Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677)
[78r] Experimenta philosophica naturalia, auctore M[a]gis[tro] De Valdo Lugd[uni] ann[o] 1676.1 1um 12 Martii His subject was the ponderosity, or rather the compression of the air over us, which he had proved by some other experiments before now. Yet to assert it more authentically, and to give the auditory to understand that it was not the metus vacuii2 which did make nature to work so violently, and potent in many operations, but rather the compression of the air itself, he used the following demonstration. First he had made two little cylinders of white stone perfectly round, and perfectly plane on the superficies, where they were to touch one [78v] another, and as perfectly equal to each other as he could get them made. Their diameter was
1 Conventions adopted in the transcription: (1) the text deleted in the manuscript has been put between brackets thus < >; whenever possible, I have provided the deleted text; otherwise, I have used dots instead of the illegible letters; (2) the text in the margin or between the lines is put between the symbols \ /; (3) doubtful text is put between brackets { }; whenever possible, I have provided the text, otherwise, I have used dots instead of the illegible letters; (4) my additions are put between brackets [ ]; (5) the text has been modernized, i.e. forms like “y.e” have been rendered as “the”, plurals given in the form “cylinder’s” have been rendered as “cylinders”, the ligatures have been dissolved, obsolete and archaic spellings and forms of words have been rendered into modern terms, punctuation has been fixed. Latin has been translated in footnotes, whenever neces- sary, and Latin abbreviations have been completed. Doubtful text has been kept in its original form. 2 “Fear of vacuum.” 3 “Calumniate.”
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 619 A. Strazzoni, Burchard de Volder and the Age of the Scientific Revolution, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 51, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19878-7 620 Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677)
Fig. 1 Cohering marbles used by De Volder. (Source: De Volder 1676–1677, 78v. Courtesy British Library, ms. Sloane 1292)
holes which might be left by the unevenness of the superficies, are closely staying with the tallow. 3ly. He hung them up (for which purpose they had brass hooks at both ends thus [see Fig. 1, De Volder 1676–1677, 78v]) [79r] Then he put weights to the lowermost end, which was first a huge scale weighing 35 lb with all its {tanr’}, and then into the scale he went adding by degrees more and more weight: to the intent he might experiment how much weight would tore those two cylinders asunder, which were only joined with a little tallow. Has he added to the weight of 285 lb, and then the lower brass hook of the cylinders broke, which had it not happened it would in all probability have sustained much more weight. This experiment he said did prove the compression of the air, and its ponderosity of whose nature it is as in fluid bodies that it weigheth and compresseth both above us, and beneath us: where by the oppression of the air upon the uppermost cylinder meeting with the oppression of the air, or heaving under the lowermost \{uider fa}/ did cause that reluctancy to a disunion of the cylinders: here being no air drawn out, nor left in, not the least, between [79v] the two cylinders, which might be said to be the cause of their own separation propter metum vacuii4 which is the common solu- tion of Aristotelians for such reluctances in such cases.5 [80r] Experim[en]tum 2um 13 Martii. His subject was the same viz. the pressure or ponderosity of the air. 1. For this purpose he had refitted again his cylinders with better hooks (the just breadth of said cylinders being 2 digitos cum 3a parte,6 as he declared again more expressly this day), and joined them together with tallow two days before very close by means of the heat of a lamp, or candle, which joining, after the divulsion of the
4 “Because of the fear of vacuum.” 5 See Schott 1657, 25–26. 6 “Two inches and ⅓.” Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677) 621 cylinders, appeared to be so thin, or superficial as that are scarce could perceive any tallow upon the superficies of one of the cylinders, which I had in my hand. 2. Then he hang them up, as before, and into the scales he added more, et more weight, till they disunited and the one fell down with the weight which appeared to be very nigh 450 lb. [80v] 3. He said Boyle could only hang on two such cylinders (being even some- thing broader i.e. of 3 fingers breadth) 80 lb weight, which is not the 4th part of this experiment. Let this he attributed to the unevenness of the cylinders of Boyle, and partly to this gluten which was only a certain oil.7 4. His conclusion was the above-said viz. that the compression of the air, both from above, et below, as being a fluid body like unto water, did hinder their separa- tion, et there not being the least jot of air betwixt them, whereby the compression of the air being equal on both sides must needs equally force, and compress, on cylin- der against the other, just as when two weights of equal ponderosity do compress two boards they cannot be separa- [81r] ted till the force, which is to separate them, be stronger than the weights: but if any thing were betwixt the two boards which might press on one side, or other, or both together, then certainly the separating force need be much lesser. 5. Hence he explicated the compression of the air to be like the compression of the water, which is not felt when we are in a river, or sea, be cause all the water compresseth equally on all sides: but were there in the bottom of the sea a tubulus,8 hole, or cavity, which had not one drop of water in it, we should feel all the weight of the water then to press, and ponder, upon us, and with huge violence to force us into that hole, whereas were the hole full of water we should feel no such violence forcing us into it: even so the air.9 6. Hence [81v] also he inferred, as above that it was not the metus vacui which did hinder the separation of the cylinders with this dilemma: aut non datur talis metus vacui, et coë[u]nt illa, talis metu,10 cum non detur, nequit impedire avulsio- nem cylindrorum. Aut si datur, et ille sit qui impediat disiunctos, iam profecto disi- unximus illos, et coë[u]ntes datur via, et modus, introducendi vacuii in na[tur]am: imo fecimus ipsi mo[do] vacuum, q[uo]d utrumq[ue] negare de[be]nt, qui vacuum tantopere abohrrere na[tur]am aiunt.11
7 See Boyle 1662a, 84–86. 8 A small tube. 9 See Stevin 1605, 148–149; AT II, 587–588; Boyle 1666, 231–232 and 242, 1999–2000, volume 7, 220–221. 10 Sic. 11 “Either this fear of vacuum does not exist, and those [cylinders] cohere, [but] since that fear does not exist, it cannot impede the separation of the cylinders. Or, if it exists, and that is what hinders that they [are] separated, [and] we actually have already separated them, since they [were] coher- ing, it is given a way and manner to introduce a vacuum in nature: what is more, we created a vacuum in this very way[.] Those who say that nature abhors a vacuum to such an extent, have to negate both [these alternatives].” 622 Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677)
7. By the way he explicated the opinion of Descartes, which holdeth that all the cohesion or union, of bodies, proceededh only from their quies.12 But unto this he said he could not assent. For certainly quoth [82r] he if this quies be so strong that I have not force to separate two things, how comes it that I can so easily move the whole v.g. a whole iron, or board, which with my hands I cannot tore in pieces, yet I can rowle it to and fro? Or if I cannot separate the half, 3rd or 4th part of said things yet I may at least separate the 100 or 1000th part of them, the force of my hands and their bigness being so much bigger than said 100 or 1000th part. 8. Unto this Descartes answereth that the softness of our hands the pain we feel and our only touching said things s[ecun]dum extimam superficiem13 is the cause we cannot separate not so much as the least part of many solid things.14 9. But this answer, said he, doth not satisfy, for the said argument may be again and again instantiated against it. Wherefore besides the things [82v] specified by Descartes he thinketh that the experiment now mentioned is the chief cause of our impotency of separating solid things from each other, yea and that we cannot of some things separate the 1000th part, although we can move the whole body of them to and fro: for as for the moving the whole body, {they} being in the fluid body of the air, as if it were in water, and the whole body of the air not pressing upon them more than water, nay not so much, hence said pression is not felt by the things, and we can move them: but as for the separation of one part or particle from another, besides the quies of said particles, they are so closely united as these two cylinders, and not the least jot of air being between the pores of said solid things it is extremely hard to pull them asunder: from whence is collected that the more or less pores the body
12 “Rest.” 13 “By the outermost surface.” 14 See Descartes’s Principia philosophiae, II.54–55 and II.63. 15 “To an equilibrium.” 16 “Through perpendicular lines.” Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677) 623 the air to press more or less, thereby to hinder the separation of the uppermost part of the vessel from the lower. 2. It is to be presupposed, that a week or two before this experiment he had made use of a brass globe divided in two equal hemispheres which had just 8 digitos diameter, and these hemispheres being conjoined with tallow, they had sustained without separating 700 lb weight. 3. He made use this time of a lesser brass globe divided likewise into two hemi- spheres whose diameter was 6 digitos: so that the quadrate of [84v] this globe math- ematical or cubic was 36 and of the former 64 and this was the proportion of one to the other, or as of 9 to 16. 4. First he tried what weight the one hemisphere of this 2nd globe would sustain by applying unto it a brass plate, plane, and even, and very thick (least the pression of the air in the exhaustion might bend it, or else the weight of the scales in the divulsion) and with tallow {…} united it to the hemisphere, and so the hemisphere was close shut up that no air could get in or go out, and it remained a perfect hemi- sphere only. 5. Then he exhausted by degrees every jot of air contained within said hemi- sphere viz. till his pump did suck little or no air at all: and here we saw ad oculum,17 as it were, the pression of the air for after the 2nd or 3rd draughts of the pump the plate did squeeze the tallow [85r] out of the sides of the hemisphere betwixt the plate, and the half globe, and so made it be very strongly united to the half globe, whereas before it was but slightly set on. 6. After exhausting all the air he
hung it in the static machine, and laid weights in the scales and it sustained 425 lb weight before the plate separated from the half globe. 7. Then he joined the other half globe to the first closed them both with tallow, exhausted the air of the whole globe to the same degree, as before, very little more, or less. 8. Hence he hung the whole globe in the machine, and by degrees added weight in the scale: it sustained clearly the 425 lb above-said, but having added 23 lb more it presently separated, I mean, one half globe from the other: so that the difference was very little. [85v] 9. Hence he inferred 1o that the difference was so little as it might be attrib- uted to the more or less perfect exhaustion of the air as also something to the more or less closure of the tallow: whereby he said that from both these causes, or any other slight accident, he sometimes had experimented some such small difference, yea sometimes greater, and yea sometimes not the least at all, which was only when all things hit well together. 10. 2ly. That it was not the greater capacity of the vessel exhausted that did make the air to press more or less: otherwise the whole globe would have sustained twice or much weight as the hemisphere did viz. 850 lb and not only 425 et a little more.
17 “By eye.” 624 Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677)
11. 3ly. That the air did press only perpendiculariter,18 else it would have pressed more on [86r] the \whole/ globe than on the half and consequently the whole globe would have sustained more weight than the half, which by this experiment we did see it was not so. 12. That only the greater diameter of the vas was the cause of greater pression of the air for so the other of 8 inches broad could sustain 700 lb and this must needs be so, for this pression being perpendicular the air must needs lie more heavy on a thing of 8 than 6 inches broader. 13. That here was a great uniformity in this experiment with the other, made \ which/ the other globe the proportion of 425 to 6 inches corresponding very well to that of 700 to 8 inches broad. [86v–87r] Experim[en]t[um] 4um 4o Iunii. 1. His subject was to prove that metus vacuii was but inanis et chimaericus.19 2. He had placed on the anthlia or instrum[en]tum torricellianum,20 a great round bottle, and in it was a smaller glass bottle with mercury. Over this small bottle was placed a syringe whose embulus21 he could draw up by turning round the head of the great glass bottle. 3. This experiment had not succeeded formerly, some day that I was not present. Now he with the pump sucked out all the air that was in the great glass bottle et then turning
18 “Perpendicularly.” 19 “Foolish and chimerical.” 20 Of course, the actual instrumentum Torricellianum was not the air pump, but the barometer or tube. 21 This is the plunger of the syringe. Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677) 625
3. This weight he said might be bigger, but that the inferior orifice of the glass was not capable of letting in a bigger weight and besides the cancells of brass were not capable of surrounding a bigger weight, than that. [88v] 4. Then by degrees i.e. several suctions he drew out all the air that was in the great glass, and at every suction the bladder, (which before was all flaccid, and wrin- kled, and had very little air in it), began to expand and dilate itself that air which was within though but a little expanding and dilating itself, by the force (as he said) of the aether or m[ate]r[i]a caelestis,22 which at the exuction of the common air, penetrat- ing, et piercing through both the glass, and the bladder, did in the bladde[r] commi- nuere in minutas partas [sic] aërem coe[unte]m,23 insinuate itself into the pores of said common air and so dilate it and make it occupy more room than it did before. 5. This was not all. But as the bladder did extend itself, so also it did by degrees lift up the 5 lb weight at every suction: so that at last the weight was at the top of the can- cells [89r] of brass: which elevation of this weight, was only caused by the force of the expansion of the air within the bladder, though but a very little, as hath been said. 6. This done, he let in by degrees, and softly, the air into the pump, and presently the bladder (which had not been extended to the full, but might have been expanded much more, and consequently would have lifted up the weight much higher, or a greater weight than that but that he was unwilling the weight should much surpass the limits of the cancells) became flaccid again, and crumpled, as it was before, and the weight descended to the bottom, or resting plan of the cancells made to sustain it. 6. Hence he inferred, 1o that only the air i.e. its expansion within the bladder could be the cause of [89v] of the elevation of the weight. 2o that it was very remark- able that such a small quantity of air, as was within the bladder, should have such great strength, as to elevate such a weight. 3o that the air which was within the glass beforehand had hindered by its pression the bladder from expanding and the ingress of the aether, which was the efficient cause of said expansion. 4o that only the aether could cause said dilatation seeing the bladder did not dilate its own self: nor the air within the bladder had no intrinsecall principle whereby it could move, and expand, and dilate its own self to such a degree, and much less with such a force as to cause the elevation of such a weight. 6. 6o. That the air ought not to be considered in its whole body, and taken alto- gether, [90r] as being the greatest body, extant in the world, and that hence it may have indeed a great strength, but rather that a very small quantity thereof, when expanded, and dilated, by the aether, hath in itself a very main strength, as appeareth by this experiment. [90v] Experim[en]tum 6um 11o Iunii. 1. His subject was the necessity of air for respiration et cetera. 2. He put a little dog into a big glass bottle, which was placed upon the pump. This dog had been in once, or twice, before, and so in laughter he said that he was used to those kind of diseases.
22 “Celestial matter.” 23 “[…] to break in little parts the cohering air.” 626 Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677)
3. The phiala being closed, and stopped, with a kind of bitumen black something like to pitch, though it was not pitch: he began to draw out by several suctions the air. 4. Upon the very first suction the animal began to pant, and be sickly et faintish, and to breath [91r] faster and harder than before: and likewise his body began to swell, and appear considerably bigger, than when it was well, and in its natural state. 5. Presently after, at the next exscutions, he began to gasp, and be troubled with convulsive fits: he cried a little with a very weak, and faintish voice which could scarce be heard, made so shrill doubtless by the rarefaction of the air; and then he lay as it were a dying after having tumbled up and down in the glass sometimes with the pangs of death. 6. To the end he might not suddenly depart, the air was let in again, and the glass opened at the top, whereby presently he began to come to himself again: was taken out, and went up et down [91v] the room, though reeling and as it were lightheaded, et seasick. 7. Then he was put in again: the air was drawn out, and his body swelling, as before he was troubled with the same fits till after some few exuctions more then, at first, he died, and lay without the least motion. 8. The air being let in again he came not to himself again, but {yett} notwith- standing his body which had swelled, as before, immediately after the letting in of the air de-swelled, and returned to his natural state. 9. The dog being cut up he took one the lungs and showed unto us: the which were found to be of two colours: the one was of a darkish [92r] red colour which he called color fuscus.24 The other part were of a whitish colour such as we see in the lungs of other animals that are sound. 10. The several lungs, or lobes, he divided asunder, and threw them into a pale of water: and three of the lobes which were of the whitish colour, did swim and would not sink: the other lobe which was of the darkish red colour sank presently, and did not swim at all. 11. From the lobes which were of the
24 “Dark colour.” Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677) 627 want of which this animal had perished, the air within in the glass, by the subduction of the rest, being too much rarefied, and subtilized, whereby it was rendered unfit for animals to live upon. [93r] 14. 3o. That this was the true, and natural reason, of another experiment or phenomenon of nature: viz. when men ascend unto some very high mountains as el pico de Tenerife they experiment squeamishness of stomach and vomits and other symptoms whereby they are feign to make use of several preparatives the air,25 there, by reason of its thinness, subtility, and too much rarefaction, being scarce sufficient for life, and some ascending too high have died for want of breathing for although there \is/ much and open air enough, yet it is not of such a consistency as is requisite for human breathing, and life. 15. 4o. That the swelling of the dog’s body, both times, when the air was drawn out, and de-swelling of it again when it was let in again, proceeded from this prin- ciple that the compression of the air within the glass being taken away, the air remaining within the body of the dog as in the muscles, veins, parenchymas, and fibres, in all which place he said were some real quantities of air; this, I say, did expand and dilate itself and [93v] so cause the body to swell, but the air being let in again did compress, and condense, and constipate the air within the body of the dog, and this cause it to de-swell. Even just as we had seen in the last experiment of the bladder, and the weight, wherein the air being taken out of the great bottle glass (which did compress bladder, et constipate the air within the bladder) that which was within did presently dilate itself, and so much even to the lifting up of such a weight: and the said air being let in again did condense and constipate the air in the bladder whereby it de-swelled, et crumpled and let down the weight to its place where it was before: and this was also the reason of several other experiments before-seen, and rehearsed in this bask. 16. 5o. That the two different colours seen in the lungs did proceed from hence that the 3 lobes which were whitish had some air in them which caused [94r] them to swim, but the other lobe by some accident had none at all which caused it to sink: and the same ought to be said of the particle of the reddish dark colour cut of from one of the lobes which swam: said particle having no air in it which caused it to sink: even as bladders do when they have no air in them. 17. 7o. That hence might easily be examined, if an infant was born dead or alive: for if born dead the lungs will certainly sink: if it was born alive, and breathed never so little while, they will never sink do what you can. [94v] Experim[en]t[um] 7um 15° Iunii. 1. His subject was the same with the precedent experiment viz. the necessity of respiration and air for life in all sorts of animals. 2. To this effect he put into the phiala after having placed it on the pump a couple of birds, which were sparrows.
25 See Sprat 1667, 201. 628 Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677)
3. He shut the phiala very close, with his ordinary bitumen made, as Margrave judged, of wax, and tallow.26 [95r] 4. He premitted to the experiment by way of preamble, that we should see in those volatills the same necessity of air and respiration for respiration towards the preservation of life, as we had seen the last experiment in the trial of quadrupeds viz. the little dog. Also that the air necessary for life was not any kind of air, (seeing in the pump some air was always left though very much attenuated, rarefied, and subtilized) but only air of such a crassities,27 as he called it, or consistency, as was requisite for life, without which no animals could subsist. 5. 2ly. He premitted, we should see this necessity of air in those volatills notwith- standing that volatills have the organs of respiration aliter disposita q[ua]m in hoc.28 For birds et volatills, saith he, have not their lungs, as men, hanging loose in the thorax but costis affixos, atque coalitos, et coadunatos.29 Which proves saith he that the lungs are not the cause of respiration, as they are thought [95v] to be i.e. that they are like bellows, that drawn in the air by their dilatation, but rather that they are like bladders into which the air is thrust, and inflated by circumpulsion, and that their dilatation dependenth on the dilatation of the thorax et non e c[ontrari]o being we see in dissection that many men have great parts of their lungs united and coagu- lated to the ribs of the breast, and yet these men no otherwise than these birds nullo cum damno respira[ti]o[n]is respirant, q[ua]mvis h[ab]eant pulmones ita costis affixos.30 6. 3o. He premitted that volatills had in pulmonibus aperturas quasdam satis man- ifestas per quas transmittebat inspiratus aër usq[ue] in abdomen ipsum31: which did seem to prove that the same aperturae ought to be men, although as yet not found, yet that that reason did seem to convince it, seeing that many [96r] that have matter, and pus, in their breast, and not their lungs at all vitiated, yet per asperam {asperians}32 they do often bring up, and spit out said pus, which could not be well understood which way it could come up that way except in the
26 Christopher Love Morley refers to Christiaan Marggraf, who was a private teacher of chemistry and medicine in the city of Leiden. His judgment on De Volder’s bitumen could not be retrieved. 27 “Thickness.” 28 “Disposed differently than in this.” 29 “[…] attached to the ribs, and adhering, and united”. 30 “[They] breath without any damage to respiration, even if they have lungs attached to the ribs in this way”. 31 “[They had] in the lungs certain holes sufficiently visible through which the inspired air [is] conveyed up to the abdomen itself.” 32 Likely: “arteriam.” Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677) 629 were well again, et revived, though not quite so lively as before: their bodies also swelled, as that of the dog had done, et de-swelled when the air was let in again. [96v] 8. Afterwards he drew out all the air again, as before, and the birds returned to their convulsive fits, tumbling, vomits, till at last they died. 9. Of these convulsive fits he said it was very remarkable that all animals that \X/ ever he had put into the vacuum did die all alike by convulsions whereof he said the cause was not easy to be rendered, convulsions being caused by contraction of the muscles which is performed by the affluxion unto them of the animal spirits: {now} why the extraction of the air should cause the animal spirits to conflux unto the muscles after such a {nattra} and there to convell the muscles he said again it was not easy to explicate. Let he thought in some manner it might be explicated thus: viz. that these spirits are of the nature of liquid [97r] things as being of engendered of the subtlest, and purest part of our blood even as spirit of wine is the purest, and subtlest part of the wine, although the liquidity thereof seemeth to be only the vehicle of said spirit of wine, and not so properly the spirit itself. 10. Now in all liquid things is found, by the trial of the pump, to be contained some air: for oil, water, wine, and other wine being set on the vacuum and the air extracted, at the first exsuctions do ascend some bubbles, afterwards more and more, till at last is made a huge commotion of the whole liquor, which doubtless, quoth he, is caused by the extraction of what air was contained in the liquor and rarefaction of what remaineth by the ingress into it of the aether, or ma[teri]a caelestis. [97v] 11. Hence, saith he, [a]dd[end]um {vs},33 that a[nim]al spirits being, as I have said, of the nature of liquid things, the air when extracted out of the pump is also extracted out of the a[nim]al spirits contained in the body, and the aether enter- ing incontinently doth rarefy extenuate expand and dilate the rest remaining which causeth a commotion and revolution amongst the animal spirits even such as is experimented in liquid things, and they thus {wruell} the muscles disorderly every time an an[ima]l so dyeth for want of respiration. 12. At last he inferred the huge necessity of air for humane life, and of thick and gross air not of any sort, et so ended. [98r] Experim[en]tum 8um 22o Iuni 1. His subject was the former concerning the necessity of air, and respiration for life. 2. He set an indifferent big glass upon the anthlia, and filled it with water up to the very top of the brass pipe, through which the wind is drawn out. Then he put in several fishes of different sorts, and sizes and amongst the rest an indifferent big eel. 3. The glass being well closed, he drew out the air, et loe at the very first or nd2 suction the fish felt the want of the air which was in the water, and from the very bottom of the glass where most of them lay, they all mounted suddenly to the top of the water, and there they lay gasping for breath. [98v] 4. At these very first exsuctions an infinite number of small bubbles did begin to ascend from the bottom of the glass to the superficies of the water, where
33 Probably: “est.” Read: “it is to be added.” 630 Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677) they did stick, and an huge number of these did stick to the sides of the fishes, which made them appear as if they had been silvered over, especially the eel was a pretty spectacle the bubbles sticking so thick, and close all along the two rows of her fins. These bubbles continued ascending at every suction, and at last they were so small, as that they were almost imperceptible, and did seem to obscure a little, and trouble the water. 5. The fish continued gasping, and the eel was she that last of all ascended, as seeming to endure the absence of the air more than the rest: now and then with pangs, and as it were convulsive motions they did flutter, and tumble [99r] up and down to the bottom of the glass, but presently, as it were drawn by some force, they did ascend again unto the superficies of the water. These bodies did not swell at all to the sight, as the bodies of other animals had done before, which he said must be because they doubtless had not so much air in their muscles, and bowels as other creatures had. 6. Every one of the fish did gasp much for air, and so did the eel likewise, and the bubbles did seem to stick most above their fins which he said might given suspicion, that at their fins, they did breath, and there cause those bubbles by emission of some small air out of their bodies. Let that those bubbles were not all caused by the fish (if any were) being in that water he said was evident, for that clear water being put into a glass, and the air exhausted, did send up the same bubbles and to the appear- ance in the same quantity. [99v] 7. When the fish had to the appearance lost the greatest part of their motion, and life, and did lie almost for dead with their bellies all upwards: then he let in the air again et suddenly all the fish tumbled down to the the bottom of the glass again, as fast as they had come up before. From whence he inferred the pressure of the air which pressing upon the water did make them so to descend. 8. With the air let in they did come to themselves again as appeared manifestly when the air was drawn out again although at present they lay as it were \X/ being stand, and made not any very great motion. All the bubbles likewise of the water disappeared presently and were seen no more neither in the water nor sticking to the fish. [100r] 9. After he had let them revive and breath for a while, he drew out the air again: and presently at the very first suction of the air the fish flew all up again, as before, to the superficies of the water and began to gasp, and flutter up and down as they had done before, and, at last, after some more suctions to be convulsive, and turn their bellies upwards, till at last the same tragedy being acted as before they lay for dead. 10. Notwithstanding he believed, they were not quite dead, and so he said, he would leave them for a while, about half an hour, before he would let in the air again, and then see if they made any further motion. The eel did still gasp when we came away. And seemed to let out air below the mouth a fingers breadth where she had a kind of a bag that did extend and compress, as the lungs in men do, of which he bad us to take notice. Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677) 631
[100v] 11. Note that at this second time, when he drew out the air not so many bubbles by many did ascend as at the first time he drew it out, and of this he bad us take notice saying it was a constant experiment of all liquors. 12. After half an hour he found the
8. He continued crawling upon the glass, till after many exuctions the air was quite drown out so that the pump would yield no more, and still he was in the same posture, and thus he {told} before he would be. So that to kill him, or to know how long he would live, it was necessary to leave him just so in the glass without any air, and moreover now and then he said he would exhaust the glass anew to the end none might come in to him. 9. Hence he returned to his other animals, [103r] which he had set aside. But he found most or all of them with new motion whereas they had none before: and hence he concluded that some air was got in to them through the glue or bitumen of the glass, which had brought them to life again. Hence he let in the air fully unto them: and presently the fly and butterflies having now air thick enough found their wings again and began to fly up and down and the other animals to crawl, and they were well enough to the appearance in a moment. 10. Of the frog he told us afterwards that he had left him in that posture for a whole hour, and at 12 o’ clock he found the glass, as it should be without air but the frog still alive: at 2 he found him not with any motion at all, and the glass without air: yet he dared not let in the air fearing he would come to himself again: at five he come again and found the frog again without the least motion, and then he let in the air, and presently his sides, which were much swelled, did fall down flat, yea more flat then they were before he put the frog into [103v] the glass: yea in his side appeared some small rupture either with too much swelling, or else with the force of the air
34 “From elsewhere.” Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677) 633 out of the glass, where the handle of the epistomium was: and for this cause he said he had separated the bell from the epistomium, and clapper, for otherwise we should not perceive any very great alteration in the sound of the bell. 4. Then by degrees he let in the air again, and loe, as the air came hissing in, so by degrees did increase at every clap the sound of the bell: which proved evidently that sounds depend, for propagation on the air, seeing without it they cannot be heard, and are totally lost. 5. Next to show us how that the continuity of [105r] things doth propagate the sounds by the air that is within them, and make them be heard, at such a distance, as otherwise they would not, (yea and, here, even when the ambient air was drawn out of the glass) he joined the bell to the epistomium (by which also the clapper did hang) he drew out all the air, as before, and loe then sounding the bell we could hear it distinctly, with a perfect tinning after it, though to speak truth the sound was much diminished from what it was before the exhausting of the air: hence he inferred that nothing else could be the cause of this hearing the sound of the bell now, and not before, but the {continuity} of that brass epistomium whose air in the pores did transfer the sound out of the glass unto the handle thereof which was out, and thus we came to hear it: so a long trabes, or beam, doth transfer the
35 See Mersenne 1636, 161. 36 “To fill the vacuum.” 634 Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677) one half quarter part of the glass, and then it ceased running any more, whereby he inferred that just so much air was drawn out, for were any more air drawn out it would continue running still. 5. Then he screwed the glass on again, and gave it another exuction: unscrewed it, and holding it in the water, as before, loe the water ascended, as much again, as it had done before, and then ceased whereby he <{…r}> inferred that just so much more air had been let out at this 2nd exuction. 6. This he repeated 5 or 6 several times [107r] at least, till the glass was full, I mean, as full, as that the water did reach almost, quite, to the top of the glass: but he seemed to say it could be quite filled with water, by reason the air could never be quite drawn out. The ascending of the water, he referred unto the circumpulsion, or pressure of the air, and not ad replendum vacuum, as the Cartesians do usually do. [107v] Experim[en]tum 12um 29o 7bris 1. His subject was the necessity of
37 “From the contrary.” 38 “Small cupping-glass.” 636 Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677) the cupping-glass, was not sufficient, or strong enough, to draw, retain or bear any longer the weight of the bladder, and its ring. 8. But if that no air had been gotten into the cupping glass doubtless that cohe- sion, or attraction would, have been of sufficient strength to bear some pounds weight, before they could be disjoined. And hence he said, a great care must be taken in this experiment, that no air do get into the cupping-glass, when it is let into the great glass, else it will not sortiri eff[ect]um,39 or at least, not so manifest, strong, and evident. [111v] 9. Thus he told us, that morning he had tried the same experiment, in the presence of some few students, and the bladder with its ring could not be separated from the cupping-glass with less, than 10 lb weight. 10. Also that two days before he had experimented the same, and the bladder could not be separated with less, than 7 or 8 lb weight, for which he had also wit- nesses. And yet he promised to iterate this experiment so often till he had made us all eyewitnesses thereof. 11. This being certainly so, he inferred that only the compression of the circum- ambient air within the great glass was the cause of the ascending of the bladder within the cupping-glass, and also of [112r] its sticking so fast unto the cupping- glass, as to bear so much weight, and not the ancient reason of metus vacui, for as much, as there was a greater vacuum, or metus vacui before the letting in of the air into the great glass, than afterwards, and yet no such effort was seen: {go} it must needs be the ponderosity of the air, and its compression, which did cause \it/ so to adhere unto the cupping-glass, for no other reason could be excogitated. [112v] Experim[en]tum 14um 28o 7bris. 1. His subject was the very same, as in the former precedent experiment. 2. His experiment was also the very same, viz. the cupping-glass, and bladders, to prove that in cupping-glasses it was not the periculum, nor metus vacui that made the flesh to ascend, but rather the compression, and ponderosity of the ambient air, when the air within the cupping-glass, by the fire was rarified, attenuated, and in great part expelled. 3. He had already hanging in the room two several bladders with cupping-glasses sticking to them: the one he had took out of the pump two days before, and had continued so quite 30 [113r] whole hours: the 2nd he had took out of the pump but 2 hours before. 3. These he weighed, to see how fast, the letting in of the air into the pump had made the glass stick unto the bladder: and the first of them full presently of, through, I knew not what default so that it bore little, or no weight at all. 4. The 2nd held out as far as 12 lb weight, and then the bladder broke at the bottom with the weight, which had it not happened it would doubtless have held more weight. He mended it, and put it on again, and it bore to 14 lb weight, and then it broke off again, and then he gave this bladder over.
39 “To have effect.” Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677) 637
5. He put a new and strong bladder into the pump with [113v] its cupping-glass, and ring, as before and drew out all the air: this done, the cupping-glass being let down upon the bladder it drew it not up at all: but the air being presently let in, the glass drew up the bladder into its belly: he presently took it out, and hung it up, and it bore 17½ lb weight, and then the bladder broke at the end, where the weight did hang, which if it had not happened, doubtless it would have bore more weight, before the glass had been separated from the bladder. 6. He inferred the very same things, as in the precedent experiment. [114r] Experim[en]tum 15um 15o 8bris. 1. His subject was: how to know exactly the ponderosity of the water, or weight thereof. 2. He had a perfect \cube/ of brass very thin, the which had every way the exact measure of half a foot: so that the was every {…} of way 6
40 “6 inches sc. half a cubic foot broad.” 41 “Locally moveable.” 42 “Evidently the surrounding air presses the surface of the water on all [parts] in the same way: if those [parts of air] do not press in this way, that [surface] would move from its place, and a move- ment will take place, and a perturbation, and an inequality in the surface of the water, as evidently [the water] would violently move [according to the] imaginary [surface].” 638 Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677)
9. His argument was thus. Presupposing water to [115v] be as this balance. Even just as this balance is elevated, or depressed, with the least weight which is added to the other balance. Even just if the water did weigh more than the cube it would not give way to the cube nor permit it to sink, but rather keep it up: or if the cube did weigh more than the water, it would sink and kept up the water: {go} they must needs be of equal weight. [116r] Experim[en]tum 16um d[ie] 18 8bris 1. His subject was the necessity of air, for fire and light. 2. He put some pieces of shining wood, which were sent him from Amsterdam into the pump. And having drawn out the air, loe at every suction the wood did shine less, and less: till at last the wood grew so obscure, and its light so diminished, that it could not, very scarcely, be seen: yet it was not totally diminished for this he said he had tried, that it would not be done, when the wood was fresh i.e. newly digged out of the earth: but after some days, it could easily be done; 3. He let in the air again into the pump: and loe as fast, as it came in even so fast did [116v] the wood come to its former brightness: so that it did shine as much, as before. 4. His inference was the same with his subject. Viz. the absolute necessity of air for the preservation of light. [117r] Experim[en]tum 17um d[ie] 26 8br[is] 1. His subject was the exact measuring of the ponderosity of water. 2. He took a pretty long glass, much like {…} glasses in England and filled it three quarters full of sand. This glass he put into a bigger glass of water, till it did swim, and not touch the bottom. Then he let it stand till the water was perfectly settled, so that the least floating, or motion, was not to be perceived to be in the water, which was in the great glass and wherein the glass with sand did swim. 3. Next he took out of the water the glass with the sand, and weighed exactly in a pair of scales how much the glass with sand and all did way: setting before exactly upon the glass with water a mark, or scale, justly to know how high [117v] the water had ascended, when the glass, with the sand was in it. 4. This done he weighed also exactly the great glass with the water: and letting it stand in the scales he added
43 “Because that container pushed out of its place utterly exactly as much water, as how much the container itself weighed: and those [things] which are put in liquids, cohering in all the grains, [they] push from its place as much liquid, as the same [things] weigh.” 640 Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677)
2. The history was thus. K[ing] Hieron of Syracusa had vowed a golden crown unto \X/ the gods. Having {đđ} out the gold by weight unto the artifices, he put in silver into the crown, and gave it to the full weight unto the K[ing] this being sus- pected, or crown, afterwards the question was to know how much silver, and how much gold was in the crown without undoing the crown. Archimedes at last found it out by hydrostatics, much [121r] after this manner. 3. He made two crowns more, both of the same weight with that of the artifices the one of gold and the other of silver. Next having silvered, that several balls of divers metals, being put into a glass of water, though all of one, and the same weight, yet proportionably to the different bulk, or body, that each metal has, even so much water more, or less, did they cast out of the glass, and that hence might be inferred the difference exact betwixt one, and the other metal. 4. Hence he put each crown into one, and the same vessel of water, and observing exactly how much water each metal did void out of the vessel: hence he inferred that as the gold by by reason of its lesser bulk did void but 10 lb for example, of water, and [121v] the silver by reason of its greater bulk did void fifteen, and the silver and gold crown did void but twelve for example: or rather, going another way to work,44 (which is that the Professor used in this experiment,) observing exactly that the first gold {of} crown lost, being put into water, 10 lb of is weight (for example) the silver one lost 13 and the gold and silver crown but 12. Hence, I say, he inferred that even just as the silver and gold crown did loose less weight than the silver one, and more weight than the gold one, even just so much more silver had it than the gold one (which had none at all), and so much less silver than the silver crown, which was all of pure silver. 5. But now let us see, how the Professor proceeded in his demonstration. He had therefore ready made three balls [122r] the first of brass, the second of lead, et the third of brass, and lead: these three balls were all exactly of one, and the same exact weight. The first of brass being put into, a glass with water did way <{bee}> exactly ℥ v ʒ iiii gr. v The lead in water did way ℥ v ʒ vi gr. v The third ball weighed ℥ v ʒ iiii gr. iii The exact weigh of all three balls \before/ put into water was ℥ vi ʒ iii gr. {14} So that the first of brass lostʒ vii gr. {35} et so the rest proportionably to the bulk, or body of each metal
44 For an account of the two methods, the first described by Vitruvius and Plutarch, and the second in the Carmen de ponderibus et mensuris (circa fourth–sixth century), as well as by Giovanni Battista Della Porta and Galileo, see Crombie 1996, chapter 10. 45 “They were with respect to […].” 46 To sum up, the proportion of metals in the mixed body can be calculated as it follows: the weight of the volume of gold (or lead) in the mixed crown is obtained by subtracting the amount of weight lost by the mixed crown, from that lost by the silver (or brass) one. The weight of the volume of Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677) 641
[122v] Experim[en]tum 20 eod[em] die. 1. His subject was the same with the former. 2. To prove that things, I mean balls of the same weight do loose of their when put into water. That is to say, the one will weigh down the other. He put two brass balls upon a pair of scales I mean two balls of equal weight the one of brass, and the other of lead. Then he held two glasses of water under those two balls dipping the balls in the water so far, as till they were just covered with water: and loe the one did clearly weigh down the other: by reason of its bulk according to the principle already given. [123r] Experim[en]tum 21 d[ie] 16 9bris 1. His subject was a trial whether as bodies of equal weight did become of an unequal weight being put into water, as hath been proved by precedent experiment whither I say this same would hold in the air, as being likewise a liquid body much like unto water: viz. in water two things have been proved: 1o that two bodies of the same weight, and bigness, the one being put into water they do become unequal, and that which is left out of the water doth weigh down that which is in: 2o that two bod- ies of the same weigh but of different metals, or bigness, being put into water, that which is biggest, is overcome, and weighed down by the least, by reason of the greater pression of the water upon the bigger body. [123v] 2. This therefore he desired to try by air, especially in the pump. To this effect he hung in the pump a very small pair of scales for gold weight. 3. In the one of these scales he put a crystal globe, of the bigness of a small apple. In the other scale he the equal, and just weight of said globe. Now whereas these two silver (or brass) in the mixed crown is obtained by subtracting the amount of weight lost by the gold (or lead) crown, from that lost by the mixed one. In the case of De Volder’s experiment, their weight outside the water is 6 ounces, 3 drachms, 19 grains (n.b.: number is scarcely readable), in my conversion, 3,079 grains (based on the proportion of 1 ounce = 8 drachms = 480 grains; or: 1 drachm = 60 grains, according to the Amsterdam measures). Their weights in the water are as fol- lows: brass: 5 ounces, 4 drachms, 5 grains (which can be converted into 2,645 grains); lead: 5 ounces, 6 drachms, 5 grains (2,765 grains); mixture: 5 ounces, 4 drachms, 3 grains (2,643 grains). Morley writes that the brass body lost in water 3 drachms and (n.b.: number is scarcely readable) 35 grains. In my conversion, this corresponds to 455 grains, diverging by 21 grains from the differ- ence (in grain) between the initial weight and the weight in the water, which is 434 grains. This error can be attributed to the scarcely readable values reported by Morley. Yet, his values for the loss of weight in the water may be incorrect, as the mixed body loses more weight than the other ones. Lead, of course, has the higher specific weight and loses the least weight in the water, as it is more dense: in this experiment, it corresponds to gold. Brass has a lower specific weight, and it ought to lose more weight than the mixture, which however loses more weight than the two other bodies. Before reporting these actual measurements, Morley notes that gold should lose, for exam- ple, 10 pounds, silver loses 13 pounds, and their mixture 12 pounds: this example contradicts the actual values which are reported. Eventually, he claims that each body loses more or less weight according to its “bulk” (which can be either the quantity of matter or the volume, which are not distinguished) and that the proportion between the lead and the brass body with the mixed one (in fact, Morley omits to clarify that what matters is the proportion of the differences between the weights which are lost by these two bodies), corresponds to the proportion of lead and brass in the mixed body (namely, of their weights, and quantity of matter or volume). 642 Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677) being put into water, according to the rule given n.o 1. of two bodies equal weight of a different bigness the least weigheth down the biggest by reason of the pression of the water, as hath been said: so should it proceed e contrario viz. that if that pression be taken away and the water47 more, and more rarefied, the greatest should weigh down the least. [124r] 4. Thus having rarified the air, or drawn it out of the pump: loe the scales {…} and the globe weighed down the counterpoise, or weight: then letting in the air again loe the counterpoise weighed down the globe: which was his intent and proof. [124v] Experim[en]tum 22. d[ie] 19o 9bris. 1. His subject was the same with the former experiments, viz. the ponderosity of water. Let in this he chiefly intended a confirmation of some former propositions, which he had grounded in some of his precedent operations, as {thesei} corpora quae sunt aqua ponderosiora, et graviora, ad fundum aquae subsident. Item, corpora quae sunt leviora, qui48 ipsa aqua, supernatare, et super fluitare in ipsa aqua. 3o corpora, quae sunt eisudem cum aqua ponderis, neque ad fundum aquae subsidere, neque superfluitare, sed in medio aquae haerere, et si ad fundum aquae detrudant illic haerere, si in medio collocent, illic itidem haerere, sin vi alicuius elevent prope ipsam super- [125r] perficiem aquae, illic itidem, ac eodem m[od]o haerere.49 2. To this effect he had standing before him an indifferent big glass full of clear water, which might contain two, or 3 gallons. 3. Then he took a round glass, or ball, of crystal, which seemed to be hermeti- cally sealed. The crystal glass, which was of the bigness of an ordinary apple, or somewhat less, had a neck, unto which any thing might be tied, or hanged. 4. This glass (or any other empty bottle stopped will do) being flung into the great glass of water, would swim, and never sink of its own accord: and this experiment [125v] prooveth one of those 3 propositions viz. that bodies which are lighter,50 than the water they are cast into, do swim, and not sinke in said water. R[ati]o e[rat], q[u]a cum illa magnitudo aquae, quae corr[espond]et magnitudini ipsius aquae,51 non possit loco suo pelli ab ipso corpore, q[u]a gravior ipso e[st], hinc in eodem loco suo manet, corpusque in ipsam proiectum superfluitat.52
47 Read: “air.” 48 Sic. 49 “[The] bodies which are heavier than water, and weightier, subside to the bottom of the water[.] Also, the bodies which are lighter, [than] water itself, swim and float upon the water itself[.] Third, the bodies, which are of the same weight as water, neither subside to the bottom of the water, nor do they swim upon it, but they remain in the middle, and if they [are] dislodged to the bottom of the water they remain there, if they [are] placed in the middle, they likewise remain there, if on the contrary they emerge by the force of something close to the very surface of the water, they remain there, in the same way.” 50 Sic. 51 Read: “corporis.” 52 “The reason was, because since that quantity of water, which corresponds to the quantity of the water [read: “body”] itself, cannot be pushed out from its place by the body itself, because [the water] is heavier than the same [body], from this [it follows that the water] remains in its place, and the body thrown into it floats upon it.” Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677) 643
5. Then he hang by the neck of the crystal glass certain weights of ounces, drams, grains et cetera and loe with these it presently sunk to the bottom, which proved also evidently another of these propositions: et r[ati]o erat, q[u]a cum iam corpus illud, mediantibus illis additis ponderibus redditum, e[ss]et gravius ipsa aqua, ita ut mag- nitudo aquae, quae corr[ispond]ebat [126r] magnitudinis corporis in ipsam proiecti, iam levior e[ss]et ipso corpore in illam proiecto, hinc aqua loco suo pellebat[ur] ab illo copore, atq[ue] adeo corpus ad fundum subsidebat, et submergebat. Eod[em] m[od]o, quo in bilance contingit illa lanx {ei} quae gravior deprimitur, illa v[er]o, quae levior, perpetuo attol[litu]r.53 6. Last of all he added, and diminished, several times by drams, grains, and half grains, of the weight which did hang at the neck of the crystal glass, until that he made it to be of an even weight with the water (which was somewhat tedious to perform) and loe then the glass did neither sink, nor swim but kept still in that place where {y.no} should putt: it: if at the top of the water, there it would hover prope superficiem aquae,54 (leaving [126v] not leas jot of its own body extant upon, or out of the superficies of the water) if thrust down to the bottom, there it would remain, and not ascend,
53 “[…] and the reason was, because that body had been made heavier than the water itself by means of those added weights, so that the quantity of the water, which corresponded to the quantity of the body thrown in the water itself, [was made] lighter than the same body thrown in the water, hence the water [was] pushed [out of] its place by that body, and so the body subsided to the bot- tom, and sank. In the same way, indeed[,] in which in a balance it happens that the arm which is heavier is depressed, while that one, which is lighter, is perpetually raised.” 54 “Near the surface of water.” 55 “That the bodies of the same weight with the water neither ascend, nor descend in water.” 56 “[I]n fact[,] being the quantity of water correspondent to the quantity of that body thrown in that [water] entirely of the same weight with that [body], hence neither that [water] pushed the body to the surface, neither indeed the same water could be pushed [out of] its place by that body, whence the body would subside to the bottom, and sink in the last spot of water. Plainly[,] in the same way, in which when balances are wholly of the same weight, then obviously the one does not cede to the other, and one does not depress, and the other does not rise, but straightly equal they stand in air.” 644 Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677)
[127v] Experim[en]tum 23um d[ie] 23o 9bris 1. His subject was against that tenet of the ancient Peripatetics, viz. corpora naturalia non gravitare, nec ponderare in elementis suis,57 as water, the which if a bucket be let down into a well, or pond, so long as the bucket is within the water, though full of water, yet it seemeth, to weigh at all, until it be drawn out of the water into the air. The contrary of this tenet he intended to prove viz. that corp[or]a na[tur] alia gravitabant in elementis suis, et q[uo]d aqua ponderabat in aqua, et super aquam et cetera.58 2. To this effect he had before him 3 or 4 several liquors: in distinct glasses, as 1o aqua pura: 2o aqua pura sangui- [128r] neo colore, ab admixto aliquo, tincta: 3o aqua pura {virididi}59 colore, ab admixto item aliquo, tincta: 4o ol[eum] terebinthinae lucidum ac aethereum: 5o oleum item terabinthinae sanguineo colore tinctum.60 3. First therefore he toke a glass, less than half full of crystal clear water. Into this he put a small crystal tube, (such as are used for weather glasses), and holding it perpendicular in the glass, I mean letting it down to the bottom of the glass, loe, as is commonly known, and seen, the water ascended within the tube to the same height, the water was within the glass. Now, saith he, if that tenet were true, that water doth ponder, nor press, in water, as being in its own element, this water would ascend not higher though {I should} fill the glass up to the brim: [128v] but now so it is, that the more water I put in, the higher it ascends: {go} this is an infallible sign that the water, which is newly put in doth ponder, and press, and gravitate, upon that which was in the glass before, for what else could make the water in the tube ascend higher, except it were the water newly poured in? 4. This same tube he put into the water which was dyed redd, as hath been said: and loe the water ascended within the tube as before. Now, saith he, that any one may not, that the water which is newly put in ascendeth and not that which was not the bottom of the glass: behold upon this red water, I will pour lucid oil of terebinth: and this not mingling at all with the water, but swimming at the top, shall make [129r] by its pression the red water to ascend higher and higher within the tube: thus he did, and so it was, where by the difference of colour, we could perceive all the oil to swim at the top, and not a drop to sink downwards, or ascend in the tube: {go} quoth he this is an evident proof of the pression of this oil of terebinth, upon the water, otherwise what could be imagined to make the red water with in the tube to ascend, but only said pression. Let the red water did not ascend to the total height of the oil of terebinth, I mean to its uppermost superficies, of which he said the cause was that the oil was lighter than the water, and so could not press it totally so higher as the oil itself was.
57 “Natural bodies neither gravitate, nor weigh in their elements.” 58 “Natural bodies gravitated on their [own] elements, and that water weighed on water, and upon water, and so on.” 59 Likely: “viridi” (green). 60 “First[,] pure water. Second[,] pure water tinged with a bloody colour, from some mixture. Third[,] pure water tinged with a green colour, likewise from some mixture. Fourth[,] ethereal and lucid oil of terebinth. Fifth[,] likewise the oil of terebinth tinged with a bloody colour.” Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677) 645
5. This same experiment he tried seve- [129v] rall other ways with those liquors, backwards, and forwards, making of every way a new proof of the same subject: but all came to the same purpose and effect, and all did prove the very same thing, whereby this being the clearest and most intelligible proof of all, I have here omitted the rest. [130r] Experim[en]tum 24um d[ie] Ian[uarii] 28 an[no] 1677. @61 1. This experiment was made with mercury: relating to the former ones, viz. the equiponderosity of material things with water, or rather as Volder printed these days in some theses which he presided, omnia corpora, quae innatant liquori, t[antu]m h[ab]ent ponderis, quantum liquor a corpore suo ex loco expulsus ponderat.62 As also this experiment did relate, unto this thesis likewise then printed by him: aquam, et aërem esse corpora gravia, cum r[ati]o, tum exper[ienti]aa63docet, ac proinde fal- sum est, elementa [130v] in suis locis non esse gravia.64 2. He had standing by him a glass full of mercury or quicksilver, as also several small tubes of glass, such as do commonly serve for weather glasses. 3. His subject was to prove that water could press upon mercury no less than air, and would make it ascend within one of those tubes by its pression, no less than air, if not ad replendum vacuum as hath been proved by sundry experiments at least [131r] by circumpuls[i]o[n]em. 4. Hence he dipped one of the tubes into mercury. This done he stopped the other end of the tube with his fingers, and loe the mercury did hang, as is usual, in the tube to the thickness or depth of an inch or more, (sometimes more, sometimes less). Then putting the tube with the mercury in it, into the water (viz. a cup of water that was standing by) loe the water to that proportion of mercury which was in the tube, being heavier than the mercury, did make the mercury ascend within the tube, he having before taken his finger off from the other end. [131v] 5. This he repeated several times, and so often the mercury would ascend. Others more, or less, according to the proportion of the mercury to the ponderosity of the water. Others it would stand as it were in aequilibrio. Others when the tube was too much filled with mercury, it would fall flat to the bottom when too heavy for the water. 6. Concerning this experiment he observed that the tube must be neither too small nor too big. If too small the mercury would stick in the [132r] glass, and nei- ther ascend nor descend: if too big the water would get in betwixt the mercury and the glass, and so get above it, and press it downwards. 7. Torricellius was the first that found the ascension of mercury by the pression of the air: but Pascalius a very ingenious \X/ Frenchman by reason rather than
61 Sic. 62 “All bodies, which float in a liquid, have so much weight, as much liquid expelled by their body from its place[,] weighs.” 63 Sic. 64 “Water, and air are heavy bodies, as both reason, and experience teach, and therefore it is false, that elements are not heavy in their places.” 646 Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677)
Fig. 2 An inverted, asymmetrical syphon used to demonstrate that the pressure of water depends only on its height. (Source: De Volder 1676–1677, 133r. Courtesy British Library, ms. Sloane 1292)
expressa65 pretended to prove that in a tube of 20 foot long the mercury ought to ascend only thus, et thus, by the pression of the water.66 Boyle first found that he had never tried those experiment, as never being at the bottom of the [132v] water thereby to see how far it did ascend or not. Hence \X/ he refuteth Pascalius: v[id]e ipsum Boilium.67 [133r] Experim[en]tum 25um d[ie] Martii 1. His subject was hydrostatics or the pression of water. 2. He said this was a received tenet by all those, that treat of hydrostatics \X/ viz. aquam, dum premit, non premere nisi per lineas rectas, nullo {vò}68 per laterales, transversas, aut obliquas.69 3. This he proved by an instrument of glass made much after this nature: [see Fig. 2, De Volder 1676–1677, 133r][.] [133v] Into this instrument he first infused water at A. And as he proceeded in the infusion, the water did equally ascend towards B and towards C, so that on both sides it was equal: but when it came into the round ball at C, then extending itself collaterally in the ball it would ascend no higher towards A. This experiment he tried several other ways beginning the infusion at D and with other liquors but all tended to prove the same thing, and had the same effect. [134r] Experim[en]tum 26um d[ie] 18 Martii. 1. His subject seemed to be the pression of the air, viz. that it is the pression of the air, and not metus vacui that maketh water, and other liquors to ascend, when the air is drawn out of a pipe: and this seemed to me to be the experim[en]tum
65 Sic. Read: “experientia.” 66 See Pascal 1663, chapter 3. 67 See Boyle 1666, 64–65. 68 Likely: “m[od]o.” 69 “Water, while it presses, does not press but through straight lines, in no way through lateral, transverse, or oblique [lines].” Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677) 647 torricellianum of which Consentinus,70 and others do make so much mention, this being performed by mercury: I say it seemed so to me, for, otherwise, this day, we were detained so long by Professor De Maëts,71 in the public laboratory, about some experiments of chemistry, that we all came too late, to hear his proposal at the beginning [of] the experiment. [134v] 2. He had in his hand a long pipe of glass, of such a bigness as your weather glasses though the base seemed bigger, and the pipe was as long again, as your ordinary weather glasses. At the end this pipe had a kind of screw, whereby he easily could suck, or draw out all the air, and make any liquor to ascend through it. 3. This pipe he had placed in a pot of mercury, and was, when we came in actu- ally drawing out the air and making the mercury to ascend, some drops {ther if} <{…}> having already [135r] ascended to about the middle of the pipe, where he had placed a mark with a red silk: and by letting in again the air the mercury was gone down to the bottom. 4. He said, therefore, that according to his former principles of the pression of the the air in opposition to the ancient tenet of the metus vacui, if now really the metus vacui were the cause of the ascension of the mercury, consequently the mercury ought to ascend ad replendum omne vacuum i.e. as far as the vacuum did go, viz. to the very end of the pipe it being all equally void or empty of air, by the exsuctions made [135v] sed sic erat,72 that no exsuctions, though never so many, could make the mercury to ascend about the mark of that red silk: {go} he concluded that was an evident token, it was not the metus vacui, but the compression of the air, which did make the mercury to ascend, seeing that when the mercury came to be in aequi- librio with the air, then it would ascend no higher. 5. This he confirmed further, by that at the first exsuctions of the air the mercury did ascend v.g. 8 fingers breadth in height at the second and third less, and so less, and less, at every exuction till that coming to the mark it would go no [136r] higher: which proved, said he, that {an ordiny} as the pression of the air was greater and greater, or lesser, and lesser, so much the more, or less, did the mercury at every exuction, according to the equilibrium it was to be reduced unto, for as it came nigher the equilibrium of the air, so did it ascend less, and less, at every exsuction. 6. Then he added, that Torricellius or the author of this experiment to these prec- edent proofs did adjoin, that having left the mercury casually in the pipe, at the highest degree it would ascend unto, for some days, he observed that some days the mercury of its own accord would ascend higher than the mark, and some days it would be lower than the mark [136v] which observation he said could proceed from no other principle, but from the different ponderosity, or pression of the air, more in one day, than in another, which accordingly did cause the mercury to ascend sometimes higher, and other times lower, \as/ if it were, of its own accord.
70 See Cornelio 1663. 71 Morley refers to Carel de Maets, professor of chemistry at Leiden. 72 “But it was so.” 648 Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677)
7. All this he proved, lastly, by the experiment itself, we seeing the mercury to ascend by degrees, more at the beginning, and less towards the end, till it would ascend no higher, than the mark of the red silk. [137r] Experim[en]tum 27 d[ie] 22 Martii. 1. His subject was not only to prove the real
73 See supra, n. 46. Appendix: Burchard de Volder’s Experimenta philosophica naturalia (1676–1677) 649
[140r] Experim[en]tum 28 d[ie] 25 Martii 1. His subject was hydrostatics. 2. He commended, first, Stevinus very much, for his exact inquisition into hydro- statics, affirming, he had given the t
Fig. 3 An ideal, inverted T-shaped container aimed at showing the hydrostatic paradox. (Source: De Volder 1676–1677, 140v. Courtesy British Library, ms. Sloane 1292)
74 See Stevin 1605, 119–121. 75 See Boyle 1666, 135–140. See also Schott 1657–1659, volume 3, 456. Bibliography
Primary Sources
Texts in Which Burchard de Volder Figured as Author, Praeses, Respondens, Candidatus or Promotor (in Chronological Order)
De Bie 1658 = Bie, Alexander de (praeses), and Volder, Burchard de (respondens). 12 October 1658. Disputatio mathematica de profunditate maris. Amsterdam: Apud Ioannem Banningium. De Bie 1659 = Bie, Alexander de (praeses), and Volder, Burchard de (respondens). 30 January 1659. Disputatio de linea, quam globus per aërem describit missus e tormento. Amsterdam: Apud Joannem Ravesteinium. De Volder 1660 = Volder, Burchard de (candidatus), and Bruyn, Johannes de (promotor). 17 October 1660. Disputatio philosophica inauguralis de simplicitate Dei, echo et republica. Utrecht: Ex Officina Jacobi a Doeyenborgh. De Volder 1664 = Volder, Burchard de (candidatus), and Sylvius, Franciscus (promotor). 3 July 1664. Disputatio medica inauguralis de natura. Leiden: Apud Severinum Matthiae. De Volder 1671a = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Carceus, Martinus (respondens). 28 January 1671. Disputatio physica de corpore prima et secunda. Leiden: Apud Viduam et Haeredes Johannis Elsevirii. De Volder 1671b = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Baumgartus, Valentinus (respondens). 18 April 1671. Disputatio physica de motu prima. Leiden: Apud Viduam et Haeredes Johannis Elsevirii. De Volder and Enyedi 1671 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Enyedi, Johannes (auctor et respondens). 30 May and 6 June 1671. Disputatio philosophica de anima humana prima [–secunda]. Leiden: Apud Viduam et Haeredes Johannis Elsevirii. De Volder 1671c = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Eperjesi, Michael (respondens). 31 October 1671. Disputatio philosophica de Deo. Leiden: Apud Viduam et Haeredes Johannis Elsevirii. De Volder and Van Alphen 1672 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Alphen, Johannes van (auc- tor et respondens). 16 March 1672. Disputatio philosophica de ideis. Leiden: Apud Viduam et Haeredes Johannis Elsevirii. De Volder and De la Bassecour 1672 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Bassecour, Carolus de la (auctor et respondens). 19 March 1672. Disputatio philosophica, in qua quid de principiis
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 651 A. Strazzoni, Burchard de Volder and the Age of the Scientific Revolution, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 51, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19878-7 652 Bibliography
philosophiae vulgaris sit censendum disquiritur. Leiden: Apud Viduam et Haeredes Johannis Elsevirii. De la Bassecour 1672 = Bassecour, Carolus de la (candidatus), and Volder, Burchard de (promo- tor). 19 March 1672. Disputatio philosophica, inauguralis, continens positiones ex universa philosophia desumtas. Leiden: Apud Viduam et Haeredes Johannis Elsevirii. De Volder 1672 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Hoet, Simon (respondens). 14 December 1672. Disputatio physica de motu secunda. Leiden: Apud Viduam et Haeredes Johannis Elsevirii. De Volder 1673a = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Nieuwentijt, Bernard (respondens). 25 March 1673. Disputatio philosophica de unitate Dei. Leiden: Apud Viduam et Haeredes Johannis Elsevirii. De Volder 1673b = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Hannot, Michael (respondens). 28 June 1673. Disputatio philosophica de criterio veritatis prima. Leiden: Apud Viduam et Haeredes Johannis Elsevirii. Volder, Burchard de (praeses). 1674–1676. Disputatio philosophica de rerum naturalium princi- piis, prima[–quintadecima]. Leiden: Apud Viduam et Haeredes Johannis Elsevirii. De Volder 1675 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Bruno, Johannes (respondens). 13 November 1675. Disputatio physica de motu tertia. Leiden: Apud Viduam et Haeredes Johannis Elsevirii. De Volder and Lufneu 1676 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Lufneu, Hermann (auctor et respondens). 27 January 1676. Disputatio philosophica de materiae divisibilitate in infinitum. Leiden: Apud Viduam et Haeredes Johannis Elsevirii. De Volder 1676–1678 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses). 1676–1678. Disputatio philosophica de aëris gravitate prima[–quinta]. Leiden: Apud Viduam et Haeredes Joannis Elsevirii. Heidanus et al. 1676 = Heidanus, Abraham, Volder, Burchard de, and Wittich, Christoph. 1676. Consideratien, over eenige saecken onlangs voorgevallen in de Universiteyt binnen Leyden. Leiden: By Aernout Doude. Heidanus, Abraham, Volder, Burchard de, and Wittich, Christoph. 1676. Consideratien, over eenige saecken onlangs voorgevallen in de Universiteyt binnen Leyden. Amsterdam: By Johannis van Someren, 1676. De Volder and Helvetius 1677 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Helvetius, Johannes Balthasar (author et respondens). 10 July 1677. Disputatio philosophica de magnete. Leiden: Apud Viduam et Haeredes Johannis Elsevirii. Heidanus, Abraham, Volder, Burchard de, and Wittich, Christoph. 1678. Considerationes ad res quasdam nuper gestas in Academia Lugduno-Batava. Cum triplici appendice. Hamburg: Apud Petrum Grooten. Rattrey 1679 = Rattrey, Jacobus (candidatus), and Volder, Burchard de (promotor). 30 May 1679. Disputatio philosophica inauguralis exhibens vitri thermometrici historicam simul et acroamaticam delineationem. Leiden: Apud Viduam et Haeredes Johannis Elsevirii. De Volder 1679 = Volder, Burchard de 1679. Oratio funebris in obitum […] Siberti Coeman. In Volder, Burchard de, and Coeman, Sibert. 1679. Orationes duae, quarum altera inauguralis Sib. Coeman […] altera Baruch de Volder funebris. Leiden: Apud Jacobum Voorn. Volder, Burchard de (praeses). 1680–1681. Disputatio philosophica contra atheos prima[–quarta]. Leiden: Leiden: Apud Viduam et Haeredes Johannis Elsevirii. De Volder and Szathmári 1681 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Szathmári, Johannes Pap (auctor et respondens). 5 March 1681. Disputatio philosophica de aeternitate Dei prima [–secunda]. Leiden: Apud Viduam et Haeredes Johannis Elsevirii. De Volder and Köleséri 1681 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Köleséri, Samuel (author et defendens). 12 and 15 March 1681. Disputatio mathematico-physica de lumine, pars prima [–secunda]. Leiden: Apud Viduam et Haeredes Johannis Elsevirii. De Volder 1681 = Volder, Burchard de. 1681. Disputationes philosophicae sive Cogitationes ratio- nales de rerum naturalium principiis. Middelburg: Typis Remigii Schreverii. Volder, Burchard de. 1681. Quaestiones academicae de aëris gravitate. Middelburg: Typis viduae Remigii Schreverii. Bibliography 653
Volder, Burchard de. 1681. Disputationes philosophicae sive Cogitationes rationales de rerum naturalium principiis, ut et de aëris gravitate. Leiden: Apud Jacobum Moukee. Köleséri 1681 = Köleséri, Samuel (candidatus), and Volder, Burchard de (promotor). 30 June 1681. Disputatio philosophica inauguralis de systemate mundi. Leiden: Apud Viduam et Haeredes Johannis Elsevirii. Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Vereem, Johannes (respondens). 1682. Disputatio philosophica de dependentia creaturae. Leiden: Elsevier. (Saint Petersburg, Academy of Science of Russia, not retrieved). Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Langenhert, Casparus (respondens). 1682. Disputatio philo- sophica de systemate mundi, prima. Leiden: Elsevier. (Saint Petersburg, Academy of Science of Russia, not retrieved). De Volder and Nemethi 1682 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Nemethi, Samuel (auctor et defendens). March 1682. Exercitii philosophico-metaphysici de perenni duratione mentis pars prima[–tertia]. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. De Volder and Derecskei 1682 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Derecskei, Pál (author et defendens). 16 March–2 May 1682. Exercitatio philosophica, coelorum, siderumque lucido- rum originem, et phaenomena, methodo synthetico-mathematica demonstrans prima[–quarta]. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. De Volder 1682 = Volder, Burchard de. 17 July 1682. Oratio de coniungendis philosophicis et mathematicis disciplinis, cum philosophicae professioni adiunctam mathematicam rite auspi- caretur. Leiden: Apud Jacobum Voorn. Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Wariensis, Michael (respondens?). 21 October 1684. Theorema philosophicum de natura et modo praesentiae rerum intellectualium ducta viae analyticae investigatum. Leiden: Elsevier. (Budapest, National Library of Hungary, signature: RMK III. 3296. Not retrieved). De Volder and Van Alphen 1684 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Alphen, Hieronymus Simons van (author). 19 April 1684. Exercitatio philosophica utrum Sol, an vero Tellus, in planetarum numerum referenda sit, inquirens. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. De Volder and Vander Codde 1684 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Codde, Pontianus vander (auctor et defendens). 29 November 1684. Disputatio philosophica de motu. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. De Volder and Von der Lahr 1684 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Lahr, Paulus von der (auc- tor et respondens). 6 December 1684. Disputatio philosophica de absoluta quiete. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. De Sadeler 1684 = Sadeler, Matthaeus Antonius de (candidatus), and Volder, Burchard de (pro- motor). 3 February 1684. Disputatio philosophica inauguralis de meteoris. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. De Volder and Huneken 1685 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Huneken, Jacobus (autor). 7 July 1685. Disputatio philosophica de variis quibus ignis generatur modis. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. De Volder and Van Bronchorst 1685 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Bronchorst, Henricus van (auctor). 11 July 1685. Disputatio philosophica de vera gravitatis causa. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. De Volder 1685 = Volder, Burchard de. 1685. Disputationes philosophicae omnes contra atheos. Middelburg: Apud Joannem Lateranum. Wariensis 1685 = Wariensis, Michael (candidatus), and Volder, Burchard de (promotor). 24 September 1685. Disputatio philosophica inauguralis de metallo regio. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier De Volder and Van den Honert 1686 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Honert, Taco Hajo van den (auctor). 3 July 1686. Disputatio philosophica prior–posterior de mundi in tempore pro- ductione. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. 654 Bibliography
De Volder and Serrurier 1688 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Serrurier, Joseph (auctor et respondens). 19 May 1688. Disputatio philosophica de mente humana secunda. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. Schuyl 1688a = Schuyl, Hermann (candidatus), and Volder, Burchard de (promotor). 2 July 1688. Disputatio philosophica inauguralis de vi corporum elastica. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. Schuyl 1688b = Schuyl, Hermann (candidatus), and Volder, Burchard de (promotor). 2 July 1688. Disputatio physico-medica inauguralis de respiratione. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. De Volder and Mandeville 1689 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Mandeville, Bernard de (author et respondens). 13 March 1689. Disputatio philosophica de brutorum operationibus. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. De Volder and Vander Tak 1689 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Tak, Gaspar vander (auctor et respondens). 13 July 1689. Disputatio philosophica de certitudine clarae et distinctae per- ceptionis. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. De Volder 1689 = Volder, Burchard de. 15 March 1689. Oratio funebris in obitum Lucae Schacht. Leiden: Apud J. Voorn. De Volder 1690–1693 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses). 1690–1693. Exercitationum philosophi- carum adversum Censuram prima[–vicesima octava]. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. Serrurier 1690 = Serrurier, Joseph (candidatus), and Volder, Burchard de (promotor). 18 December 1690. Disputatio philosophica inauguralis de gravitate aëris. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. De Volder and Voogd 1691 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Voogd, Petrus (auctor et respon- dens). 9 May 1691. Exercitium medico-physico aphoristicum: de morborum causis. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. De Volder and Huszthi 1693 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Huszthi, Stephan (author et defendens). May–September 1693. Dissertatio physiologica […] prima[–quarta]. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. Oosterdijk Schacht 1693 = Oosterdijk Schacht, Hermann (candidatus), and Volder, Burchard de (promotor). 6 July 1693. Disputatio philosophica inauguralis de sensibus internis memoria et imaginatione. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Houten, Antonius van (respondens). 1693. Disputatio philo- sophica de causis variationum thermometrorum. Leiden: Elsevier. (Reported in Bierens de Haan 1960, 131. Now lost). Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Houten, Antonius van (respondens). 1693. Disputatio philo- sophica de thermometris. Leiden: Elsevier. (Reported in Bierens de Haan 1960, 131. Now lost). Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Leeuwen, Henricus van (respondens). 1694. Disputatio phil- osophica de corporis essentia. Leiden: Elsevier. (Reported in Wiesenfeldt 2002, 429; from Apparaat-Van der Woude. Bibliografie van Nederlandse dissertaties en oraties verschenen vóór 1800, op fiches. Samengesteld door prof. dr. S. van der Woude. Special catalogue, Amsterdam University Library. Not retrieved). De Volder and Casembroot 1694 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Casembroot, Gysbertus (auctor et respondens). March 1694. Disputatio philosophica quae est de mundi systemate. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. De Volder and Robberghtsten 1694 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Robberghtsten, Johannes (auctor et respondens). 14 July 1694. Disputatio philosophica de sensu brutorum. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. De Volder 1695 = Volder, Burchard de 1695. Exercitationes academicae quibus Ren. Cartesii phi- losophia defenditur adversus Petri Danielis Huetii Episcopi Suessionensis Censuram philoso- phiae Cartesianae. Amsterdam: Apud Arnoldum van Ravestein. De Volder and Rouxel 1695 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Rouxel, Esaias (auctor). 20 April 1695. Disputatio physica quae est de materia variisque eius proprietatibus. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. Casembroot 1696 = Casembroot, Gysbertus (candidatus), and Volder, Burchard de (promotor). 9 July 1696. Disputatio philosophica inauguralis de aestu marino. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. Bibliography 655
De Volder 1698 = Volder, Burchard de. 8 February 1698. Oratio de rationis viribus, et usu in sci- entiis. Leiden: Apud Fredericum Haringium. De Volder and Westhovius 1698 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Westhovius, Fredericus Gulielmus (author). 7 May 1698. Dissertatio mathematico-philosophica de fluminibus. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. De Volder and Van Bashuysen 1698 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Bashuysen, Henricus Jacobus van (auctor). 9 July 1698. Disputatio philosophica de Telluris motu. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. De Volder and De Beaumont 1698a = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Beaumont, Elias Petrus de (auctor et defendens). 12 July 1698. Dissertatio medico-physica de circulatione sanguinis. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. De Volder and De Beaumont 1698b = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Beaumont, Elias Petrus de (auctor et respondens). 20 December 1698. Dissertatio physica de circulatione sanguinis in foetu. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. De Volder and De Beaumont 1698c = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Beaumont, Elias Petrus de (auctor et defendens). 20 December 1698. Dissertatio physica de carentia sensuum et cog- nitionis in brutis. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. Gale 1699 = Gale, John (candidatus), and Volder, Burchard de (promotor). 2 July 1699. Inquisitio philosophica inauguralis de lapide Solis. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. De Volder 1709 = Volder, Burchard de. 1709 (held on 3 July 1699). Oratio de novis et antiquis. Leiden: Apud Cornelium Boutestein. De Volder and Copius 1699 = Volder, Burchard de (praeses), and Copius, Theophilus (auctor). 8 July 1699. Disputatio philosophica de mentis humanae et divinae existentia et reale a corpore distinctione. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. Zoutmann 1702 = Zoutmann, Johannes (candidatus), and Volder, Burchard de (promotor). 1702. Disputatio medico-philosophica inauguralis de imaginationis maternae viribus in foetum. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. Vander Ghiessen 1703 = Ghiessen, Jacob vander (candidatus), and Volder, Burchard de (pro- motor). 20 September 1703. Disputatio philosophica inauguralis de mundo. Leiden: Apud Abrahamum Elzevier. De Volder 1705 = Volder, Burchard de. 1705. Oratio qua […] sese laboribus academicis abdicavit. Leiden: Apud Cornelium Boutestein. Bibliotheca Volderina = Linden, Johannes vander. 1709. Bibliotheca Volderina, seu Catalogus selectissimorum librorum Clarissimi, Expertissimique Viri Defuncti D. Burcheri De Volder. Leiden: Apud Johann. Vander Linden et Johannem Voorn. Volder, Burchard de. 1719. Disputationes philosophicae omnes contra atheos. Utrecht: Schouten.
Handwritten Sources Authored by De Volder (in Chronological Order)
Dictata and Lecture Notes
Pretoria dictata = Volder, Burchard de. 1687–1688. Principia Renati des Cartes dictata a doctis- simo celeberrimoque domino Burchero de Volder. Pretoria, National Library of South Africa, MSD27. The Hague dictata = Volder, Burchard de, and Hinojosa, Adriaan Pieter de (copist). 1690. Dictata Cl. Viri Dn. B. de Volder Professor. Publici in Celeberrim. Acad. Lugdun. Batava ad Principi. philosoph. Cartesi. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, ms. 72 A 7. British Library dictata = Volder, Burchard de. Undated. Dictata Viri Clarissimi Burcheri de Volder in Principia Cartesii. British Library, ms. Sloane 1216, ff. 75–128. 656 Bibliography
De Volder 1676–1677 = Volder, Burchard de (lecturer), and Morley, Christopher Love (copist/ writer). 1676–1677. Experimenta philosophica naturalia, auctore M[a]gis[tro] De Valdo Lugd[uni] ann[o] 1676[–1677]. British Library, ms. Sloane 1292, ff. 78–141. Hamburg 273 = Volder, Burchard de. Undated. Notulae quaedam in nobilissimi doctissimique viri Dni Renati Descartes Principiorum philosophiae partem primam–quartam scriptae ex ore clar. doctissimique viri Burcheri de Volder medicinae ac philosophiae doctoris, et in Academia Lugduno Batava professoris. Hamburg: Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky, Cod. philos. 273. https://resolver.sub.uni-hamburg.de/kitodo/PPN1014827108. Accessed 5 February 2019. Hamburg 274 = Volder, Burchard de. Undated. D. D. Burcheri De Volder dictata in Carthesii Principia philosophica. Hamburg, Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg Carl von Ossietzky, Cod. philos. 274. http://resolver.sub.uni-hamburg.de/goobi/PPN1014826934. Accessed 5 February 2019. Leiden dictata = Volder, Burchard de. Undated. B. de Volder Med. et Phil. Doct. eiusque professo- ris Dictata in Principiorum philosophiae partem quartam de terra. Leiden University Library, ms. BPL 2841, ff. 1r–32r. Warsaw dictata = Volder, Burchard de. Undated. B. de Volder Annotationes in Meditationes Renati Descartes. Accedunt quoque notae quaedam Burcheri de Volder in primum librum Principiorum Cartesii De cognitione humana. Warsaw, Biblioteka Narodowa, ms. BN Rps 3365 II.
Other Sources
Volder, Burchard de. 1682. Verklaring van Johannes Voet, rechtsgeleerde aan de universiteit van Leiden en D. de Volder, secretaris van deze instelling, dat Cornelis de Witte gedurende twee jaar colleges Romeins recht heeft gevolgd. 1682 juli 7 en 9. The Hague, Algemeen Rijksarchief, signature: 1.10.72, no. 408. Volder, Burchard de. Circa 1682–1683. 14 letters to Melchisédech Thévenot. Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, Cod. Ms. Hist. nat. 102, fasc. 25, ff. 44–69. Volder, Burchard de. 1683. Testimonium voor Herman Boerhaave (1668–1738), August 1683. The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, ms. 121 E 4. Volder, Burchard de. 1684–1687. Letter 1684-11-24, Leiden; Letter 1686-08-14 [sic], Amsterdam [2 letters to Isaac Newton]. Uppsala University Library, Waller mss. benl-00770–00771. Volder, Burchard de. 1685. Letter to J[ohannes] Braun. British Library, Ms. Add. 24712, 76r–77r. Volder, Burchard de. 1686–1691. Brie[ven] van Burchardus de Volder aan Abraham van den Ende [extracts from 2 letters]. Amsterdam University Library, OTM hs. Gs 24. Volder, Burchard de. 1687–1699. Burchardus de Volder aan Philippus van Limborch Brieven [4 letters]. Amsterdam University Library, OTM hs. J 83: a–d. Volder, Burchard de. 1691. Methodus tangentium Slusii illustrata a Burchero de Volder. Edinburgh University Library, ms. Coll-33/Folio C [81]. Volder, Burchard de. Circa 1691. Methodus Tangentium demonstrata… Edinburgh University Library, ms. Coll-33/Quarto A [39]. Volder, Burchard de. 1695. Brief van B. de Volder aan Reinier Leers (1654–1714). Leiden University Library, ms. PAP 15. Volder, Burchard de. 1695. 31 Dec 1696 [sic]: Volder, Burchard de (Dr), 1643–1709 (Leiden, South Holland, Netherlands) to Gregory, David, 1659–1708 [1 letter]. Oxford, Bodleian Library, ms. Tanner 24, f. 189. Volder, Burchard de, and Almeloveen, Theodorus Janssonius van. 1698. Brief van Burchardus de Volder (1643–1709) aan Theodorus Janssonius van Almeloveen (1657–1712); Brieven [2 letters] van Theodorus Janssonius van Almeloveen (1657–1712) aan Burchardus de Volder (1643–1709). Utrecht University Library, Hs. 995, 163–164, and Hs. 996, 458–460. Volder, Burchard de. 1704–1705. Brieven van B. de Volder aan Petrus Burman (1668–1741) [2 letters]. Leiden University Library, ms. BUR Q 27. Bibliography 657
Other Primary Sources
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A Hamburg, Staats–und Universitätsbibliothek Amsterdam, Stadsarchief Carl von Ossietzky Begraafregistrer, 15-10-1681, Wester Kerk, Cod. philos. 273, 24, 25, 26, 27, 35, 122, DTB 1102, 13n 141, 144n, 146n, 155, 156n, 158n, Lidmaten Doopsgezinden, 18-02-1680, 162n, 193n, 201n, 202n, 204n, 208, Archief 1120, inv. nr. 213, 13n 209n, 225n, 229n, 230, 250n, 251n, Amsterdam University Library 253, 255, 256, 257n, 258, 259, 261n, OTM hs Gs 24, 99n, 116n 273, 274, 275n, 276, 277, 279, 301n, OTM hs. J 83, 21n, 102n, 103n, 174n 314, 315n, 316n, 318n, 319, 320n–323n, 341, 393n, 402n, 421n, 436, 437, 438, 476, 477, 483n, 487, E 491, 492, 493n, 494, 496n, 504n, 524, Edinburgh University Library 547, 548n, 562, 568, 569, 574n, 590, Ms. Coll-33, 88n 591, 592, 602n Cod. philos. 274, 24, 25, 26, 141n, 146n, 156n, 162n, 163n, 193n, 202n, 204n, G 205n, 207n, 208n, 209n, 229n, 230, Göttingen, Staats–und Universitätsbibliothek 233, 234n, 251n, 253n, 254n, 255n, Cod. Ms. Hist. nat. 102, fasc. 25, 33n, 69n, 256, 257, 261n, 273n, 275n, 277, 278, 70n, 72n–74n, 76n, 78n–80n 279n, 302n, 315n, 316, 317n, 319, 320n, 322n–324n, 342n, 402n, 421n, 483n, 486, 487n, 488, 492, 493n, 496n, H 504n, 568, 569, 590n, 592n The Hague, Algemeen Rijksarchief Ms. 1.10.48 no. 44, 582n, 613n The Hague, Koninklijke Bibliotheek L Ms. 72 A 7, 24n, 25, 234n, 277n, 278n, Leiden, Stadsarchief 279n, 316n, 548 Memoriaalboek, inventarisnummer 210+6, Ms. 72 A 8, 67n 117n Ms. 121 E 4, 116n Registers van te Leiden begravenen, Ms. 133 M 71, 67n register 1327, 13n The Hague, Van Musschenbroek Foundation Registers van te Leiden begravenen, Geslachtlyst van Van Musschenbroek, 55n register 1329, 117n
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 719 A. Strazzoni, Burchard de Volder and the Age of the Scientific Revolution, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 51, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19878-7 720 Index of Manuscript
Leiden University Library File UniA 305a Nr 5947, 268, 350, 351, Ms. BOERH a 251, 55n 352n, 408n, 409, 411n, 461–463 Ms. BOERH g a 138 d, 55n Ms. BPL 240, 55n Ms. BPL 246, 55n O Ms. BPL 2841, 24n, 25 Oxford, Bodleian Library Ms. BUR Q 27, 113n Ms. Tanner 24, 92n Ms. HUG 1, 604n Ms. HUG 26 A, 306n Ms. PAP 15, 116n P Mss. AC: Archieven Universiteit Leiden, Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale de France Curatoren, 1574–1815, 36n, 39n, 40n, Ms. F. Lat. 11451, 35n 43n, 68n, 77n Pretoria, National Library of South Africa Mss. ASF: Archieven Universiteit Leiden: MSD27, 25, 62, 278n, 279n Senaat en Faculteiten, 1575–1877, 5n, 36n, 111n London, British Library S Ms. Add. 20705, 42n Saint Petersburg, National Library of Russia Ms. Add. 24712, 95n Ms. Nem. IV F 158, 12n Ms. Sloane 1216, 25, 277n, 278n, 315n, 316n, 317n Ms. Sloane 1270, 61n U Ms. Sloane 1274, 404n Uppsala University Library Ms. Sloane 1275, 404n Waller Ms. benl-00770, 37n Ms. Sloane 1276, 404n Waller Ms. benl-00771, 91n Ms. Sloane 1281, 59n Utrecht University Library Ms. Sloane 1292, 3n, 42n, 59n, 61n, 62n, Hs. 995, 116n 267, 269n, 270n, 272n, 364n, 378n, Hs. 996, 116n 380n, 382n, 383n, 389n, 393n, 396n, 397n, 399n, 409n, 410n, 420n, 435, 440n, 441, 442, 443n, 466n, 493n, W 509n, 532n–535n, 619–649 Warsaw, Biblioteka Narodowa Ms. Sloane 1733, 534n Ms. BN Rps 3365 II, 25, 146n, 156n, 162n, London, Royal Society 201n, 250n Ms. 247, 88n Warsaw University Library Cod. IV oct. 49, 12n, 31n, 74n, 98n, 103n, 119n, 124n, 125n, 153n M Ms. R 766, 12n, 101n Marburg, Hessisches Staatsarchiv Name Index
A Andriesse, Cornelis Dirk, 7n, 307n Aa, Pieter van der, 42, 81, 82 Angyal, Andreas, 6n Aalderink, Mark, 214n Anstey, Peter, 3n, 7n, 8n, 233n, 244n, 251n, Abou-Nemeh, Catherine, 80n, 234n 273n, 537n, 555n, 577n, 578n Acosta, José de, 531, 532 Antognazza, Maria Rosa, 8n, 284n, 339n Adams, Robert Merrihew, 8n, 285n, 336n, 339 Antoine-Mahut, Delphine, 7n, 225n, 233n Adomaitis, Laurynas, 8n, 332n Archimedes, 63, 64, 66n, 134n, 199n, 220n, Ahnert, Thomas, 8n, 242n 233, 257n, 334n, 361n, 363n, 365, Ait-Touati, Frédérique, 106n, 617n 366n, 367n, 368–370, 372n, 404–410, Aiton, Eric J., 7n, 8n, 113n, 288n, 291n, 299n, 412, 414, 415, 418–421, 423, 424, 426, 540n, 543n, 556n, 575, 576n 427, 435, 436, 453–454, 455n, 470, Alanen, Lilli, 211n 471n, 523, 590, 639–640 Alberi, Eugenio, 364 Ariew, Roger, 6n, 7n, 204n, 242n, 252n, Albert VII (Governor of the Spanish 543n, 589n Netherlands), 451 Aristotle, 19, 23, 65, 66, 99, 134n, 199n, Alberti, Leon Battista, 15 219–221, 228, 252, 257n, 254n, 262, Albrecht, Michael, 223n 263n, 361–368, 370n, 372n, 392, 393, Aleotti, Giovanni Battista, 501 406, 414n, 415, 419, 420n, 500–501, Alexander of Aphrodisia, 365n, 366n 509, 531, 532n, 534 Allaby, Michael, 384n Arminius, Jacobus, 102n–103n Allinga, Petrus, 130 Armitage, Angus, 8n, 132n Almeida, Joseph, 252n Armogathe, Jean-Robert, 7n Almeloveen, Theodorus Janssonius van, 138n Arnoldus, Nicolaus, 129n Alphen, Hieronymus Simons van, 4n, 180, Arthur, Richard, 7n, 8n, 286n, 289n 196n, 588, 591n Ast, Friedrich, 6 Alphen, Johannes van, 4n Atherton, Margaret, 7n Althaus, Paul, 6n Augustine, 136, 217, 218 Amerpoel, Johannes, 555n Auzout, Adrien, 72, 79, 388, 390 Anaxagoras, 263, 509n Averroes, 254n Andala, Ruardus, 27n, 34, 108, 122, 157n, 146–149, 159–161, 166n, 167n, 178, 181, 187–188, 197–200, 238n, 242 B Andrault, Raphaele, 7n Bacon, Francis, 65, 257, 262, 263, 455n, 501 Andreae, Antonius, 181 Baert, Pieter, 19, 123 Andreae, Tobias, 221n Balázs, Mihály, 558n
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 721 A. Strazzoni, Burchard de Volder and the Age of the Scientific Revolution, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 51, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19878-7 722 Name Index
Baldini, Ugo, 8n, 272n Beverningh, Hieronymus van, 29, 75, 94b Baliani, Giovanni Battista, 371, 372n Biancani, Giuseppe, 15 Baneke, David, 76n Bidloo, Govert, 71, 92n, 103n Barbour, Julian, 565n Bie, Alexander de, 14–17, 18n, 19, 152n, 233, Bardi, Giovanni, 450 513, 514n Bardout, Jean-Christophe, 281n Bierens de Haan, David, 525n Barin, Théodore, 72, 555n Bitbol-Hespériès, Annie, 7n, 233n Barkey, Nicolas, 26 Blackwell, Richard J., 7n, 288n, 291n, 308n Barrow, Isaac, 86, 89n, 405n Blaeu, Joan, 221n Bartholin, Caspar, 42 Blaeu, Willem, 609, 612, 613n Bashuysen, Henricus Jacobus van, 4n, 588, Blair, Ann, 555n 600, 614, 615b Blasius, Gerard, 16, 17, 22, 64, 152n Basnage de Beauval, Henri, 33, 96n, 358n, Blijenbergh, Willem van, 127, 128 Bassecour, Carolus de la, 4n Blondel de Tilly (Madame), 35 Basson, Sébastien, 258 Blum, Paul Richard, 6n Battier, Jakob, 598 Boantza, Victor, 556n Baumann, Evert D., 7, 233n Boas, Marie, 501n Baxter, Richard, 514n Böckelmann, Johann Friedrich, 29, 514n Bayle, Pierre, 32, 123, 124n, 135, 154n Bodaan, Petrus, 185 Bazerman, Charles, 8n, 374n Bodeüs, Rirchard, 8n, 24n Beaufort, Louis de, 555n Boerhaave, Hermann, 4n, 7, 12, 31, 69, 70, 81, Beaumont, Elias Petrus de, 4n, 529 86n, 94, 105, 113, 114n, 115, 116n, Beaune, Florimond de, 86 117, 118, 161, 162n, 239, 600 Beck, Andreas J., 131n Bohatec, Josef, 6 Beck, Hans-Ulrich, 13n Bolk, Bartholomaeus, 182 Beeckman, Isaac, 7, 477, 478, 501 Bontekoe, Cornelis, 27, 130 Beelthouwer, Pieter, 129n Booth, Emily, 237n Bekker, Balthasar, 130, 175, 585 Bordoli, Roberto, 101n, 122n, 127n, 128n, Belgioioso, Giulia, 7n 129n, 159n Bell, Eric Temple, 8n, 113n, 514n Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, 8, 233, 237–239, Bellini, Lorenzo, 237, 239, 528 245, 355n, 373, 528, 529, 616 Bellis, Delphine, 7n, 193n, 213n Borelly, Jacques, 72n, 73, 77–78, 79n, 81 Benigni, Fiormichele, 126n Borgers, Griettie, 13n Berckringer, Daniel, 17 Borgers, Hester, 13n Beretta, Marco, 8n, 66n Borghero, Carlo, 6n, 7n, 8n, 223n Bergen, Johann Georg von, 528n Borman, Laurentius, 18, 19n Bergh, Govaert Carolus Joannes Joseph, 18n Bornius, Henricus, 20 Berkel, Abraham van, 221n Borri, Girolamo, 366–367, 371n Bernard, Jacques, 12n, 37n, 112 Bos, Egbert P., 22n, 65n Bernoulli, Jakob, 1, 8, 44, 47, 63, 74, 112, Bos, Erik-Jan, 193n, 212n, 213n 360, 396n, 513–524, 554, 556–557, Boschiero, Luciano, 8n, 66n 596–600 Bosl, Erika, 8n, 65n Bernoulli, Johann, 1, 8, 19, 23, 32n, 66, 69, Bouillier, Francisque, 6 80n, 89, 90, 91n, 92–97, 105, 106n, Boutroux, Pierre, 86n, 386 107n, 108–110, 111n, 112–114, 115n, Boyle, Robert, 1, 5, 8, 10, 35, 37, 55, 56, 57n, 118, 121, 175–178, 281n, 326–331, 66n, 69n, 224, 263, 265n, 269, 336n, 337n, 338n, 339, 340, 357, 513 273–274, 318n, 359, 373, 380, 382n, Bernstein, Howard R., 8n, 282n 384n, 387, 388, 389n, 394n, 397, 399, Berti, Gustavo, 383n 400, 402–404, 410–412, 423–430, Bertoloni Meli, Domenico, 7n, 8n, 74n, 272n, 432–435, 438, 441, 443, 446–447, 282n, 347n, 438n, 499n, 542n, 547, 565n 454–459, 461, 463, 464, 466, 469–471, Bertrand, Ester, 129n 474, 483–486, 488–493, 499, 505–509, Beukers, Harm, 7n, 233n, 245n 511–513, 521, 523–526, 527n, Beveren, Cornelis van, 95n 528–533, 535, 538, 554, 597, 621, Beverland, Adriaan van, 513, 514n 646, 649 Name Index 723
Brahe, Tycho, 577, 592 Chanut, Pierre, 383n Braun, Johannes, 43, 94, 102n, 175, 176n, Chareix, Fabien, 7n, 555n 177n, 178 Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor), 119n Bredenburg, Johannes, 127, 128n, 154–155, Charleton, Walter, 505n 167, 193, 196, 197 Chauffepié, Jacques George de, 12n Briels, Jan, 13n Chouet, Jean-Robert, 65 Brigaglia, Aldo, 86n Christ, 101n, 102n, 173n, 176n, 178 Brockliss, Laurence, 6n, 8n Cicero, 136, 192n Bronchorst, Henricus van, 4n, 588, 593 Clair, Pierre, 65n Brouwer, Gerhard Nicolaus, 179 Clarke, Desmond, 6n, 193n, 211n, 230n, 242n, Brown, Harcourt, 6n 248n, 276n, 352n Brulez, Lucien, 6 Clarke, Samuel, 344n Brunet, Pierre, 6 Clatterbaugh, Kenneth, 281n Bruno, Giordano, 561n Clauberg, Johannes, 220, 221n, 254n, Brunschwig, Léon, 386 255n, 392 Bruyn, Johannes de, 16, 17n, 74, 128n, 152n, Clementsz., Engel, 117 223–224, 420 Clericuzio, Antonio, 8n, 262n, 263n, 274n, Brykman, Geneviève, 135n 506, 507n Buddeus, Franciscus, 181, 182, 197 Clerselier, Claude, 272, 296, 298n, 401, Buena Maison, Alonso de, or Bonne Maison, 479, 492 Alonso de, 61n Clignet (unspecified), 72n Buning, Robin, 363n Cobb, Matthew, 7n, 69n Buonamici, Francesco, 366, 367n, Cocceius, Johannes, 104n, 221n 412–414, 418 Codde, Pontianus vander, 4n, 318, 325n, Burgers Lievelt, Margareta, 12, 13n 326n, 343 Burgersdijk, Franco, 22, 23, 65, 252n, 254, Coeman, Sibert, 12, 14–16, 17n, 30, 99–101, 256, 365n 104, 202n, 204n Burgh, Vander (unspecified), 78, 79n Cohen, I. Bernard, 92n Burman, Frans, 74, 98, 128n, 130, 171–174 Colie, Rosalie L., 196n Burman, Frans Jr., 37n, 171, 173, 174, 180, 196 Comenius, Johannes Amos, 129n Burman, Pieter, 112n, 113, 114, 171, 173, Commandino, Federico, 368, 369, 405–407, 174, 185n 418n, 499, 500n Burnet, Thomas, 37n, 152n, 555n Conlon, Thomas E., 8n, 374 Burnet, William, 111n, 115n Conti, Lino, 8n, 365n, 367n, 368, 371 Bylaert, Jan Jacob, 39, 40 Cook, Harold John, 7n Cook, Ian, 8n, 354n Copernicus, Nicolaus, 35n, 243n, 576n, 587n, C 589n, 618n Calero, Julián Simón, 7n, 380n Copius, Theophilus, 4n, 163n, 198n Capadose, Abraham, 37n Copper, Jacob, 593n Capecchi, Danilo, 8n, 309n, 616n Cordemoy, Géraud de, 555n Cardano, Girolamo, 420n, 500n Cornelio, Tommaso, or Consentinus, 382, Caroti, Stefano, 122n, 242n 383n, 399, 401, 402n, 647 Carpenter, Audrey T., 92n Costabel, Pierre, 8n, 282n Carriero, John, 150n Cottingham, John, 372n Casembroot, Gysbertus, 4n, 96, 247, 588, 591, Court, Petrus la, 117 592n, 600–602, 614, 615n Cousin, Victor, 6 Castelli, Benedetto, 123, 437n, 547, 573, 576, Cover, Jan A., 8n, 285n, 286n 578, 600, 602 Craanen, Theodoor, 7, 20, 62, 66, 97, 98, Castro, Orobio de, 101n 114n, 233, 235, 237, 245, 403, 404, Cerny, Gerald, 116n 532, 536, 537 Chabbert, Pierre, 77n Crombie, Alistair Cameron, 410n, 640n Chacón Rebollo, Tomás, 408n Crommelin, Claude August, 80n Chalmers, Alan, 7n, 380, 394n, 406n, 413n, Crowley, Timothy J., 362n 424, 438, 468, 512n, 540n Crusius, George Konrad, 36 724 Name Index
Ctesibius, 500n 272–274, 275n, 276–279, 281, 282, Cunning, David, 74n, 154n, 211n 286–310, 312–319, 320n, 322n, 325, Cunningham, Andrew, 74n 326, 328, 329n, 332, 337, 338, 340n, Cuper, Gisbert, 595n 341–344, 346, 347, 351, 355, 356n, Curley, Edwin, 200n, 211n 358–360, 364, 372, 392–394, 399–403, 411, 412, 420, 421, 436, 437, 455n, 471, 476–489, 491–495, 496n, 499, D 500n, 503–506, 509, 513, 517, 518n, Dalrymple, James, 45, 49, 63, 269, 336, 376, 527, 528, 539–557, 559–566, 568–580, 378, 379, 396n, 397n 582, 585, 587–597, 600–602, 605n, Dam, Albert Jansz. van, 75n, 116n, 605 614n, 615–618, 622 Damiron, Jean Philibert, 6 Deshayes, Jean, 581n Dati, Carlo, 382, 383n Desmarets, Samuel, 129 Daugirdas, Kęstutis, 101n Dessì, Paola, 7n Daumas, Maurice, 43, 44, 57, 58, 59n, Dew, Nicholas, 581n 398, 399n Di Biase, Giuliana, 167n De Bernjers (unspecified), 72n Dibon, Paul, 6, 18n De Clercq, Peter, 40n, 41n, 43–48, 50, 55n, Dieckhöfer, Klemens, 263n 57n, 350n, 351n, 352n, 381n, 461, Dierkens, Salomon, 595n 462n, 463n Dijksterhuis, Eduard Jan, 6n, 7n, 368n, 369n, De Grijs, Richard, 7n, 580n 406n, 407n, 424n, 431n De Hoog, Adriaan Cornelis, 3n, 6n, 37n, 59n Dijksterhuis, Fokko Jan, 7n, 80n, 305n, 556n De Jong, Theo, 19n Dijkstra, Arjen, 105n, 585, 586, 587n De Jongste, Jan A. F., 70n Diogenes Laertius, 264, 502n De Pater, Cornelis, 3n, 43, 44, 64, 65n Diophantus, 86 De Risi, Vincenzo, 8n, 286n Dobre, Mihnea, 2n, 6, 7n, 8n, 9n, 65n, 211n, De Rivecourt, Willem George Hendrik, 12n 225n, 276n, 278n, 387n, 394n De Sitter, Willem, 76n Dohmen, J., 22n De Waard, Cornélis, 658n Dolaeus, Johannes, 107n Débarbat, Suzanne, 8n, 581n Doppelmayr, Johann Gabriel, 86n, 106n Debus, Allen G., 7n, 262n, 263n Dorp, Frederik van Jr., 19 Dekker, Eef, 131n Dorstenius, Johannes, 69, 410n Dekkers, Frederick, 103n Douglas, Alexander, 104n, 128n, 130n Del Prete, Antonella, 7n, 65n, 219n Drelincourt, Charles, 59, 60n, 61n, 95n Della Porta, Giovanni Battista, 410n, Driessen, Antonius, 121, 126, 178–182, 501, 640n 185–187, 188n, 192, 193n, 195, Della Rocca, Michael, 153n, 200n, 211n 196n, 197 Democritus, 262, 263, 264n, 509n Drummond, Henry, 60 Den Boer, Harem, 61n Du Hamel, Jean-Baptiste, 220, 471–474 Denzinger, Heinrich, 218n Du Verdus, François, 383n Derecskei, Pál, 4n, 68, 588, 590 Duchesne, Jacques, or Quercetanus, 263 Des Amorie van der Hoeven, Abraham, 36n Ducheyne, Steffen, 7n, 8n, 565n, 572n Des Chene, Dennis, 6n, 8n, 65n, 233n, 251n, Duker, Arnoldus C., 131n 252n, 278n, 287n, 352n Duker, Gysbert Wessel, 101n Descartes, René, 2–10, 16, 17n, 19, 23–25, 27, Duncan, Joan, 26 28, 30, 31n, 32n, 33–35, 59, 64, 65, 67, Dunham, William, 8n, 113n, 514n 74, 86, 88, 89n, 92, 95–97, 99n, 104, Dunkel, Johann Gottlob Wilhelm, 12n 109, 116n, 122, 123, 127, 128, 131–137, 138n, 139–141, 144–146, 148, 150n, 151n, 152n, 153–156, 157n, E 158n, 159, 161–164, 166, 169, 173, Earman, John, 252n 178, 193, 198–202, 203n, 204, 207, Eaton, William R., 8n 206n, 208–214, 217, 219–226, Eckhart, Johann Georg, 106n 229–231, 233, 237, 240–258, 259n, Eloy, Nicolas François Joseph, 12n 261, 263, 265n, 266, 269, 270, Elzinga, Aant, 7n, 615n Name Index 725
Ende, Abraham van den, 98, 115, 116n, Gadroys, Claude, 555n 117, 171 Gaillardus, Jacobus, 94n, 116n Ende, Johan van den, 115 Gal, Ofer, 572n Enden, Franciscus van den, 124n Galama, Sybrand, 122n Ens, Gaspar, 450, 501n Gale, George, 8n, 282n Enyedi, Johannes, 4n, 163n Gale, John, 4n, 5n, 31, 104 Epicurus, 264, 362, 402n, 506 Galilei, Galileo, 8, 15, 16, 25, 91n, 241, 242, Episcopius, Simon, 131 253n, 271–272, 312, 313, 332, 334, Erlichson, Herman, 7n, 8n, 565n 361, 364–368, 370–372, 373n, 383, Es, Marcus van, 95n 384n, 392, 410, 412–419, 421–423, Euclid, 86, 207, 233 426, 433, 435, 437, 441, 443, 449–450, Ewyck, Gerard van, 182 454, 455n, 473, 474, 477, 479, 483, Exquemelin, Alexandre Olivier, 61n 484, 497n, 555, 567, 568, 569n, 570, 571, 589, 595, 615n, 640n Galluzzi, Paolo, 8n, 363n, 384n, 416n, 503n F Garber, Daniel, 7n, 8n, 9n, 225n, 230n, 246n, Fagel, Gaspar, 28, 36, 66, 97, 99n, 130, 251n, 252n, 276n, 286n, 288n, 291n, 132, 135 296n, 298, 299n, 332n, 339n, 476n, Faille, Juan Carlos de la, 451–453 542n, 551n Fatio de Duillier, Nicolas, 87 Gariepy, Thomas, 7n, 233n Favaretti Camposampiero, Matteo, 281n Garrett, Don, 200 Favino, Federica, 387n Gassendi, Pierre, 7, 16, 154n, 161n, 201, 253n, Fechner, H., 13n 263, 264, 270, 273, 502, 505 Fernel, Jean, 19 Gaukroger, Stephen, 7n, 211n, 230n, 246, Fichant, Michel, 8n, 225n, 282n, 285n 251n, 252n, 273n, 276n, 288n, Fix, Andrew Cooper, 16, 167n, 175n, 193n 479, 540n Fleck, Heinrich F., 368n Gemelli, Benedino, 501n Fleckenstein, Joachim Otto, 8n, 113n, 514n Gent, Pieter van, 87 Fokke, Jan, 12n Georgescu, Laura, 544n Font, Zsuzsa, 588n Geulincx, Arnold, 27, 66, 124n, 130, 202, Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de, 7, 555n 214–219, 224, 225 Foucher, Simon, 96n Ghetaldi, Marino, 15, 426n Fouke, Daniel Clifford, 7n, 213n, 387n Ghiessen, Jacob vander, 5n, 105, 151, 152n Fox, Michael, 8n, 286n Giglioni, Guido, 262n Frampton, Travis L., 104n Gilbert, William, 455n, 561n Francis, Alban, 101 Gill, Mary Louise, 362n Frankenau, Georg Friedrich Franck de, 376 Gliozzi, Mario, 8n, 365n Fredette, Raymond, 8n, 364n Glos, Guillaume de, 581n Freedman, Joseph S., 6n Goldstein, Catherine, 6n, 8n Fremaut, Daniel, 528n Golius, Jacob, 65 Freudenthal, Gideon, 9, 282n, 328n, Gomarus, Franciscus, 102n, 103n 332n, 571n Gootjes, Albert, 75n, 128n Freudenthal, Jacob, 12, 87n, 123n, 124n, 125n Gordon, Alexander, 31n Frijhoff, Willem, 7n, 14n Gori, Giambattista, 3n, 7n, 115n Fuchs, Thomas, 7n, 233n, 244n, 537n Gorlaeus, David, 258, 363n, 420 Fullenius, Bernard, 92n, 105, 106, 306, 514, Gorman, Michael John, 8n, 396n 565, 566n, 585, 587, 595 Goudriaan, Aza, 121n, 129n, 130n, 131n, Furley, David, 616n 179n, 192, 223n Futch, Michael, 8n, 286n Gr. V., or V. Gr. (pseudonym), 180–182, 186n, 187n Graaf, Abraham de, 88 G Graaf, Johannes de, 580, 581, 583, 609, Gaab, Hans, 8n, 65n, 242n 610, 612 Gabbey, Alan, 7n, 8n, 251n, 282n, 288n, 289n, Graaf, Lieuwe Willemsz., 86, 585–587 291n, 293n, 556n Grabow, Rolf, 7n, 424n 726 Name Index
Graevius, Johannes Georgius, 74, 75n, Hattab, Helen, 258n, 276n, 289n 128n, 174n Haven, Kendall F., 384n Grafton, Anthony, 18n Hedesan, Georgiana D., 263n Grant, Edward, 271n, 501 Heereboord, Adriaan, 65, 220, 221 Graupe, Katharina, 12n Heering, Jan Paul, 12n Gravesande, Willem Jacob ’s, 1, 7, 48, 55, 84n, Heiberg, Johan Ludwig, 368n, 405n 115, 118, 340, 352, 399 Heidanus, Abraham, 27, 28, 36, 66, 103, 104n, Greene, Robert A., 24n, 101n 128n, 129–131, 133, 134, 199, 217 Gregory, David, 88, 89, 92, 98, 105n, 243 Heimann, Peter, 8n, 113n Grene, Marjorie, 244n Heinsius, Anthonie, 70n Grieser, Rudolf, 8n, 114n Heinsius, Nicholas, 74n Groenendijk, Jan Rippertsz. Van, 29 Helder, Thomas, 580 Groengraft, Johannes Andries, 46 Hellingwerf, Pieter, 440, 441n Groenig, Johann, 92n Helmont, Jean Baptiste van, 245n, 262, 534n Gronovius, Jakob, 11, 12n, 13, 14, 16n, 18n, Helvetius, Johannes Balthasar, 4n, 30 19n, 20, 21n, 29, 31n, 36n, 68n, 75n, Henninius, Henricus Christianus, 26 76n, 86, 88, 90, 91n, 97n, 103, 104, Henry, John, 132n 105n, 107, 108n, 111n, 115–117, 125, Herbert, Thomas, 93 126, 150, 152, 153, 154n, 199, 208, Hermann, Jakob, 93, 112, 340n 209, 235, 587 Hermann, Paul, 69n, 74n Grootendorst, Albertus Wilhelmus, 86n Hero of Alexandria, 499–500, 501n, 502, 521n Grosholz, Emily, 543n Herrmann, Volker, 8n, 65n Grosslight, Justin, 8n, 382n Heuraet, Hendrik van, 86 Grotius, Hugo, 12, 13n, 17, 100 Heyd, Michael, 65n, 213n Guericke, Otto von, 8, 270, 361, 373, 374n, Heyse, Ernst Gottfried, 61n 396, 438–440, 490n, 505, 511, 530 Hill, Kenneth A., 80n Guéroult, Martial, 7n, 8n, 289n, 332n Hinojosa, Adriaan Pieter de, 24 Guerrini, Anita, 7n, 235n Hintikka, Jaakko, 204n Guhrauer, Gottschalk Eduard, 12n Hirai, Hiro, 263n Guicciardini, Niccolò, 8n, 92n, 113n, Hirschfield, John Milton, 6n 572n, 573 Hobbes, Thomas, 94, 101, 127, 161, 221, 222, Guillemin, Amédée, 466 269n, 403, 499 Hoest, Daniel de, 70 Hoevenaer, Antonius, 43, 76, 81n H Hoffwenius, Petrus, 30n, 525n Haan, Galenus Abrahamsz. de, 16, 22 Hogelande, Cornelis van, 7, 19, 233, 244, 245, Haaring, Friedrich, 91n 399, 401 Hacking, Ian, 242n Hogendijk, Jan P., 201n Hackmann, Willem, 8n, 374n Holwarda, Johannes Phocylides, 220 Hagen, Christiaan, 76, 77 Home, Roderick, 8n, 354n Hahn, Roger, 6n Honert, Johann van den, 138n, 181 Hall, A. Rupert, 3n, 37n, 91n, 470n, 616n Honert, Taco Hajo van den, 4n, 138n, Halley, Edmond, 572, 581n 149–151, 153, 155, 163, 174, 178n, Hallmann, Georg Theophil, 12, 14, 30, 87, 97, 179–182, 185–187, 194n 103, 118, 122–125, 135, 146, 149, Hoogmade, J. V., 107 199, 242 Hooijmaijers, Hans, 43, 44, 76n Hansen, Julie V., 7n, 22n Hooke, Robert, 8, 37, 55, 56, 347n, 399, 400, Harrison, Peter, 555n, 589n 497, 498, 506, 507n, 557, 557n Harsch, Viktor, 8n, 374n Horch, Heinrich, 182 Hartog, Jan, 75n, 128n Horstmanshoff, Manfred, 529n Hartsoeker, Nicolaas, 80 Hoskin, Michael A., 8n, 65n Hartz, Glenn A., 8n, 285n, 286n Houten, Antonius van, 524n Harvey, William, 238, 534 Houttuyn, Petrus, 114n Hatfield, Gary, 7n, 225n, 276n, 289n Howard, Nicole, 7n, 580n Name Index 727
Howarth, Richard, 581n Juillard, Alain, 112n Howse, Derek, 613n Jungius, Joachim, 357n Hubert (unspecified), 106n, 107n Junius, Adrianus, 14 Hübner, Karolina, 153n Jurieu, Pierre, 116n Hudde, Johannes, 19, 20n, 22, 37, 71, 72n, Justel, Henri, 42, 49, 68, 69, 377, 514n 75n, 85, 86, 91n, 102n, 106, 107n, 123, 167–171, 514, 582, 593, 595, 613n Huet, Pierre-Daniel, 2, 4n, 30, 31, 33–35, 94, K 96, 108n, 121, 128, 137, 148, 149n, Kaplan, Yosef, 12n 157, 158n, 160n, 200, 201, 250, 259, Kardel, Troels, 7n, 69n 524n, 560, 561n, 588, 590, 591, Kate, Lambert ten, 88 595n, 600 Keill, John, 92–93, 243 Hulsius, Paulus, 121, 175–178, 194n Kepler, Johannes, 241, 242, 532n, 555, 560, Huneken, Jacobus, 4n 561, 572–574, 578, 580, 601, 602, Huszthi, Stephan, 4n, 163n, 361, 529, 538 615, 616n Hutton, Sarah, 7n, 470n Khamara, Edward J., 8n, 286n Huygens, Christiaan, 7, 9, 10, 19, 26, 47, 54n, King, Lester Snow, 233n 55n, 69, 80, 81, 85–92, 93n, 94–96, 98, Kircher, Athanasius, 383n 105–106, 113, 114n, 117n, 123, 200, Klever, Wim, 3, 19n, 121n, 122, 123, 127n, 201, 239–243, 249, 287, 306–314, 128n, 167n, 178n, 200, 202n, 204n 316–318, 326, 328, 329, 330n, 335, Knobloch, Eberhard, 8n, 89n 340n, 341–345, 347–350, 354n, 356, Knoeff, Rina, 8n, 22n 357n, 358n, 359, 361n, 411, 483, 507n, Knowles Middleton, William Edgar, 8n, 66n, 528n, 539, 542, 545, 555–560, 365n 382n, 384n 564–572, 578–585, 586n, 587, 588, Kobus, Jan Christiaan, 12n 593–595, 598, 600, 602–618 Koch, Cornelius Dietrich, 96n Huygens, Constantijn, 19, 37, 42, 64 Kochiras, Hylarie, 8n, 578n Huygens, Constantijn Jr., 80n, 106, 117n, Koecher, Johann Christoph, 74n 609n, 615 Koesfeld, Lotharius Zumbach de, 85n, 111 Hyslop, Scott J., 8n Kok, Jacobus, 12n Köleséri, Samuel, 4n, 68, 126, 230, 247, 588, 589n, 600 I Kolesnik-Antoine, Delphine, see Antoine- Iltis, Carolyn, 8n, 282n, 332n Mahut, Delphine Irenaeus Philalethius (pseudonym), see Kooijmans, Luuc, 22n, 69n, 71n Heidanus, Abraham Koyanagi, Kimiyo, 386n Israel, Jonathan, 2n, 8n, 121n, 128n, 159n, Koyré, Alexander, 8n, 616n 175n, 178n, 179n, 185n, 193, 199n Kramer, Adriaan, 84n Krop, Henri, 3n, 7n, 18n, 20n, 22n, 65n, 127n, 128n, 129n, 235, 236n, 237n, 244n J Kuiper, E. J., 22n Jalobeanu, Dana, 7n, 8n, 132n, 251n, 273n, Kuyper, Frans, 128, 154 543n James II (King of England), 101 Jansdr., Judith, 13n L Jauernig, Anja, 8n, 282n L’Hôpital, Guillaume François Antoine de, Jesseph, Douglas, 7n 88, 89n, 113n, 358n Jöcher, Christian Gottlieb, 12n La Hire, Philippe de, 507, 607 Johnson, Ryan, 305n Laerke, Mogens, 5n, 7n, 8n, 96n, 128n Jones, Matthew L., 8n, 382n Lahr, Paulus von der, 4n, 265n, 318n Jorink, Erik, 7n, 22, 69n, 71n, 74n, 75n, Lambour, Ruud, 13n, 18n 76n, 474n Lamsweerde, Jan Baptist van, 73n Jourdan, Antoine Jacques Louis, 12n Lana de Terzi, Francesco, 497, 498 Joy, Lynn, 8n, 264n Land, Jan Pieter Nicolaas, 214 728 Name Index
Landucci, Sergio, 101n, 125n Lodge, Paul, 3n, 8n, 95, 122, 155, 156n, 158n, Lange, Joachim, 2, 122, 154n, 199 165n, 199n, 200, 204n, 225n, 226n, Lannoy, Johannes de, 134n 249, 260n, 279, 282n, 286n, 327, 330n, Lariviere, Barbara, 8n, 282n 334n, 338n, 340n Le Clerc, Jean, 3, 11, 15n, 18n, 19–21, 22n, LoLordo, Antonia, 8n, 201n, 264n 23, 24n, 26–31, 32n, 34, 35, 36n, 38, Long, Tony, 384n 39n, 40n, 42, 66, 68n, 75, 76n, 86, 87n, Look, Brandon, 8n, 285n 91–92, 95, 97, 99, 100n, 101, 103, 104, Lopik, Jan Bastiannsz., 84n 105n, 106n, 107, 108, 111, 115, 129, Lotti, Brunello, 7n 130n, 131, 132, 134, 141n, 168, 171, Louis XIV (King of France), 124n 173, 198, 199, 202n, 231, 240, 241n, Lowthorp, John, 306n 243, 244, 286, 538, 576, 587, 598, Lucretius, 263, 272, 274, 285, 396, 402n, 263, 599n, 615n, 618 272, 274, 285, 396, 402n Le Grand, Antoine, 343n, 344n, 559n Lufneu, Hermann, 4n, 30, 50, 53, 55n, 62–63, Le Grand, Homer E., 8n, 272 285, 360, 443, 446, 449, 455n, Le Moyne, Étienne, 21n, 95n, 116n 459–469, 471, 474, 475, 536, Lech, Hermann, 7n, 233n 537n, 600 Leers, Reinier, 88, 116n Lulofs, Johannes, 377 Leeuwen, Johannes van, 177 Lunsingh Scheurleer, Theodoor Herman, Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 1, 3, 8, 9, 19, 7n, 18n, 67n 32n, 34, 37n, 66n, 69, 80, 86, 87n, 89, Lüthy, Christoph, 7n, 258n, 263n, 273n, 90, 94–98, 105, 106n, 107n, 112, 113n, 363n, 420n 114n, 118n, 154–159, 161, 164–166, Luyendijk-Elshout, Antonie M., 198, 200, 224, 225, 226n, 229, 239, 7n, 233n, 237n 244, 249, 250, 256, 259, 260, 261n, Lynes, John W., 543n 276, 279, 281–286, 289, 307, 308, 309n, 312, 313n, 314, 324, 327–340, 343–347, 348n, 349, 356, 357, 359, M 417, 498n, 560, 561, 568 Maas, Ad, 7n, 43, 44, 76n, 474n Lemmerman, Abraham, 193 Mac Lean, Johannes, 613n, 614n Lenau, Nikolaus, 120n MacDonald Ross, George, 3n, 8n, 286n Lennon, Thomas M., 7n, 8n, 33n, 251n, Maets, Carel de, 39, 60, 67, 382n, 647n 259n, 264n Maffioli, Cesare S., 8n, 271n Lenz, Martin, 5n Magalotti, Lorenzo, 373n, 387, 389, 505n, Leucippus, 263, 509n 524, 525, 530n Leupold, Jacob, 48, 50, 63, 389–391 Magiotti, Raffaello, 383n Lewandowski, Roger, 408n Magliabechi, Antonio, 106n Leydekker, Jacob, 122, 182, 185, 197, 199 Magni, Valeriano, 386 Limborch, Philipp van, 20, 21n, 36, 37, 98, Mahoney, Michael S., 7n, 8n, 313n, 573, 580n 101, 102n, 103, 125n, 167–174, 196 Maignan, Emmanuel, 383n Limmer, Conrad Philip, 126 Makreel, Johannes, 88 Lindeboom, Gerrit Arie, 7n, 71n, 74n, 107n Malebranche, Nicolas, 9, 225, 249, 337, 513, Linden, Cornelis van der, 27, 130 596, 598 Linden, Johannes vander Jr., 117, 182 Mallement de Messange, Claude, 555n Lindner, Nicolas, 204n Manchak, John, 7n, 289n Line, Francis, 269n, 506 Mandeville, Bernard de, 4n, 94, 529n, 600 Lipstorp, Daniel, 555n, 589 Manning, Gideon, 233n, 258n Liu, Chun-Fa, 332n Mansvelt, Regnier van, 74, 127, 128 Lo, Melissa, 305n Manzo, Silvia, 501n Locke, John, 35, 49, 68, 102n, 106n, 167–169, Marchand, Prosper, 32, 340n 170n, 171, 173, 244, 377, 396n, 576, Marci, Marcus, 357n 577n, 587n, 598, 599 Marckius, Johannes, 194 Name Index 729
Marggraf, Christiaan, 60, 628 Monconys, Balthasar de, 350, 351n Mariotte, Edme, 1, 7, 9, 10, 48, 69, 249, 328, Montuori, Maurizio, 167n 341, 347, 350–352, 354n, 359, 465n, More, Henry, 36, 37, 116n, 469–471, 555n, 471–475, 505–508, 512, 529, 556 556, 557, 605n Markie, Peter, 204n Morley, Christopher Love, 59–63, 267, 269, Marmontel, Jean-François, 443n, 475 364, 382, 383, 393n, 397, 399, 402, 403, Marshall, John, 103 408n, 411, 436, 441, 443, 467, 474, Marzi Medici, Alessandro, 449 494, 496, 509, 532, 628n, 641n, 647n Matthaeus, Antonius, 95n Mormino, Gianfranco, 7n, 308n Matthews, Michael, 581n Morrow, Jeffrey L., 104n McClaughlin, Trevor, 6n, 7n, 8n, 65n Mort, Jacob le, 60, 245n McConnell, Donald R., 101n Moses, 101, 125n, 555n McGahagan, Thomas Arthur, 6n Moses Baruch (unspecified), 61n McLaughlin, Peter, 251n, 288n, 291n, 292, Mouy, Paul, 6 299, 300, 301n, 305n Mugnai, Massimo, 8n, 285n, 336n Meer, Herman van der, 29, 39 Müller, Monika, 26n Meer, Jacob van der, 117 Mulsow, Martin, 6n, 12n, 31n, 74n, 98n, 103n, Meier, Gerhard, 201n 120n, 124n, 125n, 153n Meihuizen, Hendrik Wiebes, 16n Murray, Gemma, 8n, 306n, 307n, 309n, 312n, Meijer, Lodewijk, 28, 127–130, 133, 317n, 356n 221n, 222n Musschenbroek, Jan van, 55n, 352 Melchior (unspecified), 195n Musschenbroek, Jan Willem van, 55n Melder, Christiaan, 36, 75, 76 Musschenbroek, Johannes Joosten van, 44, 45, Menn, Stephen, 150n, 288n 48–50, 54, 69, 267–268, 350–351, Merault (unspecified), 72n, 78 408–409, 410n, 461, 462n, 463n Mercer, Christia, 8n, 242n, 339n Musschenbroek, Petrus van, 26n Mersenne, Marin, 7, 154n, 272, 372–373, Musschenbroek, Pieter van, 49, 55n, 63, 377, 383n, 401, 403, 479, 484, 486n, 488, 382n, 397n 501, 502n, 505n,559, 633n Musschenbroek, Samuel van, 37, 39–41, Metz, Coenraet, 81, 84 55–57, 58n, 67, 387, 399n Mey, P. de, 26 Meyer, Hieronymus, 42, 43n, 84n Meyer, Johannes, 116n N Michael, Emily, 263n Nachtomy, Ohad, 8n, 285n Mignini, Filippo, 128n, 217n Nadler, Steven, 7n, 128n, 214n, 216n, 276n, Mijers, Esther, 3n 281n, 596n Milani, Nausicaa Elena, 6n, 7n, 8n, 65n, Nauenberg, Michael, 8n, 572n 278n, 352n Naylor, Ronald H., 8n, 16n Miniati, Mara, 8n, 66n Nejeschleba, Tomáš, 386n Miniati, Stefano, 7n, 69n Nemethi, Samuel, 4n, 68, 163n Miranda, Giacomo, 122n Newman, William, 8n, 262n, 263n, 274n Moerbeke, William of, 368, 405n Newton, Isaac, 3, 8, 10, 19, 27, 35–37, 86, Mojet, Emma, 7n, 88n, 99n 87n, 88, 89n, 91n, 92, 93n, 94, 101, Molhuysen, Philip Christiaan, 12, 13n, 15n, 106, 239, 240, 242–244, 313n, 334n, 20n, 21n, 22n, 23n, 26n, 28n, 29n, 36n, 380, 539, 571–576, 578–580, 582, 583, 38n, 39n, 41n, 42n, 43n, 44, 46, 48, 50, 584n, 585, 587, 594, 595, 599–602, 52, 54n, 55n, 67n, 75n, 76n, 80n, 84n, 604, 608, 614–616, 618 85n, 97n, 102n, 104n, 105n, 107n, Niceron, Jean-Pierre, 12n 110n, 111n, 112n, 114n, 117n, 129n, Nicolai, Cornelius, 26 130n, 133n, 134n, 221n, 350n, 381n, Nierop, Dirck Rembrandtsz. van, 49, 51, 63, 435n, 437n, 440n, 461n, 565n, 569n 75n, 116n, 377, 409n, 440, 441n, 467, Monchamp, Georges, 6 605, 606 730 Name Index
Nieuhof, Johan, 73n Périer, Françoise Gilberte, 394n Nieuwentijt, Bernard, 7, 23, 50, 88–90, 198n, Perler, Dominik, 281n 474, 475, 600 Perrault, Claude, 556, 564 Nijhoff, Martinus, 36n Petit, Pierre, 383n Noël, Étienne, 386, 502 Petrescu, Lucian, 7n, 244n, 537n Nonnoi, Giancarlo, 8n, 365n, 401n, 484n Phemister, Pauline, 8n, 285n Noodt, Gerard, 23, 109, 110, 111n, 117 Picard, Jean, 581n Nordström, Johan Nils, 69n Pisano, Raffaele, 8n, 309n Normore, Calvin, 251n, 543n Pitcairne, Archibald, 7, 88, 235–237, 239 Noyers, Pierre des, 502 Plato, 222n, 382, 399, 400n, 401, 415 Nozzolini, Tolomeo, 449 Platz, Kai Thomas, 8n, 65n Nuchelmans, Gabriël, 204n, 214n, 216n Plutarch, 410, 616, 640n Nyden, Tammy, 2, 3, 6, 38n, 64, 66, 153n, Poiret, Pierre, 122, 153–154, 199 231, 246 Polinière, Pierre, 409n Nysingh, Johannes, 175 Polyander, Joannes, 103n Pope, Malcolm H., 8n, 233n Posahazi, János, 420n O Posthumus Meyjes, Guillaume Henri Marie, Oertel, Eucharius Ferdinand Christian, 119n 7n, 18n, 67n Oldenburg, Henry, 42, 124n, 306, 307n, Pourciau, Bruce, 8n, 572n 312, 498n Power, Henry, 505 Olmsted, John W., 581 Prager, Frank D., 8n, 382n Omodeo, Pietro Daniel, 6n, 7n Principe, Lawrence, 8n, 263n Oosterdijk Schacht, Hermann, 4n, 113, 529n Ptolemy, 365 Oostwoud, Jacob, 116n Pujolas, Moïse, 62, 465, 466 Osler, Margaret J., 7n, 305n Pungeler, Abraham, 153, 154 Otterspeer, Willem, 3n
R P Raey, Johannes de, 1, 23, 24, 26n, 30n, 65, 66, Pagel, Walter, 262n 73–74, 75n, 130, 131, 214, 219–225, Palaia, Roberto, 8n, 242n 257, 392–395, 420, 515, 521–523, Palladini, Fiammetta, 112n 525n, 534n Palmerino, Carla Rita, 8n, 92n, 272n, 560n Raey, Johannes de Jr., 73 Palmieri, Paolo, 8n, 365n, 368, 370, 413n, Ragland, Evan, 7n, 233n, 245, 401n, 537n 449n Rank, Ludwig, 76n Papin, Denis, 55n, 306n, 327–328, 331, 382n, Rapetti, Elena, 33n, 35n, 96n 390, 391, 570–571, 595n Rattrey, Jacobus, 4n, 30, 525n Paquot, Jean-Noël, 12n Ravestein, Arnold van, 33 Paradís, Jaume, 89n Redgrove I. M., 262n Parent, Antoine, 565n Redgrove, H. Stanley, 262n Pascal, Blaise, 7, 332n, 361n, 380, 383n, Redondi, Pietro, 8n, 272n 385–388, 389n, 394n, 412, 421–423, Régis, Pierre-Sylvain, 7–8, 48, 351, 352, 555n 427, 430, 432, 433, 435, 441, 454, 457, Regius, Henricus, 7, 155, 156n, 193, 212–214, 458, 465, 467, 468, 473, 483, 485, 216, 219, 220, 221n, 222–225, 232, 486n, 505, 511, 645, 646, 506n 233, 244, 292, 399, 401, 403, 404, 420, Pascal, Jacqueline, 394n 505, 537, 555n, 559n Pasnau, Robert, 7n, 251n Regius, Johannes, 122, 159, 161, 199, 260 Patterson, Sarah, 211n Regnault (unspecified), 351 Paul (Apostle), 103 Regnault, Noël, 351n Pavelich, Andrew, 154n Regnault, Valère, 351n Payne, John Bruce, 61n Reid, Jasper, 543n Pecquet, Jean, 387, 390, 502–505 Reisel, Salomon, 389n, 390, 391 Perizonius, Jackob, 116n Réka, Bozzay, 588, 590n Name Index 731
Remus, Georgius, 528n Savini, Massimiliano, 392n Renckens, B. J. A., 13n Sayre-McCord, Geoffrey, 8n, 286n Reneri, Henricus, 363n, 420, 484, 485, 488, Scaliger, Joseph Justus, 201 492, 499 Schaaf, Carolus, 150n Renn, Jürgen, 8n, 16n Schacht, Lucas, 12, 15n, 59, 60n, 61n, 94, 104, Revius, Jacobus, 220, 221 113, 233–234, 242 Rey, Anne-Lise, 3n, 8n, 249, 282n, 332n Schaffer, Simon, 8n, 269n, 274n, 403n, 506n Ribe, Neil M., 305n Schalbruch, Johannes Theodoor, 26 Ribeyre, Antoine de, 383n Schelhammer, Günther Christoph, 158n Ricci, Michelangelo, 363n, 382, 383, 503n Scheuchzer, Johann Jakob, 112n, 114n Riccioli, Giovanni Battista, 373, 603–607, Scheuchzer, Johannes, 114n 611n Schliesser, Eric, 7n, 580, 581, 582n, 585n, Richer, Jean, 581 603, 604n, 605n, 607, 609n Rieuwerts, Jan Jr., 123, 124n Schmaltz, Tad, 6n, 7n, 8n, 252n, 255n, 281n, Rijks, Marlise, 75n, 116n, 605n 289n, 401n, 596n Rittangel, Johann Stephan, 173n Schneider, Daniel, 8n, 200n, 374n Rivault, David, 368n, 369, 404–407, 412, Schoneveld, Cornelis W., 86n, 221n 419–421, 431, 436 Schönmetzer, Adolfus, 218n Robberghtsten, Johannes, 4n, 529n Schoock, Martin, 213 Roberts, John, 8n, 282n Schooten, Frans van, 37, 86n Roberval, Gilles Personne de, 7, 361n, Schotanus, Christianus, 129n 386–388, 499, 501–503, 505, 506, Schott, Gaspar, 8, 53, 373n, 396n, 443, 447, 509, 556 449–454, 501n, 521n, 620n, 649n Roëll, Hermann Alexander, 101n, 193–196, Schouls, Peter A., 242n 199, 221n Schrever, Remigius, 32 Roëll, Johannes Alexander, 193–196, 199 Schuer, Jan Lodewyk, 12n Rohault, Jacques, 4, 7, 26–27, 65, 104, 244, Schüller, Volkmar, 8n, 65n 278, 279, 292, 293n, 343n, 344n, 387, Schuster, John, 7n, 230n, 273n, 276n, 290n, 391, 393, 394n, 423n, 435, 505, 305, 431n, 476n, 479, 540, 542n, 543, 511–512, 555n, 559, 582 544n, 549 Rooke, Lawrence, 347n Schuurman, Paul, 204n, 224n Rosenboom, Hub, 43n, 68n, 84n, 110n Schuyl, Florentius, 7, 223 Rosenfeld, Leon, 8n, 578n Schuyl, Hermann, 4n, 94, 112, 113, 318, 337, Rossi, Paolo, 262n 341–343, 346n, 347n, 348n, 350n, 360, Rothschuh, Karl E., 6n, 7n 361, 513, 525, 526n, 527n, 529, Rousset, Bernard, 214n 535–537, 568, 588, 594n, 595n, 596n, Roux, Sophie, 6n, 7n, 8n, 65n, 225n, 242n 598–600 Rouxel, Esaias, 4n Scribano, Emanuela, 167n Rudolph, Ulrich, 281n Sdzuj, Reimund, 129n Ruestow, Edward G., 3n, 6n, 18n, 64, 69n, Secundant, Sergei, 8n, 242n 74n, 240n, 247n, 589n Seerup, Nicolaus Nicolai, 263n Rump, Justus Wessel, 141n Seneca, 14 Russell, Leonard James, 3n, 8n Senguerd, Arnold, 14, 15, 17, 18n, 152n Russo, Lucio, 616n Senguerd, Wolferd, 15n, 41, 42n, 43, 44, Rutherford, Donald, 8n, 285n 54–56, 67, 94n, 104, 111, 113n, 132, Ruysch, Frederik, 7, 22, 71, 74, 528n 267, 268, 269n, 386, 387, 396n, 397, 399, 438, 439n, 468n, 505, 512, 516–517, 518n, 520n, 521n, 537–538, S 561, 562n, 599n, 600n, 614n Sabra, Abdelhamid, 542n Sennert, Daniel, 254n, 263, 534 Sadeler, Matthaeus Antonius de, 4n Serrarius, Petrus, 129n Saint Julien-Pottier, Antonius de, 86, 613 Serrurier, Joseph, 4n, 66, 94, 113–114, 163n, Sarkar, Husain, 204n 360, 387, 494, 513, 525, 526n, 527n, Sassen, Saskia, 3n, 7n, 240n 528, 588, 600, 614 732 Name Index
Severin, David, 91n Stevin, Simon, 7, 50, 53, 380, 381, 404n, 412, Sextus Empiricus, 136 423–426, 429–432, 436–438, 440–448, Shafer, Glenn, 8n, 113n 450, 452–454–457, 459, 461n, Shank, John Bennett, 6n, 8n, 365n, 382n, 463–469, 471, 474, 477, 478, 483, 383n, 384n 488–493, 621n, 649 Shapin, Steven, 8n, 269n, 274n, 403n, 506n Stillingfleet, Edward, 514n Shea, William R., 8n, 272n, 386n, 387n Stolle, Gottlieb, 12, 14, 30, 74, 87, 97, 101n, Shelford, April, 7n, 33n, 128n 103, 118, 122–125, 135, 146, 149, 199, Sierksma, Gerard, 8n, 113n, 514 222, 242 Sierksma, Wybe, 8n, 113n Stouppe, Jean Baptiste, 127 Simons, Olaf, 12n Strada, Famiano, 61n Simonutti, Luisa, 36n, 102n, 167n Strazzoni, Andrea, 7n, 9n, 21n, 23n, 24n, 65n, Simplicius, 365 66n, 102n, 103n, 130n, 156n, 174n, Sinclair, George, 513 193n, 212n, 213n, 214n, 219n, 220n, Singel, Burger van, 117 221n, 222n, 224n, 225n, 233n, 244n, Slaby, Adolf, 8n, 374n 257n, 392n Sladus, Cornelius, 14, 15n, 71 Stuart, Adam, 221 Sladus, Matthaeus, 14n, 71, 106n Sturm, Johann Christoph, 8, 65, 242, 373n, Slowik, Edward, 7n, 8n, 251n, 252n, 259n, 498n, 505, 513, 530, 556 261n, 273n, 288n, 308, 551n, 565n Suitner, Riccarda, 6n Sluze, René François Walther de, or Slusius, Svetonius Tranquillus (pseudonym), 131 86, 88, 89 Swammerdam, Jan, 7, 22, 69–72, 73n, 74, Smith, A. Mark, 305n, 542n 75n, 107n, 401, 534 Smith, George E., 7n, 580, 581, 582n, 585n, Swartenhengst, Johannes, 27, 130 603, 604n, 605n, 607, 609n Sylvius, Franciscus, 7, 18–19, 22, 65, 70, Smith, Justin E. H., 6n 221n, 223, 233, 244–245, 263 Smith, Kurt, 251n, 260n Syrianus, 365n Smout, Pieter, 196n Szathmári, Johannes Pap, 4n, 68, 198n Snel, Rudolph, 65n Snel, Willebrord, 7, 64, 76, 305, 424, 569, 570n T Snelders, Harry A., 7n, 8n, 556n Tachard, Guy, 581, 603, 611 Snow, Adolph Judah, 8n, 578n Tak, Gaspar vander, 4n, 204, 205n, 207n Socrates, 31 Taliaferro, Charles, 543n Sorell, Tom, 7n, 230n Tartaglia, Niccolò, 368, 405n Spanheim, Friedrich Jr., 21n, 95n, 99n Taton, René, 365n, 382n Spener, Johann Jacob, 96n, 335 Teyler, Johannes, 98, 114n Spies, Marijke, 6n Theis, Robert, 6n Spink, Aaron, 6n, 8n, 65n, 278n Themistius, 364n Spinoza, Baruch de, 2, 9, 19, 28, 94, 101n, Themmen, Phoebus, 175, 177n 104, 121–128, 130, 133, 135, 136, 148, Thévenot, Melchisédech, 32, 68–73, 74n, 149, 151, 153n, 154n, 155, 159, 161, 75–77, 79, 107n, 401n 162n, 165–168, 170–174, 178, 182, Thiel, Udo, 543 188–192, 195, 197, 198n, 199, 200, Thijssen-Schoute, C. Louise, 6, 62n 206, 217n, 221n, 222, 547, 548 Thijssen, J. M. M. Hans, 93 Sprat, Thomas, 532, 627n Thirion, Jean, 8n, 382n, 383n Stampioen, Jan, 585 Tho, Tzuchien, 8n, 332n, 334n Stanglin, Keith, 12n Thomas, Emily, 251n, 259n State, Stephen A., 101n Thomasius, Christian, 124, 125n Stechow, Wolfgang, 13n Thurston, Alan J., 8n, 233n Steenbakkers, Piet, 121n Til, Salomon van, 101n, 130 Steensen, Niels, or Stenus, Nicolaus, 7, 22, Tinelis de Castelet, Alexandre, 575–576, 602n 69, 71 Toledo, Gabriel de, 61n Name Index 733
Torero-Ibad, Alexandra, 8n, 589n Velthuysen, Lambert van, 74–75, 127, 128, Torricelli, Evangelista, 8, 63, 65, 309, 331, 135, 221n 351n, 361, 363–365, 381–384, 387, Venhuisen, Petrus van, 175, 177 388, 392–395, 399, 423n, 485, 503, Ventidius, Bassus Publius, 174n 521, 645, 647 Ventimiglia, Carlo, 453 Torrini, Maurizio, 8n, 363n, 383n, 384n, 503n Verbeek, Theo, 6n, 7n, 65n, 156n, 213n, 221n, Touber, Jetze, 104n, 128n 233n, 287n Trigland, Jacobus, 102n, 104n, 220 Verhoeven, Cornelis, 216n Trigland, Jacobus II, 22n, 94n, 95n, 98n, Vermij, Rienk H., 7n, 19n, 87n, 88n, 102n, 151 131n, 474n Trommius, Abraham, 179 Versé, Noël Aubert de, 126 Tschirnhaus, Ehrenfried Walther von, 87, Verwer, Adriaen, 88, 98, 128 124n, 125n Villalobos, Gabriel Fernández de, 61n Vinson, Charles, 59, 61 Visscher, Nicolaes II, 605–606, U 609–612, 613n Uchtmann, Allard, 21n Vitrarius, Philippus Reynhardus, 95n Uffenbach, Zacharias Conrad von, 25n, 26, Vitringa, Campegius, 101n, 130 41, 42n, 43–45, 47, 48, 57, 69, 81, 83, Vitringa, Campegius Jr., 148 84, 350 Voet, Daniel, 263, 562–564 Underwood, Edgar Ashworth, 7n, 233n Voet, Johannes, 95n, 117, 562n Voet, Paul, 562n Voet, Gijsbert, or Voetius, Gysbertus, V 129, 131, 258, 562n V. Gr. (pseudonym) see Gr. V. Vogelsang, Reinier, 129n, 223 Valentini, Michael Bernhard, 50, 461n, 462, Volckers, Margarita, 70 463n, 464, 465, 472, 474 Volder, Geertruijd de, 13n Valkenier, Pieter, 114n Volder, Geertruijdt de, 13n Valleriani, Matteo, 8n, 500, 501n Volder, Joost de Sr., 13n Van Asselt, Willem J., 131n Volder, Joost de, 12–13, 16n Van Berkel, Klaas, 7n, 12n, 19n, 86n, 501n Vongsuravatana, Raphaël, 603n Van Besouw, Jip, 7n, 115n Voogd, Petrus, 4n, 529 Van Bunge, Wiep, 3, 6n, 7n, 64, 127n, 128n, Voogt, Nicolaus Jansz., 85 129n, 131n, 167n, 193n, 196n, 221n Voss, Stephen, 7n, 276n Van der Aa, Abraham Jacob, 12n Vossius, Isaac, 81n, 223, 224n, 514n, 557n Van der Schoot, Joas, 7n, 106n, 615n Vriemoet, Emo Lucius, 26 Van der Vijver, Cornelis, 12n Vries, Gerard de, 27, 28n, 67, 113, 129, Van der Wall, Ernestine, 130n 130n, 563 Van der Willigen, Adriaan, 13n Van Eijnatten, Joris, 116n Van Helden, Albert, 8n, 37n, 43, 44, 374n W Van Hoogstraten, David, 12n Waeyen, Johannes van der, 171, 173 Van Maanen, Jan A., 8n, 86n, 113n Wagenaar, Jan, 12n Van Miert, Dirk, 3n, 14n, 15n, 35n, Waldow, Anik, 5n 104n, 223n Wallis, John, 8, 9, 37, 249, 306, 314, 317, 318, Van Rooden, Peter, 36n 328, 341, 344, 352–357, 384–385, Van Ruler, Han, 6n, 17n, 131n, 159n, 214n, 386n, 454, 455, 459 217n, 258n, 281n Walsh, Julie, 36n Vanpaemel, Geert, 6n, 8n, 65n Wariensis, Michael, 4n Vanzo, Alberto, 3n, 8n, 233n Wassenaer Obdam, Jacob van, 103n Varignon, Pierre, 474 Wasteau, Abraham, 26 Varin (unspecified), 581n Water, Jona Willem te, 12n Veenendaal, Augustus J. Jr., 70n Watson, Richard A., 7n 734 Name Index
Webster, Charles, 7n, 386n, 387n, 502n, 505n Wittich, Jacob, 108, 121, 126, 138n, 149, 155, Weinstock, Robert, 8n, 572n 178–199 Weismann, Christian Eberhard, 154n Wohlwill, Emil, 8n, 16n Weller, Dennis, 13n Wolf-Devine, Celia, 305n Wesselius, Jan Wim, 36n Wolf, Johann Christian, 26 West, John B., 8n, 365n, 382n, 532n Wolf, Johann Christoph, 26 Westfall, Richard, 7n, 8n, 307n, 308, 312, Wolff, Christian von, 339, 340, 373, 374n 313n, 572n Wollgast, Siegfried, 6n Westhovius, Fredericus Gulielmus, 4n, 588, Wolzogen, Ludwig, 74, 75n, 128, 221n 600, 614 Woo, B. Hoon, 131n Whiston, William, 474 Woolhouse, Roger S., 251n Wiesenfeldt, Gerhard, 3, 4n, 5n, 17, 23n, 33n, Wren, Christopher, 9, 249, 306, 318, 328, 341, 35–37, 38n, 39, 40n, 41n, 42n, 43, 59n, 347n, 354n, 357n 63–64, 65n, 66, 67, 68n, 76n, 94n, Wundt, Max, 6n 111n, 113n, 132n, 245n, 402n, 600n, 601n Wilhelmi, Wilhelm, 67 Y William of Orange, or William III (King of Yoder, Joella, 7n, 306n England), 20, 29, 97–99 Wilson, Catherine, 8n, 572n Wilson, Curtis, 156n, 193n Z Wilson, David B., 92n Zabarella, Jacopo, 366, 500 Wingendorp, Herman, 69–70 Zagorin, Perez, 101n Wit, Frederick de, 74n, 606 Zalm, Klaas Dirksz., 65n, 116n Witsen, Nicolaas, 71, 74n, 76, 118n Zedler, Johann Heinrich, 12n Witt, Johan de, 79n, 86, 99 Zepeda, Joseph, 251n, 271n Witt, Johan de Jr., 26, 79n, 80n, 99 Zimmerman, Christoph, 36, 37n, 91 Witte van Schooten, Johannes Franciscus de, Zingel, Abraham van, 117n 267n, 438n Zouckermann, Raymond, 8n, 365n, 382n Wittich, Christoph, 27, 28, 36, 37n, 68, 95n, Zoutmann, Johannes, 5n, 105n, 529 103, 104n, 127n, 130, 131, 133, 134, Zucchi, Niccolò, 383n, 396 150, 151, 163, 189, 194, 221n, 514n, Zuidervaart, Huib J., 19n, 76, 77n, 79n, 80n, 555n, 590 81n, 85n