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THE ENLIGHTENMENT WORLD the Routledge Worlds THE ENLIGHTENMENT WORLD The Routledge Worlds THE GREEK WORLD Edited by Anton Powell THE ROMAN WORLD Edited by John Wacher THE BIBLICAL WORLD Edited by John Barton THE EARLY CHRISTIAN WORLD Edited by Philip F. Esler THE CELTIC WORLD Edited by Miranda Green THE MEDIEVAL WORLD Edited by Peter Linehan and Janet L. Nelson THE REFORMATION WORLD Edited by Andrew Pettegree THE ENLIGHTENMENT WORLD Edited by Martin Fitzpatrick, Peter Jones, Christa Knellwolf and Iain McCalman THE HINDU WORLD Edited by Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby Forthcoming: THE EGYPTIAN WORLD Toby Wilkinson THE BABYLONIAN WORLD Edited by Gwendolyn Leick THE VIKING WORLD Edited by Stefan Brink and Neil Price THE RENAISSANCE WORLD Edited by John Jeffries Martin THE ENLIGHTENMENT WORLD Edited by Martin Fitzpatrick, Peter Jones, Christa Knellwolf and Iain McCalman First published 2004 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004. © 2004 Selection and editorial matter, Martin Fitzpatrick, Peter Jones, Christa Knellwolf, Iain McCalman; individual chapters, the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Enlightenment world / editors, Martin Fitzpatrick . [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. 1. Enlightenment. I. Fitzpatrick, Martin, 1944– B802.E546 2004 940.2′5–dc22 2003026266 ISBN 0-203-64469-7 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-67415-4 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–21575–7 (Print Edition) CONTENTS List of illustrations ix List of contributors xii Preface xix Acknowledgements xx I INTELLECTUAL ORIGINS OF ENLIGHTENMENT Introduction 3 Peter Jones 1 Science and the coming of Enlightenment 10 John Henry 2 The quest for philosophical certainty 27 Peter Schouls 3 The critique of Christianity 41 James Dybikowski 4 Enquiry, scepticism and Enlightenment 57 Aaron Garrett 5 The Huguenot debate on toleration 65 Luisa Simonutti II ASPECTS OF ENLIGHTENMENT FORMATIONS Introduction 81 Martin Fitzpatrick 6 The Dutch Republic: ‘That mother nation of liberty’ 87 Hugh Dunthorne v – Contents – 7 A crucible for change: Enlightenment in Britain 104 Alexander Murdoch 8 The itinerary of a young intellectual in early Enlightenment Germany 117 Martin Mulsow 9 The Age of Louis XIV and early Enlightenment in France 134 Martin Fitzpatrick III THE HIGH ENLIGHTENMENT Introduction 159 Martin Fitzpatrick 10 Pursuing an enlightened gospel: happiness from deism to materialism to atheism 164 Darrin M. McMahon 11 Progress and optimism 177 Clare Jackson 12 The science of man 194 Christa Knellwolf 13 Historical writing in the Enlightenment world 207 Johnson Kent Wright 14 Education and the reproduction of the Enlightenment 217 Geraint Parry 15 Science and the eighteenth-century public: scientific revolutions and the changing format of scientific investigation 234 Larry Stewart IV POLITE CULTURE AND THE ARTS Introduction 249 Peter Jones 16 Feminizing the Enlightenment: the problem of sensibility 253 Jane Rendall 17 Polite worlds of Enlightenment 272 Margaret C. Jacob 18 Nature and art in Enlightenment culture 288 John Sweetman vi – Contents – 19 Music and the Enlightenment 307 Cynthia Verba 20 Italian operas and their audiences 323 Peter Jones V MATERIAL AND POPULAR CULTURE Introduction 337 Peter Jones 21 Encyclopaedism and Enlightenment 350 Richard Yeo 22 Print culture in the Enlightenment 366 Carla Hesse 23 The appearance of Enlightenment: refashioning the elites 381 Peter McNeil 24 Popular culture 401 Nicholas Rogers VI REFORMING THE WORLD Introduction 421 Martin Fitzpatrick 25 The party of the philosophes 426 David Garrioch 26 Enlightenment and government 442 Eckhart Hellmuth 27 Enlightenment, republicanism and radicalism 457 Mark Philp 28 The new economics of the Enlightenment 473 Kathryn Sutherland 29 Making a better world: Enlightenment and philanthropy 486 David Garrioch 30 Law and Enlightenment 502 Randall McGowen vii – Contents – VII TRANSFORMATION AND EXPLORATIONS Introduction 517 Iain McCalman 31 Fantasies of paradise 521 Jonathan Lamb 32 Millenarian visions and Utopian speculations 536 Jon Mee 33 Cross-cultural encounters in the Enlightenment 551 Dorinda Outram VIII THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND ITS CRITICS: THEN AND NOW Introduction 571 Christa Knellwolf 34 Multiple Enlightenments: rival Aufklärer at the University of Halle, 1690–1730 576 Ian Hunter 35 Rousseau: enlightened critic of the Enlightenment? 596 Tom Furniss 36 Burke and the response to the Enlightenment 610 Frances Ferguson 37 The feminist critique of Enlightenment 621 Karen O’Brien 38 An Enlightenment critique of the Dialectic of Enlightenment 635 Howard Williams 39 Postmodernism and the Enlightenment 648 Susan Wilson Glossary 660 Name index 668 Subject index 685 viii ILLUSTRATIONS Edited by Georgina Fitzpatrick 1.1 Instauratio Magna, Francis Bacon 16 1.2 Sir Isaac Newton, Edward Hodges Bailly after Roubiliac 21 2.1 René Descartes, Lucien Butavard after Frans Hals 28 3.1 Matthew Tindal 52 3.2 John Locke 53 4.1 Pierre Bayle 63 6.1 ’T Oude Mannen en Vrouwen Huys 89 6.2 Huguenot Bookshops in Amsterdam 92 6.3 Boerhaave Delivering a Rectorial Address on Newton 98 6.4 Plate 26 of Erucarum ortus, Maria Sibylla Merian 100 7.1 A Philosopher Giving that Lecure on the Orrery, in which a Lamp is Put in the Place of the Sun 106 7.2 Painting Room at the Foulis Academy, David Allan 111 8.1 Germany in the early eighteenth century 119 8.2 Christian Thomasius 120 8.3 A Shop in Germany, Andreas Rüdiger 122 9.1 The Celebration of Louis celebrated, Louis Simonneau after Noel Coypel 137 11.1 Richard Price, Thomas Holloway after Benjamin West 180 11.2 Marquis de Condorcet 182 12.1 David Hume, James Tassie 198 12.2 Lettre d’un singe, aux êtres de son espèce 203 13.1 Edward Gibbon, John Hall after Joshua Reynolds 212 14.1 Johann Bernhard Basedow, Daniel Chodowiecki 222 14.2 Schoolroom at Dessau, Johann Bernhard Basedow 223 14.3 Heinrich Pestalozzi 224 15.1 Frontispiece of Ephraim Chambers, Cyclopaedia, J. Sturt 237 15.2 Joseph Priestley, Thomas Holloway after W. Artaud 243 Part IV.1a, b and c Voltaire and Madame du Châtelet from a Dresden box 248 16.1 The Vapors, Alexandre Colin 255 ix – Illustrations – 16.2 Sophie von de la Roche 261 16.3 Madame Denis-Joseph la Live d’Epinay, Jean-Etienne Liotard 262 17.1 Summons to a Masonic meeting, c. 1750 278 17.2 John Theophilus Desaguliers, Peter Pelham after Hans Hysing 279 18.1 Temple of British Worthies, Stowe, Bucks 292 18.2 Tomb for Rousseau on the Isle of Poplars, Ermenonville, Hubert Robert 293 18.3 House of the Inspectors of the River Loue, Claude-Nicolas Ledoux 296 18.4 Ponte Salario, Giovanni Battista Piranesi 297 18.5 Monticello, Virginia 298 18.6 An Eruption of Vesuvius, Seen from Portici, Joseph Wright 299 18.7 A Blackbuck, George Stubbs 300 18.8 The Lauteraar Gletscher, Charles Melchior Descourtis after Caspar Wolf 302 19.1 J. Pil. Rameau [Jean-Philippe Rameau] 308 19.2 Title-page of Rameau’s Traité de l’harmonie 309 20.1 Salles de spectacles – Opéra de Stuttgardt 324 20.2 Théatre Royal à Naples 329 Part V.1 Lutherie – ouvrages et outils 342 Part V.2 Preliminary Work on Pont de Neuilly Bridge, 1769–70 344 21.1 A Temple of Learning 352 21.2 View of Knowledge 359 22.1 Frontispiece of Prosper Marchand’s Histoire de l’origine et de premiers progrès de l’imprimerie, J. V. Schley 367 22.2 A[ntoine]-F[rançois] Momoro, First Printer of National Liberty 377 23.1 L’Art d’ecrire 382 23.2 Quelle Antiquité 382 23.3 Les Jeunes Anglais, Nicolas Colibert 391 23.4 Les Jeunes Hollandais, Nicolas Colibert 391 24.1 Hudibras Encounters the Skimmington 407 24.2 They Who Have Ears to Hear, Let Them Hear 409 24.3 The Invasion: France, T. Cook after William Hogarth 414 24.4 The Invasion: England, T. Cook after William Hogarth 415 25.1 A Party of Philosophes 427 25.2 Voltaire, engraving after Largillière 428 25.3 Grimm and Diderot, Louis Carmontelle 430 26.1 Frederick the Great Inspecting his Troops, Daniel Chodowiecki 445 26.2 Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, J. G. Janota 450 27.1 The Hopes of the Party, prior to July 14, James Gillray 459 27.2 Thomas Paine, William Sharpe after George Romney 467 28.1 Adam Smith, James Tassie 481 28.2 Epinglier 483 29.1 Captn Thomas Coram, William Nutter after William Hogarth 488 29.2 View of the Foundling Hospital, J. P. Boitard 493 30.1 The Bench, William Hogarth 505 x – Illustrations – 31.1 A View of the Commodore’s Tent at the Island of Juan Fernandez 523 31.2 Frontispiece of Jacques-Henri Bernardin St Pierre, Paul et Virginie 524 31.3 Hortus Botanicus: The Physick Garden in Oxon 532 32.1 Smelling out a Rat, James Gillray 537 32.2 William Godwin, W. Ridley after Sir Thomas Lawrence 540 33.1 Dancer, Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg after John Webber 562 33.2 Omai, James Caldwell 563 34.1 Samuel Pufendorf 580 34.2 Frontispiece of Christian Thomasius, Introductio ad philosophiam aulicum: Enleitung zur Hofphilosophie 581 34.3 August Hermann Francke 583 35.1 Jean Jacques Rousseau, A.
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