DOCSLIB.ORG

2021 Synthesis Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

FACTORS LIMITING SURVIVAL OF JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON, COHO SALMON AND STEELHEAD IN THE SALISH SEA: SYNTHESIS OF FINDINGS OF THE Authors: Isobel Pearsall, Michael Schmidt, Iris Kemp, Brian Riddell Represents the opinion of the Salish Sea Marine Survival Project Synthesis Committee Synthesis of Findings of the Salish Sea Marine Survival Project V1. 2021 This is a living document. Please cite as: Pearsall I,* M Schmidt,* I Kemp, and B Riddell. 2021 Synthesis of findings of the Salish Sea Marine Survival Project, Version 1.0. www.marinesurvivalproject.com, www.psf.ca, and www.lltk.org. * These authors contributed equally to the work. Authors: Isobel Pearsall, Pacific Salmon Foundation Michael Schmidt, Long Live the Kings Iris Kemp, Long Live the Kings Brian Riddell, Pacific Salmon Foundation Synthesis Committee Members: Andrew Trites, University of British Columbia Richard Beamish, Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans Carl Walters, University of British Columbia Francis Juanes, University of Victoria Kristi Miller, Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans Chrys Neville, Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans Ian Perry, Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans Brian Hunt, University of British Columbia Correigh Greene, NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center Barry Berejikian, NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center Dave Beauchamp, US Geological Survey Brian Riddell, Pacific Salmon Foundation Julie Keister, University of Washington Neala Kendall, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Mike Crewson, Tulalip Tribes Sandie O’Neill, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Villy Christensen/Greig Oldford, University of British Columbia Chris Harvey/Isaac Kaplan, NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center Kathryn Sobocinski, Western Washington University Kevin Pellett, Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans Ben Nelson, University of British Columbia/NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center Paul Hershberger, US Geological Survey David Willis, Canada Department of Fisheries and Oceans Cover photo: Eiko Jones 2 Synthesis of Findings of the Salish Sea Marine Survival Project V1. 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables and Figures . 4 Executive Summary . 8 Introduction . 20 Project History . 22 Environmental Conditions During the Project Period . 23 Hypotheses Assessed . 24 Where Are We? A State of Knowledge Snapshot . 25 Declines in Salish Sea Marine Survival and The Early Marine Critical Period . 27 Declines in Marine Survival . 27 Is There a Critical Period Determining the Abundance of Salmon in the Salish Sea? . 31 Early marine growth . 31 Mortality in first summer . 32 Hatchery Versus Wild Survival . 33 What We Know About Factors Affecting Marine Survival: Findings, Next Steps in Research, and Management Implications . 35 1. Salmon Behaviour and Physical Habitat . 35 Changes to outmigration timing and interrelationships with other factors . 35 Distribution, Migration Pathways, and Residency . 37 Physical and Biogenic Habitat . 41 2. Food Supply . 45 Prey availability . 45 Water quality/Biogeochemistry . 57 Mismatch between salmon outmigration timing and prey availability . 64 Forage fish competition with Chinook and Coho salmon . 68 Harmful Algae . 69 Ocean Acidification . 73 3. Predation . 75 Predator abundance and specialization . 76 Prey switching and pulse prey abundance . 79 4. Disease and Contaminants . 83 Pathogens and disease . 83 Contaminants . 91 Conclusions and Looking Forward . 99 Acknowledgements . 105 Strait of Georgia Participants . 106 Puget Sound Participants . 108 References . 109 Appendix A. Complete List of Hypotheses . 134 Appendix B. Stocks and Years of Marine Survival Data Used in Chinook, Coho, and Steelhead Trends Figure . 138 3 Synthesis of Findings of the Salish Sea Marine Survival Project V1. 2021 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1. Synthesis Committee perspectives on the significance of the different SSMSP hypotheses to explain the changes in marine survival for Chinook, Coho, and steelhead in the Salish Sea ..................................... 11 Table 2. SSMSP hypotheses. Explanations and predictions are in Appendix A ...................................... 24 Table 3. Synthesis Committee perspectives on the significance of the different SSMSP hypotheses to explain the changes in marine survival for Chinook, Coho, and steelhead in Puget Sound and Strait of Georgia . 26 Figure 1. Marine survival trend for Chinook (top panel) and Coho (middle panel) in Puget Sound (blue), Strait of Georgia (pink), and WA/BC Coast and Columbia River (green) and for steelhead (bottom panel) in Puget Sound + Strait of Georgia’s Keogh River (teal). A smoothing function (colored line and gray envelope showing confidence interval, generalized additive model (GAM), survival ~ year) was applied to illustrate trend. All panels span ocean entry years 1978-2015. Underlying data as described in Zimmerman et al. 2015, Ruff et al. 2017, Kendall et al. 2017, and Sobocinski et al. 2021. See Appendix B for the stock list and any discrepancies between this graph and the papers .............................................................................................. 9 Figure 2. Map of the Salish Sea ................................................................................... 20 Figure 3. Landed catch of Chinook and Coho salmon in the Strait of Georgia and Strait of Juan de Fuca, 1970 to 2014. Prior to 1995, catches included recreational fishing and commercial troll; after 1995, catch is limited to recreational catch as troll gear is prohibited for Chinook and Coho in this region ............................................... 22 Figure 4. Image showing unusually high sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean in May 2015 as compared to the 2002-2012 average. (Source: American Geophysical Union) .................................................... 23 Figure 5. Marine survival trend for Chinook (top panel) and Coho (middle panel) in Puget Sound (blue), Strait of Georgia (Pink), and WA/BC Coast and Columbia River (green) and for steelhead (bottom panel) in Puget Sound + Keogh River (teal). A smoothing function (colored line and gray envelope showing confidence interval, generalized additive model (GAM), survival ~ year) was applied to illustrate trend. All panels span ocean entry years 1978-2015. Underlying data as described in Zimmerman et al. 2015, Ruff et al. 2017, Kendall et al. 2017, and Sobocinski et al. 2021. See Appendix B for the stock list and any discrepancies between this graph and the papers ....................... 28 Figure 6. Proportions of Salish Sea Chinook marine survival rates on even ocean entry years greater than on odd ocean entry years for two time periods (1986-1999 in blue and 2000-2012 in orange), illustrating a regime shift that occurred around the year 2000 (Source: M. Haggerty) ............................................................. 30 Figure 7. Annual mean and standard deviation of release date and release size (length) for hatchery Chinook in the Salish Sea from 1950 to 2016. Panels display annual mean release date (A) and size (B) for the entire Salish Sea (black lines), and for individual sub-regions (gray lines) (Adapted from Nelson et al. 2019a) ............................... 35 Figure 8. CPUE (catch per hour) of juvenile Chinook salmon captured in trawl surveys 1998-2017. Top panel shows summer CPUE; bottom panel shows fall CPUE. (Source: C. Neville, DFO) ............................................ 37 Figure 9. Catch distributions of juvenile Chinook salmon in trawl surveys 1998-2017. Top panel shows summer catches and bottom panel shows fall catches. (Source: Chrys Neville, DFO) ........................................ 38 Figure 10. CPUE for juvenile Coho salmon in the Strait of Georgia in September. (Source: C. Neville, DFO) ......... 39 Figure 11. Deviation from mean length of Coho juveniles in the Strait of Georgia in September. Positive deviations from the mean indicate larger fish. Juveniles have been generally larger since 2013. (Source: C. Neville, DFO) ....... 40 Figure 12. Marine survival rates of hatchery and wild Coho salmon indicator populations entering the Strait of Georgia (Source: K. Pellett, DFO) ........................................................................... 40 4 Synthesis of Findings of the Salish Sea Marine Survival Project V1. 2021 Figure 13. Chinook smolts leave both the Green and Skagit Rivers early as small fry and later as larger parr. However, returning adults to the urbanized, developed Green River are only derived from those smolts that left as larger parr. The fry component did not appear to survive. Similar results were apparent in a number of other degraded estuaries. (Source: L. Campbell, WDFW) ...................................................................................... 42 Figure 14. Underlying trends derived from 12 zooplankton taxonomic groups (top panels A, B) and 10 physical variables (bottom panels C, D) in the Strait of Georgia. Black dots and blue line and shading represent trends and their 95% confidence intervals derived for each year. Dashed and dotted lines separate groups of years which cluster together. Zooplankton trend 1 represents large- and medium-sized calanoid copepods; zooplankton trend 2 represents chaetognaths, fish larvae, and medusae. Physical trend 1 represents sea temperature and event timing (e.g., spring bloom, Fraser River peak flow); physical trend 2 represents sea surface salinity and vertical stratification. (Source: Perry et al. 2021 .........................................................................................
Recommended publications

  • Molecular Data and the Evolutionary History of Dinoflagellates by Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria Diplom, Ruprecht-Karls-Un

    Molecular data and the evolutionary history of dinoflagellates by Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria Diplom, Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat Heidelberg, 1993 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Department of Botany We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA November 2003 © Juan Fernando Saldarriaga Echavarria, 2003 ABSTRACT New sequences of ribosomal and protein genes were combined with available morphological and paleontological data to produce a phylogenetic framework for dinoflagellates. The evolutionary history of some of the major morphological features of the group was then investigated in the light of that framework. Phylogenetic trees of dinoflagellates based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (SSU) are generally poorly resolved but include many well- supported clades, and while combined analyses of SSU and LSU (large subunit ribosomal RNA) improve the support for several nodes, they are still generally unsatisfactory. Protein-gene based trees lack the degree of species representation necessary for meaningful in-group phylogenetic analyses, but do provide important insights to the phylogenetic position of dinoflagellates as a whole and on the identity of their close relatives. Molecular data agree with paleontology in suggesting an early evolutionary radiation of the group, but whereas paleontological data include only taxa with fossilizable cysts, the new data examined here establish that this radiation event included all dinokaryotic lineages, including athecate forms. Plastids were lost and replaced many times in dinoflagellates, a situation entirely unique for this group. Histones could well have been lost earlier in the lineage than previously assumed.
  • Environmental Impact Study Stage 1 Final – Rev 0

    Environmental Impact Study Stage 1 Final – Rev 0

    202 - 2780 Veterans Memorial Parkway Victoria, BC, V9B 3S6 Phone: 778-433-2672 web: www.greatpacific.ca E-Mail: [email protected] COWICHAN VALLEY REGIONAL DISTRICT MARINE DISCHARGE OUTFALL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDY STAGE 1 FINAL – REV 0 Attention: Cowichan Valley Regional District 175 Ingram Street Duncan, BC V9L 1N8 June 25, 2015 1019-001 REV 0 Cowichan Valley Regional District Marine Discharge Outfall - EIS Executive Summary The Cowichan Valley Regional District (CVRD) is undertaking the development of Amendment 3 to the existing Central Sector Liquid Waste Management Plan (CSLWMP). The Central Sector is serviced by the Joint Utilities Board (JUB) Lagoon Systems co-owned by the City of Duncan and the Municipality of North Cowichan, and also provides service to properties within parts of CVRD Electoral Areas D and E and parts of Cowichan Tribes reserve. The Joint Utilities Board (JUB) sewage treatment lagoons are located adjacent to the Cowichan River. The aerated lagoon treatment system produces secondary quality effluent, which is disinfected by chlorination, then dechlorinated. Treated wastewater is discharged into the lower reaches of the Cowichan River and subsequently to the Cowichan Estuary and ocean environment. In recent years, low flows in the Cowichan River have resulted in a situation where there is insufficient dilution of the effluent plume with respect to the river flow. This resulted in the temporary closure of the Cowichan River to recreational activities in August of 2014. It is proposed that the point of discharge be moved from the Cowichan River to the marine environment of Satellite Channel, where significantly more dilution can be achieved and where the likelihood of interaction between the effluent plume and sensitive areas can be reduced.
  • Identifying Potential Juvenile Steelhead Predators in the Marine Waters of the Salish Sea

    Identifying Potential Juvenile Steelhead Predators in the Marine Waters of the Salish Sea

    Early Marine Survival Project Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife Identifying Potential Juvenile Steelhead Predators In the Marine Waters of the Salish Sea Scott F. Pearson, Steven J. Jeffries, and Monique M. Lance Wildlife Science Division Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia Austen Thomas Zoology Department University of British Columbia Robin Brown Early Marine Survival Project Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife Cover photo: Robin Brown, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. Seals, sea lions, gulls and cormorants on the tip of the South Jetty at the mouth of the Columbia River. We selected this photograph to emphasize that bird and mammal fish predators can be found together in space and time and often forage on the same resources. Suggested citation: Pearson, S.F., S.J. Jeffries, M.M. Lance and A.C. Thomas. 2015. Identifying potential juvenile steelhead predators in the marine waters of the Salish Sea. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Science Division, Olympia. Identifying potential steelhead predators 1 INTRODUCTION Puget Sound wild steelhead were listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 2007 and their populations are now less than 10% of their historic size (Federal Register Notice: 72 FR 26722). A significant decline in abundance has occurred since the mid-1980s (Federal Register Notice: 72 FR 26722), and data suggest that juvenile steelhead mortality occurring in the Salish Sea (waters of Puget Sound, the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the San Juan Islands as well as the water surrounding British Columbia’s Gulf Islands and the Strait of Georgia) marine environment constitutes a major, if not the predominant, factor in that decline (Melnychuk et al.
  • Status and Distribution of Marine Birds and Mammals in the Southern Gulf Islands, British Columbia

    Status and Distribution of Marine Birds and Mammals in the Southern Gulf Islands, British Columbia

    Status and Distribution of Marine Birds and Mammals in the Southern Gulf Islands, British Columbia. Pete Davidson∗, Robert W Butler∗+, Andrew Couturier∗, Sandra Marquez∗ & Denis LePage∗ Final report to Parks Canada by ∗Bird Studies Canada and the +Pacific WildLife Foundation December 2010 Recommended citation: Davidson, P., R.W. Butler, A. Couturier, S. Marquez and D. Lepage. 2010. Status and Distribution of Birds and Mammals in the Southern Gulf Islands, British Columbia. Bird Studies Canada & Pacific Wildlife Foundation unpublished report to Parks Canada. The data from this survey are publicly available for download at www.naturecounts.ca Bird Studies Canada British Columbia Program, Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, 5421 Robertson Road, Delta British Columbia, V4K 3N2. Canada. www.birdscanada.org Pacific Wildlife Foundation, Reed Point Marine Education Centre, Reed Point Marina, 850 Barnet Highway, Port Moody, British Columbia, V3H 1V6. Canada. www.pwlf.org Contents Executive Summary…………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………1 1. Introduction 1.1 Background and Context……………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 1.2 Previous Studies…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5 2. Study Area and Methods 2.1 Study Area……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………6 2.2 Transect route……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7 2.3 Kernel and Cluster Mapping Techniques……………………………………………………………………………..7 2.3.1 Kernel Analysis……………………………………………………………………………………………………………8 2.3.2 Clustering Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………………………8 2.4
  • Protocols for Monitoring Harmful Algal Blooms for Sustainable Aquaculture and Coastal Fisheries in Chile (Supplement Data)

    Protocols for Monitoring Harmful Algal Blooms for Sustainable Aquaculture and Coastal Fisheries in Chile (Supplement Data)

    Protocols for monitoring Harmful Algal Blooms for sustainable aquaculture and coastal fisheries in Chile (Supplement data) Provided by Kyoko Yarimizu, et al. Table S1. Phytoplankton Naming Dictionary: This dictionary was constructed from the species observed in Chilean coast water in the past combined with the IOC list. Each name was verified with the list provided by IFOP and online dictionaries, AlgaeBase (https://www.algaebase.org/) and WoRMS (http://www.marinespecies.org/). The list is subjected to be updated. Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Ochrophyta Bacillariophyceae Achnanthales Achnanthaceae Achnanthes Achnanthes longipes Bacillariophyta Coscinodiscophyceae Coscinodiscales Heliopeltaceae Actinoptychus Actinoptychus spp. Dinoflagellata Dinophyceae Gymnodiniales Gymnodiniaceae Akashiwo Akashiwo sanguinea Dinoflagellata Dinophyceae Gymnodiniales Gymnodiniaceae Amphidinium Amphidinium spp. Ochrophyta Bacillariophyceae Naviculales Amphipleuraceae Amphiprora Amphiprora spp. Bacillariophyta Bacillariophyceae Thalassiophysales Catenulaceae Amphora Amphora spp. Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Nostocales Aphanizomenonaceae Anabaenopsis Anabaenopsis milleri Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Oscillatoriales Coleofasciculaceae Anagnostidinema Anagnostidinema amphibium Anagnostidinema Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Oscillatoriales Coleofasciculaceae Anagnostidinema lemmermannii Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Oscillatoriales Microcoleaceae Annamia Annamia toxica Cyanobacteria Cyanophyceae Nostocales Aphanizomenonaceae Aphanizomenon Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
  • Distribution and Pathogenicity of Two Cutthroat Trout Virus (CTV) Genotypes in Canada

    Distribution and Pathogenicity of Two Cutthroat Trout Virus (CTV) Genotypes in Canada

    viruses Article Distribution and Pathogenicity of Two Cutthroat Trout Virus (CTV) Genotypes in Canada Amy Long 1 , Francis LeBlanc 2, Jean-René Arseneau 2, Nellie Gagne 2, Katja Einer-Jensen 3, Jan Lovy 4, Mark Polinski 1 , Simon Jones 1 and Kyle A Garver 1,* 1 Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada; [email protected] (A.L.); [email protected] (M.P.); [email protected] (S.J.) 2 Gulf Fisheries Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Moncton, NB E1C 5K4, Canada; [email protected] (F.L.); [email protected] (J.-R.A.); [email protected] (N.G.) 3 Qiagen, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark; [email protected] 4 New Jersey Division of Fish and Wildlife, Office of Fish & Wildlife Health & Forensics, Oxford, NJ 07863, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The sole member of the Piscihepevirus genus (family Hepeviridae) is cutthroat trout virus (CTV) but recent metatranscriptomic studies have identified numerous fish hepevirus sequences including CTV-2. In the current study, viruses with sequences resembling both CTV and CTV-2 were isolated from salmonids in eastern and western Canada. Phylogenetic analysis of eight full genomes delineated the Canadian CTV isolates into two genotypes (CTV-1 and CTV-2) within the Piscihepevirus genus. Hepevirus genomes typically have three open reading frames but an ORF3 counterpart was not predicted in the Canadian CTV isolates. In vitro replication of a CTV-2 isolate Citation: Long, A.; LeBlanc, F.; produced cytopathic effects in the CHSE-214 cell line with similar amplification efficiency as CTV.
  • Cowichan River Chinook Salmon Incubation Assessment, 2005-2006

    Cowichan River Chinook Salmon Incubation Assessment, 2005-2006

    Cowichan River Chinook Salmon Incubation Assessment, 2005–2006 Prepared For Pacific Salmon Commission 600 - 1155 Robson Street Vancouver, BC V6E 1B5 (604) 684-8081 July 14, 2006 By D.W. Burt1 and E. Ellis2 2 1 D. Burt and Associates Kerr Wood Leidal Associates Ltd. 2245 Ashlee Road 200 – 4185A Still Creek Drive Nanaimo, BC, V9R 6T5 Burnaby, BC, V5C 6G9 (250) 753-0027 (604) 294-2088 [email protected] [email protected] EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This purpose of this study was to determine whether upstream sediment sources are adversely affecting egg-to-fry survival of Cowichan River chinook salmon. This information is necessary to determine whether remedial action to eliminate/diminish these sediment sources is warranted to assist in the recovery of Cowichan River chinook stocks. The specific objectives of the study were to: 1) monitor suspended sediment levels above and below known point sources at various flows during the 2005-2006 winter, 2) determine the level of fine sediment in selected spawning sites above and below the major sediment sources, 3) assess incubation survival by in situ trials and by hydraulic sampling at selected spawning sites above and below the major sediment sources, and 4) undertake a literature review on the effects of fine sediment on egg-to-fry survival. Suspended sediment levels were monitored by taking in situ turbidity measurements and by collecting water samples for lab analysis of total suspended solids (TSS). Substrate composition of spawning beds was assessed by collection of sediment samples at 1 site above the sediment sources (control) and 2 sites below the sediment sources (test sites).
  • Anthropological Study of Yakama Tribe

    Anthropological Study of Yakama Tribe

    1 Anthropological Study of Yakama Tribe: Traditional Resource Harvest Sites West of the Crest of the Cascades Mountains in Washington State and below the Cascades of the Columbia River Eugene Hunn Department of Anthropology Box 353100 University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195-3100 [email protected] for State of Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife WDFW contract # 38030449 preliminary draft October 11, 2003 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 4 Executive Summary 5 Map 1 5f 1. Goals and scope of this report 6 2. Defining the relevant Indian groups 7 2.1. How Sahaptin names for Indian groups are formed 7 2.2. The Yakama Nation 8 Table 1: Yakama signatory tribes and bands 8 Table 2: Yakama headmen and chiefs 8-9 2.3. Who are the ―Klickitat‖? 10 2.4. Who are the ―Cascade Indians‖? 11 2.5. Who are the ―Cowlitz‖/Taitnapam? 11 2.6. The Plateau/Northwest Coast cultural divide: Treaty lines versus cultural 12 divides 2.6.1. The Handbook of North American Indians: Northwest Coast versus 13 Plateau 2.7. Conclusions 14 3. Historical questions 15 3.1. A brief summary of early Euroamerican influences in the region 15 3.2. How did Sahaptin-speakers end up west of the Cascade crest? 17 Map 2 18f 3.3. James Teit‘s hypothesis 18 3.4. Melville Jacobs‘s counter argument 19 4. The Taitnapam 21 4.1. Taitnapam sources 21 4.2. Taitnapam affiliations 22 4.3. Taitnapam territory 23 4.3.1. Jim Yoke and Lewy Costima on Taitnapam territory 24 4.4.
  • (Alveolata) As Inferred from Hsp90 and Actin Phylogenies1

    (Alveolata) As Inferred from Hsp90 and Actin Phylogenies1

    J. Phycol. 40, 341–350 (2004) r 2004 Phycological Society of America DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2004.03129.x EARLY EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF DINOFLAGELLATES AND APICOMPLEXANS (ALVEOLATA) AS INFERRED FROM HSP90 AND ACTIN PHYLOGENIES1 Brian S. Leander2 and Patrick J. Keeling Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Program in Evolutionary Biology, Departments of Botany and Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Three extremely diverse groups of unicellular The Alveolata is one of the most biologically diverse eukaryotes comprise the Alveolata: ciliates, dino- supergroups of eukaryotic microorganisms, consisting flagellates, and apicomplexans. The vast phenotypic of ciliates, dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and several distances between the three groups along with the minor lineages. Although molecular phylogenies un- enigmatic distribution of plastids and the economic equivocally support the monophyly of alveolates, and medical importance of several representative members of the group share only a few derived species (e.g. Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Perkinsus, and morphological features, such as distinctive patterns of Pfiesteria) have stimulated a great deal of specula- cortical vesicles (syn. alveoli or amphiesmal vesicles) tion on the early evolutionary history of alveolates. subtending the plasma membrane and presumptive A robust phylogenetic framework for alveolate pinocytotic structures, called ‘‘micropores’’ (Cavalier- diversity will provide the context necessary for Smith 1993, Siddall et al. 1997, Patterson
  • Living Planet Report Canada a National Look at Wildlife Loss

    Living Planet Report Canada a National Look at Wildlife Loss

    REPORT CAN 2017 LIVING PLANET REPORT CANADA A national look at wildlife loss i WWF-Living Planet Report Canada LPRC FINAL.indd 1 2017-09-01 11:11 AM Key contributors for data and analysis: Zoological Society of London: Louise McRae, Valentina Marconi Environment and Climate Change Canada: Fawziah (ZuZu) Gadallah Special thanks for review and support to: Bruce Bennett (Yukon Conservation Data Centre), Amie Enns (NatureServe Canada), Brock Fenton (Western University), Fawziah (ZuZu) Gadallah (Environment and Climate Change Canada), Alemu Gonsamo (University of Toronto), David Lee (Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada), Marty Leonard (Dalhousie University), Nicholas Mandrak (Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada), Valentina Marconi (Zoological Society of London), Jon McCracken (Bird Studies Canada), Louise McRae (Zoological Society of London), Wendy Monk (University of New Brunswick), Eric B. (Rick) Taylor (Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada), Doug Swain (Fisheries and Oceans Canada). WWF-Canada 4th Floor, 410 Adelaide Street West Toronto, Ontario M5V 1S8 © 1986 Panda symbol WWF-World Wide Fund For Nature (also known as World Wildlife Fund). ® “WWF” is a WWF Registered Trademark. WWF-Canada is a federally registered charity (No. 11930 4954 RR0001), and an official national organization of World Wide Fund For Nature, headquartered in Gland, Switzerland. WWF is known as World Wildlife Fund in Canada and the U.S. Published (October 2017) by WWF-Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Any reproduction in full or in part of this publication must mention the title and credit the above-mentioned publisher as the copyright owner. © text (2017) WWF-Canada.
  • Metagenomic Characterization of Unicellular Eukaryotes in the Urban Thessaloniki Bay

    Metagenomic Characterization of Unicellular Eukaryotes in the Urban Thessaloniki Bay

    Metagenomic characterization of unicellular eukaryotes in the urban Thessaloniki Bay George Tsipas SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS, BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION & LEGAL STUDIES A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science (MSc) in Bioeconomy Law, Regulation and Management May, 2019 Thessaloniki – Greece George Tsipas ’’Metagenomic characterization of unicellular eukaryotes in the urban Thessaloniki Bay’’ Student Name: George Tsipas SID: 268186037282 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Savvas Genitsaris I hereby declare that the work submitted is mine and that where I have made use of another’s work, I have attributed the source(s) according to the Regulations set in the Student’s Handbook. May, 2019 Thessaloniki - Greece Page 2 of 63 George Tsipas ’’Metagenomic characterization of unicellular eukaryotes in the urban Thessaloniki Bay’’ 1. Abstract The present research investigates through metagenomics sequencing the unicellular protistan communities in Thermaikos Gulf. This research analyzes the diversity, composition and abundance in this marine environment. Water samples were collected monthly from April 2017 to February 2018 in the port of Thessaloniki (Harbor site, 40o 37’ 55 N, 22o 56’ 09 E). The extraction of DNA was completed as well as the sequencing was performed, before the downstream read processing and the taxonomic classification that was assigned using PR2 database. A total of 1248 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were detected but only 700 unicellular eukaryotes were analyzed, excluding unclassified OTUs, Metazoa and Streptophyta. In this research-based study the most abundant and diverse taxonomic groups were Dinoflagellata and Protalveolata. Specifically, the most abundant groups of all samples are Dinoflagellata with 190 OTUs (27.70%), Protalveolata with 139 OTUs (20.26%) Ochrophyta with 73 OTUs (10.64%), Cercozoa with 67 OTUs (9.77%) and Ciliophora with 64 OTUs (9.33%).
  • The Florida Red Tide Dinoflagellate Karenia Brevis

    The Florida Red Tide Dinoflagellate Karenia Brevis

    G Model HARALG-488; No of Pages 11 Harmful Algae xxx (2009) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Harmful Algae journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/hal Review The Florida red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis: New insights into cellular and molecular processes underlying bloom dynamics Frances M. Van Dolah a,*, Kristy B. Lidie a, Emily A. Monroe a, Debashish Bhattacharya b, Lisa Campbell c, Gregory J. Doucette a, Daniel Kamykowski d a Marine Biotoxins Program, NOAA Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Resarch, Charleston, SC, United States b Department of Biological Sciences and Roy J. Carver Center for Comparative Genomics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States c Department of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States d Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: The dinoflagellate Karenia brevis is responsible for nearly annual red tides in the Gulf of Mexico that Available online xxx cause extensive marine mortalities and human illness due to the production of brevetoxins. Although the mechanisms regulating its bloom dynamics and toxicity have received considerable attention, Keywords: investigation into these processes at the cellular and molecular level has only begun in earnest during Bacterial–algal interactions the past decade. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in our understanding of the Cell cycle cellular and molecular biology on K. brevis. Several molecular resources developed for K. brevis, including Dinoflagellate cDNA and genomic DNA libraries, DNA microarrays, metagenomic libraries, and probes for population Florida red tide genetics, have revolutionized our ability to investigate fundamental questions about K.