Constitutional Courts and European Integration Les Cours

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Constitutional Courts and European Integration Les Cours Kosice, 19 septembre/September 2002 Restricted CDL-STD(2002) 036 Or. Arc en ciel. Science and technique of democracy, No. 36 Science et technique de la démocratie N° 36 EUROPEAN COMMISSION FOR DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW (VENICE COMMISSION) COMMISSION EUROPEENNE POUR LA DEMOCRATIE PAR LE DROIT (COMMISSION DE VENISE) Constitutional Courts and European Integration Les Cours constitutionnelles et l’intégration européenne CDL-STD(2002)036 - 2 - TABLE OF CONTENTS / TABLE DES MATIERES page REPORTS AND REPLIES TO QUESTIONNAIRE INTRODUCTION - M. Dominique ROUSSEAU.......................................................................4 QUESTIONNAIRE ON CONSTITUTIONAL COURTS AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION...............................................................................................................................9 QUESTIONNAIRE SUR LES COURS CONSTITUTIONNELLES ET L’INTEGRATION EUROPEENNE...........................................................................................14 BULGARIA - Mr Hristo DANOV...............................................................................................19 REPUBLIQUE TCHEQUE - M. Jiří MALENOVSKÝ ..........................................................24 ESTONIA - Mr Uno LÖHMUS...................................................................................................35 FINLAND - Justice Pauline KOSKELO ....................................................................................45 FINLAND - Justice Heikki KANNINEN....................................................................................55 FRANCE - M. Olivier DUTHEILLET de LAMOTHE ...........................................................63 IRELAND - The Hon Mr Justice Ronan KEANE ....................................................................78 LATVIA - Mr Aivars ENDZINS .................................................................................................85 LITHUANIA - Dr. Stasys STAČIOKAS....................................................................................91 LUXEMBOURG - M. Georges KILL.......................................................................................103 MALTA - Mr Anthony ELLUL.................................................................................................119 THE NETHERLANDS – Mr Leen KEUS ...............................................................................128 POLAND - Mr Marian GRZYBOWSKI .................................................................................137 ROUMANIE - M. Nicolae COCHINESCU..............................................................................145 SLOVAK REPUBLIC - Mr Jan KLUCKA.............................................................................154 SWEDEN - Mr Torkel GREGOW............................................................................................160 TURKEY – Report by Mr Samia AKBULUT.........................................................................165 TURKEY - Mr Samia AKBULUT ............................................................................................169 CONCLUSIONS – Mr Antonio LA PERGOLA.....................................................................180 - 3 - CDL-STD(2002)036 In a continent where a majority of states are members of the European Union, the supremacy of law can no longer be understood without respect for the supremacy of supranational law. The implementation of this basic principle, which derives from the Community legal order, poses problems from a constitutional point of view which have not been resolved in a uniform manner. This is particularly true with respect to courts exercising constitutional jurisdiction. Their role in European integration is determined by the provisions of the constitution, but also by the nature of such courts and their openness towards norms other than those contained in the constitution. The 17 contributions presented in this publication demonstrate how these questions have been dealt with within different legal traditions in Europe. This publication contains the reports presented at the UniDem Seminar organised in Kosice on 19-21 September 2002 by the European Commission for Democracy through law in co- operation with the Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic. The European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission) is an advisory body on constitutional law, set up within the Council of Europe. It is composed of independent experts from member states of the Council of Europe, as well as from non-member states. At present, more than fifty states participate in the work of the Commission. ****** Dans un continent dont la majorité des Etats fait partie de l’Union européenne, la prééminence du droit ne se conçoit plus sans respect de la primauté du droit supranational. La mise en œuvre de ce principe de base découlant de l’ordre juridique communautaire pose des problèmes d’ordre constitutionnel qui ne sont pas résolus de manière uniforme. C’est particulièrement vrai dans le domaine de la juridiction constitutionnelle. Son rôle dans l’intégration européenne est déterminé par le contenu de la loi fondamentale, mais aussi par le type de juridiction constitutionnelle et son ouverture à l’application de normes autres que la Constitution. Les 17 contributions présentées dans cet ouvrage montrent comment ces questions ont été abordées dans les diverses traditions juridiques européennes. Cet ouvrage contient les rapports présentés lors du Séminaire UniDem organisé à Kosice les 19- 21 septembre 2002 par la Commission européenne pour la démocratie par le droit en coopération avec la Cour constitutionnelle de la République slovaque. La Commission européenne pour la démocratie par le droit (Commission de Venise) est un organisme consultatif en matière de droit constitutionnel, créé au sein du Conseil de l’Europe. Elle est composée d’experts indépendants d’Etats membres du Conseil de l’Europe, ainsi que d’Etats non membres. Plus de cinquante Etats participent aux travaux de la Commission. CDL-STD(2002)036 - 4 - INTRODUCTION M. Dominique ROUSSEAU Professeur à l’Université Montpellier 1 Membre de l’Institut universitaire de France Il faut saluer la Commission de Venise pour avoir choisi comme thème de séminaire « Les Cours constitutionnelles et l’intégration européenne ». Derrière, en effet, le caractère un peu abstrait et neutre de l’intitulé, se cache sans doute la question aujourd’hui la plus importante pour l’avenir de l’Europe. Cette question, si vous permettez à un universitaire de la reformuler moins diplomatiquement, peut s’énoncer de la manière suivante : « une Cour constitutionnelle peut-elle invoquer sa constitution nationale pour s’opposer à l’introduction de tel ou tel acte relevant du droit européen », ou, plus brutalement encore, « les Cours constitutionnelles peuvent-elles être ou non un frein à l’intégration européenne ? ». Bref, la question est celle des modes d’articulation possibles entre constitution nationale et traité européen. Si le sujet est important c’est que ces deux catégories de textes ont un statut particulier, chacun de ces textes étant le texte suprême dans son ordre juridique : la constitution est le texte suprême dans l’ordre juridique national, le traité européen, le texte suprême dans l’ordre juridique européen. Par ailleurs, chacun de ces textes possède des caractéristiques propres qui contribuent à en faire des catégories distinctes : si, selon une formule prêtée à Aristote, la constitution est le génie d’un peuple, le traité exprime la raison des Etats ; si la constitution exprime la volonté souveraine et unilatérale d’une nation, le traité exprime la coopération contractuelle des nations ; si la constitution est l’acte fondateur et organisateur des compétences souveraines d’un Etat, le traité est l’acte qui met en commun ces compétences. En d’autres termes, ces deux catégories de textes expriment des logiques philosophiques, politiques et juridiques distinctes qui cependant touchent l’une et l’autre à deux questions fondamentales au carrefour du droit et de la politique : la question du dualisme ou du monisme de l’ordre juridique et la question du caractère national ou supra national de la souveraineté. L’ordre juridique interne des Etats, en effet, n’est plus seulement construit par les normes produites par les pouvoirs publics nationaux ; il comprend désormais des normes issues de traités négociés entre les Etats et de normes issues d’instances supra nationales. Dès lors, inévitablement, se pose la question de l’articulation, au sein de l’ordre juridique des Etats, des normes nationales et des normes supra nationales ; et, tout aussi inévitablement, ce sont les juges, et en particulier les juges constitutionnels, qui se trouvent en situation d’avoir à gérer cette articulation quand ils ont à connaître d’affaires qui relèvent à la fois de normes nationales et de normes européennes et/ou communautaires. D’une certaine manière, l’avenir du droit européen est entre les mains des juges constitutionnels. Soit ils initient, encouragent ou participent à une « révolution » du droit national contre le droit communautaire et ce dernier se décompose ; soit ils favorisent son intégration et c’est alors l’avenir du droit national, du droit expression de la souveraineté d’une nation, qui est posé. Formidables enjeux dont, évidemment, les Cours constitutionnelles sont parfaitement conscientes et à l’égard desquels elles adoptent une attitude pragmatique, souvent habile, mais aussi peut-être, toujours « à la limite ». Même si elles n’entrent pas directement
Recommended publications
  • Official Journal C 244 of the European Union
    Official Journal C 244 of the European Union Volume 59 English edition Information and Notices 5 July 2016 Contents II Information INFORMATION FROM EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS, BODIES, OFFICES AND AGENCIES European Commission 2016/C 244/01 Communication from the Commission amending the Annex to the Communication to the Member States on the application of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union to short-term export-credit insurance ............................................................................. 1 IV Notices NOTICES FROM EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS, BODIES, OFFICES AND AGENCIES European Commission 2016/C 244/02 Euro exchange rates .............................................................................................................. 3 2016/C 244/03 Commission notice on the customs enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights concerning goods brought into the customs territory of the Union without being released for free circulation including goods in transit .................................................................................................................... 4 2016/C 244/04 Commission notice concerning the date of application of the Regional Convention on pan-Euro- Mediterranean preferential rules of origin or the protocols on rules of origin providing for diagonal cumulation between the Contracting Parties to this Convention .................................................... 10 EN NOTICES FROM MEMBER STATES 2016/C 244/05 United Kingdom Government notice concerning
    [Show full text]
  • City Research Online
    City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: McDonagh, L. and Mimler, M. (2017). Intellectual Property Law and Brexit: A Retreat or a Reaffirmation of Jurisdiction? In: Dougan, M. (Ed.), The UK after Brexit. (pp. 159-179). Cambridge, UK: Intersentia. ISBN 1780684711 This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/17634/ Link to published version: Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] CHAPTER 8 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW AND BREXIT: A RETREAT OR A REAFFIRMATION OF JURISDICTION? Luke McDonagh and Marc Mimler* Intellectual Property Law and Brexit 1. INTRODUCTION The effect of European Union law on intellectual property (IP) law in the United Kingdom has been profound. There is no area of IP law that does not feature EU legislation or CJEU case law. In fact, it may be the most ‘Europeanised’ area of private law.1 For this reason, ‘Brexit’ will undoubtedly have a massive impact on the current IP framework in the UK.
    [Show full text]
  • License Agreement for Panasonic Mobile Softphone
    Either of the following agreements shall apply depending on the user’s residence. Refer and agree to the applicable agreement. (1) END-USER LICENSE AGREEMENT For the users located anywhere other than the countries listed in the (2) “Mobile Application End-User Licence Agreement for European Residents”. (2) Mobile Application End-User Licence Agreement for European Residents For the users in Austria, Bulgaria, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, Turkey or Republic of Ireland. (1) END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT IMPORTANT-READ CAREFULLY: This End User License Agreement (“Agreement”) is a legal agreement between you (either as a natural or legal person) and Panasonic Corporation (hereinafter called the “Company") for use of the mobile softphone software (“SOFTWARE”). By accepting the terms and conditions of this Agreement and installing the Software or exercising your rights to make and use copies of the SOFTWARE (as may be provided for below), you agree to be bound by terms of this Agreement. If you do not agree to the terms of this Agreement, do not accept these terms and conditions and delete the SOFTWARE. For the limited warranty pertaining to your jurisdiction, please refer to the section LIMITED WARRANTY. You represent that you have full power, capacity and authority to enter into and accept the terms and conditions of this Agreement. If you are accepting on behalf of your employer, company or another entity, you warrant and represent that you have full legal authority to bind your employer, company or such entity to this Agreement, or that a person with such authority has accepted the terms and conditions of this Agreement prior to using the SOFTWARE as described in this paragraph.
    [Show full text]
  • Standing Committee on the Law of Patents
    E SCP/ 20 /3 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH DATE: NOVEMBER 15 , 201 3 Standing Committee on the Law of Patents Twentieth Session Geneva, January 27 to 31, 2014 EXCEPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS TO PATENT RIGHTS: PRIVATE AND/OR NON-COMMERCIAL USE Document prepared by the Secretariat INTRODUCTION 1. At its nineteenth session, held from February 25 to 28, 2013, the Standing Committee on the Law of Patents (SCP) agreed that, in relation to the topic “exceptions and limitations to patent rights”, the Secretariat would prepare, inter alia , a document, based on input received from Member States, on how the following five exceptions and limitations were implemented in Member States, without evaluating the effectiveness of those exceptions and limitations: private and/or non-commercial use; experimental use and/or scientific research; preparation of medicines; prior use; use of articles on foreign vessels, aircrafts and land vehicles. The document should also cover practical challenges encountered by Member States in implementing them. 2. Pursuant to the above decision, the Secretariat invited Member States and Reg ional Patent Offices, through Note C.8076, to submit information to the Internat ional Bureau add itional to , or updat ing, the information contained in their responses to the questionnaire on exceptions and limitations to patent rights on the above five exceptions and limitations. In addition, Member States and Regional Patent Offices which had not yet submitted their responses to the quest ionnaire were inv ited to do so . 3. Accordingly, this document provides information on how exceptions and limitations regarding private and/or non-commercial use have been implemented in Member States.
    [Show full text]
  • Eucrim 1/2016
    eucrim 2016 /1 THE EUROPEAN CRIMINAL LAW ASSOCIATIONS‘ FORUM Focus: Procedural Rights and Cooperation – New Tendencies Dossier particulier: Droits procéduraux et coopération – nouvelles tendances Schwerpunktthema: Verfahrensgarantien und Zusammenarbeit – neue Tendenzen The Directive on the Presumption of Innocence and the Right to Be Present at Trial Steven Cras and Anže Erbežnik The Directive on the Presumption of Innocence. A Missed Opportunity for Legal Persons? Stijn Lamberigts Inaudito reo Proceedings, Defence Rights, and Harmonisation Goals in the EU Prof. Dr. Stefano Ruggeri Paving the Way for Improved Mutual Assistance in the Context of Customs Fraud Emilia Porebska Können die Regelungen über die Zusammenarbeit der EU-Mitgliedstaaten bei der Strafverfolgung kurzerhand aufgehoben werden? Ulrich Schulz Vollstreckungshilfe zwischen Deutschland und Taiwan auf neuer Grundlage Dr. Ralf Riegel and Dr. Franca Fülle 2016 / 1 ISSUE / ÉDITION / AUSGABE The Associations for European Criminal Law and the Protection of Financial Interests of the EU is a network of academics and practitioners. The aim of this cooperation is to develop a European criminal law which both respects civil liberties and at the same time protects European citizens and the European institutions effectively. Joint seminars, joint research projects and annual meetings of the associations’ presidents are organised to achieve this aim. Contents News* Articles European Union Procedural Rights and Cooperation – New Tendencies Foundations Procedural Criminal Law 25 The Directive on the Presumption of 2 Fundamental Rights 13 Procedural Safeguards Innocence and the Right to Be Present at 2 Area of Freedom, Security 13 Data Protection Trial. Genesis and Description of the New and Justice 15 Ne bis in idem EU-Measure 3 Schengen Steven Cras and Anže Erbežnik Cooperation 36 The Directive on the Presumption of In- Institutions 16 European Arrest Warrant nocence.
    [Show full text]
  • The German Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property (GRUR)
    The German Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property (GRUR) The Secretary General German Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property (GRUR) Konrad-Adenauer-Ufer 11 Konrad-Adenauer-Ufer 11 . RheinAtrium . 50668 Köln . Germany RheinAtrium 50668 Köln Phone +49 (0) 221 650 65-151 Fax +49 (0) 221 650 65-205 Email [email protected] www.grur.org July 1, 2013 Full English Version Opinion of the German Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property (Deutsche Vereinigung für gewerblichen Rechtsschutz und Urheberrecht e.V.) regarding the European Commission proposal for a recast of the Trade Mark Directive The German Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property (GRUR) is a scientific non-profit as- sociation. Its statutory purpose is the academic advancement and development of industrial property, copyright and competition law at the German, European and international level. For fulfilling these tasks, GRUR provides assistance to the legislative bodies and to authorities competent for issues of intellectu- al property law, organises conferences, workshops and further education courses, provides financial aid to selected university chairs and research projects and also publishes four leading German professional IP law journals (GRUR, GRUR International, GRUR-RR and GRUR-Prax.) With over 5,250 members coming from 52 countries, the association offers an umbrella for a wide range of IP professionals: law- yers, patent attorneys, judges, academics, representatives of the specific public authorities and of the international organisations as well as enterprises dealing with issues of intellectual property. On 27 March 2013 the European Commission presented proposals for an amendment of Regulation 207/2009 on the Community trade mark (Regulation) and for a recast of Directive 2008/95/EC for the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks (Directive).
    [Show full text]
  • The European Union and Legitimacy: Time for a European Constitution Mark Killian Brewer*
    Cornell International Law Journal Volume 34 Article 5 Issue 3 2001 The urE opean Union and Legitimacy: Time for a European Constitution Mark Killian Brewer Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cilj Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Brewer, Mark Killian (2001) "The urE opean Union and Legitimacy: Time for a European Constitution," Cornell International Law Journal: Vol. 34: Iss. 3, Article 5. Available at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cilj/vol34/iss3/5 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cornell International Law Journal by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The European Union and Legitimacy: Time for a European Constitution Mark Killian Brewer* Introduction ..................................................... 555 I. Background .............................................. 558 A. The Emergence of Neoconstitutionalism ............... 558 B. The Components of Neoconstitutionalism .............. 560 1. The European Treaties Lack the Form of Traditional Constitutional Law ................................. 560 2. The European Treaties Lack the Authority of Traditional Constitutional Law ...................... 562 3. The Communities Lack a Demos .................... 563 C. The Doctrine of Supremacy and German Resistance .... 564 D. The German Legal Framework ........................ 565 E.
    [Show full text]
  • José Manuel Martínez Sierra The
    Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung Center for European Integration Studies Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn D i s c José Manuel Martínez Sierra u s The Spanish Presidency Buying more than it can s i choose? o n P a ISSN 1435-3288 ISBN 3-936183-12-0 p Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung e Center for European Integration Studies Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn r Walter-Flex-Straße 3 Tel.: +49-228-73-1880 D-53113 Bonn Fax: +49-228-73-1788 C 112 Germany http: //www.zei.de 2002 Prof. Dr. D. José Manuel Martínez Sierra, born 1971, is Professor Titular in Constitutional Law at Complutense University of Madrid since February 2002. After studies of Law, Political and Social sci- ence at Madrid, Alcalá and Amsterdam, Martínez Sierra wrote a LL.M dissertation on the European Parliament and a PhD dissertation on the structural problems in the Political System of the EU. He was a trainee at the Council of the EU and lecturer at La Laguna University (2000-2002). His recent publications include: El procedimiento legislativo de la codecisión: de Maastricht a Niza, Valencia 2002; (with A. de Cabo) Constitucionalismo, mundialización y crisis del concepto de sober- anía, Alicante 2000; La reforma constitucional y el referéndum en Irlanda: a propósito de Niza, Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, n° 7 2001; El debate Constitucional en la Unión Europea, Revista de Estudios Políticos, nº 113 2001; El Tratado de Niza, Revista Espa- ñola de Derecho Constitucional, nº 59 2001; Sufragio, jueces y de- mocracia en las elecciones norteamericanas de 2000, Jueces para la democracia, n° 40 2001.
    [Show full text]
  • Flexibility Within the Lisbon Treaty: Trademark Or Empty Promise?
    EIPASCOPE 2008/1 Flexibility within the Lisbon Treaty Flexibility within the Lisbon Treaty: Trademark or Empty Promise? By Funda Tekin and Prof. Dr Wolfgang Wessels1 The concept of flexibility in the European integration process has been discussed in different ways since the 1970s. Some forms may be “upwardly oriented”, representing a driving force rather than a brake on the integration process. Others may weaken integration and have a “downsizing” effect. “Enhanced cooperation”, which was first introduced by the Amsterdam Treaty, aims to provide an attractive alternative to intergovernmental cooperation outside the treaty, and to allow a group of Member States to deepen integration in particular areas without 25 affecting either the interests of others or the overall construction of European integration. The Lisbon Treaty introduces changes at all stages of the cycle: preparatory stage, initiation, authorisation, implementation, accession and termination. The conditions for enhanced cooperation remain restrictive and other forms of flexibility may seem more attractive. Consequently the prospect is for flexibility to be an empty promise rather than a trademark of the new Treaty. Introduction ○○○○○○○○○○○ flexibility are analysed in the light of the decision-making dilemma in which procedures are revised between a The idea of flexibility in the integration process has long sovereignty-led veto reflex and a functional drive for efficiency been the subject of European debate. The best-known (Hofmann and Wessels 2008). Given the restricted
    [Show full text]
  • Après Enlargement, W. Sadurski/J. Ziller/K. Zurek
    $SUqV(QODUJHPHQW /HJDODQG3ROLWLFDO5HVSRQVHV LQ&HQWUDODQG(DVWHUQ(XURSH HGLWHGE\ :RMFLHFK6DGXUVNL -DFTXHV=LOOHU .DUROLQD=XUHNÜ %UROPEAN5NIVERSITY)NSTITUTE 2OBERT3CHUMAN#ENTRE FORADVANCEDSTUDIES Après Enlargement: Legal and Political Responses in Central and Eastern Europe edited by Wojciech Sadurski Jacques Ziller Karolina Żurek Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies European University Institute Florence, Italy © 2006 European University Institute; selection and editorial matter © Wojciech Sadurski, Jacques Ziller and Karolina Żurek; individual chapters © contributors. This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Any additional total or partial reproduction for such or other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, require the consent of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. Please contact <[email protected]>. If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, the year and the publisher. ISBN 92-9084-019-6 Published by the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies European University Institute Via delle Fontanelle, 19 I – 50016 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI), Italy www.iue.it/RSCAS/ Printed in Italy, in January 2006 ii The Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies The RSCAS carries out disciplinary and interdisciplinary research in the areas of European integration and public policy in Europe. It hosts the annual European Forum. Details of this and the other research of the Centre can be found on: www.iue.it/RSCAS/Research/ Research publications take the form of Working Papers, Policy Papers, Distinguished Lectures and books. Most of these are also available on the RSCAS website: www.iue.it/RSCAS/Publications/ iii Table of Contents Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Governance by Committee: the Role of Committees in European Policy Making and Policy
    Governance by Committee: The Role of Committees in European Policy Making and Policy Research Paper 00/GHA Return to Introduction STATE OF THE ART REPORT CONTRACT NUMBER: HPSE-CT-1999-00019 PROJECT NUMBER: SERD-1999-00128 TITLE: GOVERNANCE BY COMMITTEE, THE ROLE OF COMMITTEES IN EUROPEAN POLICY-MAKING AND POLICY IMPLEMENTATION MAASTRICHT, MAY 2000 Table of Contents 1. General Introduction ................................................................................................................ 4 Subproject 1: The Standing Committees in the European Parliament 2.1..................Introduction ............................................................................................................... 6 2.2..................The Evolution of the European Parliament: From Consultative ............................... 6 Assembly to Co-legislator 2.2.1...............The EP as a Legislative Actor after Maastricht......................................................... 7 2.2.2...............EP and Council on an Even Footing after Amsterdam.............................................. 8 2.2.2.1. ..........The Streamlining of the Co-decision Procedure........................................................ 9 2.3..................The Role of EP Committees in the Legislative Process ............................................ 10 2.3.1...............Membership in EP Committees.................................................................................12 2.3.2...............Powers and Competences of EP Committees...........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Repackaging of Pharmaceutical Products and Parallel Trade in the EU
    Legal Feature The Repackaging of Pharmaceutical Products and Parallel Trade in the EU Héctor Armengod and Laura Melusine Baudenbacher examine how European case law affects trademark owners’ ability to lawfully oppose further marketing of their repackaged product. The question of whether pharmaceutical products can be repackaged by parallel traders has been – and continues to be – a recurrent topic before the European Court of Justice. In the European Union, each member state, based on its own healthcare policy, dictates Price differences among the prices of the drugs sold in its territory. This leads to significant differences in the price of EU member states lead to pharmaceuticals across the EU. These differences create business opportunities for parallel business opportunities for importers who can buy the drugs in those countries where they are cheaper and import them in parallel importers the more expensive ones, thereby obtaining a lucrative margin. The packaging and labelling of pharmaceuticals is highly regulated both at EU and member state level, and a product acquired in a given member state often needs to be repackaged before it is placed on the market of a different member state. Repackaging can interfere with the trademark rights of the original supplier of the product. The protection of trademark rights has been recognised by the ECJ as an essential element in the system of undistorted competition which the EC Treaty seeks to establish and maintain1. The exercise of these rights can, however, be in conflict with the principle of free movement of goods, which is one of the cornerstones of the EU internal market.
    [Show full text]