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The Distribution and Abundance of Chloeia Pinnata Moore, 1911 (Polychaeta: Amphinomidae) on the Southern California Borderland !

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The Distribution and Abundance of Chloeia Pinnata Moore, 1911 (Polychaeta: Amphinomidae) on the Southern California Borderland ! Pacific Science (1987), vol. 41, nos. 1-4 © 1988 by the University of Hawaii Press. All right s reserved The Distribution and Abundance of Chloeia pinnata Moore, 1911 (Polychaeta: Amphinomidae) on the Southern California Borderland ! GILBERT F. JONES 2 AND BRUCE E. THOMPSON 3 ABSTRACT: The amphinomid polychaete Chloeia pinnata Moore (1911) is a widely distributed member ofthe benthos ofthe southern California borderland where it is a prominent faunal element ofevery major habitat including the deep basins. In this wide range of environments it lives with a large number of other taxa which differ markedly from one location to another. The population densities of Chloeia were highest in two very dissimilar types of environments­ the offshore insular shelf of the Channel Islands and Cortes and Tanner Banks, and the nearshore mainland shelf. The two offshore areas are primarily non­ depositional environments where relatively strong currents result in the devel­ opment of coarse sediments rich in biogenic calcium carbonate components. These areas are influenced by persistent upwelling. By contrast, the parts of the mainland shelf where population densities of Chloeia were high, are in equilib­ rium environments highly influenced by the release ofwastewaters. THE FIREWORM Chloeia pinnata MOORE, 1911 ducted between 1956 and 1961 (AH F:USC, is an important member ofthe benthos ofthe 1965). This comprehensive survey was sup­ southern California continental borderland. ported by the California State Water Pollu­ It is a faunal element in every major habitat tion Control Board (now termed the State type in the borderland including two of the Water Quality Control Board) and the late deep basins, Santa Catalina Basin and Santa Captain G. Allan Hancock. The other two Cruz Basin. It is particularly prominent on the studie s of the benthos of southern California insular shelves of the Channel Islands and were fund ed by the Bureau of Land Manage­ Cortes and Tanner Banks (AHF:USC, 1965; ment: the Baseline Study (1975-1976) and the Hartman, 1955, 1956, 1963, 1966; Hartman Benchmark Study (1976-1977). These two and Barnard, 1958, 1960; Emerson, 1971 ; studies together constitute the largest inves­ Fauchald and Jones, 1979a, 1979b, 1983). tigation ever made in this marine region The purpose of this paper is to document (Fauchald and Jones, 1979a, 1979b, 1983). the distribution, abundance, spatial and tem­ poral variation, and faunal associates of Chloeia pinnata in the southern California METHODS borderland. The present paper is based on data gathered During the State Project, deep-water sam­ during three major studies of the benthos of ples were collected by a modified Hayward southern California. The Allan Hancock Standard orange-peel bucket (= OPB) with Foundation Survey of the southern California an areal coverage of about 0.25 m 2 (actual mainland shelf (the State Project) was con- rated areal coverage = 2-3/5 square feet). The animals collected were limited by the size of the mesh, 1 mm, through which the sedi­ I Manuscript accepted February 1987. ment was screened aboard ship before preser­ 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of vation and sorting (Durham, 1955; Barnard Southern California, Los Angeles, Californi a 90089­ and Jones, 1960; AHF:USC, 1965; Jones, 0371, USA. 1969). 3 Sout hern California Coastal Water Research Proj­ ect, 646 W. Pacific Coast Highway, Long Beach, Califor­ In both the Baseline and Benchmark studies nia 90806. samples were collected by a modified 1/16 m 2 122 The Distribution and Abundance of Chloeia pinnata-e-lones AND THOMPSON 123 USNEL-Reineck spade (or box) corer (Hess­ habitat type in the borderland including two ler and Jumars, 1974). A subsample of each of the deep basins, Santa Catalina Basin and core was collected for sedimentary analysis. Santa Cruz Basin. On the mainland shelf it Benthic samples were screened through 1.0 occurs from Point Conception to the US­ mm and 0.5 mm stainless steel screens using Mexican border. It is a very important ele­ the overflow-barrel method. The benthic ma­ ment of the biota of the insular shelf of crofaunal invertebrates were narcotized for the Channel Islands and Cortes and Tanner twenty minutes in 6% magnesium chloride in Banks at the southern end ofthe Santa Rosa­ sea water prior to killing and fixation; speci­ Cortes Ridge. It also occurs on the ridge north mens were killed and fixed in 10% buffered of Santa Catalina Island and the ridge north sea water formalin; after 36 hours samples of Santa Barbara Island. were transferred to 70% ethanol for preserva­ Chloeia was collected at 148 (20.7%) of tion (Fauchald and Jones, 1983). the 712 stations sampled during the Baseline A rapid identification procedure was used Study . Population densities range from 16 to 2 2 to analyze 712 benthic samples (Fauchald and 1,200 individuals per m (mean = 198.9/m ). Jones, 1983). Some taxa were identified to the Densities were highest in two very dissimilar specific level, whereas others were identified environments: the Santa Rosa-Cortes Ridge only to the generic or familial level under the (the southern insular shelves of San Miguel limitations ofthis method. All taxa were iden­ Island and Santa Rosa Island at the northern tified to speciesfor 165of712 samples collected end of ; the ridge, and Cortes and Tanner during the Baseline Study and for all of the Banks at the southern end of the ridge), and 318 samples collected during the Benchmark the mainland shelf (Santa Monica Bay and Study (Fauchald and Jones, 1979b). San Pedro Bay). The spatial distribution of Chloeia pinnata The insular shelves of the Channel Islands at the Benchmark sampling locations was and the Cortes and Tanner Banks are pri­ determined using an Index of Dispersion marily nondepositional environments. Rela­ (Fisher, 1970; Jumars, 1975). tively strong currents result in winnowing of Classification analysis by the methods of finer detrital sediments and the development Smith (1976) was used to identify species as­ of ripple marks on unconsolidated sediments. sociated with Chloeia pinnata. For this inverse Sediments are frequently coarse and relatively classification, in which species were grouped high in calcium carbonate c9.htent, and the according to their distribution among sta­ sediment patterns of the region tend to be tions, the Bray-Curtis Measure (Bray and complex. These areas may be influenced by Curtis, 1957) was used as the measure ofeco­ persistent upwelling centers of the Point Con­ logical distance. Dendrograms illustrating the ception area in the north (R. C. Dugdale, faunal associates of Chloeia are included in personal communication) and upwelling re­ this paper. sulting from entrainment of deeper, subsur­ Sedimentary analyses were made by geol­ face water by the California Current across ogists at the University ofSouthern California the Santa Rosa-Cortes Ridge (Emery, 1960). (State Project), California State University, During the Baseline Study Chloeia was col­ Northridge (Baseline Study), and the Univer­ lected at 13 (28%) of the 47 stations compris­ sity of California, Los Angeles (Benchmark ing the San Miguel Island HDSA; population Study) . densities ranged from 16 to 272 individuals 2 2 per m (mean = 81.2/m ). Itwas present at 31 (30%) of the 102 stations forming the Santa Rosa Island HDSA; in this sampling grid, RESULTS population densities ranged from 16 to 560 2 2 individuals per m (mean = 131.1/m ). Dur­ Geographic Distribution ing the Benchmark Study much higher popu­ Chloeiapinnata iswidelydistributed through­ lation densities of Chloeia were recorded on out the southern California borderland (Fig­ the Santa Rosa Island Shelf(Station 808). The ure I). It is a faunal element of every major four summer replicates represented densities 124 PACIFI C SCIENCE, Volume 41,1987 30· 33" F IGURE I. Char t of the southern California borderland showing the locations where Chloeia pinnata was collected during the Baseline and Benchmark Studies. Circle-size indicates population density; see legend. State Project sampling locations on the mainland shelf are indicated by O 's; popu lation density at these locations is not shown. ranging from 161m2 to 5984/m 2 (mean = On the mainland shelf at 26 stations in 2404). In the Cortes-Tanner HDSA, a grid of Santa Monica Bay (including the Point Dume 119 stations, Chloeia was present at 37 sta­ HDSA) and San Pedro Bay (including the tions (31%); its population densities ranged Huntington Beach HDSA), population den­ 2 from 16 to 1200 (mean = 180.6/m ) . sities of Chloeia ranged from 16 to 320 indi­ 2 2 By contrast to these offshore areas, the viduals per m (mean = 90.5/m ) . areas on the mainland shelf, where densities of Chloeia were high, are equilibrium environ­ Distribution by Depth ments modified by man's activities, particu­ larly the release of domestic and industrial The depth distribution of Chloeia pinnata wastewater into the marine environment. The reflects the fact that this species primarily in­ combined discharge levels are in excess ofone habits the topographic highs- shelves, ridges, billion gallons of effluent per day (Schafer, and banks-ofthe borderland, but it also has 1980). Except for areas of rock and relic sedi­ been collected from two of the deep basins of ments, sediments in this area are finer, much the borderland. It was collected at 157 sam­ lower in calcium carbonate and higher in pling locations of the 733 sampled during the total organic carbon than on the Santa Ro sa­ Baseline (712) and Benchmark (21) studies; in Cortes Ridge . Neither strong currents nor this sample set its depth distribution was 20 to major upwelling are major factors in the area. 1,877 m (mean = 202.0 m) (Figure 2). The The Distribution and Abundance of Chloeia pinnata-JoNEs AND THOMPSON 125 1200 • 1100 1000 ,.. • N E 90b • ...... o z 800 '-' • >- I- 700 zCi5 w 600 Cl z ••• 0 500 • • ~ ...J 400 • :::J a.
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