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Wissenschaft U. Mission Soll Sich Aufs Innigste Miteinander Befreunden“

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Wissenschaft U. Mission Soll Sich Aufs Innigste Miteinander Befreunden“ DIPLOMARBEIT „Wissenschaft u. Mission soll sich aufs innigste miteinander befreunden“ Geographie und Sprachwissenschaft als Instrumente der Mission – der Afrikareisende Johann Ludwig Krapf HEINRICH BURSIK angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, im Jänner 2008 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt A 312 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt Geschichte Betreuerin Ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Marianne Klemun 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung 4 2. Afrika im Bewusstsein Europas und die geographische Erforschung des Kontinents – ein Überblick 10 2.1 Die Zeit vor dem 19. Jahrhundert 10 2.2 Die geographische Bestimmung des Nigerverlaufs 13 2.3 Die ersten Reiseberichte über Timbuktu 15 2.4 Die Afrikaexpedition von James Richardson, Heinrich Barth und Adolf Overweg 16 2.5 Der Stand der Afrikaforschung zur Zeit Johann Ludwig Krapfs 17 3. Biographien Johann Ludwig Krapfs und seiner Begleiter Johannes Rebmann und Jakob Erhardt 19 3.1 Johann Ludwig Krapf (1810-1881) 19 3.1.1 Die Schullaufbahn 19 3.1.2 Die Ausbildung an der Basler Missionsschule 20 3.1.3 Der Weg vom Schüler zum Missionar 21 3.1.4 Wichtige Ereignisse im Leben Krapfs während seines Afrikaaufenthalts 23 3.1.5 Das Leben nach seiner Zeit in Afrika 26 3.2 Johannes Rebmann (1820-1876) 28 3.3 Jakob Erhardt (1823-1901) 30 4. Krapfs Reisen in Afrika 1837-1855 31 4.1 Abessinien (1837-1843) 31 4.2 Krapfs Aufenthalt in Ostafrika (1843-1846) 34 4.3 Krapf und Rebmann in Ostafrika (1846-1850) 37 4.4 Die Reisen Rebmanns ins Landesinnere 38 4.4.1 Rebmanns Ziele 38 4.4.2 Logistik 39 4.4.3 Die Entdeckung des Kilimandscharo 40 4.5 Krapfs Reisen nach Usambara und Ukambani 42 4.6 Weitere Ereignisse in Ostafrika und die Reise nach Europa (1849-1851) 45 4.7 Krapfs Aufenthalt in Abessinien (1853-1855) 46 5. Johann Ludwig Krapf am Schnittpunkt zwischen Mission, Wissenschaft u. Kolonialismus 50 5.1 Die Entwicklung der Missionierung Afrikas 50 5.2 Johann Ludwig Krapf als Missionar 54 5.3 Der Missionar als Geograph und Sprachwissenschafter 57 5.4 Der Reisebericht 62 5.5 Johann Ludwig Krapf und der Kolonialismus 64 3 6. Die Bedeutung von Krapfs geographischen Forschungen 73 6.1 Die Rezeption der Forschungsergebnisse 73 6.2 Expeditionen zu den Großen Seen und zum Ursprung des Weißen Nil 77 6.3 David Livingstones Forschungen in Ostafrika 79 6.4 Henry Morton Stanley 80 6.5 Die österreichische Expedition nach Ostafrika: Graf Teleki und Ludwig v. Höhnel 81 6.6 Die Erstbesteigung des Kilimandscharo 82 6.7 Die Erstbesteigung des Mount Kenya 84 7. Die Leistungen Krapfs im Bereich der Sprachforschung 85 7.1 Missionare als Sprachwissenschafter 85 7.2 Überblick über Krapfs Forschungen auf linguistischem Gebiet 88 7.3 Dolmetscher und Gewährsleute 91 7.4 Die afrikansichen Sprachfamilien 92 7.4.1 Afroasiatische Sprachen 94 7.4.2 Bantusprachen 95 7.4.3 Nilo-saharanische Sprachen 96 7.5 Auswirkung der Entdeckung der Sprachfamilien 97 7.6 Suaheli 99 7.7 Die Übersetzung der Bibel 104 7.8 Die Resonanz auf Krapfs Pionierleistungen 111 8. Zusammenfassung 116 9. Edition 120 9.1 Krapf, Johann Ludwig: Zwei Briefe an Pro. Heinrich von Ewald, Tübingen 120 9.2 Krapf, Johann Ludwig: 13 Briefe an die Cotta’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart 153 9.3 Krapf, Johann Ludwig: Zehn Briefe an Gottlob Pfleiderer, Korntal 165 9.4 Krapf, Johann Ludwig: Brief an Karl Andree, Braunschweig 172 9.5 Krapf, Johann Ludwig: Brief an Dr. R. Koenig, Leipzig 174 9.6 Krapf, Johann Ludwig: Neun Briefe an Gerhard Rohlfs, Bremen 175 9.7 Krapf, Johann Ludwig: Neun Briefe an Prof. Simon Leo Reinisch, Wien 193 9.8 Krapf, Johann Ludwig: Drei Briefe an unbekannt 210 10. Quellen- und Literaturverzeichnis 219 10.1 Quellen 219 10.1.1 Ungedruckte Quellen 219 10.1.2 Gedruckte Quellen 219 10.2 Literatur 221 11. Anhang 228 4 1. Einleitung „Wissenschaft und Mission soll sich aufs innigste miteinander befreunden“, in diesem Satz Johann Ludwig Krapfs1 sind dessen Vorstellungen der Beziehungsstruktur beider Entitäten impliziert, die hier einer Analyse unterzogen werden. Der aus Württemberg stammende, protestantische Missionar, der um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts das Hochland von Abessinien und Ostafrika bereist hat, ist nie in Vergessenheit geraten. In der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts, also rund hundert Jahre nach seinem Tod, kamen die Reisebeschreibung und andere Werke als Neudrucke nochmals heraus.2 In vielen Darstellungen wird die Bedeutung Krapfs aus seiner Rolle als Pionier der europäischen Erschließung Afrikas abgeleitet. Charles Richards fasst das in seiner Krapf- Biographie so zusammen: „Krapf was not only the first East African missionary in modern times, but also one of the first to undertake a systematic and thorough study of Africa, which at that time was just beginning to arouse interest in Europe.“3 Aus abendländischer Perspektive diente Krapf dem europäischen Fortschritt, was entsprechend gewürdigt wurde. Denn es war das wissenschaftliche Bewusstsein in Europa, das durch die Reisen und Entdeckungen Krapfs eine Erweiterung erfuhr. In meiner Arbeit wird erläutert, welche Vorstellungen Krapf jedoch selbst entwickelte, und zwar nicht nur anhand seiner Schriften, sondern auch anhand seiner Briefe, die an zwei bedeutende Sprachwissenschafter der Zeit gerichtet waren. (Für den Hinweis auf den Fund in der Bibliothek in Göttingen bedanke ich mich bei Marianne Klemun.) Die nähere Betrachtung wird zeigen, dass sich Krapf in seinen Selbstdarstellungen primär als Missionar sah, der nur wegen der Umstände auch geographische und linguistische Forschungen in Afrika betrieb. Blickt man auf seine Erfolge, so ergibt sich ein aber konträres Bild: In den Jahren zwischen der Gründung der ersten Missionsstation in Ostafrika bis Krapfs Abreise konnten lediglich zwei Personen für den christlichen Glauben gewonnen werden. Pläne zur Errichtung weiterer Missionsstationen scheiterten. Auf der anderen Seite konnten die deutschen Missionare mit den Ergebnissen ihrer Erkundungen bei Wissenschaftern in England und Deutschland reges Interesse wecken. 1 * 1810 in Derendingen, Württemberg, † 1881. 2 • Krapf, Johann Ludwig: Reisen in Ost-Afrika ausgeführt in den Jahren 1837-55. Neudruck hg. von Hanno Beck (Stuttgart 1964). Englische Ausgabe: Zweite Auflage hg. von Roy C. Bridges (London 1968). • Krapf, Johann Ludwig: A dictionary of the Suahili language (Neudruck, London 1964). • Krapf, Johann Ludwig: Vocabulary of six East African languages (Neudruck, Hants 1967). 3 Richards, Charles: Johann Ludwig Krapf. Missionary, Explorer and Africanist (Nairobi 1973) S. 7. 5 Ein Überblick über die Sekundärliteratur zum Thema „Johann Ludwig Krapf“ – ausführliche Bibliographien sind bei Dietmar Henze4 und Clemens Gütl5 zu finden – zeigt, dass die Anzahl an Artikeln in Nachschlagwerken über die Anzahl an Monographien überwiegt. Die Werke von Wilhelm Claus6, Hermann Vortisch7, Charles Richards8 und Jochen Eber9 sind Biographien. Claus stützte sich neben Krapfs Schriften auf dessen Briefe im Basler Missionsarchiv sowie auf Beiträge, die ihm ehemalige Missionskollegen im Basler Missionshaus zur Verfügung stellten.10 Ähnliche Quellen verwendete auch Hermann Vortisch.11 Clemens Gütl konnte zusätzlich Briefe verwerten, die Krapf an die „Church Missionary Society“ in London geschrieben hatte.12 Gütl beschreibt den kulturellen Konflikt, der entstand, als ein vom württembergischen Pietismus geprägter deutscher Missionar mit der Lebensweise und den Vorstellungen der Menschen in Ostafrika konfrontiert wurde. Die Anfangskapitel meiner Arbeit enthalten einen knappen Überblick über die europäische Erforschung Afrikas bis in die Zeit von Krapfs Missionstätigkeit, seine Biographie und eine Nachzeichnung seiner Reisen in Afrika von 1837 bis 1855. Mir erscheinen diese Informationen unerlässlich zum Verständnis der Kernaussagen meiner Arbeit. Im Hauptteil sollen dann nicht so sehr Krapfs „Pioniertaten“ im Vordergrund stehen, sondern vielmehr sollen die Schnittpunkte zwischen den verschiedenen Unternehmungen Krapfs in Afrika hinterfragt und zueinander in Beziehung gestellt werden. Sein eigentlicher Auftrag war die Mission in Afrika, und die blieb auch Kernpunkt all seiner Bestrebungen. Warum aber betrieb er dann auch so intensiv geographische und linguistische Forschungen? Die geographischen Forschungen hingen mit missionsstrategischen Überlegungen zusammen. Zunächst ging Krapf nach Abessinien, also in eine Region, die in Europa zu diesem Zeitpunkt bereits bekannt war. Er benutzte aber bereits diesen Aufenthalt für Expeditionen in wenig erforschte Regionen des Hochlands. Wegen der Ereignisse vor Ort entschloss sich Krapf dann dazu, seine Tätigkeit an die ostafrikanische Küste zu verlegen, wo bis dahin noch keine europäischen Missionare tätig gewesen waren. In Europa kannte man 4 Henze, Dietmar: Enzyklopädie der Entdecker und Erforscher der Erde, Band 3 (Graz 1993) S. 74. 5 Gütl, Clemens: Johann Ludwig Krapf. „Do’ Missionar vo’ Deradenga“ zwischen pietistischem Ideal und afrikanischer Realität (Diplomarbeit, Wien 2000) S. 180-193. 6 Claus, Wilhelm: Dr. Ludwig Krapf, weil. Missionar in Ostafrika. Ein Lebensbild aus unseren Tagen (Basel 1882). 7 Vortisch, Hermann: Ein Marschall Vorwärts der Mission. Dr. J. L. Krapf (Basel 1927). 8 Richards, Charles: Johann Ludwig Krapf. Missionary, Explorer and Africanist (Nairobi 1973). 9 Eber, Jochen: Johann Ludwig Krapf. Ein schwäbischer Pionier in Ostafrika (Riehen bei Basel 2006). 10 Claus, Dr. Ludwig Krapf, S. IV-V. 11 Vortisch, Ein Marschall Vorwärts der Mission, S. 6. 12 Gütl, Johann Ludwig Krapf, S. 180-181. 6 von diesem Gebiet nur die Küste, nicht
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