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Felipe Barradas Correia Castro Bastos UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas FELIPE BARRADAS CORREIA CASTRO BASTOS POLÍTICAS DE LÍNGUA E MOVIMENTOS NACIONALISTAS: CAMPOS DE INTERAÇÃO HISTÓRICA ENTRE TANZÂNIA E MOÇAMBIQUE (1961 – 1969) CAMPINAS 2018 FELIPE BARRADAS CORREIA CASTRO BASTOS POLÍTICAS DE LÍNGUA E MOVIMENTOS NACIONALISTAS: CAMPOS DE INTERAÇÃO HISTÓRICA ENTRE TANZÂNIA E MOÇAMBIQUE (1961 – 1969) Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de Mestre em História, na Área de História Social Supervisor/Orientador: Omar Ribeiro Thomaz ESTE EXEMPLAR CORRESPONDE À VERSÃO FINAL DA DISSERTAÇÃO DEFENDIDA PELO ALUNO FELIPE BARRADAS CORREIA CASTRO BASTOS, E ORIENTADA PELO PROF. DR. OMAR RIBEIRO THOMAZ CAMPINAS 2018 Agência(s) de fomento e nº(s) de processo(s): FAPESP, 2016/22864-5; RAC Ficha catalográfica Universidade Estadual de Campinas Biblioteca do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Cecília Maria Jorge Nicolau - CRB 8/3387 Bastos, Felipe Barradas Correia Castro, 1994- B297p Políticas de língua e movimentos nacionalistas : zonas de interação histórica entre Tanzânia e Moçambique (1961-1969) / Felipe Barradas Correia Castro Bastos. – Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2018. Orientador: Omar Ribeiro Thomaz. Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. 1. Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (Frelimo). 2. Descolonização. 3. Linguagem - Política governamental - África. 4. Língua suaíli. 5. Tanzânia - História. I. Thomaz, Omar Ribeiro, 1965-. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. III. Título. Informações para Biblioteca Digital Título em outro idioma: Language policies and nationalist movements : zones of historical interaction between Tanzania and Mozambique (1961-1969) Palavras-chave em inglês: Mozambique Liberation Front (Frelimo) Decolonization Languages - Government policy - Africa Swahili language Tanzanian - History Área de concentração: História Social Titulação: Mestre em História Banca examinadora: Omar Ribeiro Thomaz [Orientador] José Luís de Oliveira Cabaço Raquel Gryszczenko Alves Gomes Héctor Rolando Guerra Hernández Data de defesa: 23-02-2018 Programa de Pós-Graduação: História A Comissão Examinadora composta pelos membros descritos abaixo reuniu-se em sessão pública na data de 23 de fevereiro de 2018, no Auditório Fausto Castilho do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, e deliberou pela aprovação da dissertação de Felipe Barradas Correia Castro Bastos. Prof. Dr. Omar Ribeiro Thomaz Prof. Dr. José Luís de Oliveira Cabaço Profa. Dra. Raquel Gryszczenko Alves Gomes Prof. Dr. Héctor Rolando Guerra Hernández A Ata da Defesa assinada pelos membros da Comissão Examinadora consta no processo de vida acadêmica do aluno. AGRADECIMENTOS Mtu ni watu é um provérbio em suaíli cuja tradução literal significa “uma pessoa é/são pessoas”. Dentre os principais significados deste adágio jaz o preceito de que ninguém se basta sozinho e, logo, que todas as realizações pessoais acontecem no âmbito coletivo. Este trabalho não é exceção. De meus pais Luiz e Carmen sou tributário não apenas da dádiva da vida, mas de todo o amparo que sempre dispuseram infalivelmente ao longo de minha história de vida. A Rafael devo o divertido conforto oriundo de uma irmandade tanto consanguínea como espiritual, atualmente carregada pelo sopro da brisa minuana. E nenhuma combinação terrena de palavras pode expressar a devida gratidão e o carinho à amada Natália, fonte inesgotável de inspiração, apoio e amor. Tudo o que sou é devido a vocês. Do âmbito profissional e acadêmico multiplicam-se as contribuições que tornaram essa pesquisa não somente exequível, mas prazerosa. A Omar sou grato por compartilhar comigo, sem ressalvas, todas as suas inquietações aguçadas e observações perspicazes sobre Moçambique, a África e o mundo; saúdo também professores, secretários e servidores técnico-administrativos do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Unicamp, cujo zelo na execução de suas tarefas contribuiu de maneira inestimável à produtividade e ao aproveitamento de minhas estadias em Campinas; agradeço aos comentários atenciosos e conselhos valiosos de José Luís Cabaço, Raquel Gryszczenko, Hector Guerra, Lorenzo Macagno, Edward Alpers, Yussuf Adam, Bill Minter e Michael Panzer sobre os mais diversos aspectos da pesquisa e sou grato a Marta Jardim pela disponibilidade em compartilhar gentilmente seus conhecimentos sobre a língua suaíli. Reconheço a vital importância da bolsa de mestrado outorgada para a realização desta pesquisa pelo processo nº 2016/22864-5, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), no âmbito do convênio FAPESP/CAPES. Numerosas pessoas e instituições no exterior também tiveram um papel fundamental na execução deste trabalho. Sou muito grato ao Rockefeller Archive Center por viabilizar financeiramente minha ida aos Estados Unidos e por me proporcionar condições ímpares de trabalho em seus acervos. Em Moçambique pude contar com o louvável apoio da família Casimiro Trindade e sou particularmente grato à receptividade de Joel das Neves Tembe e Jorge Jaroice no Arquivo Histórico de Moçambique e na Biblioteca Nacional em Maputo, respectivamente. E o trabalho de campo conduzido na Tanzânia seria simplesmente inconcebível sem o acolhimento proporcionado por colegas historiadores da Universidade de Dar es Salaam como Halfan Hashim Magani e Oswald Masebo. Dedico-lhes as seguintes palavras: nimeshukuru sana kwa kusaidia wako. Ningependa kushukuru pia wa maprofesa Saddock, Juma, Zotto, Salvatori na Kaijage kwa mazungumzo kuhusu utafiti wangu. Agradeço com carinho às amigas Catarina e Julia por cultivarem comigo uma verdadeira amizade e por sua divertidíssima companhia enquanto compartilhávamos mucapata, xima e feijão nhemba, ou as menos elaboradas – mas não menos apreciáveis – refeições no bandeco. Foi também um prazer poder contar com amigos como Laila, Guido, Alexandre, Sebastião, Lívia, Thamires, Lucas, Jonas, Willian e Bruno nos breves, mas memoráveis momentos que passamos juntos em Barão Geraldo. Fui muito feliz, também, em ter amigos de mais longa data como Mateus, Javan, Gabriel, Murilo e Marcos que nunca deixaram de se fazer presentes em minha vida no período em que estive empenhado neste trabalho. Há, enfim, tantas outras pessoas que compartilharam comigo momentos importantes destes últimos dois anos que seria fastidioso mencioná-las, e permanecerei fiel a todas aquelas que tornaram possível a chegada do próprio momento de dedicar-lhes essas linhas. Muito obrigado! RESUMO Diferentes organizações políticas de refugiados moçambicanos na África oriental se uniram em 1962 sob a liderança de Eduardo Mondlane para formar a Frente de Libertação de Moçambique (FRELIMO) no Tanganyika, atual Tanzânia, dando início dois anos mais tarde à guerra de libertação nacional. A problemática desta pesquisa questiona um lugar-comum na historiografia referente aos primórdios da luta de libertação de Moçambique: houve unanimidade sobre a escolha da língua portuguesa como língua oficial da FRELIMO? Dado que a língua portuguesa não era difundida entre os membros que a fundaram em Dar es Salaam, nem tampouco entre a maioria dos emigrados moçambicanos politicamente mobilizados no Tanganyika, busca-se avaliar historicamente como se deu a decisão de promover a língua portuguesa como elemento de integração sociopolítica do movimento e da construção da nação moçambicana. Para tanto, são abertos três eixos analíticos principais dedicados ao estudo de campos de interação histórica em que são formuladas políticas de língua (FABIAN, 1986). O primeiro é dedicado à definição da problemática “questão linguística”, isto é, a percepção historicamente constituída acerca dos problemas decorrentes do estabelecimento de entidades políticas (de caráter colonial ou não) sobre populações multilíngues. O segundo trata de reconstruir, por meio do levantamento do contexto histórico tanzaniano e do fenômeno do assimilacionismo português, a situação linguística (TUMBO, 1976) e colonial presentes no processo no qual se insere a formação dos nacionalismos moçambicanos, incluindo uma análise da mobilização multilíngue realizada nos comitês de base da FRELIMO no interior do Tanganyika. O terceiro condensa a averiguação de projetos educacionais empreendidos pela FRELIMO para a promoção da língua portuguesa durante a década de 1960, principalmente o Instituto Moçambicano em Dar es Salaam, e seu fechamento em decorrência de conflitos ocorridos no seio do movimento de libertação, nos quais se reivindicou o ensino em língua inglesa. Os objetivos propostos articulam-se no sentido de compreender como os diferentes grupos que compuseram a FRELIMO concorreram e participaram no processo histórico no qual ocorreu a escolha da língua portuguesa. O contributo historiográfico almejado por este trabalho consiste na análise da formação de diferentes situações linguísticas como elemento necessário para entendimentos mais plurais e pormenorizados sobre fenômenos históricos pertinentes à descolonização do continente africano. Esta pesquisa busca afirmar, por fim, que negar ou ignorar a diversidade linguística inerente aos contextos em que se formaram frentes nacionalistas que se propuseram unificadas expõe análises históricas ao risco de produzir simplificações ou equívocos interpretativos. Palavras-chave: Frente de Libertação de Moçambique;
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