Entre La Familia De Las Langostas Hay Una Especie

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Entre La Familia De Las Langostas Hay Una Especie B, L XAVIER SISTACH Bandas, enjambres y devastación Las plagas de langosta a través de la historia Revisión crítica y correcciones, fotografía y retoque fotográfi co, a cargo de Dolors Mateo Pujol 2007 © Xavier Sistach Leal, 2007 © Seebook, 2014 Reservados todos los derechos. «No está permitida la reproducción total o parcial de este libro, ni su tratamiento informático, ni la transmisión de ninguna forma o por cualquier medio, ya sea mecánico, electrónico, por fotocopia, por registro u otros métodos, sin el permiso previo y por escrito de los titulares del Copyright». ISBN: 978-84-942613-2-9 Seebook es un sello de Digital Tangible SL Barcelona - España www.seebook.eu [email protected] LEYENDAS: He pasado un buen rato releyendo los viejos diarios. Me he sentido apenado y sorprendido al ver lo mucho que he olvidado. Olvidar el pasado con tanta facilidad parece una falta de lealtad hacia uno mismo. W.N.P. Barbellion* en El diario de un hombre decepcionado * Pseudónimo de Bruce Frederick Cumming (1889- 1919), naturalista entomólogo del Museo Británico, muerto prematuramente a causa de una esclerosis múltiple. Tantum series juncturaque pollet, tantum de medio sumptis accedit honoris! Leyenda que encabeza L’Encyclopédie de Diderot y D’Alembert, recogida del poeta Horacio, en Ars poetica, v. 249. Su traducción vendría a signifi car que «tanto prestigio se obtiene de las grandes cosas (el orden y la unión), como honor se recibe de las pequeñas (las más simples)» Dedicatoria: A mi padre, por transmitirme su gusto por la naturaleza y la lectura; y a mi hija, por permitir que le transmita mi gusto por la naturaleza y la lectura. Al Padre Antoni Bantulà, sacerdote claretiano, mi maestro, por iniciarme en el conocimiento de los insectos e inculcarme los conceptos «precisión» y «detalle», fundamentales en la clasifi cación e identifi cación de especies. AGRADECIMIENTOS: Dr. Xavier Jeremías, buen amigo y entomólogo reconocido. Organizador de las sesiones científi cas de Cervelló sobre Artrópodos y Medio Ambiente y origen de este trabajo sobre las plagas de langosta. Sra. Anna Omedes, directora del Museo de Zoología de Barcelona, por permitir las consultas y reproducciones de su fondo bibliográfi co, y al resto de personal del Museo por su disponibilidad y efi cacia. Dra. Remke Kruk (Universidad de Leiden, Holanda), Profesor Miquel Forcada (Estudios Árabes e Islámicos de la Universidad de Barcelona) y Profesor Juan Pedro Monferrer (Área de Estudios Árabes e Islámicos de la Universidad de Córdoba) por facilitarme bibliografía sobre autores árabes. José Alberto Retana, agrometeorólogo del Instituto Meteorológico Nacional de Costa Rica, por aclararme con sus explicaciones la taxonomía moderna del grupo Schistocerca americana complex. Ferran Gonzàlez, por descubrirme nuevas fuentes bibliográfi cas. Xavier Yuste, por estar atento a una «plaga» de langostas y ceder sus fotografías. Jaume Josa, por sus valiosas traducciones del latín al catalán de los textos de San Alberto Magno y Ulysse Aldrovandi. Jordi Cañadell, por su valiosa traducción del alemán al catalán en el texto de Rösel von Rosenhof. Gianpiero Bifolco, por la ayuda prestada en la petición de créditos fotográfi cos a la Università degli Studi di Bologna. A todos aquellos autores, editores y asociaciones diversas que han permitido generosamente la presentación de sus imágenes e ilustraciones en este trabajo. A todos aquellos editores que aman su ofi cio y saben integrar y conjugar en sus publicaciones mentalidad comercial con difusión cultural y conocimiento. PRÓLOGO abemos que hay muchos insectos estrecha- enjambres y devastación. Las plagas de langosta Smente vinculados a la historia del hombre a través de la historia, quedé agradablemente desde tiempos remotísimos, como es el caso de sorprendido por la brillantez de su contenido, las abejas y el gusano de seda, el de los mosqui- pero a la vez un poco perplejo. A pesar de tos y las moscas, el de las hormigas y cucarachas, su notable extensión, lo leí de corrido, sin el y también, nos guste o no, el de los piojos y las menor desfallecimiento, aunque los insectos pulgas, y todos juegan su papel. En todo caso, y las plagas de langosta estuvieran muy lejos no podemos olvidar que las langostas migrato- de todo aquello que mis luces pueden abarcar rias son también un personaje importante. Si razonablemente, sobre todo, si excluimos los bien lo pensamos, en el desarrollo de la agricul- vectores de microorganismos patógenos que, tura desde el neolítico hasta la actualidad, han por lo menos, me resultan más familiares como ocupado un lugar singular y destacado, no sólo profesor de Microbiología después de tantos por la gravedad de sus estragos sino por el propio años de ejercicio. Bien al contrario, yo sabía que carácter azaroso de las plagas, por el misterio el autor del libro era un buen conocedor de los de la formación de los grandes enjambres insectos, de primera mano y de toda la vida. De viajeros y, ocasionalmente, por su misma brusca ahí mi perplejidad. desaparición. Nada más acorde con un dogma Lo que ocurre es que Sistach es, además de fundamental de toda la cultura agraria, por lo entomólogo, un amante apasionado de la historia menos hasta la época reciente, según el cual la de la ciencia y en especial de la relativa a los experiencia y el trabajo son imprescindibles, insectos, y es aquí donde se halla el pivote alrede- pero sin ignorar que, en último extremo, el dor del cual gira nuestra viva relación intelec- éxito o fracaso de las cosechas siempre estará tual con la motivación para que escribiera este sujeto al designio sobrenatural. Evidentemente, prólogo. Por otra parte, no hay duda de que esta hoy conocemos mucho mejor que en épocas conjunción de ciencia e historia es esencial para pasadas las causas de las malas cosechas y escribir un buen libro sobre un tema como el de también de la biología de las langostas migrato- las plagas de langosta, y a ello se debe que el autor rias, pero todavía quedan muchos interrogan- quisiera escribirlo. Quizás, en concreto, fuera la tes sin respuesta e importantes problemas por plaga del año 2003 el estímulo decisivo para la resolver. El dogma sigue pesando. puesta en marcha del proyecto, dándose cuenta Cuando Xavier Sistach tuvo la gentileza de de antemano, que ya tenía a su alcance todo el darme a leer el texto original de su libro Bandas, material necesario de carácter histórico y, por XIII supuesto, el sufi ciente criterio para presentarnos buido al conocimiento de las langostas y sus el estado actual de la biología de las langostas. plagas, así como de los insectos en general, pero El objetivo básico del libro de Xavier Sistach, además representa una acertada integración de como el propio título indica, son las plagas de la historia de la entomología con la de toda langosta, pero abundan muchos otros comple- la Biología. El autor no duda en transcribir mentos como en la propia introducción se numerosos fragmentos relativamente extensos advierte y justifi ca. Con acierto, la obra está de obras de otros autores, y debo agradecerle dividida en dos partes, una que trata de la que entre ellos haya escogido algunos de mi biología de la langosta y otra de la historia de obra Cartas a Nuria. Historia de la Ciencia. Este las plagas. Uno se da cuenta enseguida de que la apéndice biográfi co no quita nada del carácter primera es imprescindible para comprender la esencialmente monográfi co de la obra, sino segunda y, separadamente, se leen mucho mejor que sitúa el tema dentro de todo su contexto, y sin perder nunca de vista el tema principal. seguramente el lector lo agradecerá. Desde mis antiguos cursos de zoología en la En todo caso, Sistach es siempre muy Universidad, he encontrado en la primera parte prudente en sus juicios, tanto para califi car muchas novedades, por lo que no puedo dejar como para descalifi car. Quizás pueda parecer de pensar que es del mayor interés para el lector demasiado prolijo en las relaciones de prácti- que no haya seguido la evolución del conoci- cas piadosas durante las plagas, pero el lector miento del orden Orthoptera en los últimos debe entender que la visión del hombre actual cincuentas años. Sobresale el capítulo 3) de esta es muy distinta de la del pasado. Lo que este parte del libro, por la excelente presentación de último no hubiera entendido nunca es que no la obra fundamental de Boris Uvarov, padre de se hicieran exorcismos y procesiones frente a su la Acridología moderna y descubridor del ciclo impotencia ante los estragos de las plagas. El biológico de las langostas migratorias. El autor hombre de la cultura agraria es siempre supers- escribe siempre bajo el supuesto de que el lector ticioso y taumatúrgico, y el sincretismo resulta conoce poco el tema, lo que resulta una ayuda inevitable. Es él quien, en todo lugar, acude a efi caz para la comprensión y obvia toda necesi- su religión y genera por su cuenta una determi- dad de aclaraciones complementarias, incluso nada praxis que, efectivamente, luego puede ser para los lectores medio entendidos. reconducida y fomentada. La segunda parte del libro está constituida La última parte del libro está dedicada a las por la historia de las plagas desde la prehisto- fuentes bibliográfi cas, y es extensa. Merece ria hasta el siglo XXI, y lleva como suplemento especial atención el acertado detalle de separar un último capítulo relativo a la lucha contra las libros, diccionarios, páginas web y la proceden- plagas y los remedios disponibles. cia de las ilustraciones. Estas últimas, que son Un aspecto adicional, novedoso y atractivo muy numerosas, contribuyen efi cazmente para un libro de alta divulgación científi ca, está tanto a la mejor comprensión del texto, como constituido por las biografías de autores, lo que al atractivo de la propia belleza de esta edición podría ser el primer apéndice de la obra.
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