QTie Roy at o f London

J1.K M'lytycncCta deC etst. ScncCon ig4$ PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.

From June 6, 1867, to June 18, 1868, inclusive.

YOL. XVI.

LONDON: PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET# MDCCCLXYIII. CONTENTS.

VOL. XVI.

* . Page Description of an Apparatus for the Verification of Sextants, designed and constructed by Mr. T. Cooke, and recently erected at the Kew Observa­ tory. By Balfour Stewart, LL.D...... 2 On the Observations made with a Rigid Spectroscope, by Captain MaynC and Mr. Connor of H.M.S. ‘Nassau/ on a Voyage to the Straits of Ma­ gellan. By J. P. Gassiot, F.R.S...... 6 On some Elementary Principles in Animal Mechanics. By the Rev. Sa­ muel Haughton, M.D., F.R.S...... 19 Obserrations^on the Anatomy of the Thyroid Body in Man. By George

On the Physical Constitution of the Sun and Stars. By G. Johnstone Stoney, M.A., F.R.S., F.R.A.S...... f ...... _ 26 Researches on the Hydrocarbons of the Series CMH>i+2.—No. H I Bv C bcnorlemmer ...... J Researches into the Chemical Constitution of Narcotine and of its Pro- CUFostmDBCAnP°Siti0n'~ Part IL By A' Matthiessen> F.R.S., and G.

^B y 1 Hen^^E aRoscoT^I^ S^0^^ I)ayligllt at Kew and Fara in 1865-67.

0n3 ? Elimination of Nitrogen during Rest and Exercise on a regulated Diet of Nitrogen. By E. A. Parkes, M.D., F.R.S...... 44

^Broun tpeRLaiiar' diurnal Variation of Magnetic Declinaton. By J. A. 7 ...... • *...... *••••*••••...... 59 A Unt-+i5 ^ bs®n? tijons °n the great Nebula in Orion, made at Birr % Lord^Oxmantown^ aUd 6"feet TelescoPes» between 1848 and 1867.

0 A m fnfFf6111 r1 aS°U,°f tke Nerves t0 the Muscular Structures in the t o ™MIX °f TlpUla crystallinaof De Geer. By Richard L. Mad- ...... *...... 61 0nJ p i w tity ° l f eAB°dy in the Atmosphere which decomposes Iodide of Potassium with Ozone. By Thomas Andrews, M.D., F.R.S...... 63 iv

On the Anatomy of Balcenopterarostrata, Fab. By Alexander Carte, M. A., M.D., F.R.C.S.I., F.L.S., M.R.I.A., &c., and Alexander Macalister, M.D., L.R.C.S.I., Demonstrator of Anatomy, Royal College of Surgeons, Ire­ land, &c...... 64 On the Distribution of the Fibres in the. Muscular Tunics of the Stomach in Man and other Mammalia. By James Bell Pettigrew, M.D...... 65

On a Self-acting Apparatus for multiplying and maintaining Electric Charges, with applications to illustrate the Voltaic Theory. By Sir W . Thomson, F.R.S...... ‘...... , ...... 67 Note on the Calculus of Chemical Operations. By Professor Williamson. 72 Inferences and Suggestions in Cosmical and Geological Philosophy.—Second genes.—On the Luminous- Atmosphere of the Sun, exterior to the Pho­ tosphere ; and on the Probability that the Monochromatic Spectra from which Mr. Huggins has inferred the Gaseous Constitution of certain Nebulae, are due in reality t6 the' Luminous Atmospheres of their consti­ tuent Stars or Suns. By E. W. Brayley, F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Professor of Physical Geography and Meteorology in the London Institution ...... ' 72

On the Colouring and Extractive Matters of IJrine.—Part I. By Edward Schunck, F.R.S...... 73

On the Colouring and Extractive Matters of Urine.—Part H. By Edward Schunck, F.R.S...... 126

On a Crystalline Fatty Acid from Human Urine. By Edward Schunck, ^ F.R.S...... 135

On Oxalurate of Ammonia as a Constituent of Human Urine. By Edward Schunck, F.R.S...... 140

On a New Class of Bodies Homologous to Hydrocyanic Acid.—I. By A. W. Hofmann, LL.D., F.R.S ...... f... 144

On a New Series of Bodies Homologous to Hydrocyanic Acid.—H. By A. W. Hofmann, LL.D., F.R.S...... 148

On a New Series of Bodies Homologous to Hydrocyanic Acid.—III. By A. W. Hofmann, LL.D., F.R.S...... 150

Second Supplementary Paper on the Calculation of the Numerical Value of Euler’s Constant. By William Shanks, Houghton-le-Spring, Durham.. 154

Addition to Memoir on the Resultant of a System of Two Equations. By A. Cayley, F.R.S...... , ...... 1 5 8

Contributions to the History of Methylic Aldehyde. By A. W. Hofmann,

0nth e R ^ y \)? eRobiSfon GF R ° |e t0 ^ U8ed &t Melbourne> A™tralia. By Page Anniversary Meeting: Report of Auditors...... 168 List of Fellows deceased ...... 163 ------elected since last Anniversary...... 163 Address of the President ...... • ...... 164 Presentation of the Medals ...... 174 Election of Council and Officers ...... 180 Financial Statement ...... 181 & 182 Changes and present state of the number of Fellows ...... 183 Observations on the Anatomy of the Thyroid Body in Man. By George W. Callender, Lecturer on Anatomy at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital ...... 183

On some Alterations in the Composition of Carbonate-of-Lime Waters, de­ pending on the influence of Vegetation, Animal-Life, and Season. By Robert Warington, F.R.S., F.C.S...... 189

Results of Observations of Atmospheric Electricity at Ivew Observatory, and at Windsor, Nova Scotia. By Joseph D. Everett, D.C.L., F.R.S.E. 195

On the Orders and Genera of Quadratic Forms containing more than three Indeterminates. By H. J. Stephen Smith, M.A., F.R.S., Savilian Pro- fessor of Geometry in the University of Oxford.—Second Notice "...... 197 On the Special Action of the Pancreas on Fat and Starch. By Horace Dobell, M.D. &c., Physician to the Royal Hospital for Diseases of the Chest &c...... 209 On a supposed Connexion between the Amount of Rainfall and the Changes of the Moon, being an extract of a Letter from J. H. N. Hennessey, Esq., First Assistant on the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India, to General Sabine, R.A., Pres. R.S...... 213 Researches conducted for the Medical Department of the Privy Council at the Pathological Laboratory of St. Thomas’s Hospital. By J. L. W. Thudichum, M.D...... 215

The Bakerian Lecture.—Researches on Vanadium.—Part 1. By Henrv E. Roscoe, B.A., F.R.S...... "... 220 On the Conditions for the existence of Three Equal Roots, or of Two Pairs of Equal Roots of a Binary Quartic or Quintic. By A. Cayley, F.R.S.. 229 The Caudal Heart of the Eel a Lymphatic Heart.—Effect of the force with which the lymph-stream is propelled therefrom on the flow of blood in the Vein into which the heart opens.—Explanation of the appearance of blood propelled in successive drops, as if from the heart, along the Caudal Vein.—Influence which the force of the lymph-stream from the heart exerts in accelerating and promoting the flow of blood in the Caudal Vein. By Thomas Wharton Jones, F.R.S., Professor of Ophthalmic Me­ dicine and Surgery in University College, London, Ophthalmic Surgeon to the Hospital, &c...... 230 Notices of some Parts of the Surface of the Moon, illustrated by Drawings. By John Phillips, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.G.S., Professor of Geology in the University of Oxford ...... 231 vi Page Contributions towards determining the Weight of the Brain in the different Races of Man. By Joseph Barnard Davis, M.D...... 236 Description of a Hand Spectrum-Telescope. By William Huggins, F.R.S. 241 Remarks upon Archc&optcryx lithoymph icci. By Prof. T. H. Huxley, LL.D., F.R.S...... 243 Account of Experiments on Torsion and Flexure for the Determination of Rigidities. By Joseph D. Everett, D.O.L., Professor of Natural Philo­ sophy in Queen’s College, Belfast, F.R.S...... 248 Comparison of Magnetic Disturbances recorded by the Self-registering Mag­ netometers at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, with Magnetic Dis­ turbances deduced from the corresponding Terrestrial Galvanic Currents recorded by the Self-registering Galvanometers of the Royal Observatory. By George Biddell Airy, Astronomer Royal, F.R.S...... 249 On the Mysteries of Numbers alluded to by Fermat.—Second Communica­ tion. By the Right Hon. Sir Frederick Pollock, Bart., F.R.S...... 251 Compounds Isomeric with the Sulphocyanic Ethers.—I. On the Mustard-oil of the Ethyl-series. By A. W. Hofmann, LL.D., F.R.S...... 254 Sur l’Origine de l’Electrotone des Nerfs. Par M. Ch. Matteucci ...... 258 On the Resistance of the Air to the Motion of Elongated Projectiles having variously formed Heads. By the Rev. F. Bashforth, B.D., Professor of Ap­ plied Mathematics to the Advanced Class of Artillery Officers,Woolwich. 261 On the Resistance of the Air to Rifled Projectiles. By J. A. Longridge, C.E...... 263 On the Theory of Probability, applied to Random Straight Lines. By M. W. Crofton, B.A., of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, late Pro­ fessor of Natural Philosophy in the Queen’s University, Ireland...... 266 On Governors. By J. Clerk Maxwell, M.A., F.R.SS.L. & E ...... 270 Proceedings of the Council of the Royal Society with reference to the undertaking of certain Physical Observations in India...... 283 Notes on the Chemical Geology of the Gold-fields of California. By J. Arthur Phillips ...... 294 Third Supplementary Paper on the Calculation of the Numerical Value of Euler’s Constant. By William Shanks ...... 299 Transformation of the Aromatic Monamines into Acids richer in Carbon.— H. On Menaphthoxylic Acid, the Naphthaline-tenn corresponding to Benzoic Acid. By A. W. Hofmann, LL.D., F.R.S...... 300 On the Relation of Form and Dimensions to Weight of Material in the Con­ struction of Iron-clad Ships. By E. J. Reed, Chief Constructor of the Navy ...... 306

Admiralty Magnetic Department...... 311 vii

Report of the Committee on the Melbourne Telescope to the President and Council of the Royal Society ...... 313 On the Geographical and Geological Relations of the Fauna and Flora of Palestine. By the Rev. Henry Baker Tristram, M.A., F.G.S...... 316 New Researches on the Dispersion of the Optic Axes in Harmotome and Wohlerite, proving these Minerals to belong to the Clinorhombic (Ob­ lique) System. By M. A. L. O. Des Cloiseaux...... 319 On the Law of the Resistance of the Air to Rifled Projectiles. By Charles W. Merrifield, F.R.S., Principal of the Royal School of Naval Architec­ ture ...... 321 Remarks on the Great Nebula in Orion. In a Letter addressed to Prof. G. G. Stokes, Sec. R.S. By W. Lassell, F.R.S...... 322 Observations on the Development of the Semilunar Valves of the Aorta and Pulmonary Artery of the Heart of the Chick. By Morris Tonge, M.A., M.D...... / ...... 329 On the Phenomena observed to attend the propulsion of Lymph from one of the Lymphatic Hearts into a Vein in the Frog. By Thomas Whar­ ton Jones, F.R.S., Professor of Ophthalmic Medicine and Surgery in University College, &c...... 335 Researches on Solar Physics. Heliographical Positions and Areas of Sun­ spots observed with the Kew Photoheliograph during the years 1862 and 1863. By Warren De La Rue, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., Balfour Stewart, LL.D., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. (Superintendent of the Kew Obser­ vatory), and Benjamin Loewy, F.R.A.S...... 336 The Specific Heat of Mixtures of Alcohol and Water. By A. Dupre, Ph.D., Lecturer on Chemistry at the Westminster Hospital, and F. J. M. Page. 336 Researches on the Blood.—On the Action of Nitrites on the Blood. By Arthur Gamgee, M.D., F.R.S.E., Assistant to the Professor of Medical Jurisprudence in the University of Edinburgh...... 339 Microscopical characters of the rhythmically contractile Museular Coat of the Veins of the Bat’s Wing, of the Lymphatic Hearts of the Frog, and of the Caudal Heart of the Eel. In three parts.—Part I. Microscopical characters of the rhythmically contractile Muscular Coat of the Veins of the Web of the Bat’s Wing. Part II. Microscopical characters of the rhythmically contractile Muscular Coat of the Lymphatic Hearts of the Frog. Part III. Microscopical characters of the rhythmically contractile Muscular Coat of the Caudal Heart of the Eel. By Thomas Wharton Jones, F.R.S., Professor of Ophthalmic Medicine and Surgery in Univer- sity College, &c...... ® ...... 342 On Waves in Liquids. By W. J. Macquorn Rankine, C.E., LL.D., F.R.S. 344 Scientific Exploration of Central Australia. By Dr. G. Neumayer...... 347 On some New Derivatives of Acetone. By Maxwell Simpson, M.D., F.R.S. 364

Researches on the Hydrocarbons of the Series C» H2m+2.—N o . IV. By C. bchorlemmer...... t # g07 Researches on the Hydrocarbons of the Series Cn H2M+2.—No. V. By C. bchorlemmer...... qvo MM viii Page On the Constitution of Capryl Alcohol from Castor-oil. By C. Schorlem- 370 mer ...... Announcement of the intention of the Swedish Government to send out a new Polar Expedition. In. a Letter addressed to the President, by 1 lot. A. E. Nordenskiold...... ’ Further Observations on the Spectra of the Sun, and of some of the Stars and Nebuke, with an attempt to determine therefrom whether these Bodies are moving towards or from the Earth. By William Huggins, ...... d8" On the Spectrum of Brorsen’s Comet, 1868. By William Huggins, F.R.S. 386 Memoir on “ Undevelopable Uniquadric Homographics.” By Martin Gar- diner, C.E...... A Comparison of the Kew and Lisbon Magnetic Curves during the Mag­ netic Storm of February 20-25, 1866. By Senhor I. Brito Capello, of the Lisbon Observatory...... On Supersaturated Saline Solutions. By Charles Tomlinson, F.R.S...... 403 On the Impact of Compressible Bodies, considered with reference to the Theory of Pressure. By R. Moon, M.A., Honorary bellow of Queens College, Cambridge ...... On the Tides of Bombay and Kurrachee. By William Parkes, M. Inst. C.E. 414 Observations of the Spectra of some of the Southern Nebulae. By Lieut. John Herschel, R.E...... 44 On the Combustion of Hydrogen and Carbonic Oxide in Oxygen under great pressure. By E. Frankland, F.R.S, Professor of Chemistry m the Royal Institution and in the Royal School of Mines...... 41J On the Occlusion of Hydrogen Gas by Metals. By Thomas Graham, F.R.S., Master of the M in t...... 44- On the Osteology of the Solitaire or Didine Bird of the Island of Rodriguez, Pezophaps solitaria Gmel.).( By Alfred Newton, M.A., Professor of Zoo­ logy and Comparative Anatomy in the University^ of Cambridge, and ^ Edward Newton, M.A., Auditor-General of Mauritius ...... 428 Description of the great Melbourne Telescope. By the Rev. T. R. Robin­ son, D.D., F.R.S., and Thomas Grubb, F.R.S...... 434 A Contribution to the Knowledge of Persulphide of Hydrogen. By A. W. Hofmann, LL.D., F.R.S...... 437 Note on the Anatomy of the Blood-vessel System of the Retina of the Hedgehog. By J. W. Hulke, F.R .S...... 439 Researches on Refraction-Equivalents. By J. II. Gladstone, Ph.D., F.R.S. 439 A Third Memoir on Skew Surfaces, otherwise Scrolls. By Prof. Cayley, F.R.S...... 444 Transformation of the Aromatic Monamines into Acids richer in Carbon.— III. On Menaplitylamine. By A. W. Hofmann, LL.D., F.R.S...... 445 Account of some recent Observations on Sun-spots, made at the Kew Ob­ servatory. By Warren De La Rue, F.R.S., Balfour Stewart, F.R.S., and Benjamin Loewy, F.R.A.S...... • 447 ix Page The Formation and Early Growth of the Bones of the Human Face. By George W. Callender, Lecturer on Anatomy at St. Bartholomew’s Hos­ pital...... • ...... • . . 447 On a Method of making a Direct Comparison of Electrostatic with Electro­ magnetic Force; with a Note on the Electromagnetic Theory of Light. By J. Clerk Maxwell, F.R.SS.L. & E...... 449 Results of Examination of Southern Nebulae with the Spectroscope. By Lieut. J. Herschel ...... 451 Notes on Variations in the origin of the Long Buccal Branch of the Fifth Cranial Nerve. By Wm. Turner) M.B. (Lend.), Professor of Anatomy, University of Edinburgh ...... 456 Description of a Pendulum-Electrograph now in use at the Melbourne Ob­ servatory. By R. L. J. Ellery, Government Astronomer to the Colony of Victoria ...... 458 Further particulars of the Swedish Polar Expedition. In a Letter addressed to the President, by Prof. A. E. Nordenskiold...... 464 An attempt to apply Chemical Principles in explanation of the Action of Poisons. By W. H. Broadbent, M.D...... 465 On the Communication of Vibration from a Vibrating Body to a surround­ ing Gas. By G. G. Stokes, M.A., Sec. R.S., Fellow of Pembroke Col­ lege, and Lucasian Professor of Mathematics in the University of Cam­ bridge ...... 470 An Account of certain Experiments, on Aneroid Barometers, made at Kew Observatory, at the expense of the Meteorological Committee. By B. Stewart, F.R.S...... 472 Contributions to Terrestrial Magnetism, No. XI. By General Sabine, R. A., P.R.S., &c...... *...... 480 On the Spectrum of Comet II., 1868. By William Huggins, F.R.S...... 481 Variations in Human Myology observed during the Winter Session- of 1867-68 at King’s College, London. By John Wood, F.R.C.S., Exa­ miner in Anatomy to the University of London ...... 483 On an Easy Method of measuring approximately the Intensity of Total Day­ light. By Roger J. Wright, Esq...... 525 Obituary Notices of Deceased Fellows: Dr. Benjamin Guy Babington ...... ,....'...... i William Thomas Brande ...... ii Dr. William Brinton...... vi Walter Crum...... viii Joseph Edye ...... x Sir George Everest...... ; ...... xi John Goodsir...... xiv William Gravatt...... xvi Charles James Hargreave...... xvii Sir William Snow Harris...... xviii Dr. William Henry Harvey ...... thHi Percival Norton Johnson...... -nriii Sir William Lawrence ...... xxv X Page Dr. John Lee ...... i..... •.. •. i..» XXX The Rev. Samuel Roftey Maitland ...... MiinmMMiiliMt xxxi George Rennie ...... , h * . . • « i 4 * • i xxxiii Henry Darwin Rogers ...... xxxv The Earl of Rosse ...... xxxvi James Smith ...... %...... xlii Sir James South ...... xliv Joseph Toynbee ...... xlvii Robert Warington ...... • • xlix The Reverend William Whewell ...... li Nicholas Wood ...... ». lxi Lord Wrottesley...... » Ixiii Alexander Dallas Bache...... lxiv Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann lxix Sir Edmund Walker Head...... i » • I M lxxi John Davy lxxix