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The Preus/Tietjen Controversy Thesis

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The Preus/Tietjen Controversy Thesis V9 / A0,67 HERESY VS. ORTHODOXY: THE PREUS/TIETJEN CONTROVERSY THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of the University of North Texas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE By Melody R. Barnhart, B. S. Denton, Texas August, 1991 Barnhart, Melody R., Heresy vs. Orthodoxy: The Preus/ Tietjen Controversy. Master of Science (Communication and Public Address). August 1991, 187 pages, bibliography, 91 titles. Using the framework set up by rhetorical critic Thomas M. Lessl in his article "Heresy, Orthodoxy, And The Politics Of Science", this study examines the ways in which heretical discourse defines community boundaries and shapes perceptions of right belief. Specifically, this study analyzes the historic conflict in the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod which produced the doctrinal statement "A Statement of Scriptural and Confessional Principles". Comparison is made between this event and other "heretical" conflicts in other discourse communities. This study concludes that community boundaries must be drawn, and that a doctrinal or policy statement is a useful rhetorical tool to accomplish such a task. Rhetorical critics may assist in this by examining heretical conflicts as historical trends, rather than emotional dissonance. Copyright by Melody R. Barnhart 1991 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter I. INTRODUCTION. .... ... ......... I II. BACKGROUND ........ ......... 28 III. THE CONFLICT.. ....... ......... 39 IV. ANALYSIS ..*... ....... ........ .74 V. COMPARISONS ........ .. ...... 92 VI. CONCLUSIONS . ...... ......... 105 APPENDIX A.*.0. ...... ....... ..... 113 APPENDIX B.................... .. ................. 120 APPENDIX C. ...... .... .. ................ 127 APPENDIX D.*..0.. ... ..... ....... 153 APPENDIX E........... ... ..... .168 BIBLIOGRAPHY ... .............. 187 iv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Heresy is quite a volatile term, even as a rhetorical concept. The definition of an "heretical" belief or act by a group of the "orthodox" is capable of endangering careers and changing the focus of individual lives. "Heresy" restructures the foundations of scientific theory, governments, or, as in the focus of this research effort, a Christian denomination, specifically the Lutheran Church- Missouri Synod in 1972. In the ancient Christian church, believer battled believer over the question of whether Jesus of Nazareth was more human than divine or more divine than human. In the Middle Ages, the scientific community and the Church struggled over the issue of whether the earth revolved around the sun. During the height of the Cold War, Senator Joseph McCarthy asked if hundreds of Americans deserved the title "American". In the present study, the discourse of controversy within the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod will be looked at with an eye on the similarities and differences between this controversy and similar ones. The controversy within the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod will be analyzed as a 1 2 rhetorical conflict, because the emphasis here is on how discourse shapes perceptions of right belief and community boundaries. The conflict between the two discourse communities, represented by Preus and Tietjen, is an example of the epistemic function of rhetoric and conforms to the stages of heretical conflict projected by Kurtz and Lessl. The goal in pursuing this line of rhetorical criticism is both to illuminate the specific controversy and to add to the body of rhetorical theory on how discourse defines community. In September of 1972, Dr. Jacob A. 0. Preus Sr. released to approximately six thousand parishes the Report Qf The Synodical President (Preus personal interview). Dr. Preus was for twelve years president of the Lutheran Church- Missouri Synod, one of the largest Christian denominations in the United States (Adams 5). For the previous two decades the Synod had grappled with questions of doctrinal purity, but the question Preus dealt with in this report was of more urgent concern to the Synod: Were the instructors of Concordia St. Louis, the Synod's largest seminary, teaching the tenets of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod, or were their teachings in violation of these tenets? This controversy was of major significance to this denomination because one of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod's most staunchly held beliefs is in the historical infallibility of the Old and New Testaments "as the written Word of God" (Handbook 9). This controversy also was of 3 wider significance to other communities, for the Watergate investigation was occuring at the time this controversy peaked. Some scholars saw parallels between the two events. Christian Century writer Dr. Robert Jewett observed that these parallels included "the absence of due process and the kind of zealousness which leads to the misuse of political power" (Jewett 336). The Preus/Tietjen controversy (as it shall be referred to in this research effort) was closely examined at the time it occurred by the larger religious community and the secular world as well, primarily for two reasons. First, the debate concerned the issue of academic freedom---whether or not professors were entitled to teach using the method deemed acceptable by each professor, or whether professors must defer to the requirements of their school. In the foreword to the handbook of The American Association of University Professors, readers are informed that "Since there is no central law-defining authority which has the power to state and administer uniform national standards", this issue is addressed and dealt with by this association (Joughin vi). Second, the larger religious community observed this controversy with some interest because, if belief in a literally infallible Bible were seen to be a tenet of the Christian faith, then the manner in which churches would persuade Individuals to become Christians would be somewhat different than if the Old and New Testaments were open to 4 individual interpretation (Jewett 336). A God who inspires humans to allegory requires a much smaller "leap of faith" than a God of miracles, signs, and wonders. The question in the issue of Biblical inerrancy is, then, the question of how to define the Person of God. One means of determining whether the seminary taught the tenets of the Missouri Synod was to establish a definition of the theological position of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod. Dr. Ralph Bohlmann, then executive head of Commission on Theology and Church Relations, prepared for Dr. Preus a document entitled "A Statement of Scriptural and Confessional Principles", which was designed to serve as a guideline for the investigation of the faculty (Preus personal interview). This doctrinal statement later was formally adopted in synodical convention as "a formulation which derives its authority from the Word of God and which expresses the Synod's position on current doctrinal issues" (1973 Convention Proceedinga 128). The significance of this action was that documents adopted in this manner "are, pursuant to Article II of Synod's constitution, binding on all members" (1973 Convention Proceedings 115). Article II of the Missouri Synod's constitution speaks of the members accepting certain Lutheran doctrinal statements and creeds "without reservation" (Handbook 9). Dr. John H. Tietjen was president of Concordia Theological Seminary at St. Louis during the time of this 5 controversy, and during the period when the adoption of this statement was being offered as a possible solution to that controversy. In the course of an official investigation of the faculty by a Fact-Finding Committee, Dr. Tietjen's professional ethics and personal theology were called into question, despite Dr. Tietjen's insistence that no significant doctrinal differences existed between his faculty and the Synod. He further maintained that those differences which had existed had been addressed (Board of Control 43- 105). One of the consequences of the adoption of "A Statement of Scriptural and Confessional Principles" was the ultimate exodus from the Synod on January 21, 1974 of Dr. Tietjen and the faction who supported him. This movement of faculty members and students was an absolutely unprecedented event in the history of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (Board of Control 102). Dr. Tietjen, forty-six faculty members, and over two-thirds of the student body of Concordia St. Louis went on to form a seminary in exile: Seminary in Exile, later shortened to Seminex (Board of Control 100). Statement Of The Problem This research effort will explore the ways in which debate within the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod over what is heretical and what is orthodox belief functions to define community boundaries and maintain power. While the concepts of "heresy" and "orthodoxy" usually are associated with 6 religious discourse, this study will demonstrate the rhetorical dimensions of the process of defining right belief. The argument is made that the social reality of a community is defined by the "heretical" controversy, a process which establishes the boundaries of that community (Andrews 410-412; Berger and Luckmann 156-157). Rhetorically speaking, departing from "sacred texts" is one way of detecting heresy. Hence, the occasional "heretical" controversy may be necessary in order to define or maintain the identity of a community and/or to maintain power within a particular community (Berger and Luckmann 127-131). These procedures appear to be especially relevant in communities which have an essentially rhetorical base, such as religious, scientific,
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