CHALLENGES internal and external transport routes and the CHALLENGES • Shortage of skilled workforce presence of many government institutions; • Local commercial centers: Located within the • Low housing density, adoption of low density • Insufficient use of available resources horizontal housing, large household size, and high residential district and based on the concept of the • Low competitiveness of goods and shortage of overcrowding rate. residential neighborhood, which provides all the marketing opportunities • The massive destruction and serious damage to services, cultural and social requirements; local • Traffic and environmental disruption as a result of housing units as a result of terrorist actions and market areas (suq) have emerged such as the the industries located east of the city, the location of military operations with proportions of destruction market areas of 8 February, Hay Al-Ta’leem, Hay Al- large industries existing west of the city has become and damage reported at up to 80% of the city. Andalus and Hay Al- Mu'tasim. environmentally unsuitable as it is surrounded by • The phenomenon of informal settlements and residential expansions located west of the city and encroachment on property has increased CHALLENGES divides the urban fabric of these areas. considerably due to the return of displaced persons • Major traffic jams caused by the central business • Most of the factories and industrial services have and the level of physical development and services district, as well as inadequate local market locations been closed due to damage or high levels of within the city. • Significant physical damage to many of the destruction, as well as power outages, inadequate commercial premises, as well as the declining transportation and poor level of services in general, purchasing power and level of financial resources and lack of skilled labor as a result of migration. that were depleted under conditions of displacement. Most banks are no longer functioning, and local and foreign capital owners and investors have not returned to the city.
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2.4 ROADS AND TRANSPORTATION 2.5 AGRICULTURE 2.6 PUBLIC FACILITIES SYNOPSIS SYNOPSIS SYNOPSIS • Highway of Baghdad, traverses the city from its • Ramadi is ranked as the second district (2013) in • Most of the administrative institutions are eastern part towards the Ramadi Barrage and Al- Anbar Governorate after Fallujah in plant agricultural concentrated in Ramadi as it is the capital Warar Regulator. Due to the proximity of the products (wheat, yellow corn, secondary crops, city of Anbar governorate. These International Highway to the north of the city, there groves, Richards, vineyards, dates and fruits. institutions provide administrative services is no need to establish a ring road as the • Ramadi shares approximately 30 % of animal to the inhabitants of the city and the International Highway facilitates vehicular traffic husbandry of sheep, cattle, camels and buffalos and Governorate around the city. 50% of chicken in Anbar Governorate. • There are 48 mosques that occupy 0.4% of • Al-Warar Regulator was the only crossing that • The rural areas of Ramadi have natural and human the city. In most of these mosques, Friday connects the two sections of the city along the banks resources that serve agricultural production (both and Eid prayers are held, as well as of Al-Warar River. Later, another bridge was built on crop and livestock), with widespread fertile alluvial religious contests and religious lectures of Al-Warar River, which provides a rapid crossing and a land, abundant water from the Euphrates and a cultural nature, which are held in close link from the central area of the city to its other irrigation projects extending in most of the city's rural religious events, particularly during the side. areas. • There is only one railway in Anbar (522 km) –from • The adequate climate and availability of labour has month of Ramadan. Baghdad, to Fallujah, Ramadi, Haqlaniya, Qa’im, stimulated agricultural activity to become a significant CHALLENGES toward the Syrian border, and across the mines’ area contributor to its economy. The city became a hub for • Up to 46 administrative institutions and in Anbar’s north-west. It serves passenger and goods the collection and marketing of agricultural products. departments concentrated on both sides of transport (with 24 and 5 stations respectively). CHALLENGES the main street; this led to high traffic CHALLENGES • Lack of/insufficient financing allocations, subsidies and congestions. • Lack of well-defined road network in the eastern loans to support the sector; no investment; • The destruction of most of the facilities of part of the city, traffic congestion due to the • Lack/shortage of qualified and specialised staff across the government compound and the overlapping uses, particularly in the city center, sub-sectors;5 relocation of many departments to inadequate public transportation system, temporary alternative sites, with a insufficient number of bridges across Al-Warar • Environmental degradation (soil salinity, water 6 minimum level of performance. There are River to link the east part of the city to its west. availability, overfishing. difficulties for citizens to access these • Inadequate crossings along the Baghdad - • The disruption of agricultural production and central departments (given that Ramadi is Ukashat Railway line, which led to isolating the migration of most of the rural population towards the the governorate’s capital city), especially south-western parts of the city and non- city centre. the inhabitants of neighbouring towns and implementation of the expansion therein. • The gradual and informal construction of housing units villages due to the known mobility • The destruction of all the city bridges and the over agricultural land located to the east of the city and constraints. damage that affected most roads within the city on the fertile land that lies between the River Euphrates
as well as railway tracks and stations. and Highway.
5 GoI/UNDP (2018), “Anbar Provincial Recovery Plan”; p. 33 6 Ibidem. 15
Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
2.7 HEALTH & EDUCATION 2.8 RECREATIONAL FACILITIES 2.9 SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE SYNOPSIS SYNOPSIS SYNOPSIS • The total number of educational institutions is • Public Library: its area is 3.0 hectares located on • There is no sewage network 128, distributed as follows: 74 primary schools the main street opposite to Al-Qatana quarter. Its • In some areas only, there is a storm-water (with an average of 34 pupils per classroom), 12 structure was renovated before the recent events. drainage system in some streets. intermediate schools with 30 students per • Stadium: Located south of Hay Al-Malaab (the • The first site is located in Al-Jarashi area north of classroom, 11 high schools, 12 secondary schools, largest quarter within the city), occupies an area of the city, around 8 km from the municipality's 18 colleges and institutes, and 1 University. 5.2 hectares with a capacity of 15,000 spectators. borders. It is an open waste dump area, which is • The educational institutions not only serve the The stadium includes a swimming pool and a used by the municipality for this purpose. city of Ramadi, but also cater for the communities variety of sport spaces to host the annual and • The second location: in Al-Humaira area, which in Ramadi District and other towns in Al- Anbar periodic sports events conducted by the sports was recently introduced due to the security Governorate, especially in the field of university teams, primary and secondary schools. conditions in Ramadi. education. About 9.9% of Al- Anbar University • Ceremonial Square: Located at the city’s eastern students are from outside the Governorate. entrance opposite the College of Agriculture and CHALLENGES • The total number of health institutions in the city occupies an area of 5.0 hectares. Official and • The absence of a sewage network in the city has is 16, distributed as follows: (11 health care public ceremonies were held there at national adversely impacted the citizens, the environment centres, 2 General Hospitals, and 3 Specialized events. and the quality of groundwater and rivers, causing Hospitals). • Indoor sport halls: There are two indoor sport the spread of diseases and health hazards. halls in the city of Ramadi, the first in Hay Al • CHALLENGES The use of the first site for waste disposal has Andalus and the second in Anbar University ceased for security reasons and the adoption of • The identified shortage within the education Campus. These are two small halls dedicated to the second alternative site, along with the sector according to the adopted standards is 9 volleyball, handball, basketball and table tennis. inefficient solid waste collection and disposal primary schools, 34 high schools, and 13 • Amusement Park: a small amusement park and process due to the damage of most of the secondary schools. some shops established on the site that was specialized municipal vehicles.
• The severe damage in most educational facilities previously a park. In this amusement park, the city’s and inadequate public support services, children gather on Eid, holidays and official holidays encroachment, and the incomplete return of for play and recreation. The area of the park with students and educational staff. Also, the problem the shops is 5.1 hectares. relating to dealing with past periods of CHALLENGES interruption of education, increased rates of • These facilities are inadequate in terms of number illiteracy and the drop-out of students. and spatial distribution to fulfill the needs of the • Destruction or substantial damage to most health city facilities, which prevents proper functioning • The destruction and damage that affected most despite the return of a significant proportion of recreational facilities because of military human resources working in this area. operations.
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LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan
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LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan
Ramadi Master Plan 2013 The development guidelines and directions as includes residential neighborhoods distributed In line with its policy to update the master plans stipulated in these Plans were neither around the city center (the center of of Iraqi cities, the General Directorate of Physical implemented nor adhered to due to the educational, service, commercial, and Planning of the Ministry of Municipalities and unfortunate events of recent years in Iraq, in recreational activities). Public Works (MMPW) intends to implement a general, and in Ramadi particularly. These events • New residential expansion areas shall study to prepare the Development Strategy of Al have created facts because rendered these Plans accommodate 240,000 inhabitants. Ramadi and Update its Master Plan. The unsuitable to address the future needs of Al Association of the Iraqi based Engineering Ramadi both at the local and regional levels. Challenges The update of the master plan, which will be Consultancy Bureau of Al Mustansiriya University Many of the data and parameters that formed and the Canadian based HYDROsult Center for implemented over five separate stages as stipulated in the terms of reference and the the basis for the planning decisions adopted for Engineering Planning (HCEP) has been the update process have changed significantly commissioned by MMPW to carry out the tasks scope of work. considering the great destruction and the current of this assignment. parameters, which necessitates a re-evaluation of The master plan aims to guide the development The updated master plan concept these decisions adopted in the plan update based of Ramadi city till the year 2033, and the purpose on the new parameters; however, this does not is to develop a framework, to identify problems • Based mainly on the concept of creating a necessarily mean not adopting them in general. It that facing the city within it, and enable the physical integration between the existing city, should be taken into consideration, as regards implementation of solutions in a coherent the non-implemented areas of expansion the areas of expansion and the need for them, manner. designated under the previous master plan, and the appropriate proposed axes, that all these and the proposed expansion for the coming parameters have not changed radically under the Vision years up to the year 2033. new situation, as the direct impact of destruction • Taking into consideration the results of the was focused on the oldest and already “The future of development in the city of Ramadi analysis and study that identified the most implemented part of the city. is based on its spatial advantages, the functions appropriate trend for the expansion of the of its Status as Social facilities Center and the city, and identified the most suitable location characteristics of the city. The Future Vision of of the main elements within the Master plan, such as residential and industrial areas, Ramadi aims to achieve the best of these three commercial centers and various facilities. features, which will attract projects and investors • The southwestern part has been identified for from outside the city, offering a sophisticated the expansion of the city, followed by the and effective environment for the people of development of a plan that is appropriate to Ramadi to flourish and grow" the city's character, nature, topography and its particularity. The main expansion area
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Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
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LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan
RAMADI DAMAGE ASSESSMENT This section illustrates satellite-detected and field assessments of damage and destruction in Ramadi City per sector.
Damage Assessment
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LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan
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Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
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Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
COMMON TERMINOLOGY and enable recovery following an incident of any size or scale. Defines how emergency managers, Build Back Better (BBB): The use of the recovery, community development professionals, recovery rehabilitation and reconstruction phases after a practitioners, government agencies, private disaster to increase the resilience of nations and sector, professionals, nongovernmental communities through integrating disaster risk organization leaders, and the public, can reduction measures into the restoration of collaborate and coordinate to more effectively physical infrastructure and societal systems, and utilize existing resources to promote resilience into the revitalization of livelihoods, economies, and support the recovery of those affected by an and the environment. incident. A document that articulates a vision for Reconstruction: The medium- and long-term recovery; defines a strategy; prioritizes actions; rebuilding and sustainable restoration of resilient fine-tunes planning processes; and provides critical infrastructures, services, housing, facilities guidance on recovery financing, implementation, and livelihoods required for the full functioning of monitoring, and evaluation. An effective recovery a community or a society affected by a disaster, framework is not a plan, but rather a strategy aligning with the principles of sustainable that complements the Post-Disaster Needs development and “build back better”, to avoid or Assessment process by outlining long-term goals reduce future disaster risk (United Nations and communicating the shared principles General Assembly, 2016). according to which progress will be measured. Recovery: The restoring or improving of Rehabilitation: The restoration of basic services livelihoods and health, as well as economic, and facilities for the functioning of a community physical, social, cultural and environmental or a society affected by a disaster. assets, systems and activities, of a disaster- affected community or society, aligning with the principles of sustainable development and “build back better”, to avoid or reduce future disaster risk. (United Nations General Assembly, 2016). Recovery Framework: Establishes a common platform for the whole community to build, sustain, and coordinate delivery of recovery capabilities. Describes principles, processes, and capabilities essential to more effectively manage
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LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan
STRATEGIC URBAN RECOVERY 1. RECONSTRUCTION & DEVELOPMENT LEVELS. AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING APPROACH
The transitional phase from humanitarian assistance and recovery efforts to sustainable urban development in large post-conflict urban areas such as Mosul, Ramadi and Falluja will entail large, long-term and targeted multi- sectorial investments from both the public and private sectors, with support from multi-lateral agencies and lending institutions. The critical aspects of resiliency and sustainability are today recognized as imperatives for sustainable 2. RECONSTRUCTION & DEVELOPMENT APPROACH reconstruction and development. 10 years intervention span (minimum) To be successful, the implementation of the a. Levels of damage multi-sector recovery and reconstruction plan not b. Priorities of each sector only require predictable technical and financial c. Availability of resources d. Implementation ability resource commitments for planning, implementation and management, but also need 3. RECONSTRUCTION & DEVELOPMENT high levels of political commitment and a strong PRINCIPLES governance framework. To ensure effectiveness It is not compulsory to rehabilitate and sustainability, local governments need to be infrastructure and facilities as they were before included as active partners in the development of – sometimes, they are: a broad-based and long-term reconstruction and • Not necessary any more (not a current shelter strategies from the earliest stages, government priority) alongside the prioritisation of economic activities • Not sustainable (lack of resources, financially, that produce jobs. capacity) • Obsolete and a new/cheaper/greener technology is available
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Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
ANBAR GOVERNORATE Suggested Institutional setup to be reviewed by counterparts
RAMADI STEERING COMMITTEE
(selected technical and admin staff – not all sectors)
PROVINCIAL MUNICIPALITY GOVERNORATE PLANNING PHYSICAL PLANNING COUNCIL Planning & Follow up Planning & Follow up Planning & Follow up Planning & Follow up Planning & Follow up
ANBAR CHAMBER CHAMBER INVESTMENT UNIVERSITY OF COMMERCE OF INDUSTRIES COMMISSION
Coordinating Monitoring Monitoring plans Managing a Monitoring Reviewing with institutions at Annual Sector and follow-up GIS database balance of detailed urban central and local Plans and works by REFAATO through which all resources across plans, indicators level projects by the and development works can be priority sectors and targets Directorates agencies monitored (training
34 required)
LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan
Building Back better in Ramadi housing needs of displaced households, opportunities and innovation, as well as reducing determined by their current hardship conditions, the environmental footprint of on-going Disaster impacted countries and communities are present location, family sizes and how their reconstruction activities (bearing in mind that the oftentimes much better equipped to Build Back former houses have been impacted by the choice of construction materials in donor-driven Better during the extended period of recovery, conflict. Durable solutions for the sustainable and self-help projects is most typically driven by rehabilitation, and reconstruction when they return of IDPs will need to offer a range of budget considerations and that imports are often assistance mechanisms and housing options. have taken actions to strengthen recovery cheaper than Iraqi products); capacity and decision-making effectiveness prior Community representatives and to the onset of disaster.7 The use of renewable energy home owners need to be consulted technology, such as the off-grid Well aware of the stakes and expectations and engaged in the development of solar power water heaters and involved, the proposed plan will integrate housing solutions to ensure that beneficiaries’ photovoltaic panels, will not only reconstruction priorities with opportunities for needs are heard, understood and factored in the project; reduce residents’ dependency on patchy grid “building back better” to assist the local coverage and generators, but will also help Iraq authorities guide future public and private Rebuilding homes provides the curb its greenhouse gas emissions and meet its investments, and hopefully provide a useful base opportunity for owners to adopt GHG reduction targets by 2035; to inform any future reviews of the otherwise climatically-efficient design recent and very well-developed Ramadi Master solutions, such as appropriate The need to ensure the protection Plan. building orientation, the reduction of large of Housing, Land and Property surfaces of window glazing and shading devices (HLP) rights, in consideration of Suggested building back better principles over openings – as well as the use of more the large-scale number of performant materials such as cavity walls, hollow The principles and approach that the project residents that fled their homes clay bricks and blocks, wall insulation panels actively promoted in post-conflict urban areas without documentation and emerging cases of heat-reflective paint for walls and roofs etc; include: organised distribution of vacant homes to ISIL “One solution will not fit all” when it Locally-sourced materials families, forced evictions and sales under duress, comes to dealing such a diverse produced by the Iraqi construction as well as cases of barred returns or society in terms of religion, ethnic industry should be preferred over “compensatory reassignment” in ethnically background, cultural values as in Iraq, imports so as to stimulate the local disputed areas. but in particular when addressing the immediate economy and create entrepreneurship
7 UNSDR: Build back better in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction 2017.
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Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
RAMADI STRATEGIC RECOVERY & SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT
6 PROPOSED PROGRAMMES FOR Recommended recovery and development CONSIDERATION programmes for Ramadi in a ‘nutshell’: The recently concluded Kuwait International Conference for the Reconstruction of Iraq, has seen some USD 30 billion pledged as donations, loans and investments to support the country’s investments in infrastructure, public services, housing and industries. While it is assumed that more funds will be committed for the reconstruction of Iraq in the coming months, it can be argued that it will not donations but investors who hold the key to Iraq’s recovery, create jobs, and contribute to the sustainable economic growth of the country. It is with this consideration in mind that the UN- Habitat team is supporting the local authorities in Ramadi to draft a strategic spatial plan that will focus on urgent reconstruction needs as well as key developmental aspects that go beyond restoring pre-conflict conditions. Aware of the stakes and expectations involved, the proposed plan will integrate reconstruction priorities with opportunities for “building back better” to assist the local authorities guide future public and private investments, and hopefully provide a useful base to inform any future reviews of the otherwise recent and very well-developed Ramadi Master Plan.
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LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan
suffered negligible damage (2,000 houses); 23% As of mid-February 2018, some 2,900 house 01 SCALING UP HOUSING have been affected by minor damage (4,874 interventions are on-going and over 5,200 are in RECOVERY AND houses); 18% have suffered major damage the pipeline. By the end of the planned (3,865); 10% have been severely damaged interventions, over 10,321 houses will have NEIGHBOURHOOD UPGRADING (2,100); and 6% have been destroyed (1332). The been repaired. damage to some neighbourhoods, such as Baker CONTEXT and Aramel, exceeded 80%. While Anbar Governorate still hosts over 92,000 IDPs (95% are internally displaced within the People in Ramadi typically live in single housing Over the course of the past 2 years, nearly 2,200 governorate and the rest from Babylon, Baghdad, units (96%); only 4% live in apartment blocks. housing repairs and rehabilitation interventions Kirkuk, Ninewa and Salah al-Din), by January 2018 Prior to 2014, around 30% of buildings were of have been undertaken by development agencies it recorded over 1,2 million returnees (36%) . relatively recent construction, between 20-30 and local NGOs. These include: UNDP/FFIS/FFES, Ramadi alone has seen the return of nearly years old, followed by 41% of buildings built in UN-Habitat, and NGOs such as the Iraqi Salvation 457,500 individuals overall (14%), the majority of the last 20 years. Only a few buildings dated back Humanitarian Organization (ISHO) and Rebuild which has gone back to their habitual residence. to the 1970s or earlier. The majority of Iraq Recruitment Program (RIRP) – both of which households lived in their own properties (80%), were funded by UNHCR – Islamic Aid, and Sheikh with 15% renting and a recorded 1,5% illegally Thani Bin Abdullah Foundation for Humanitarian occupying other people’s properties. Residential Services (RAF). plot allocations in Ramadi are notoriously generous: 50% range from 200 to 400 sqm, 33% range from 100 to 200 sqm, and nearly 10% range from 400 to 800. Construction materials varied, with nearly 60% of houses built in stone and 33% in bricks and only 3% in cement blocks. Pre-2014 challenges included: low density, large households size and high overcrowding rates. Through a combination of satellite damage assessments and surveys on the ground, UN- Habitat has found that over 12,000 houses were damaged during the conflict with Da’esh. In line with the categories agreed by humanitarian actors and approved by the Shelter Cluster, Figure 5: Map of who is repairing what in the housing sector in Ramadi. damage has been classified as follows: 9% have Legend of the numbers: Houses rehabilitated, Under implementation, Planned for rehabilitation
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Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
Housing Finance compensation that has been promised to those In order to facilitate the return of those who are whose homes have been damaged by war. still displaced, the next critical step is to address Government housing assistance to individual loan ص the large gap in the on-going housing holders delivered through monthly contributions rehabilitation interventions in assisting those would help home owners to reimburse the whose homes have been structurally damaged monthly loan instalments to the Iraq Housing or completely destroyed – which constitute Fund as per their repayment agreement ($100- 200); and would allow the government to spread b around 15% of the total housing stock (3,450 Short/Medium-term Long-term houses).To tackle this issue, UN-Habitat is looking compensations over the course of the next 10 housing assistance Housing Improvements into the required criteria and conditions for years. Contributions do not have to necessarily targeting vulnerable through loans provided to households who have vulnerable households assisting a government-led scaling up of cover the entirety of the monthly instalment, but suffered damage who have lost their homes reconstruction through MOMCH’s Iraq Housing could cover a percentage to be defined by the Fund. A self-help ‘incremental housing’ approach number of potential applicants and available made possible by conditional 10-year housing resources. loans. An incremental loan packages could $12,000 envisage a first disbursement of $12,000 for a Core Housing Unit (35 sqm), followed by a second $10,000 $12,000 to finance further housing expansions (70 sqm) – if required. $8,000 Such approach would trigger a large number of small-scale and citizen-led reconstruction $6,000 initiatives, which will further support the growth of private construction companies in Ramadi, $4,000 providing much-needed jobs and building skills. Assisted housing loans could be piloted by the $2,000 GoI in Ramadi and replicated in other governorates. $0 It would be worthwhile exploring how government loans could even provide a possible Figure 6: Diagram illustrating the proposed loan repayments over a 10-year span solution to the sensitive issue of cash Payments per Year Housing Loan
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LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan
CORE HOUSING Core Housing: also known as a “starter house”, it is designed to accommodate the minimum requirements of a typical family (at least one living space and water and sanitation, between 35-45 sqm), and is designed to be extended incrementally by the household when they have the resources. It should be constructed on a plot of sufficient size to accommodate the extensions and with a structure that allows horizontal as well as vertical development. It can be provided on a new housing site (usually by government) or in situ (usually by home owners). We plan to explore the possibility to propose the in-situ solution for home owners of destroyed property.
• The incremental home is built around a 2 x 2m modular structure which can expand laterally or vertically, or both. • Opportunity to open a commercial or corporate activity (shop, office, gym, storage, etc) on the street front and connected to the house. • The core incremental housing concept therefore is an opportunity to offer a "menu" of layout options with different price tags. • Allow for the indoors life to expand outdoors (covered terraces, exterior kitchen, clothes lines, etc.)
Figure 7 Illustration of Core Housing Concept ©UN-Habitat/Natacha Rohmer
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Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
NEGLIGIBLE DAMAGE
LEVEL 0 LEVEL Housing assistance modalities & recommended options
Paints and small repairs Most of the houses that is damaged have been or will be restored by the owner and no need to be supported or considered in future plans.
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LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan
MINOR DAMAGE - Houses with limited damage to walls, doors, windows.
1
LEVEL LEVEL Housing assistance modalities & recommended options Self-help weather Proofing & small repairs
The use of Cash Vouchers/Cash-for-Work for small self-help repairs, including plumbing, electricity wiring, weather proofing and substitution of destroyed windows & doors. This modality allows for swift action and benefits a wider number of beneficiaries – including tenants. Quality of materials may depend on their availability in local markets. To avoid the use of poor quality or unsafe materials, beneficiaries will be supported by on-the-spot technical advice, while the Vouchers may be issued in two consecutive amounts, conditional to the advancement of the works. Small repairs, which constitute 20% of the housing assistance budget, could improve the living conditions in some 1,500 housing units, helping an estimated 9,000 people.
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Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
MAJOR DAMAGE - Houses with extensive damage, but no structural damage
2
LEVEL LEVEL Housing assistance modalities & recommended options Repairs and basic construction works through community builders On the basis of the area-based assessments, the team will identify and profile local community builders that are able to undertake construction works on identified houses in need of modest but professional repairs in close coordination with the owners. Rehabilitations through local contractors including WASH Building upon the extensive housing rehabilitation that UN- Habitat has mustered in damaged towns such as Sinooni and Ramadi, the team will deploy local contractors to conduct repair and construction works.
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LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan
SEVERE DAMAGE - Houses with extensive damage, but no structural damage.
LEVEL 3 LEVEL Housing assistance modalities & recommended options. Rehabilitations through local contractors including WASH Building upon the extensive housing rehabilitation that UN-Habitat has mustered in damaged towns such as Sinooni and Ramadi, the team will deploy local contractors to conduct repair and construction works. The interventions, which may include the upgrading of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) facilities and electrical works. Low-cost minimum/affordable housing unit Can either provide (a) a temporary housing solution for home owners while they rebuild their permanent homes or (b) a long-term social/affordable housing solutions for vulnerable people and tenants who cannot go home.
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Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
SEVERE DAMAGE - Houses with extensive damage, but no structural damage.
4
LEVEL LEVEL Housing assistance modalities & recommended options core housing - in situ “starter house”, it is designed to accommodate the minimum requirements of a typical family (at least one living space and water and sanitation, between 35-45sqm), and is designed to be extended incrementally by the household when they have the resources. Housing Finance Mechanism The government to facilitate home owners’ access to loans provided by the Iraq Housing Fund (in line with the Iraq Housing Policy). Vulnerable households could apply for a 1st loan at favourable conditions for a core house in situ and then – depending on their financial capacity/ability to repay/progress of the works – they could apply for a 2nd loan for house expansions. Depending on the availability of funds, non-vulnerable households should also have right to access to housing finance.
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LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan
INTERVENTIONS REQUIRED FOR REHABILITATION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF AFFECTED HOMES ACCORDING TO LEVEL OF DAMAGE, AND IDENTIFY FUNDING MODALITIES Level of Damage: severe 2109 and destroyed 1329 Funding source: Housing Fund & donors The highest and lowest value of the Possible construction area for each The total amount of Comments and recommendations loan for one house house, Based on the loan value. loans for all houses 30, 000 000 Iraqi Dinar 69 Square meters (for those receiving Top value Implementation and funding stages are determined by: Equivalent to $ 24,000 the upper limit of the loan). It is $ 82,512,000 calculated as follows: ($ 24000 ÷ 350 • Amount of funding available The amount above represents the $) (Calculated for the • Operational capacities available in the governorate. highest value of the loan and is construction of all the • The number of houses available for the temporary released only to families that have 34.5 Square meters (for those houses covered and the housing of the families of the destroyed houses until Guarantees to repay the loan instead receiving the minimum loan). This is highest value of the loan the completion of their repair. of mortgaging the land. an appropriate area as a first stage per house • The need to build houses with low cost of fixed supported by the loan (according to ($ 3,438 × 24,000 $) materials (the spaces of the house and its facilities The minimum value of the loan is the principle of (CORE HOUSING)). within the minimum acceptable according to Iraqi 15,000,000 dinars equivalent to Later, the owner of the house can Minimum value standards) for moving families during the period of $ 12,000 expand the house, After payment of $ 61,884,000 reconstruction of their destroyed homes. The Will be given to Families who do not the loan, according to the need or (Calculated on the basis municipality can later use them to house the poor or have a guarantee to pay the loan expansion of the family, And the of half the number of to rent a facilitator. Financing home construction is (only mortgage the value of the land) evolution of his income. It can be houses receive a loan done by donors. The municipality shall provide the built in stages using the old design of with the value of the land and deliver the services to the site. The loan amount shall be paid in the house or new typical designs that upper limit, and the • Need to encourage investors and real estate proportion to the size of the building increase the efficiency of the remaining half of the developers (From the people of the city) ,to build executed exploitation of the land and facilitate minimum loan). This integrated residential blocks (to reduce costs and the work of future expansions. account is more realistic, ensure speed) The municipality shall be the guarantor responds to the minimum and facilitator (between the owners and the Receipt of the loan and follow-up requirement, and is contractors and the housing fund),The municipality implementation is carried out by the commensurate with the and the local authorities should provide incentives to owner of the land, the municipality ability to repay the loan encourage citizens to resort to this method, such as and United Nations organizations can (giving precedence in the loan) and encourages provide technical support and contractors and citizens with facilities (for example, facilitate the requirements for Remove the debris for free, facilitating the procedures obtaining the loan, and access to of assignment and contracting. building materials
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Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
INTERVENTIONS REQUIRED FOR REHABILITATION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF AFFECTED HOMES ACCORDING TO LEVEL OF DAMAGE, AND IDENTIFY FUNDING MODALITIES Level of Damage: (Negligible, Minor, Major) Funding source: Governorate & donors The number of Number of Number of houses under Number of The total number of Recommendations and interventions required affected houses houses Implementation houses planned houses (According to the rehabilitated for rehabilitated or assessment of UN- rehabilitation planned for Habitat) (by UNDP) rehabilitation by UN and donors 10,760 2,197 2,900 5,224 10,321 To complete the implementation of the projects according to the previous approved plans (shown in the diagram below), which will include all affected houses, and do not require new interventions.
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Recommended actions: Reconstruction and Resilience Platform (RRRP) to producers and traders to promote the use HOUSING REHABILITATION in MOP of local materials. Ensure the consistency of household LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES Develop options for recycling construction vulnerability criteria for humanitarian Introduce some degree of land use flexibility debris by segregation of waste to reuse, assistance across all agencies providing to introduce mixed-uses to include better accessibility and cutting down housing assistance. commercial and service activities in residential transportation costs as well as Identify sites for safe disposal. Monitor progress of UN agencies and NGOs areas to increase livelihood opportunities for providing housing assistance and push them unemployed URBAN PLANNING to complete the rehabilitation works as ENERGY EFFICIENCY & RENEWABLES Introduce some degree of land use flexibility planned (5,200 houses). Enhance and enforce existing building codes to encourage mixed-uses to include Mobilise the Anbar Directorate of to improve safety of construction practices commercial and service activities in residential areas to increase livelihood opportunities. Construction & Housing staff to work closely Encourage the use of appropriate design for with Governorate to promote MOMCH’s Iraq hot and arid climates, including reduced glass Introduce more flexible zoning and land use Housing Fund loans to private citizens whose panes and overhangs over wall openings measures to allow urban densification along houses are completely destroyed (UN-Habitat transportation routes (ToD). Introduce energy efficiency targets to technical assistance could be made available) increase the thermal performance of walls, Support the construction of affordable roofs and windows of all commercial and housing units that could provide a temporary public buildings – and stimulate the housing solution for vulnerable households construction industry as a whole to innovate who live in un-inhabitable/insalubrious or in the building sector. unsafe shelter while rebuilding their homes. Promote the use of renewable energy Promote the concept of Core Housing to be appliances for domestic and industrial uses extended incrementally by the household solar water heaters and panels to provide when they have the resources. renewable energy for areas subject to Monitor progress of housing rehabilitation insufficient electricity coverage or frequent activities in close coordination with MOP to power cuts. input the data in GIS database in Anbar CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS Governorate and transmit to the Recovery, Encourage the use of natural stone for construction through subsidies/reduced taxes
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02 REHABILITATING CRITICAL city’s eastern entrance opposite the College of suffered partial damage. Furthermore, many Agriculture and occupies an area of 5 ha. health centres and centres are completely destroyed and 19 are partially damaged. Over the URBAN SERVICES AND KEY A Stadium with a capacity of 15,000 spectators is PUBLIC FACILITIES located south of Hay Al-Malaab on an area of 5.2 course of past two years, some 24 health facilities ha. The stadium includes a swimming pool and a and 12 schools have been rehabilitated with the CONTEXT variety of dedicated sport spaces. There are two support of REFAATO and UNDP/FFIS. Five out of other indoor sport halls, the first in Hay Al eight electricity substations have been The number of educational facilities in Ramadi is Andalus and the second in Anbar University rehabilitated, the last 3 are completely 128, comprising of 74 primary schools (with a Campus, dedicated to volleyball, handball, destroyed. pre-2014 average of 34 pupils per class), 12 basketball and table tennis. intermediate schools (30 students per class), 11 The number of public facilities included in the high schools, 12 secondary schools, 18 colleges An amusement park with shops offers a 5 ha. 2012 Ramadi Master Plan have been defined on and institutes, and one University. Educational space where children and families gather on Eid, the basis of needs assessments dating back to institutions used to cater also for the school holidays and official holidays for play, 2008 and need to be verified. Even prior to ISIL, communities in the wider Ramadi District and recreation and shopping. public facilities were considered inadequate and other towns in Anbar Governorate, especially in It is estimated during the military efforts to root did not reach the basic standards in terms of higher education. Prior to ISIL taking over, nearly standards or spatial distribution. 10% of Anbar University students were from out ISIL, nearly 200 public buildings were outside the Governorate. The pre-2014 identified partially or totally destroyed. As of mid-2017, Many of the Directorates are today focused on shortage within the education sector included 9 about a 1/4 of the schools in Ramadi were reaching minimum standards and going back to primary schools, 34 high schools, and 13 completely destroyed, and half had suffered pre-ISIL conditions. The current lack of resources, secondary schools. minor or partial damage. Only a 1/4 were in is hampering the development of longer-term As for health facilities, Ramadi has 11 health care good condition. During the conflict many plans and visions. For the time being, centres, 2 general Hospitals and 3 Specialised students have had to interrupt their studies for humanitarian needs still dominate reconstruction Hospital. The pre-2014 identified shortage in the long periods, affecting their continuity of activities in Ramadi. health sector was 14 primary health care centres. education. Authorities have recorded increased The Public Library is located on the main street illiteracy rates and drop-out of students, opposite the Al Qatana quarters and has been including in higher education. freshly renovated before the city fell in ISIL’s Three out of the four city hospitals are still hands. Ramadi’s Ceremonial Square for public almost completely destroyed, namely the ceremonies is located in correspondence to the Ramadi Teaching Hospital, Houmeiat Hospital, and Al-Ma'ajal Cancer Hospital. The fourth
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Recommended actions: entrepreneurship opportunities and Monitor and urge up the completion of all innovation. on-going or planned projects being Develop options for recycling construction undertaken by REFAATO and UN development debris and Identify strategic sites for safe agencies. disposal. Address the needs listed in the Ramadi Support the densification of the existing urban Master Plan to fill the gaps in service fabric to increase infrastructure efficiency, standards. accessibility and reduce urban “wasteland”. Rebuild by adopting climatically-efficient Upgrade the existing facilities to the newest design solutions such as appropriate building standards available to attract new businesses orientation, reduction of large surfaces of and start-ups. window glazing and the use of shading Prioritize in the rehabilitation of the bridges, devices. rail tracks, stations, purchase of new Rebuild by adopting climatically-efficient equipment, and enhance freight facilities. design solutions such as appropriate building orientation, reduction of large surfaces of window glazing and the use of shading devices. Consider relocating selected damaged administrative buildings outside the city centre to decongest the city centre and gain space for other uses. Rehabilitate energy and electricity distribution facilities to support the resumption of social and economic activities and increased needs of the returned population. Use locally-sourced materials produced by the Iraqi construction sector (Ramadi in particular) to stimulate the local economy and create
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KEY GOVERNMENT RECONSTRUCTION the audit by the Federal Board of Supreme Audit to ensure the transparency of its work. ACTOR: REFAATO To benefit from the international expertise and The Reconstruction Fund for Areas Affected by The Government of Iraq allocated a primary ensure its effectiveness the Fund suggested Terroristic Operations (REFAATO) was established amount of 500 billion Iraqi dinars in the 2015 including three of the biggest donors in its Board pursuant to Article 28 of the Federal budget law budget for the Fund; while the resources of the for 2015, in order to be a body that coordinates of trustees to contribute in designing the Fund will be later consisting from the grants that construction policy of the Fund. between the international organizations and Iraqi might be provided from the sister and friend line ministries for the urgent reconstruction countries in addition to the allocations from the The Fund priorities to get grants and assistances operations and to carry out the mid and long- state through the federal budget, the Fund will in form of projects or goods in the light of the term reconstruction operations for areas reconstruct the areas that were affected by the actual requirements and needs for liberated from ISIS. terroristic operations throughout Iraq after the reconstruction, which should be clear and The Fund started its work after the assignment of liberation. identified on areas' basis not only on sector basis Dr. Abdul Basit Turki Saeed, the former president The Fund has its website where all the of the executive line ministries, and to ensure of the Federal Board of Supreme Audit (FBSA) information related to its work and spending will carrying out the projects through internationally and the Acting Governor of the Central Bank of be posted, and it will be audited by one of the renowned companies. Iraq (CBI), as president of the Fund. four big international audit firms in addition to
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03 ADDRESSING INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS, ENCROACHMENTS AND UNPLANNED URBAN GROWTH
CONTEXT As in many other cities of Iraq, local authorities face the problem of rapid growth, often informal, on the outskirts of their municipal boundaries. Figure 8 The phenomenon of informal housing is the manifestation of the housing crisis, and is Addressing informal settlements and illegal damage that occurred also in informal areas particularly common in those cities where Master encroachments within the city will require a provides a window of opportunity that the Plans have not been duly updated and the sensitive assessment (triage or “unpacking”) of authorities should not let close: to relocate release of affordable land may be on hold since key issues, such as location, property ownership households before they rebuild their homes. decades. In Ramadi, for which a Master Plan was claims, earmarked land uses, impact on the Reconstruction activities are already taking place. produced in 2012, there are several pockets of environment, criticality and hazards, real estate The informal areas along the Majrrah Canal illegal encroachment on public land earmarked value of the area, number of informal dwellings, should be prioritised because of the criticality of for public purposes or investment projects within and finally the extent of damage, all of which the riverbank as an open public space for the its administrative boundaries, as well as the will define what might be the most appropriate entire city. gradual and informal construction of housing actions to take. units over agricultural land located to the east of A different response is to be envisaged for the the city and on the fertile land that lies between Options include land regularisation (which will phenomenon of informal construction of the River Euphrates and Highway 1. soon become feasible with the passing of a new housing units over private agricultural land law on informal settlements) and upgrading, north of the river. These areas, located in areas There are an estimated 22 informal settlements offering incentives for people’s relocation, land where water is abundant and in close proximity located within the administrative boundaries of readjustment, and lastly ignoring the problem. In to urban services and infrastructure, have Ramadi, comprising of 1574 informal dwellings. observance with the Iraqi law, informal dwellers become very desirable. Rising land values They occupy a total of 212 ha, that were that have occupied land earmarked as greenery convince farmers to subdivide their plots and sell earmarked by 2012 Master Plan for a variety of cannot be regularised. The priority for the them informally to newcomers, instead of land uses, including residential (42%), economic government is for the city to regain access to exploiting them for agricultural purposes. Land investments (40%), and greenery (10%). these public areas as soon as possible. Whereas uses are thus changes rapidly. “doing nothing” is an option, the extensive
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If no measures are taken to control development along the fertile riverbanks of the Euphrates, farming land will inevitably be lost. Livelihoods will be lost and citizen of Ramadi will depend on agricultural produce grown elsewhere. Stopping informal growth in agricultural areas requires addressing some of the gaps in the legal framework governing the construction of housing on agricultural lands, such as Resolution No. 734, which permits the owner of the agricultural land as well as his adult children to build themselves a housing unit each. Since there is no minimum area for agricultural land, the subdivisions in small plots are inevitable.
Figure 9: Depiction of the agricultural areas that are experiencing an organic densification north of the River Euphrates.
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Recommended actions: Along the Canal:
Focus on vacating the area along the Majrrah Canal, as the most “appetising” area for investors in leisure activities. Undertake a discreet information campaign to make sure that dwellers that are rebuilding their homes along the canal know that they will not be allowed to stay because this a public green area – protected by Law. Relocate households before they rebuild their informal homes, offering either cash “incentives” or an alternative land parcel for them to vacate the area. Fence the vacated areas to avoid immediate reoccupation by others. North of the river:
Fix a minimum area for individual agricultural plots (e.g. 5 dunums), allow the construction Figure 10 Analysis of informal areas located along the Majrrah Canal, number of illegal of one single house in this area and not giving dwellings and earmarked land uses as per 2012 Master Plan. the right to new partners or their sons to build Inside the city Implement by gradual phases the proposed residential houses beyond this ratio. Safeguard the agricultural nature of land for expansion of the master plan on non- agricultural land to reduce housing deficit and Deny the right to new partners (spouse and its importance in maintaining food security, pressure on land. relatives) or their sons to build residential employment and income for the city. houses beyond the allowed ratio. Safeguard the agricultural nature of land for Support the construction of affordable housing units that could provide an option for Safeguard the agricultural nature of land for its importance in maintaining food security, relocation of vulnerable households who lost its importance in maintaining food security, employment and income for the city. their houses during the military operations. employment and income for the city.
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04 ENHANCING THE MOBILITY OF amount of exported oil, industrial and service Increasing road safety measures to decrease products, and imported goods and services that accidents will also become critical, in line with PEOPLE WITHIN THE CITY, depend upon it. To fully exploit Ramadi’s role as a Iraq’s commitment to its ‘Decade of Action for TRANSPORTATION SERVICES IN regional trade hub in the economic recovery of Road Safety 2011-2020’. Lane separations, the governorate, MoCH’s Anbar Directorate of improved signage, emergency parking bays, rest THE DISTRICT AND PROVINCIAL Roads and Bridges (DoRB) will need to increase facilities will be as important along the heavy CONNECTIONS the potential of services and facilities along the trafficked Highway 1 across the desert, as along Highway 1 that connects Baghdad to Amman in the busy Expressway 12 serving active trading CONTEXT Jordan, through the recently reopened western towns and farming villages. Because of its strategic location along the border crossings of Tarbil, and Expressway 11 to Railway connections. Anbar’s only railway line Euphrates and the road connecting Baghdad with Damascus through the border of Al Walid. The used to transport both passengers and cargo Syria and Jordan, in a fertile and alluvial plain, northern branch of Expressway 12, connecting goods (with 24 and 5 stations respectively), Ramadi is a hub for trade and cross-border with Deri ez Zour and Raqqa in Syria through the starting from Baghdad and ending at the mines of traffic. The city centre is restrained to the north northern town of Al Qaim, is a critical lifeline for Ukashat, 522 km away. It appears critical for by the Euphrates River and to the south by the the towns, agribusinesses and other activities Anbar Railway Department to invest in the railway line between Baghdad and Haditha, and along the Euphrates. to the west by the Habbaniyah Canal, but key rehabilitation of rails, bridges and train stations bridges ensure a good connectivity between the The entire road network of Anbar will have to which is estimated to require US$ 26 M., 8 city and Highway #1. undergo extensive repairs and upgrading works excluding equipment. In 2011, the Jordanian to resume its full capacity. Planted explosives government approved the construction of a As highlighted in Anbar’s Provincial Recovery and military confrontation has affected the railway from Aqaba to the Iraqi border. Around Plan 2018, the governorates’ road and railway Expressway, bridges, main and secondary roads, the same time, a line extension appears to have networks are in urgent need to repairs and pipe and box culverts, in addition to the damages started from Ramadi’s railhead but works have upgrade. Since Anbar is in fact the western of the Transportation directorate buildings, stopped. gateway of Iraq, over and above the repair of warehouses and construction labs affiliated to the infrastructure within the city, the recovery the maintenance of roads and bridges in some of the transportation network towards its governorates, along with the loss of vehicles and strategic border exit towards the Aqaba Gulf in technical equipment. Jordan is critical because of the significant
8 GoI/UNDP (2018), “Anbar Provincial Recovery Plan”; p. 44
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Over the medium-term, it is not envisaged that the only connection between the two sides of the developing hinterland. An intra muros circular river transport will be part of any investment city. Haouz Bridge to the south was built to bus line could connect the Ramadi Bus Station, program, aside maybe for future tourism relieve the bottleneck in the road system in the the Anbar University Campus to the south-west, purposes, but up to the mid-1980s between 5 city centre. A southern road that bypasses the the two East and West train stations, the Al and 7% of all cargo in Iraq was carried along city centre, parallel to the rail tracks, is planned Ramadi Teaching Hospital to the north, and the inland waterways – including steel, cement, to connect the city’s future extension to the west Colleges of Agriculture and Al Maaref University grains and other non-perishable goods. Today, and the University of Anbar. There does not to the east. Industries with a high number of aside the damaged infrastructure, the water appear to be any need for a Ring Road, but an employees should also be linked. A separate bus levels have decreased significantly due to the additional bridge to the south of the city would service to could connect to Habbaniya, while construction of dams in Turkey. Notwithstanding help to improve linkages. conducting a feasibility study for a light rail that these constraints and the barriers posed by the would enhance its tourism prospects. Before investing in the reconstruction of all dams and bridges (including the temporary ones), administrative buildings in the city centre, Prospects to improve infrastructure and spaces the river Euphrates still offers some potential to selected relocations should be considered to for the loading and downloading of goods should develop future alternative routes for the relieve congestion. While the western expansion be explored in proximity of the warehousing transportation of people and bulky goods along appears well defined by the 2012 Ramadi Master district, the train stations and road connections the Euphrates, particularly for flatbed boats and Plan, prior the 2014 the centre-east of the city leading to the highway. Truck terminals for barges. was affected by congestion because of the weighing and taxation. CITY LEVEL overlapping of commercial land uses with a large number of public administration buildings that All of the 11 bridges of Ramadi that cross either are located in the city centre. It appears the Euphrate or the Warrar Canal were damaged important to consider relocating selected and are undergoing rehabilitation works. Five of damaged institutions to the new administrative these, including the Palestine Bridge on centre defined in the Master Plan before budgets Euphrates, the Omar bin Abdulazeez Bridge on are allocated from central ministries and their Warrar River and the Warrar Bridge (Al-Houz) on reconstruction starts. Warrar River, are currently under repair either by REFAATO or by UNDP. The recovery of all bridges Because of the proximity of two rail stations to will ease current traffic bottlenecks. Expressway key expansion areas of the city, Ramadi offers 11, that traverses the city from east to west excellent prospect to invest in inter-modal across the Ramadi Barrage that regulates the transportation nodes that will improve the flow of the Al-Warar Canal, was once upon a time mobility of people within the city and its
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Recommended actions: Encourage land use changes and higher Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) Build a road parallel to the rail tracks with a densities in proximity of the transportation Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is compact, node on the western side of the city new bridge connecting east and west Ramadi, mixed use, pedestrian-friendly development serving the planned extension of the 2012 (espousing the planning approach known as focused on rail and busway stations. TOD Master Plan. Transit-Oriented Development, TOD) prompts residents and workers to take transit Invest in the rehabilitation of the bridges, rail Connect Ramadi with Habbaniyah resort and for out of- neighborhood trips and walk or ride a tracks and stations, and purchase of new other cities through river (recently started in bike for shorter within neighborhood trips. TODs equipment, that would allow the resumption Baghdad 2018) also aim to function as community hubs places to not only “pass through” but also “to be” – of the rail services connecting Baghdad to Install protective barriers and pedestrian e.g., for public celebrations, outdoor concerts, Ramadi. bridges along the railway to reduce accidents and farmers markets. An ultra-environmentally and delay of trains. Develop a bus route connecting key friendly version, Green TOD (a marriage of TOD transportation nodes with landmark health and green urbanism), is taking form in European and educational institutions cities like Stockholm, Sweden and Freiburg, Introduce tolls on Anbar governorate Highway Germany. Studies show Green TODs can reduce to raise revenues that can be invested in road carbon dioxide emissions by 30% compared with repairs and safety those of a typical car oriented development.
Increase road safety measures throughout the system to reduce accidents and fatalities, particularly at renowned “hot spots” such as intersections, U-turns, schools (28% of all fatalities in Iraq affect children). Conduct a feasibility study for a southern bus/light train branch connecting Ramadi Train Station with the Habbaniyah Tourist Resort (now dilapidated). Improve public spaces and pedestrianism routes by creating clear division between pedestrian sidewalks, cycle routes and vehicular traffic.
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05 GREENING RAMADI: Majrrah Canal into a linear park that can stretch Also, this is the time to make the most of the several kilometres south, up to Lake Habbaniyah. current window of opportunity to relocate REHABILITATING PUBLIC SPACES The greening of the riverbank, reforestation and polluting industries outside the city and reclaim AND COMBATING support to urban agriculture along this axis can brownfield sites for mixed residential and contribute to the making of a national “green educational uses. The landfill site could be DESERTIFICATION belt” to stop the advancing desertification of the relocated in areas where soil infiltrations would In post-conflict situations, priority interventions historically fertile soil of the Mesopotamian land. not affect water sources used in agriculture. tend to focus on immediate needs in terms of Upgraded riverbanks can provide tourism Upgraded public gardens within the city can infrastructure, services and houses. Yet, opportunities, livelihoods and new east-to-west become an integral part of a new “system” of international experience shows that the and north-to-south axes for open air activities interconnected spaces used for multi-cultural rehabilitation of landmark historic features and and cycling routes as a viable alternative to the purposes for citizens, in particular youth. open spaces has a huge role to play in the Ramadi busy roads. recovery of cities and their citizens – particularly where they can provide opportunities for reconciliation where people can focus on common interests between groups that can support peaceful coexistence. Peace-building through landscape design – particularly open spaces for Youth – is indeed possible.
One of the identified priorities of the 2012 Master Plan is the rehabilitation of the two riverbanks of Ramadi for tourism investments and leisure purposes. In a context of scarce Figure 11: Land uses along the riverbank from the 2012 green areas within the city, the bifurcating Master Plan riverbanks of the Euphrates Riveer and Majraah Although not a current priority for the city, it is Canal can become “the” Park for Ramadi, important to ensure that no land allocation or integrating the creation of a new ‘axis’ for open growth of informal settlements will prejudicated space public amenities with improved the creation of the National Park proposed in connectivity with the city. This would entail Anbar’s Structure Plan south of the city. transforming the riverbanks of the Euphrates and
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Recommended actions: Set a ceiling of buildable areas between 10 Rehabilitate and maintain of the existing and 15% in the investment zones along the green areas to be an integral part of a new riverbanks. “system” of interconnected public spaces Protect the areas of the future National Park used for multi-cultural purposes for citizens, in linked to Habanniah Resort to stop the particular youth. advancing desertification. Introduce Define the riverbank recreational area for viewpoints for tourists (wooden walkways, open air activities and cycling routes as a resting facilities viable alternative to the Ramadi busy roads Identify suitable areas for urban agriculture and to encourage sports among the citizens within the city and along the river axis that particularly youth. can contribute to the making of a national Convert unused land (“brown fields”) into “green belt” to stop the advancing productive landscapes contributing to the desertification city’s economy and health
Assess potential reuse of this area for the future public space with amenities (viewpoints, multi-purpose area) Establish non-buildable buffer zone earmarked for public use, amenities and wildlife protection Introduce Planting scheme looking into the use of aquatic plants to treat waste water that act as natural filters. Introduce the concept of green business districts alongside the West Pole that offer good quality open spaces and enhancing mixed use developments. Stop all construction and reconstruction works along the canal.
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06 BUTTRESSING THE LOCAL and services. This has reduced private sector clear selection criteria, and public announcement development, entrepreneurship and of opening and awarding of contracts, providing ECONOMY BY ENHANCING diversification. Technological uptake has been capacity-building in tendering processes to SMEs, limited and the technology used is outdated, establish construction labs for quality assurance TRADE, COMMERCE, INDUSTRIAL when not obsolete and polluting. testing, servicing industrial zones with 24/7 MODERNIZING AND DEVELOPING electricity and fibre optics cables, improving the One of the sectors that stands the best chance security of inter-city roads, providing parking TOURISM OPPORTUNITIES to “gain” from the present predicament is the bays and weight/security control stations for construction industry. With adequate support to large vehicles. The new ‘enabling measures’ announced at the construction-related enterprises based in Anbar Kuwait Conference will hopefully encourage the (such as stone, gravel and lime quarries, Prior to 2014, it is estimated that between 200 competitiveness of the Iraqi private sector in the crushing and processing plants, transportation) and 400 Jordanian trucks crossed into Iraq daily.10 construction industry as a whole. Anbar and Ramadi (agents, traders, warehousing and Since Da’esh’s takeover, Iranian, Chinese, and governorate definitely enjoys all the basic building companies), reconstruction activities Turkish goods managed to consolidate their requirements to be attractive to investors: can boost the economy of the whole region. position in the Iraqi market across multiple strategic location, natural resources, arable land, sectors, including pharmaceuticals, food supplies, water, international borders, skilled labour, in For this to happen, the public administration will and others. While trade between Iraq and Iran addition to a huge reserve of oil, gas, quarries have to actively reach out and support private has reached $6 billion in 2016/17, Turkish exports and important minerals. construction enterprises in Anbar, in particular jumped to $4.5 billion, a 30% increase from the the quarrying of raw material (from Rawah), same period in 2016. Jordan is under pressure to The optimal use of these resources is bound to production of lime (from Heet), concrete (Al speed things up, since Iraq has recently signed guarantee a dramatic effect on available capital, Qa’em and Heet), stocking and trading of building agreements with Saudi Arabia to boost bilateral jobs generation and socio-economic material in the industrial areas of Ramadi, so that trade, also through the prospected reopening of development. Regrettably, as recognised in its the construction sector can be enabled to fully the railway. Provincial Recovery Plan9, Anbar’s pre-ISIL’s partake to the recovery and reconstruction of economy relied mainly on the public sector, the region and become a pillar of the local To facilitate trade, the Iraqi and Jordanian where the main employers and income source for economy, providing job opportunities and government were discussing in 2017 a possible the population were public administration jobs, attracting scientific expertise and innovation. waiver of the 30 % custom fees on Jordanian the public education and health sector and state- goods. owned enterprises (SOEs) in agricultural, trade Enabling measures include the easing of investment procedures, bidding transparency,
9 GoI/UNDP (2018), “Anbar Provincial Recovery Plan”; 10 Prior to the closure of Trebil in summer of 2015 domestic exports ($1.2 billion a year), according to the p. 33 because of security concerns, Iraq was the Jordan’s IMF. Source: Wakeel al, Dina (2017), “Crossing Trebil” main export market, accounting for almost a fifth of in Venture Levan Business Intelligence.
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Tourism information and complicated and time- consuming export/import procedures.11 Ramadi governorate offer several opportunities to develop a vibrant tourism sector. Attractions If the city authorities can successfully slow down include: natural and artificial sites of the and restrain the rapid urbanisation that is Euphrates and Warar rivers, Habbaniyah and currently taking place over the fertile agricultural Tharthar lakes; sites of historical significance such land located to the north of the Euphrates and to as the presidential palaces; and religious shrines the east of the city, these areas hold the key to of social and historical importance such as developing a thriving fruit and vegetable market Ahmad bin Hashim, Sheikh Khalifa, Sheikh that will contribute to reduce Ramadi’s import of Masoud, Sheikh Hadid, Sheikh Awad, Oweis fresh produce – i.e. its ecological “footprint”. Alqorni. The Highway passing through Anbar facilitates the development of individual and Figure 12: Aerial view of Ramadi. Source: USMC – Defense Commerce Imagery, 2008. group tourism from Baghdad and abroad. The commerce sector is key to providing basic services and requirements (production and The non-availability of funding for the Agribusiness consumption goods) for citizens, within the development of the tourism sector is a major Because of the relative isolation of Iraq in recent framework of public, mixed and private entities. constraint. Adequate funding would conceivably decades coupled with restraining policies, require a mix of private and public investments agribusiness and agricultural enterprises have not The commercial sector in Ramadi suffers from and allocations of suitable land for development. yet been able to benefit from international the same issues as the other sectors of the Currently, the Ministry of Tourism/State Board of markets, the development of modern production economy. Some analysts believe that the main Antiquities and Heritage exerts authority over techniques and the adherence to global trading problem is that the commercial sector is overly palaces and presidential locations, in standards. There are little or no incentives to reliant on state support and that it uses outdated coordination with the provincial government. The invest in agricultural processing industries or Tourism Commission under the Ministry of value chains because of the complicated and Culture, however, is self-funded (albeit a public outdated administrative and regulatory system, entity) and does not receive any financial the considerable shortcomings of the public allocations to create tourism facilities. The agencies that are in charge of the advisory and private sector is still reticent to invest, but as technical services, erratic price policies, soon as the lingering political and security issues inefficient marketing networks, very little market ease off, confidence is bound to return.
11 GOI/FAO (2012) Iraq Agriculture Sector Note.
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aspect of technology is that it can potentially ton/day) is around 94 billion IQD ($79 million), allow developing countries such as Iraq to with a suggested return of 16 percent on “leapfrog” in the evolution of certain skills and investments. The location of the plant in Anbar is equipment, in fields such as communications, e- suitable for exporting this product to the commerce, services on-demand, banking, neighbouring countries as raw or final product. medicine, energy production etc.13 Both the Iraqi government and the private have a role to play in Lastly, the destruction of many large industrial supporting Research & Development (R&D) plants, although appalling, provides a window of science and technology programs in universities opportunity for the relocation of selected and other institutions. R&D is critical to Iraq’s polluting industries in more suitable areas and future economy and to the development of the adoption of greener technologies and the use technologies that make use of the vast quantities of renewable energy sources. In terms of Figure 13: Ramadi markets are back to life. Source: Anbar strengthening the technical capacity of the of minerals available in Iraq – including in Anbar. Governorate. workforce and introducing technological management methods.12 At the same time, due Industrial Modernisation modernisation, medium and large enterprises to the security situation, the scarcity of would benefit from a partnering between the The rehabilitation and development of the Anbar University and the Baghdad University of information, the lack of reliable electricity supply renowned Ramadi Glass Factory has been and the complicated administration procedures, Technology for the delivery of specialized suggested as a priority investment opportunity at learning engineering courses (Materials, private investors are reluctant to invest in the the Kuwait International Conference in February Mechanical, Electrical, Building & Construction province. 2018. Owned by the State Company for Glass and Engineering and Manufacturing Engineering & Refractories Industry (SCG&R), it falls under the Because of its location, the city of Ramadi Assembly), as well as support partnering between provides a convenient space for commercial control of the Ministry of Industry and Minerals national and foreign entities to facilitate exchange with other cities. For this reason, it is (MoIM). When it was functioning, it produced 13 knowledge transfer and injection of much needed very important to prioritize the rehabilitation of types of glass for multiple purposes, such as glass resources. key in infrastructure and facilitates to support the for buildings, automobile and mirrors. According revival of Ramadi’s local market. to estimates of the National Investment Commission, Iraq’s need for float glass is High Tech doubling annually. The target production capacity Iraq still faces many issues including security, of the Glass Factory is 500,000 ton/year. The political and financial challenges, but the positive annual production cost at full capacity (700
12 Khudairi Mohammed, Tech in Iraq. Source: 13 Khudairi Mohammed, Tech in Iraq. Source: bite.tech/news bite.tech/news
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LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan
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Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
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LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan
Fast-track building applications to support to the main city exits to boost productivity of entrepreneurs investing in repairing or trade businesses and related services. Recommended actions: rebuilding their depots, factories and Promote local tourism development through Fast-track building applications to support construction yards in Ramadi small hotels/guesthouse projects, eco/sport entrepreneurs investing in repairing or As part of longer term planning strategies, the tourism activities and amenities along the rebuilding their depots, factories and team has identified a selected number of river construction yards in Ramadi ‘development anchors’ which are deemed to Establish high tech corridor (companies, Technological modernisation of the Glass offer the most tangible opportunities for research institutions and industry Factory of Ramadi. public funds to leverage private investments organizations) linked to Anbar University to Relocating polluting (destroyed) industrial Rehabilitate key infrastructure and facilities build diverse clusters of innovation and start- activities in built up areas that could free up in order to support the restart of commercial ups valuable real estate within the city, for and economic activities. housing, education facilities and public Safeguard and enhance Ramadi’s natural amenities. assets and localise agro-processing Establish terminals for trucks and trailers in industries, distribution, farm machinery, and the suburb of the city, adjacent to the main seed supply, as well as marketing and retail city exits sales. Upgrade infrastructure networks, parking and Promote sustainable warehousing concept by utilities in “warehousing district” to boost combining available technologies and productivity of trade businesses and related solutions in terms of energy savings, heating services and cooling systems, and alternative energy Ease transport licensing of private sector sources. entrepreneurs Introduce the concept of high tech serviced Industrial modernization of Ramadi glass green business districts alongside the West factory. Pole that offer good quality open spaces and Upgrade infrastructure networks, parking enhancing mixed use developments. and utilities in “warehousing district” to boost Promote technological modernisation of productivity of trade businesses and related Ramadi main factories and Introduce new services non-polluting and efficient technology. Ease transport licensing of private sector Establish serviced terminals for trucks and entrepreneurs trailer parks in the suburb of the city, adjacent
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Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
SUSTAINABLE HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE RECOVERY
DEVELOPMENT
• Recovering minimum Economic Growth -Employment Generation • Life rescue standards public services Improving infrastructure and services • Providing temporary • Recovering economic Supporting the development of micro-enterprises shelters and services facilities Attracting private investment • Cleaning up debris • Rebuilding settlements and Promoting the local business sector • Non- Food items repairs. Building technical and managerial capacity • Protection • Transportation Social Equity- Redistributing the benefits of growth • Reconnecting families • Telecommunications Revitalizing distressed neighborhoods • Winterization • Institutional setups Expanding access to lands and services • Demining • Governance and Developing human resources • Documentation institutional setups Empowering the poor • Food and water • Stabilization & Reconciliation Environmental Quality- Improving living conditions • HLP rights Expanding infrastructure and services Managing natural resources Valorizing cultural resources RAMADI Abating pollution SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan
HOW TO ATTRACT INVESTORS • Reduce pollution, upgrade sewage networks, purify water and air. Enforce green buildings and
• Develop high range utility networks (electricity, industries. water, communications/ ADSL). • Develop efficient transportation infrastructure and (structural roads with walkability, protected EXAMPLE OF SUCCESSFUL INITIATIVES BY ANBAR GOVERNORATE crossings, parking and bus service), reduce Anbar Fourth Annual International Investment Conference to be held on September 26 - traffic, shorten commute times, offer a Transit 27, 2018 AAIIC 2018 Oriented Development (TOD) • Initiate the construction of new “asset” In partnership with the Governorate of Anbar and Anbar Investment Commission, the Anbar Fourth buildings at the core of the economic activity to International Investment Conference will showcase more than 100 mega investment opportunities in Anbar, attract new companies. Select best suitable Iraq’s largest province. Key investment opportunities spanning various sectors will be presented to attract location for new buildings to create an local, regional and international investors coinciding with the commencement of reconstruction initiatives entrepreneur pool. Slowly transition from making Anbar the ideal destination for investment. Other investment opportunities will also be announced industrial to business and commerce. Innovation that will specifically target small and medium-sized enterprises. is the engine for development as it is the The conference will: transformation of knowledge into economic • Highlight that Anbar is open for business and is potentially a high return market in which to invest and value. do business. • Promote new housing for different socio- • Present several key reconstruction projects opportunities coinciding with the commencement of economic level of the population (villas, reconstruction initiatives in Anbar. individual plots, social housing, studios and • Showcase major investment opportunities across various sectors & industries. smaller apartments, including vertical housing). • Bring together key decision makers, government officials and delegation, and investors to discuss and Fill unbuilt residential plots with smaller, develop opportunities in Anbar market across all the major sectors. cheaper dwellings. The closer the labour force, the easier the implementation of new WHY INVEST IN ANBAR companies. The more diverse the labour force • Abundance of raw materials and natural resources: oil and gas, Silicate, Bentonite, Kaolin, Iron, qualification, the higher the innovation. Magnesium, Lime Stone, Phosphate Rocks, and Bauxite. • Abundance of fertile land • Invest in high quality public spaces. Enhance • Local and regional markets “green spaces” solutions to reconnect different • Eager labor force in multiple fields dispersed or isolated neighbourhoods to the • Largest Province in Iraq economic activity zones. Involve the population • Proximity to Baghdad in area planning by the offering “community • Significant transportation route bordering Syria, Jordan and Saudi Arabia plan” meetings after prayer near the mosques • Water Resources: Lake Habbaniyah, Lake Tharthar, Lake Al-Razzah, Euphrates River for example.
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LOCAL AREA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME Ramadi Urban Recovery and Spatial Development Plan
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