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The Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics 964538 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS (Organ of the Indian Society of Agricultural Economics Vol. VIII MARCH 1953 No. I 1 CONFERENCE NUMBER /PROCEEDINGS of the THIRTEENTH CONFERENCE held at Trivandrum, December 1952 / SUBJECTS 1. Problems in the Implementation of the Agricultural Plan in the Five Year Plan. 2. Role of, Agricultural Economics in the Development of Agriculture. 3. Critical Review of Land Reform Legislation since 1945 in various States. Rs. 6-8 CONTENTS PAGE Welcome Address-SIR A. RAMASWAMY MUDALIAR . • • • • • 1 Presidential Address-PROF. C. N. VAKIL • • • • • • • • 4 Problems in the Implementation of the Agricultural Plan in the Five Year Plan A T (1) M. SRINIVASAN • • • • .. • • .• • • .. 19 fl (2) C. W. B. ZACHARIAS .. • . • • • • • • • • •. 24 I] (3) R. S. SHIWA.LKAR • • .• • • • • • • • • . • .. 30 (4) B. S. BHANAGE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. 33 A Role of Agricultural Economics in the Development of Agriculture n (1) G. D. AGRAWAL • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 41 tc (2) P. N. DRIVER • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 48 rl (3) S. THIRUMALAI • • • • .. • • • • • • .. 58 (4) M. SRINIVASAN .• • . • • • • • • • • • • • • 66 C (5) S. V. DURAISWAMI .. • • • • 70 • . • • • • • • • • S (6) R. C. HEATH • • •. • • . • • • •. • • • • 73 7 (7) S. B. MAHABAL .. • • • • • • • • • • • • 83 tc (8) A. SUBBIAH • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 85 (9) S. D. MEHTA • • • • •. • • • • • • 87 (10) R. K. HAZARI .. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 92 il b Critical Review of Land Reform Legislation since 1945 in various States (1) M. L. DANTWALA .. .• • • • • • • • • .. • 95 0 (2) G. B. AGRAWAL .. • • • • • • • • • • •. 99 P (3) B. NATARAJAN • • .• • • • • •. • • •. .. 106 I_ (4) S. KESAVA IYENGAR • • • • • • .• • • .. 114 C (5) M. SRINIVASAN • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. 119 (6) N. N. NATARAJAN • • • • • • • • •. .. •. 128 (7) K. G. SIVASWAMY • • ,• • • • • • • • • • • 133 (8) V. R. PILLAI • • • • • • • • .• • • .. 143 (9) G. B. PATEL • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 155 1 (10) GOVERNMENT OF BIHAR .• • • • • • • • • . • 159 (11) B. R. PATEL • • • • • • • .- • • • • • • • . .. 165 (12) DOOL SINGH • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 171 • (13) LAND REFORM LEGISLATION IN ASSAM, WEST BENGAL, HIMACHAL PRADESH, PEPSU AND MADHYA BHARAT • • • • • • • . 182 Appendices • • •,• • • •. • • • • • •. 192 P REFA CE This issue of the Journal contains the Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Society held in December 1952 at Trivandrum. The Conference was attended by nearly 60 members and delegates from the Central and State Governments, Universities and Research Institutions. A large number of papers were read on 'Land Reforms' and 'Role of Agricultural Economics in the Development of Agriculture'. The mingling of academicians and administrators provided a healthy frame to the discussions. It is our regret that we are not able to record and report these discussions to our readers. We were happy to welcome in our midst at the Conference Prof. Giuseppe Medici and Prof. Giuseppe Orlando the President and the Secretary respectively of the Italian Institute of Agrarian Economics. Their valuable report on land reforms in Italy provided a new dimension to the discussion on the subject. As promised in the Preface ,to the previous Conference Number, a monograph titled 'Problems of Farm Costs in Indian Agriculture' has now been published by the Society. We take this opportunity of expressing our thanks to the University of Travancore under whose auspices the Conference met. We specially place on record our gratitude to Shri M. Sankara Menon who acted as Local Secretary to the Conference and to the members of the Reception Committee for their generous hospitality. MANILAL B. NANAVATI President. 15th March, 1953. LAND REFORM LEGISLATION IN RAJASTHAN 171 ; as lakhs in a short period of 2 months as loans to nearly 18,000 tenants. Steps will be taken to allot land for personal cultivation to the remain- ing Girasdars during the next year and if there is a good season, the remaining cultivators will acquire occupancy rights on land. There are some special features of the Agrarian Reforms Acts o Saurashtra. Even though the problem in Saurashtra was a very com- plicated one, the Reforms Acts have been evolved on the basis of a fbr-, mula agreed to by all, and this has contributed materially to the success in implementation. The' representatives of both Girasdars and cultiva- tors help the Government officers in the work of implementation. As a result of this co-operation the implementation' would be completed with- in two years instead of four or more years which it would have normal- ly taken. The second special feature is that in many other states of India where similar legislation has been undertaken some financial liabilities have been incurred by the respective Governments. The position of ‘ges Saurashtra is quite different on this point. As already explained above, )uld no liability or burden is incurred by the state. This was made possible of by taking all three issues mentioned above simultaneously for solution. lest The third important feature is that as a result of implementation gh- of Land Reforms, those who were tenants-at-will so far as also those who were superior landholders become occupants of the state and except to a very small extent in respect of land held originally by Girasdars as Ave gharkhed, there will be no tenants as such. The net result of the the implementation is that not only the intermediaries are abolished but also for the tenancy system is almost ended. )me The fourth special feature of the Land Reforms is that in the allot- 3ar- ment of land for personal cultivation, the maximum allotment to 'A' of Class Girasdar is three economic holdings. As a result of this there will irs, be left no big holdings and automatically a ceiling on the holdings is incs achieved. In the khalsa areas there were only a few substantial holders. 3ar- me net —,L7AND REFORM LEGISLATION IN yAJASTHAN SINCE 1945 \ 'ars by ent Dool Singh, of Birla College, Pilani. ese the INTRODUCTORY . Ind In no other sphere of Indian economic life has the imperative need for ear reforms been so keenly felt as in the agricultural sector. It is quite lti- appropriate, therefore, that the states should have been vigorously im- ss plementing the scheme of agrarian reforms, notably the abolition of Jagirdari the and Zamindari systems. And, Rajasthan is no exception to ual this. ree Jagirdari ans System in Over greater part of Rajasthan the Jagirdari system is in existence. ;ta- According to the Venkatachar Committee the existing systems of Jagir 20 tenures in Rajasthan may- be grouped under eight categories, namely, 172 THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Jagir, Juno Jagir, Bhom, Charitable Grants, Bhomichara, Inam, Service Grants and permanently quit-rented estates and lands. ,The term Jagir is used both in generic and specific sense. In its generic sense it con- notes all non-khalsa area. In its specific sense it means grants in land consisting of a whole or a part of village or villages. Fundamentally the tenure of different classes of Jagirs is the same and the Jagirdari system in its present form has in its essence four main attributes. There is, in the first instance, a recognised distinction between property rights and "Chief's" rights. In the former, division of rights is according to the Hindu Law of inheritance whereas in the latter case rights are not divi- sible. Secondly, Jagir estates cannot be alienated, nor can they be fore- closed for mortgages. Thirdly, the assignment of Jagir does not confer any property rights on the assignee. Fourthly, the rule of primogeni- ture had invariable application in the distant past and that maintained the estates intact. But in certain areas there was a deviation from the rule and the result was extreme fragmentation of the Jagirs. Land Tenures in Mallani Jodhpur Division and in Shekhawati in Jaipur Divi- sion afford a suitable example. In 1741, the estate of Sardul Singh in Shekhawati was divided amongst his five sons and the whole group was known as Panchpanas. The five thikanas have since been sub-divid- ed into as many as 5481 sub-units with a total area of 13,57,807 bighas. Except 28 sub-divisions the units are relatively small; for holdings below 5,000 bighas, the average size being nearly 474 bighas. The sub- division and fragmentation of Jagir lands in Rajasthan has been more marked in the former Torawati and Udaipurwati Tehsils of Jaipur State, but the statistics for the same are not available. The Jagirdari system prevails in 16,780 whole villages comprising an area of 77,110 square miles whereas the khalsa villages are 16,638 and the area covered by them is only 50,126 square miles. These figures do not include the scattered holdings of Jagirs in khalsa villages. Thus even judged by wholly Jagir villages alone the area under the system is nearly two-thirds of the whole rural area in Rajasthan. The Jagirdars have to pay an annual tribute to the State which has been computed at Rs. 44,98,278 (exclusive of Chakari levied in kind in Bikaner Division) by the Rajasthan Jagirdari Abolition Committee. Jagirdars enjoy not only the income from their land but they also claim some fiscal powers which have been recognised by the Rajasthan Govern- ment in lieu of which the State has agreed, for the time being, to payment of compensation for Excise, Opium, Customs, Salt, Mines, Cattle Pound., Kodi, Hawala and Forest rights. There being no reliable data on the sub- ject we take only one figure of compensation to illustrate the extent of loss suffered by the Rajasthan Government. The amount of compensation paid in cash and kind to the Jagirdars in respect of Excise, Opium and Customs alone is estimated at Rs. 3,04,227.2 Zamindari System The Zamindari system is a relic of the British rule in India. In Rajasthan it is found in the former non-Rajput states of Bharatpur and. Dholpur, over a greater part of the Alwar state, in the Parganas of Kot- Kasim and Kotputli of Jaipur, in the Tibi villages of Bikaner, and to a very limited extent, in the states of Kotah and Jhalawar.
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