DOCSLIB.ORG

(En) Download En

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(En) Download En The Strength to Carry On Resilience and Vulnerability to Trafficking and Other Abuses among People Travelling along Migration Routes to Europe The Strength to Carry On Resilience and Vulnerability to Trafficking and Other Abuses among People Travelling along Migration Routes to Europe Prepared by the International Centre for Migration Policy Development, Vienna - Austria Commissioned and funded by the United States Department of State, Office to Monitor & Combat Trafficking in Persons J/TIP International Centre for Migration Policy Development | February 2019 2 | Report Author: Dr. Claire Healy Research Team: Giulia Casentini, Claudia Köhler, Stojanka Mircheva, Viktória Sebhelyi, Stevan Tatalović, Stanislava Topouzova, Angelo Tramountanis ICMPD Team: Edgar Federzoni dos Santos, Melita Gruevska Graham, Sanja Milenkovikj, Elena Petreska, Elisa Trossero International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD) Gonzagagasse 1 A-1010 Vienna Austria www.icmpd.org International Centre for Migration Policy Development All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission of the copyright owners. Suggested Citation: Healy, Claire (2019). The Strength to Carry On: Resilience and Vulnerability to Trafficking and Other Abuses among People Travelling along Migration Routes to Europe. Vienna: ICMPD. This publication was made possible through support provided by the United States Department of State, under the terms of Award No. S-SJTIP-17-CA-1013. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Department of State. Layout by: 360° Communication Jürgen Henning Printed and bound by: Polyesterday DOOEL, Skopje ISBN: 978-3-903120-47-1 (print) | 978-3-903120-52-5 (pdf) | 3 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................ 9 1. Background ...................................................................................................................... 9 2. About the Study ............................................................................................................. 11 3. Methodology .................................................................................................................. 13 4. Research Gaps Identified in Existing Literature .............................................................. 18 5. Terms used in the Study ................................................................................................. 23 Chapter 2: Migration Routes: People and Policies ..................................................................... 31 1. Policy Developments, People on the Move and Migration Routes ................................ 32 2. Eastern Mediterranean and Balkan Routes .................................................................... 34 3. Central Mediterranean Route ........................................................................................ 60 Chapter 3 – Resilience and Vulnerabilities to Trafficking ........................................................... 67 1. Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................... 68 2. Resilience and Vulnerability: the pre-departure phase, the journey and the situation at destination .............................................................. 75 2.1 Personal Characteristics and Circumstances ............................................................... 77 2.2 Personal Circumstances .............................................................................................. 88 2.3 Contextual Factors during the Journey ....................................................................... 98 2.4 Situational Factors during the Journey ..................................................................... 125 2.5 Legal Status in a Destination Context ....................................................................... 142 2.6 Essential Services in a Destination Context .............................................................. 153 4 | Chapter 4: Trafficking ............................................................................................................... 179 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 180 2. Forms of Trafficking ............................................................................................................... 187 a) Commercial Sexual Exploitation in Prostitution ........................................................... 187 b) Forced Marriage ........................................................................................................... 198 c) Labour exploitation ...................................................................................................... 200 d) Trafficking for Domestic Servitude and Care Work ...................................................... 208 e) Exploitation in Forced Criminal Activities ..................................................................... 210 f) Sale of a Child/Illegal Adoption ..................................................................................... 214 g) Trafficking for Removal of Organs................................................................................. 216 h) Related Abuse - Deprivation of Liberty for Extortion ................................................... 217 i) Related Abuse – Child Abduction .................................................................................. 222 3. Challenges for Identification .................................................................................................. 222 4. Traffickers .............................................................................................................................. 227 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendations ...................................................................... 231 5.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................... 231 5.2 Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 246 Interview Codes ......................................................................................................................... 257 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................... 275 Annex: Potential Trafficking Cases and Related Abuses Identified in the Research .................. 295 | 5 Acknowledgements ICMPD wishes to thank various people for their contribution to this study. Special thanks are due to Dr. Claire Healy, the Research Coordinator, for coordinating the research and composing this report, and to the Country Researchers Dr. Giulia Casentini, Claudia Köhler, Dr. Stojanka Mircheva, Viktória Sebhelyi, Stevan Tatalović, Dr. Stanislava Topouzova and Angelo Tramountanis, for their dedication and commitment in conducting the research in the countries under study and for providing invaluable information and analysis. ICMPD would also like to express its deep gratitude to Prof. Siobhán Mullally, Dr. Angeliki Dimit- riadi and Ms. Veronika Bilger, Peer Reviewers of the study, for their guidance and useful critiques of the research. A key role was played by the ICMPD project team in coordinating and managing the research activities, without which the completion of this Study would not have been possib- le. Thanks to Edgar Federzoni dos Santos, Associate Researcher, Melita Gruevska Graham, Seni- or Project Manager, Sanja Milenkovikj, Project Assistant, Elena Petreska, Project Officer, Martijn Pluim, Director and Elisa Trossero, Head, Anti-Trafficking Programme for their continuous support during the implementation of this research. Finally, ICMPD is particularly grateful to all those people from twenty different countries who had the strength, resilience and generosity to share their personal – often traumatic and painful - -ex periences of travelling the migration routes for the research. We hope that we have done their stories justice in this study. ICMPD is also grateful to all the research informants from state institu- tions, non-governmental and international organisations, local authorities, journalists, academics and all the other interlocutors in Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, North Macedonia and Serbia, who kindly shared their knowledge and experiences for this research. Without the generosity and willingness to participate in the research of people on the move and of key informants, many of the important findings of this study would never have come to light. ICMPD hopes that the findings of this research will contribute to a more human rights-based, evidence-based and generally kinder approach to people seeking refuge and migrating to Europe, and to an improvement in their situation. 6 | | 7 Chapter 1: Introduction 1. Background Around one and a half million people have travelled along the ‘Eastern Mediterranean route,’ the ‘Balkan route’ and the ‘Central Mediterranean route’ since
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Illicit Entrepreneurs and Legitimate Markets Philip Marti
    The London School of Economics and Political Science Backdoor traders: illicit entrepreneurs and legitimate markets Philip Martinov Gounev A thesis submitted to the Department of Sociology of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, April 2011 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without the prior written consent of the author. I warrant that this authorization does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. 2 Abstract This dissertation examines the factors that determine the behaviour of criminal entrepreneurs in legitimate markets. The particular aspect studied is how such entrepreneurs enter a new market when they immigrate into a new country (Chapter 1). The empirical focus of the thesis is the Bulgarian illegal entrepreneurs involved in the sale of stolen cars. More specifically, the dissertation compares their market behaviour in Bulgaria and in Spain between the late 1990s and 2010. The empirical basis for the dissertation is a comprehensive analysis of summaries of 86 Spanish police investigations against organised crime networks, as well as fieldwork consisting of interviews with 79 offenders, law-enforcement officers, entrepreneurs, and car-dealers in Spain and Bulgaria (Chapter 2).
    [Show full text]
  • Bulgaria Page 1 of 14
    2005 Country Report on Human Rights in Bulgaria Page 1 of 14 Facing the Threat Posed by Iranian Regime | Daily Press Briefing | Other News... Bulgaria Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2005 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 8, 2006 Bulgaria is a parliamentary democracy of approximately 7.7 million persons, and is ruled by a coalition government headed by Prime Minister Sergei Stanishev. Multiparty parliamentary elections in June were deemed generally free and fair despite some reported irregularities. While civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of law enforcement officers, there were some instances in which law enforcement officers acted independently of government authority. The government generally respected the human rights of its citizens; however, there were problems in several areas. The following human rights problems were reported: police abuses, including beatings and mistreatment, of criminal suspects, prison inmates, and members of minorities harsh conditions in prisons and detention facilities arbitrary arrest and detention impunity limitations on freedom of the press some restrictions on freedom of religion discrimination against certain religious minorities widespread corruption in executive and judicial branches violence and discrimination against women, children, and minority groups, particularly the Roma trafficking in persons discrimination against persons with disabilities child labor RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS Section 1 Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom From: a. Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life Neither the government nor its agents committed any politically motivated killings; however, there were reports that police killed two persons during the year. On November 10, Anguel Dimitrov died while being arrested in a nationwide operation against organized crime.
    [Show full text]
  • Open Society Institute Sofia
    Open Society Institute - Sofia 2015 Annual Report OPEN SOCIETY INSTITUTE SOFIA 2015 ANNUAL REPORT CONTENTS Mission 3 1 Report of the Executive Director 5 2 Financial Profile 6 NGO Programme in Bulgaria under the EEA Financial Mechanism 2009- 3 11 2014 4 European Policies Programme 23 Governance and Public Policies Programme 26 5 Project Generation Facility - 29 Making the Most of European Union Structural Funds for Roma Inclusion 6 Legal Programme 31 7 Public Debate Programme 33 8 Emergency Fund of the Open Society Institute 34 Roma Programme 35 9 Scholarship Programme for doctors and post-graduate medicine students 36 of Roma origin Traineeship Programme at the US Embassy “Bridging Roma and Career 36 Opportunities” with the financial support of the US Embassy 10 Project Design Unit 37 2 MISSION To develop and support the values and practices of the open society in Bulgaria - To support the democratization of the public life - To work for the extension and guaranteeing of civil freedoms - To support the strengthening of civil sector institutions - To support the European integration and regional cooperation of Bulgaria 3 Founder George Soros Board of Trustees Pepka Boyadzhieva, Chair Ivan Bedrov Lachezar Bogdanov Milena Stefanova Petya Kabakchieva Aleksandar Kashamov Executive Director Georgi Stoychev Financial Director Veliko Sherbanov Programme Directors Boyan Zahariev Valentina Kazanska Ivanka Ivanova Dimitar Dimitrov Marin Lesinsky Elitsa Markova Anita Baykusheva Senior Economist Georgi Angelov Sociological Analyses Unit Aleksey Pamporov Dragomira Belcheva Petya Braynova Project Design Unit Elitsa Markova Teodora Ivanova 4 1. REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR In 2015, the Open Society Institute – Sofia continued working on four main priorities: good governance, rule of law and human rights, European policies and civic participation.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 Bulgaria
    MONITORING OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS’ RECOMMENDATION CM/REC (2010)5 ON MEASURES TO COMBAT DISCRIMINATION ON GROUNDS OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION OR GENDER IDENTITY REPORT ON THE REPUBLIC BULGARIA WRITTEN BY: DENITSA LYUBENOVA - ATTORNEY-AT-LAW DENIZA GEORGIEVA Report on the Republic of Bulgaria Background Information 1 Executive Summary 2 RECOMMENDATIONS 5 Purpose of the Report 10 Political System and Demographics 11 Methodology 11 1. Right to life, security and protection from violence 15 “Hate crimes” and other hate-motivated incidents 15 Hate speech 19 2. Freedom of association 19 3. Freedom of expression and peaceful assembly 20 4. Right to respect for private and family life 21 Right to respect for private and family life of same-sex families 21 Right to respect for private and family life of trans and intersex people 28 5. Employment 29 6. Education 31 7. Health 34 8. Housing 38 9. Sports 39 10. Right to seek asylum 40 11. National Human Rights Structures 42 12. Discrimination on multiple grounds 43 Report on the Republic of Bulgaria Background Information In 2010 the Committee of Ministers of Council of Europe adopted the Recommendation on measures to combat discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity1, recognizing that lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons have been for centuries exposed and are still subjected to homophobia, transphobia and other forms of discrimination and social exclusion. This significant document aims to recall that human rights are universal and should guarantee the equal dignity of all human beings and the enjoyment of rights and freedoms of all individuals without discrimination on any ground, including sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression and sex characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • Freedom in the World Report 2020
    Bulgaria | Freedom House Page 1 of 17 BulgariaFREEDOM IN THE WORLD 2020 80 FREE /100 Political Rights 34 Civil Liberties 46 80 Free Global freedom statuses are calculated on a weighted scale. See the methodology. TOP Overview https://freedomhouse.org/country/bulgaria/freedom-world/2020 7/24/2020 Bulgaria | Freedom House Page 2 of 17 Bulgaria’s democratic system holds competitive elections and has seen several transfers of power in recent decades. The country continues to struggle with political corruption and organized crime. The media sector is less pluralistic, as ownership concentration has considerably increased in the last 10 years. Journalists encounter threats and even violence in the course of their work and are sometimes fired for not following the editorial line. Ethnic minorities, particularly Roma, face discrimination. Despite funding shortages and other obstacles, civil society groups have been active and influential. Key Developments in 2019 • In December, the parliament reinstituted the state subsidies for political parties, which had controversially been cut in July. The July amendment to the Political Parties Act also lifted the ceiling on donations for political parties by private persons, businesses, and other organizations. • In September, the director general of the Bulgarian National Radio (BNR) removed a prominent journalist from a live-broadcast and suspended BNR programming for an unprecedented five hours. Civil society’s strong reaction prompted the formation of a parliamentary committee to investigate the events. BNR’s director was ousted in October. • In September, an outcry from right-wing political groups claimed the judiciary’s independence was threatened, after an Australian national, convicted of killing a law student in 2007, was granted parole.
    [Show full text]
  • HUMAN RIGHTS in BULGARIA in 2009 Annual Report
    Bulgarian Helsinki Committee HUMAN RIGHTS IN BULGARIA IN 2009 Annual report Sofia April 2010 Contents Human Rights in Bulgaria in 2009 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 4 1. Free and fair elections ........................................................................................................... 4 3. Right to life .............................................................................................................................. 7 4. Protection from torture, inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment .............. 10 5. Right to liberty and security of person ............................................................................... 12 6. Independence of the Judiciary and fair trial ....................................................................... 13 7. Respect for private and family life, home and correspondence ....................................... 14 8. Freedom of conscience and religion.................................................................................... 17 9. Freedom of expression and access to information ........................................................... 20 10. Freedom of association and peaceful assembly .................................................................24 11. Conditions in places of detention ....................................................................................... 26 Prisons and inmate dormitories ........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Bulgaria SIGI 2019 Category Low SIGI Value 2019 23%
    Country Bulgaria SIGI 2019 Category Low SIGI Value 2019 23% Discrimination in the family 27% Legal framework on child marriage 50% Percentage of girls under 18 married 1% Legal framework on household responsibilities 50% Proportion of the population declaring that children will suffer if mothers are working outside home for a pay 56% Female to male ratio of time spent on unpaid care work 2.0 Legal framework on inheritance 0% Legal framework on divorce 25% Restricted physical integrity 16% Legal framework on violence against women 75% Proportion of the female population justifying domestic violence 18% Prevalence of domestic violence against women (lifetime) 23% Sex ratio at birth (natural =105) 105.8 Legal framework on reproductive rights 0% Female population with unmet needs for family planning 14% Restricted access to productive and financial resources 30% Legal framework on working rights 100% Proportion of the population declaring this is not acceptable for a woman in their family to work outside home for a pay 6% Share of managers (male) 61% Legal framework on access to non-land assets 25% Share of house owners (male) - Legal framework on access to land assets 25% Share of agricultural land holders (male) 77% Legal framework on access to financial services 25% Share of account holders (male) 48% Restricted civil liberties 20% Legal framework on civil rights 0% Legal framework on freedom of movement 0% Percentage of women in the total number of persons not feeling safe walking alone at night 64% Legal framework on political participation 50% Share of the population that believes men are better political leaders than women 44% Percentage of male MP’s 76% Legal framework on access to justice 0% Share of women declaring lack of confidence in the justice system 56% Note: Higher values indicate higher inequality.
    [Show full text]
  • Bulgaria Gap Analysis Eng.Pdf
    1 Photos credit: © WWF-Bulgaria Published in August 2020 by WWF – World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund), Brussels, Belgium. Any reproduction in full or in part must mention the title and credit the above-mentioned publisher as the copyright owner. © Text 2020 WWF. All rights reserved. This questionnaire was funded by the European Union’s Internal Security Fund — Police Project-Nr. "821579 -Forest Crime - ISF-2017-AG-ENV" 2 Illegal logging accounts for as much as 10–30 % of the total logging worldwide, with some estimates as high as 20–50 %1 when laundering of illegal wood is included, with a growing involvement of organized crime. A significant proportion of illegal logging is now carried out by organized criminal networks utilising an international network of quasi-legitimate businesses and corporate structures to hide their illegal activities, which include creative accounting to launder criminal proceeds or collusion with senior government officials. Organized forest crime continues to evolve and develop new methods to conduct forestry crime operations and launder illegal timber. In the Danube-Carpathian Region and Bulgaria, forestry crime is a recognised problem, damaging Europe’s last primeval forests and undermining government policies to sustainably manage and protect forests. According to WWF Bulgaria, 2.5 million m3 of timber, or roughly a third of the total annual production, is lost annually to illegal logging2 and generates nearly 150 million leva (approximately 77,7 million euros) for those implementing the illegal harvest. Although the European Union Timber Regulation (EUTR) came into force in 2013 to stop illegal wood and paper products being placed on the European market, the EUTR and national laws in Bulgaria against illegal logging have up to now not been implemented with full effect due to different gaps and obstacles.
    [Show full text]
  • The Muslim-Turkish Minority in Bulgaria
    BULGARIAN HELSINKI COMMITTEE MEMBER OF THE INTERNATIONAL HELSINKI FEDERATION FOR HUMAN RIGHTS The Human Rights of Muslims in Bulgaria in Law and Politics since 1878 Sofia November 2003 Contents: Brief Introductory Chapter: 1. Demographic data 2. Origins of the Bulgarian Muslims 2.1. Turks 2.2. Bulgarian-speaking Muslims (Pomaks) 2.3. Roma Muslims Chapter I: The Muslim community in post-Ottoman Bulgaria (1878 - 1944) 1.1. Religious rights 1.2. Immigration and assimilation problems 1.3. Muslim minority education 1.4. Muslim (Turkish) minority press 1.5. The impact of Kemalism on the rights of the Muslims in Bulgaria Chapter II: The Muslim community during the Communist era (1944 - 1989) and the first years of democracy in Bulgaria 2.1. The politics towards Muslims in the period 1944-1956 2.1.1. Legal basis of Muslims’ religious freedoms 2.1.2. Development of Muslim minority education 2.1.3. Immigration inclinations among Muslims and their consequences 2.2. The treatment of Muslims between 1956 and 1984 2.2.1. Limiting the religious freedoms and launching a policy of forced assimilation of Muslims 2.2.2. Renewed immigration waves 2.2.3. New forced assimilation of Pomak Muslims 2.2.4. Preparing the soil for the assimilation of the Turks and the Roma Muslims 2.3. The situation of the Bulgarian Muslims during the last years of the Communist regime (1984-1989) 2.3.1. The “Revival Process” in its apogee 2.3.2. The international reaction to the “Revival Process” 2.3.3. The “Big Excursion” phenomenon Chapter III: Protection of Muslims’ basic rights and freedoms in present day Bulgaria 3.1.
    [Show full text]
  • WRITTEN COMMENTS of the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee
    WRITTEN COMMENTS Of the Bulgarian Helsinki Committee Concerning Bulgaria for Consideration by the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination at its 92nd Session March 2017 The Bulgarian Helsinki Committee (BHC) is an independent non-governmental organisation for the protection of human rights - political, civil, economic, social and cultural. It was established on 14 July 1992. The goal of the BHC is to promote respect and protection for the human rights of every individual, to advocate for legislative change to bring Bulgarian legislation in line with international standards, to encourage public debate on human rights issues, and to popularise and make widely known human rights instruments. The BHC is engaged in human rights monitoring, strategic litigation, advocacy, and human rights education. In its work, the BHC places special emphasis on discrimination, rights of ethnic and religious minorities, rights of the child, mental disability rights, conditions in places of detention, refugee and migrants rights, freedom of expression, access to information, problems of the criminal justice system. More information about the organisation and its publications are available online at http://www.bghelsinki.org. Table of Contents I. INTRODUCTION 2 II. VIOLATIONS OF THE CONVENTION PROVISIONS, OMISSIONS AND MISREPRESENTATIONS IN THE GOVERNMENT REPORT 2 Article 2 2 1. Involvement of racist and xenophobic political parties in the government and exclusion of minorities 2 2. Acts and patterns of institutional racism in the framework of the criminal justice system and in migration 4 Article 4 7 1. Developments in 2013 8 2. Developments in 2014 11 3. Developments in 2015 13 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Maritime Spatial Plan for the Cross-Border Area Mangalia
    Marine spatial plan for the cross-border area Mangalia Shabla Current situation analysis EUROPEAN COMMISSION Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (EASME) Department A - COSME, H2020 SME and EMFF Unit A3 - EMFF Call reference No: MARE/2014/22 Project Full Name: Cross border maritime spatial planning in the Black Sea – Romania and Bulgaria (MARSPLAN – BS) Project No: EASME/EMFF/2014/1.2.1.5/2/SI2.707672 MSP LOT 1 /BLACK SEA/MARSPLAN-BS European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) Marine spatial plan for the cross-border area Mangalia Shabla Volume 1 Current situation analysis - topic paper DELIVRABLE Page 1 Marine spatial plan for the cross-border area Mangalia Shabla Current situation analysis 1. Introduction to specific problems of the area The marine spatial plan for Mangalia-Shabla area was conceived as a pilot project included in MATSPLAN -BS project in order to test the capacities of the two countries to develop and adopt a concrete instrument for the management of the marine area. This plan takes into consideration the existing data describing the processes of the natural marine areas as well as the human activities developed in this area in order to establish balance between human actions and ecosystems subsistence. The plan is meant also to to put into practice the EU Directive for MSP, creating an institutional framework for MSP implementation in Romania and Bulgaria, enhancing the cross-border cooperation and exchange of information between the two countries. 1.1 Plan area delimitation The spatial plan area is located at the border between Romania and Bulgaria, its delimitation took into consideration two types of zones: the territorial waters (the management area) and coastal area and EEZ (the extended analyse area for the study of interactions).
    [Show full text]
  • 2005---Regional-Human-Right
    Series Reports 10 Series Reports REGIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT 2005 Publisher TheBelgradeCentreforHumanRights (on behalf of the Balkan Human Rights Network) Beogradska 54, Belgrade, Tel/fax. (011) 308 5328, 344 7121 e-mail: [email protected]; www.bgcentar.org.yu For the publisher Vojin Dimitrijevi} Editor Bojan \uri} Translation and proof-reading Du{ka Tomanovi} Cover caricature Predrag Koraksi} CORAX Cover design Mirko Mili}evi} Circulation 1000 copies ISBN 86-7202-086-3 Printed by Dosije, Belgrade REGIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS REPORT 2005 Belgrade Centre for Human Rights Belgrade, 2006 This publication was supported by the Neighbourhood Programme of the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs Views expressed in the publication are those of the individual authors and relevant partner organisations. The editors gratefully acknowledge the encouragement and advice of the Danish Institute for Human Rights. Contents Contents Contents.................................... 5 Abbreviations................................. 15 Preface..................................... 17 Introduction.................................. 18 HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA IN 2005 . 23 I INTRODUCTION . 23 IIHUMANRIGHTSINLEGISLATION.................. 24 1.ConstitutionalProvisionsonHumanRights............. 24 1.1.InternationalAgreementsRatifiedbyAlbania............. 24 2. Right to Effective Remedy for Human Rights Violations . 25 2.1.Courts.................................. 25 2.2.ConstitutionalCourt........................... 26 2.3.JurisdictionofInternationalCourts..................
    [Show full text]