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I ACTION AGAINST HUNGER MALI I 1999 REPORT i I UsAid COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT N°688-A-98-00130-00 ~ i J NORTH MALI SPECIAL SUPPORT PROGRAM ~ ~'_,~_=-__"""' """"""' '_"A~::l5l: .=~~

ACTION AGAINST HUNGER - USA • 875 A\~nll~ ofthe Americas, Suite 1905, New York, New York, 10001 • Tel: (212) 967-7800· Fax: (212) 967-5480· Email: aahiaaah-Jsa.org. A Registered 501 (c)(3) Ta;r;-Exempt Non-Profit Orgamzation Founded and Incorporated 111 NY State m 1985 I )

1. INTRODUCTION. 3

1.1. ACH-USAID PROGRAM. 3

1.2. BACKGROUND. 3

2. PROGRAM ACHIEVEMENTS. 4

2.1. PURPOSE. 4

2.2. GOAL N° 3.6 REHABILITATED OR CREATED WATER POINTS 5

2.3. OBJECTIVE N° 3.7 WATER POINT MANAGEMENT COMMITTEES. 7

3. CONCLUSION. 8

3.1. PROGRAM SET UP. 8

See table nO 3 and annex 1. 8

3.2. IDENTIFIED PROBLEMS. 8

3.3. FORECAST FOR 2000. 9

4. ANNEX 1, GRAPHS OF REALIZATION~.. 10

TABLE 1: LISTING OF REALIZATION ACH / MALI IN 1999 5 TABLE 2: LISTING OF REALIZATIONS AAH I MALI SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE PROGRAM 6 TABLE 3: ANALYZE OF REALIZATIONS. 6 TABLE 4: EFFICIENCY INDICATORS 8 TABLEAU 5 : LISTING OF AAH REALISATIONS BY ID. 15

FIGURE 1 : NUMBER OF WATERWORKS SINCE 1 998. 10 FIGURE 2 : METER OF WELLS SINCE 1 998. 10 FIGURE 3: WATERFLOW SINCE 1998. 11 FIGURE 4 : REALIZATIONS ANALYSIS. 11 FIGURE 5: AAHREALIZATIONS SINCE JULY 1998 14 FIGURE 6 : NEW WATER POINT IDENTIFIED BY UNIGEO. 17 FIGURE 8 : NUMBER OF INHABITANTS PER MODERN WATERPOINT.ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED. FIGURE 9 : ILLUSTRATION ACH - USAID I MALI REALISATION.ERROR! BOOKMARKNOT DEFINED.

2 1. Introduction.

1.1. ACH·UsAid program.

Action against hunger Mali in the framework of "special northern region support program" signed a c00J'erative agreement for 5 five years with UsAid and is in charge ofhydraulic program for 7th and 8 region since July 1998.

The purpose ofthis program is to reinforce the peace by increasing access to water. Hydraulic realizations could be for pastoralist or dwellers needs that have not been covered yet in term ofpermanent modem water point.

The global financial input ofthis program is 3.000.000 USD and the length 60 months. A global share ofresources and realizations is 60% for Kidal administrative area and 40% for Gao area.

1.2. Background.

The both North regions affected by program activities have got arid climate from sahel/desert type. North ofBourem and west Kidal have got Saharan climate. Rain average year data's are from 100 mm or less in north to 200 mm in south ofGao. Temperature could go up to 50° C from April to June.

There are three seasons: hot and dry from March to June, the rainy season from July to September and the "cold" season from December uti! February. From October to December, temperatures slowly come down. The hydrographic network is made oftemporary rivers called "oued" which depends on rain and Niger River in south of8th region. This arid climate just enables weak. vegetation of small trees mainly of acacia family. The meadows with pasture appear after rainy season in oued sheds and at the beginning ofwinter in dune areas. The Niger river cross Gao region from west to east and give good potential to agriculture. Irrigated areas enable rice culture and after-rain decrease culture as mil or sorghum. In other areas, « bourgouttiere» in each side of river produce fodder for animals. The river is also an important fishing area.

The number of inhabitants is respectively 347 473 for Gao 7th region and 42 479 for Kidal 8th region. I The density ofinhabitants per km2 is therefore very low in most ofplaces (see illustration 6 annex 2). The main ethnic groups in the intervention area are Tamashek, SonghaI, Arabs, Peuhl and Bambaras. Generally agro-pastoralist sedentary people live around the Niger River area and nomadic shepherd live in the semi desertic or desertic bush. Big merchants and smugglers working in the trans-border business excepted, the majority of these two regions are poor or very poor.

1 According to least general census of1998

3 2. Program achievements.

2.1. Purpose.

The agreed global achievement 5 years plan for the two regions is the following:

• Borehole: 37 • Combined well: 25 • Traditional well: 10 • Hand pump: 10 • Net water supply system: 2 • Shallow well : 20

Water supply beneficiaries are herds and people. Both are linked but for most of northerners priority is a convenient and sufficient access to water for camels and sheeps. Inside nomadic communities, ifanimals can live human beings can survive. In arid area and hostile environment, families and their animals can't survive without moving. The two limiting factors ofthis way of life are water and pasture lands.

We should take into account the fact that the pasturelands should be available around water points used in dry season and kept free when they are used during transhumance at the beginning of rainy season.

The new water supply should fulfill the basic needs ofpeople in due respect of nomadic way of life and environment. We can define the following specific realizations: • water points used in dry season which should be surrounded by pasture land accessible for men and animals • water point making possible access to pasture land during transhumance or dry season • water point for human consumption where dwellers are numerous or seek to settle

The agricultural need for water is included in WV food security work plan. AAH could undertake an action in that field with WV agreement.

INVOLVMENT OF BENEFICIARIES

Communities are involved at two levels:

• The definition of actions to be undertaken is chosen with local traditional, religious and political leaders ofthe specific areas. Our team is regularly in the field with local inhabitant's representatives to visit the area that people want to develop. We choose together according to technical possibilities, realistic wishes ofdifferent communities and environment respect.

• The people living around the projected well is helping the realization with stones/materials collecting, sometimes water and food for AAH trained workers team. AAH. In the specific case of solar pump of Djebock, a particular support has been asked and obtained from community (a global amount of 750.000 Fcfa was gathered to guarantee operation and small maintenance ofdrinkable water network)

4 WATER POINTS IDENTIFICATION PROCESS During exploratory field trip of identification of future realization, we follow a community approach with meetings and talks with such representatives: • Development counselor of the region • Ex-Mobile team of area • Area commandant • Ex-Transitional District Committee • New mayors and city council members • District chief • Fraction leader • Settlement leader • Dwellers

Since last municipal election, we are seeking to involve counselors and new mayors in the water point identification process. Together, we determine the priorities of hydraulic actions. For instance in Djebock (7th region) and also in Essouk (8th region) where populations have built school near the AAH well.

2.2. Goal n° 3.6 Rehabilitated or created water points AAH realizations for 1999 are showed in the next table, see also graphic table in annex 1.

:::>\~"'; ::~;'I~~~'S';}~ ;c,>~~t$:1~5:1t; h~glA!(~0 ;; !;~n9!tild(!1: ~~i¢IWIJ(S~ ~1K;~:r.~~;;~j&Typ.~~~~;i~~r~ (iiV~,l;!ep'fi'\1'~;;; ;r~~:JI~ttlit:t ;j;';S:¥"~f.;~~;: Tin Aouker Gao Gao 0,17106 16,80066 Rehabilitation 22,70 1,000 1 SS9 Tem~lit Bourem Gao -0,13923 17,43703 Traditional Well 6,60 0,528 1m Abyou Tin Essako Kidal 2,19992 18,19137 Combined Well 26,20 1,000 1 S99 In Wellen Ansonllo Gao 1,69831 16,55700 Traditional Well 30,00 0000 1 ses In Wellen Ansonllo Gao 1,69831 16,55700 Traditional Well 20,00 2,100 1999 Imenas Gao Gao 0,71003 16,30667 Rehabilitation 47,10 0,300 1999 Tledlerfen Kidal Kidal 1,30711 18,86660 Traditional Well 24,50 0,700 19$9 Tin Essako Kidal Kidal 2,48933 18,45306 Borehole 75,00 000 1959 Tin Essako Tin Essako Kidal 2,48933 18,45306 Combined Well 35,00 000 1999 Imisdounane Menaka Gao 2,45417 16,68536 Borehole 123,00 12,000 1 SS9 Imisdounane Menaka Gao 2,45417 16,68536 Combined Well 72,00 2,00 1999 Tin Agarof Menaka Gao 3,23580 15,72468 Borehole 82,00 1,200 1999 Tin Agarof Menaka Gao 3,23580 15,72468 Combined Well 52,00 2,00 '199-9 NachoSalawat Ansonllo Gao 1,11562 16,23324 Borehole 105,00 4,000 1999 NachoSalawat Ansonllo Gao 1,11562 16,23324 Combined Well 69,00 2,25 1999 Djebock Gao Gao 0,27811 16,34630 Rehabilitation borehole 102,00 2,200 1999 Djebock Gao Gao 0,27811 16,34630 Net water supplv sYStem 2,000 1999 Tahabanat Kidal Kidal 1,11752 18,69160 Securisation I 30,001 0,500 1999 Tasslk Kldal Kldal 1,66270 18,10610 Secunsatlon 30,00 0,500 Table 1: Listing ofrealization ACH / Mali in 1999

Tin Agarof and Nach-Salawat excepted, every waterworks are now in operation. These last two are scheduled to be finished in February 2000.

-/ Two works are negative: Tin Essako and In Wellen. In Wellen received a second well positive. The Tin Essako case is more difficult: the well was dry after 35m deep and the

5 drilling was also negative at 75m. We are wondering ifthere is enough water in this place. With Echo donor, we are going to protect the contaminated2 area and check if the existing drilling can be used to boost a solar pump. ../ A third combined well gave us some trouble in Imisdounane. The drilling sub-contracted to GTHK of Kidal was of poor quality. At 70 m deep, the tube was broken and water came directly to the well. We succeed to go until 73 m and the well is in operation but the long­ term capacity ofthis work is dubious. The connection couldn't be well done and this could seal the borehole in the future. We will monitor the situation ofthis well and may decide to rehabilitate it. ../ One ofthe most visible realizations of 1999 will be the solar pump station ofDjebock. The inauguration took place on December 13th with national TV channel report. This station can give 20 m3 per day to the Djebock inhabitants. Populations are very satisfied of this modem technology for their village. We can assist city counselors to develop management capacity and habit to pay a little amount to take water. The population subscribed to guarantee fund and a technician is responsible ofcollected money. The mayor and counselors were associates of the project since the beginning in order to support financially, choose the technician and allow him a salary.

THE FOLLOWING TABLE SHOWS THE NUMBER OF WATERWORKS MADE SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE PROGRAM PER YEAR AND KIND OF REALIZATION:

Table 2: Listing ofrealizations AAH f Mali since the beginning ofthe program

Combined well Traditional well " -'. SO;OO"k Shallow well ": 1$,OO"k Hand pump ~ ';- c--'1000"k- Solar station 00% Borehole -8.11% '

26,1f7%

We achieved 27% ofthe specific objectives after 30% of the program-contracted time. But this figure is biased because combined wells are much longer to make than other water work. We should stay cautious and avoid wasting any time. Table 3: Analyze ofrealizations.

Analysis 1998 1999 Total Total yield 11,025 34,278 45.303 Total deph for well 227,90 465,10 693,000 Total deph for borehole 0,00 487,00 487,000 Number of realisations 10 17 27,000

2 See official report ~.Ministry ofenvironment sponsored by Us Aid, october 1999

6 With table 3 we can see that 693 1m have been treated: 268,2 LM for rehabilitation/renovation and 424,8 1m of new we1Lsince-July 199-8. The av-er-age .deep of the wells is 32,68 1m with a maximum of 70 1m. The average for each team during the 15 first months is 7,7 1m of well per month.

The water flow furnished by all these water points is 45,303 m3 /h. With a standard average consumption of560 Vjour per family3 and a drawing time of 10 hlday, we can assume that these water points can give enough water to 809 families with their animals.That is to say (with an average of6,73 people per family4) 5445 people and 8899 UBT5 (with an average of 11 UBT in 8th region.) get enough water with this example.

2.3. Objective n° 3.7 Water point management committees.

./ Djebock solarpump station

The specific part of 1999 plan was the start-up of Djebock solar pump station. This network is relatively expansive and will get some cost of operation and maintenance like every mechanical system.

In order to support in the one hand the devolution oflocal power process and in the other hand to avoid a proliferation of associations and management committees, we decided with Djebock municipality that the city council would be responsible for the management ofwater revenue. In that purpose we asked to the village traditional leader (who became mayor after summer) to collect a total ofone million (1.000.000 Fcfa) in a bank account to cover operation cost ofwater network. After meetings and discussions with small communities ofthe place, 750.000 Fcfa were subscribed. We decided to open and start water connection and sale. Today 900.000 Fcfa are on the deposit. A manager is responsible ofdaily sales and opening/closure ofthe station. After training period he should get accountancy records ofsales and water production. The liter ofwater price is one Fcfa per liter but stays free ofcharges for the nearby school and medical dispensary. ACH team will stay around Djebock to study sustainability ofthe system and eventually decide with municipality to change prices according to running charges and consumption habit within one year.

Together with this pump station management training, education to water sanitation and hygiene is also done. Women are mostly targeted especially for good nutrition behavior.

./ Education to water andhealth.

Our animator is regularly going into different places and gives lessons and speeches to educate women in good nutrition principles and hygienic behavior with water. The chosen places are

3 100 liters for people and 460 I for animals 4 According to 1998 census 5 UBT, tropical beefunit equivalent to 1 camel. A goat is 0,15 UBT. 8899 UBT = 8 899 camels = 59 327 goats.

7 mostly places where ACH made drinkable water point with hand pump or solar pump. Animation takes place also at the pediatric unit ofthe hospital.

./ Pastoralist wells.

There is no formal management committee in pastoralist wells. We rather seek community involvement through physical work participation to the waterworks in order to develop the sense ofownership among local users (see § 2.1 population involvement). Nomads are used to manage and use the well avoiding potential conflict fuelled by scarce access to water ifthe specific water point fits with needs and welfare oflocal people. Real problem is the maintenance of these waterworks which needs high specific technology. Deep modern waterworks can last twenty to thirty years if they are emptied of the sand. This operation asks for machines that can't be manipulated by common local nomads. A service for a private or public company could be made as a business activity. This issue was raised in the last meeting ofGao hydraulic coordination committee.

3. DATA BASE OF EFFICIENCY INDICATORS

Table 4: Efficiency indicators

Efficiency indicators 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Planning: 5 Planning: 14 Planning: 15 Planning: 16 Planning: 15 Planning: 6 Realisation : 5 Realisation: 10 Realisation : Realisation : Realisation: Realisation : Water point number Borehole :0 Borehole :3 Borehole: Borehole: Borehole: Borehole: Rehabilitation: 5 Rehabilitation: 4 Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation:

Water point management 5 6 committees

3. Conclusion.

3.1. Program set up. See table n° 3 andannex 1.

./ After a semester ofsetting up the program structures and work bases and process, 1999 was the first year fully operational. We achieved 17 realizations although we planned 21 to finish. As we can see in table 3 we got a global achievement of 27% for a program-time of 30% which can be viewed as a slight delay.

3.2. Identified problems.

./ Action Against Hunger, in respect ofcontracted objectives is working in very complex areas most of time far from cities in a hydrologic context specially depressed. In order too be present on most ofthe different areas ofboth regions, AAH avoids focusing on a particular

8 sector. On the contrary the different waterworks are far away from each other. This strategic choice has a great impact on the logistic department (quick use ofcars and machines, cost of maintenance). ./ The geological characteristics of chosen places -force us to achieve technically complex waterworks. ./ Safety conditions get worst in 1999 in both region of intervention. The lack of security has slow down the path of movements and finally the result of our activities. Some exploratory and identification missions have been delayed. In13th July, our Pick up Toyota was stolen in Kidal. Our logistical capacity was therefore weakened by insecurity.

./ We encountered big troubles with American pick-up. The Dodge Ram 2500 broke axis twice. The company representative in Bamako is not very cooperative With spare parts and maintenance ofhis vehicles. We are wondering how to get rid ofthis kind ofcars. We sent a letter to Usaid in order to find a solution. ./ A budget change could enable an increase of logistic costs with the same operational objectives. A formal authorization will be asked to UsAid after two years ofcontract period.

./ Our partnership with Sonarem and GTHK for borehole drilling was not very reliable: delays with drilling schedule, poor quality of realizations. We decided to change and the 2000 drilling campaign is made with Mali Aqua Viva, a Malian company from San.

./ The 99 rainy season was excellent for the environment but also made movements very difficult and almost impossible sometimes. The quantity ofrain has slow sown the rhythm of activities and realizations.

3.3. Forecast for 2000.

Although difficulties caused by places location are important, we won't change our strategy in 2000. A drilling campaign will start in February in the Gao region and later in the Kidal region. One more team will work in this program for a total ofsix teams. The intervention areas are defined with same criterias and methodology than last year with Geographical Information System support (see annex 2). GIS tools enable to analyse the needs according population density and currentwater points. Three interventions have got already a specific importance:

./ Goram: place of return for last refugees called Kel Souk. 5000 people are currently coming back to this place of Goram where there is no hydraulic infrastructure yet. A borehole equipped of one Duba hand-pumps will be done with our partner Echo. UsAid program will add two other drillings for one combined well and one hand­ pump. ./ Gazer Cheick: a drilling for a borehole equipped of wind pump will be done by DRHE.6 We will support this action with the realization of a combined well if the water flow is sufficient. 7 ./ Amassin: In partnership with MDRE , we will realize a combined well and the DRHE ofKidal will drill the borehole.

6 Regional Direction ofhydraulic 7 Ministry ofrural world and water

9 4. Annex 1, Graphs of realizations..

Figure 1 : Number ofwaterworks since 1 998.

Number of realisation by type for 1998 &1999

5

4,5

4

3,5

3

Number 2,5 I3Tradilional well 2 IICombined well 1,5 CBorehole CRehabihtation &securisations .Hand pump 0,5 IIISolar station o

Traditional well 4 4 Combined well o 5 Borehole o 3 Rehabilitation & 5ecurisabons 5 4 Hand pump o Solar station o Year

Figure 2 : Meter ofwells since 1 998.

Total deph made byAAH in 1998 &1999

500,00 I!lITradilional well .Combined mil 450,00 CBorehole C Rehabilitation &5ecurisations 400,00 .Hand pump 350,00 IllI Solar station

300,00

Deph in meters 250,00

200,00

150,00

100,00

50,00

0,00

Traditional well 89,50 Combined well 0,00 Borehole 0,00 Rehabilitation & 5ecurisations 138,40 Hand pump 0,00 Solar station 0,00 Year

10 Figure 3 : Water flow since 1998.

Yield from realisation in 1998 &1999

IlITraditional ...... 1I 20,000 IICombined v.ell CBorehole 18,000 C Rehabilitation & Secunsations 16,000 .Hand pump IilISoiar station 14,000

12,000

Yield in m3 10,000

8,000

6,000

4,000

2,000

0,000 1998 1999 Traditional ...... 11 3,425 3,328 0,000 7,250 Borehole 0,000 19,400 Rehabilitation & Securisations 6,600 2,300 Hand pump 1,000 0,000 Solar stanon 0,000 2,000 Year

Figure 4 : Realizations analysis.

11 Waterwork analysis since 1998

700,000

600,000

500,000

400,000

300,000 l'!ITotal yield IITotal deph farwell [JTotal deph for borehole 200,000 [J Number ofrealisations

100,000

0,000

Total yield 11,025 34,278 45,303 Total deph for well 227,90 465,10 693,000 Total de h for borehole 0,00 487,00 487,000 Number of realisations 10 17 27,000 Year

Previous Paae....0 Blank 13 AAHrealizations sincejuly 1998 in 7 th & 8 th area. Figure 5 : AAH realizations since July 1998

Action Against Hunger realisations since 1998 Gao and Kidal

.Solehol. (2) €}Tradillonal Well (8) .Combined Well (5) .Rehabllitation borehol«l) OR.habliitation ...11 (4) GS.""rfsaII.n (S) .Sola,pumping sWion (1) Number ofllfe place byilfea .. 0.00499· 0.006 (6) l! 0.00399· 0.004ll9 (2) 0,00200· 0,00309 (2)

14 RealisationsACF/ Mali

Site ldenJijiont 1jIpetfe Fmdest1rlVtlJLt Etut ReoJisJPUJ' FU1lDu:ement ProforuJelU'Debit NS

Goo 2 Ntsuoome 2111211900 Positt ACFGAO USAID 15,35 1,(0) 11,75

E~il 3 Rehdilitmonplits 24111/1900 Positit ACFGAO USAID 52,25 3,600 40,15

~ Alnunas 4 Ntsuoome 1lJJ12119OO Positt ACFKIDAI.. USAID 9,15 ~6OO 7,50 ~ T~aam 5 Ntsuoome 21/1211900 Positit ACFKIDAI.. USAID 1,20 1,(JI) 4,75 li" ~ DnAmlel' 6 Retmlitwon plits 0!iI04I1999 Positt ACfGAO USAID 57,00 1,lm 47,]) ..Ul r"".... T~~YaIlee 7 Ntsatmme 20J03J1900 Positit ACFKIDAI.. USAID ~70 ~925 18,00 ~.... TemBslit 8 Ntsuoome 27JU1/1999 Positt ACFGAO USAID 6,60 ~528 4,80 (JQ= Q .... Abyw 9 PlitsdtErtE 31103J1999 Positt ACFKIDAL USAID 26,20 1,000 21,M

In\i\t:tlen 10 Ntsatooone 20J02J1999 NBg~if ACFGAO USAID 35,00 ~ooo ~OO ~ t2 In\lWlm 11 Ntsuoome 2JIlJ5I1999 Positit ACfGAO USAID 3),00 2,100 16,00 ~ rIJ InEnas 12 Rehdilitaionplits 24!1W1999 Positit ACFGAO USAID 47,10 ~:m 42,90 a..... Q Djehock 13 Ribtilitiiioo 2OIOOJ1999 Positf ACFGAO USAID 110,00 2,500 55,00 rIJ C'"= f~e "< Djelxu:k 14 Stwonsd.e 1311211999 Positif ACFGAO USAID 17,00 2,500 55,00 ~

Dedierfen 15 Ntsatmmne 15111/1999 Positit ACFKIDAl. USAID 24,50 ~700 18,20

lnisdool'lille 16 F~e 03J03J1999 Positif ACFGAO USAID 123,00 12,000 70,00

lnisdool'lille 11 Plits citertE 3111211999 Posifif ACFGAO USAID 73,00 2,000 70,00

TinAg~ct 18 Fooue 0000/1999 Posffif ACFGAO USAID 82,00 1,lm 45,00

TinAg~(f 19 Plits citertE ACFGAO USAID ~OO ~OIJ ~OO

..... VI Wltdtedil1jan.";',21)1)0 Jbgel.mrl Site ldettliflU/ll Typede Fin destraWlUX Etut lMaJisepar Financement Profontkur DeiJit NS Nach-SalaMt 20 forage 2410311999 Positif ACFGAO USAID 105,00 4,000 61,00

Nach-SalaMt 21 PutsciterJE 2010112000 Positif ACFGAO USAID 0,00 2,508 61,00

EssotJ< 22 PUtsaufunt:me ACFKIDAL USAID 0,00 0,000 0,00

Dehedege 23 Securisation 3010611999 Positif ACFKIDAL USAID 25,00 0,500 21,00 , Tassik 24 Securisation 3010611999 Positif ACFKIDN.. USAID 25,00 0,508 21,00

Tahabllnat 25 Securisation 3010611999 Positif ACFKIDAL USAID 32,00 0,501 29,00

linEssako 21 Forage 2911211999 Nfigatif ACFKIDAL USAID 80,00 0,000 0,00

linEssako 28 PutsciterJE 3111211999 Nfigatif ACFKIDAL USAID 35,00 0,008 0,00

lbecket 29 Rembirltation pUts 2111211998 Positif ACFGAO USAID 61,15 1,500 58,15

\.

: .'

vendredi21janvier2000 Page2sur 2

~ Figure 6 : New water point identified by UNIGEO.

MAP OF WATERWORKS IDENTIFIED BY UNIGEO

Populallon density by Arro~nt New Water point • 10 - '10 (1) " Borehole I!Jl 3 - 10 (5) lEI 1-3 (5) o 0,5- 1 (4) n n _ n!i (1:<>

17 Informations used for this map are: -Boreholes equipped of mechanical tfumping system or of a combined well and modem wells listed by UNIGEO report for 7 and 8th region. -1998 census data's. -Administrative limits are copied on maps ofARP office

On this map we could see the River bed stripes where a great number ofwater points gives water to a lot ofpeople.. We can notice although discrepancies between Gao and Bourem and two other Niger River areas between Bourem and south Bamba and between Bourem and Ansongo up to the nigerian boarder. Two other major areas are the Tilemsi valley and the axis Kidal/Tessalit. Some smaller areas are also around Menaka and Andereanboukane.

This first map show us the exact location of water points and density .of population: we can see relatively well doted places and still desert places. But we can not see ifthe needs are fulfilled for the population.

1& Number of inhabitants per modern water point 7 th eta th area

Hmnber or inhabitants permodern water point • 3000-1630 (4) I!l 1 500- 3 000 (5) @I 500-1500 (16) ~ 300- 600 (5) • :>nn.::Inn /7l

(

19 The informations used for this map are: -Borehole list equipped of mechanical putllfing system or of combined well and modern wells listed by UNIGEO report for 7th and 8 region. -1998 census data's. -Administrative limits are copied on maps ofARP office

We could see the number of inhabitants per modem water point registered by UNIGEO. This figure is interesting because it shows us the number of people living in a "commune" compared to the number of modem water points registered. We can see important disparities between Gounzoureye where 220 people get water from one water point and Anetls where 7627 people should limit themselves to one water point. We assume that average water consumption is 15 liters/day/man. With a water flow of 1,5 m3/h, and 10 hours ofutilization, 10 000 people can get their normal minimum consumption. But the waiting time nearby the well would be very long and water contaminated. An average family ofshepherds has got 6,73 people and the water needs for family and average herd would be 560 VDay/family. This well would give then water to 26,8 families that is to say 180 people and their ~nimals. On the mat we can assume that the "blue" areas have a deficit but we should double check the exact location of water points to see if they are near inhabitants and camps. The areas in red or pink are the most needy communes located in pastoralist areas. We can see the areas where nomadic communities need modem water points. Regional and national technical services could focus their intervention on these sectors for people and herds. But these interventions should be coordinated and exact locations of water needs should be checked on the field.

These informations are useful but water flows are not registered and the figures for animals are dubious. It could be worthy to update UNIGEO and DRHE data's but it is a time consuming work. To get an efficient G.I.S hydraulic tool, we need the following information:

./ The exhaustive census of modern water points of both regions, water flow included and GIS data's collection. ./ The animals complete census per commune. ./ The total capacity ofthe considered commune total animals in pasturelands

The knowledge ofpastureland capacity needs satellite images and specific expertise. Ifwe focus only on people and herds on a specific territory, the commune, and water current capacity, we could determine if the commune has got enough water points for its current inhabitants Md animals. In a second step we should keep in mind the food/pasturelands capacity ofthis commune for the maximum amount ofanimals living with existing water resources. With these data we could avoid to over use the pastures lands and environment capacity for camels, cow and goats. The fragile balance between men, animals and nature could be reinforced with a rational knowledge ofnatural resources ofthe North Mali.

20