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Fauna of New Zealand 68: Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera) Craig, D. A.; Craig, R. E. G.; Crosby, T. K. 2012. Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera). Fauna of New Zealand 68: 336 pp. The Copyright notice printed on page 4 applies to the use of this PDF. This PDF is not to be posted on websites. Links should be made to: FNZ.LandcareResearch.co.nz EDITORIAL BOARD Dr R. M. Emberson, c/- Department of Ecology, P.O. Box 84, Lincoln University, New Zealand Dr M. J. Fletcher, Director of the Collections, NSW Agricultural Scientific Collections Unit, Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia Dr R. J. B. Hoare, Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Dr M.-C. Larivière, Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Mr R. L. Palma, Natural Environment Department, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand SERIES EDITOR Dr T. K. Crosby, Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Fauna of New Zealand Ko te Aitanga Pepeke o Aotearoa Number / Nama 68 Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera) Douglas A. Craig1, Ruth E. G. Craig1, Trevor K. Crosby2 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada 2 Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1142, New Zealand 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected] Manaaki W h en u a P R E S S Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand 2012 4 Craig, Craig & Crosby (2012): Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera) Copyright © Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd 2012 No part of this work covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping information retrieval systems, or otherwise) without the written permission of the publisher. Cataloguing in publication Craig, Douglas A. Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera) / Douglas A. Craig, Ruth E. G. Craig, and Trevor K. Crosby. – Lincoln, N.Z. : Manaaki Whenua Press, Landcare Research, 2012. (Fauna of New Zealand, ISSN 0111-5383 (print), ISSN 1179-7193 (online) ; no. 68). ISBN 978-0-478-34734-0 (print) ISBN 978-0-478-34735-7 (online) I. Craig, Ruth E. G. II. Crosby, Trevor K., 1946– III. Title. IV. Series. UDC 595.771(931) Suggested citation: Craig, D. A.; Craig, R. E. G.; Crosby, T. K. 2012. Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera). Fauna of New Zealand 68: 336 pp. Molecular section: Craig, D. A.; Cywinska, A. 2012: Molecular analysis of New Zealand Austrosimulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) species. Pp. 60–65, 205–208, 298–301 in Craig, D. A.; Craig, R. E. G.; Crosby, T. K. 2012: Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera). Fauna of New Zealand 68, 336 pp. Dr R. J. B. Hoare of the Editorial Board oversaw the reviewing of the manuscript and accepted the revised version. Prepared for publication by the series editor and the authors using computer-based text processing, layout, and printing at Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand. To access on-line extracts from this series visit: http://fnz.landcareresearch.co.nz/ Māori text by H. Jacob, Ōtaki. Published by Manaaki Whenua Press, Landcare Research, P.O. Box 40, Lincoln, Canterbury, N.Z. Website: http://www.mwpress.co.nz/ Printed by PrintLink Ltd, Wellington Date of publication 29 June 2012 Front cover: Head of female Austrosimulium dumbletoni Crosby from Jackson Bay, WD (Photographer: D. A. Craig). Publication of the Fauna of New Zealand series is the result of a research investment by the Ministry for Science and Innovation. Fauna of New Zealand 68 5 POPULAR SUMMARY HE WHAKARĀPOPOTOTANGA Class Insecta Order Diptera Suborder Nematocera Family Simuliidae Genus Austrosimulium Subgenus Austrosimulium Black flies, sandflies, te namu Known in New Zealand as “sandflies” or “Te Namu” and elsewhere in the world mainly as “black flies”, Simulii- dae are iconic New Zealand insects. Virtually every New Zealander has been bitten by female simuliids at some Illustration / Whakaahua: Austrosimulium ungulatum time or other, as have the many overseas tourists who have Tonnoir. Brass sculpture, Milford Sound Visitor Centre, visited Fiordland. Fiordland. Artist: Elizabeth Thomson, 1991 (Photographer: Andrew Baird, Invercargill). Simuliids of New Zealand belong to the genus Austro- simulium known only from New Zealand, Tasmania, and mainland Australia. The nearest relative is the genus Te Namu Paraustrosimulium in South America. This relationship has been confirmed by both morphological and molecular Koia tēnei ko te namu, ko tōna ingoa Pākehā i Aotearoa examination. Therefore these simuliids would appear nei, ko te “ngaro onepū”, i tāwāhi, ko te “ngaro pango”. He to be of Gondwanan provenance, when South America, ngārara ingoa araara te namu i Aotearoa — ko wai o tātou Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, Africa, India, and kāore anō i ngaua e te namu uwha? Tae atu anō ki te hunga Antarctica were co-joined in the super continent Gond- haramai i tāwāhi ki Te Whakataka-kārehu-a-Tamatea — ko wana that broke up between 120–80 million years ago. rātou anō e rongo kino ana i te ngau a te namu. In Australia there is a small segregate of species in the Nō te puninga Austrosimulium ngā simuliid o Aotearoa, subgenus Novaustrosimulium, with all their remaining waihoki ko Aotearoa, ko Tahimania me te tuawhenua o Austrosimulium species in the subgenus Austrosimulium. Ahitereiria anake ōna kāinga e mōhiotia ana. Ko ōna uri Questions still remain, however, as to exactly when New tino tata, ko te puninga Paraustrosimulium, i Amerika ki Zealand simuliids arrived here, but this study indicates te Tonga. Kua whakaūngia tōna hononga ā-whakapapa they are not much older than 5 million years. ki tērā i runga i te hanga o ngā tinana me ngā mātaitanga Simuliid larvae require running water and in New rāpoi ngota. Nō reira, ko Te Uri Māroa pea te kāinga tu- Zealand are more or less ubiquitous, occurring in almost auri o ēnei puninga e rua, i te wā e whenua kotahi ana a all running water habitats. Although there are 19 species Amerika ki te Tonga, a Ahitereiria, a Aotearoa, a Tahima- of Austrosimulium in the country, the females of only 3 nia, a Āwherika, a Īnia, me Te Kōpakatanga ki te Tonga. species are serious biters of humans. Males never bite. The Nō te 120–80 miriona tau ki muri i wehewehe ai a Te Uri females bite to obtain nutrients to produce eggs: females Māroa. Tērā tētahi wehenga iti i Ahitereiria o ētahi momo that do not take a blood meal can still lay a smaller number nō te puninga whāiti Novaustrosimulium, engari ko ērā atu of eggs. Markedly few males have ever been collected in o ōna momo o te puninga Austrosimulium, nō te puninga the field despite the equal abundance of males and females whāiti Austrosimulium. Kāore anō i kitea nōnahea rawa i in their immature stages. tau mai ai ngā namu o Aotearoa ki konei. Engari ko tā tēnei In the North Island the main biter is the New Zealand rangahautanga nei e tohu ana, nō te takiwā o te 5 miriona black fly, Austrosimulium australense, found the length tau ki muri, paku neke atu rānei. (continued overleaf) (haere tonu) 6 Craig, Craig & Crosby (2012): Simuliidae (Insecta: Diptera) and breadth of that island, but less so in the South Island Me wai rere e ora ai ngā punua a te namu. Me kī, kei and Stewart Island. Another species in the North Island ngā wāhi katoa o Aotearoa, me he wai e rere ana i reira. that bites to some extent is A. tillyardianum, but it is not Tekau mā iwa ngā momo Austrosimulium kei Aotearoa, found in large numbers, and then only south of Auckland. engari ko ngā uwha o ētahi momo e toru noa iho e kaha In the South Island the two main biters are A. tillyardianum, mōhiotia ana mō tā rātou ngau i te tangata. Kāore rawa ngā mainly in the north and then south through Canterbury, toa e ngau. He ngau tā te uwha, kia kaha ai tana whānau while in Westland and Fiordland the simuliid of notoriety hua. Arā ētahi uwha kāore e kai toto, engari ka whakaputa is the West Coast black fly, A. ungulatum. The females hua tonu; heoi anō, he iti ake ngā hua ka whānau mai i a of A. ungulatum will fly long distances to obtain a blood rātou. He ruarua noa ake ngā toa kua kohia, tēnā i ngā meal and their ferocity has generated many horror stories uwha, ahakoa e āhua rite ana te maha o ngā punua toa me from early settlers in New Zealand, and more recently, ngā punua uwha. the annual million or so overseas tourists. Few of the lat- I Te Ika-a-Māui, ko te Austrosimulium australense te ter leave New Zealand unscathed if they visit Fiordland, namu kaha te ngau, kitea ai i te whāroatanga atu o tēnei and many tend to react badly to bites since they have not motu. Kei Te Waka-a-Māui, kei Rakiura anō, engari kāore previously been exposed to the biting of this species. It has e pērā te kaha o te kitea. Ko tētahi atu namu ngau kei Te been noted that, similar to the quote regarding weather, at- Ika-a-Māui, ko te A. tillyardianum, heoi anō, kāore e tini tributed to Mark Twain (Samuel L. Clemens), that in New ngerongero, ka mutu kei te tonga anahe o Tāmakimakaurau. Zealand “Everybody talks about sandflies, but nobody does E rua ngā momo namu matua o Te Waipounamu e rongonui anything about them”. ana mō te ngau. Ko tētahi ko A. tillyardianum, kei ngā New Zealand Austrosimulium can be placed into two whenua mai i Te Tauihu o te Waka ahu atu ki Waitaha. Ko main species-groups, based on the presence (ungulatum tērā atu, a A.
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