1976SoPh...46..377Z THE Copyright Solar * © Reprinted Kluwer Physics SOLAR © by 1976 46 Academic Held permission (1976) PROCEEDINGS Big by CONSTANT D. at Bear 377-409. H. Reidel Big Big Publishers of ZIRIN, Je die Wolken Wasser desto Je und City, - die Bear Wolken Wasser desto - da Beruhige EARTH'S Observatories, 19-21 WORKSHOP: New North J. NASA WALTER (1961) York, May Shore Astrophysics N.Y. 1975 Drive, ATMOSPHERE 10021. Data System 1976SoPh...46..377Z The with models pioneering 378 only think not scientists the whereas has blanketing has trophysical ment constant somewhat changed absorbed solar constant. solar was atmosphere idea at atmospheric The interest together. other group together contribute ings appointed Sun, © In In On In which been brought Kluwer Sun been solar over given many of recent which the meeting the all and about people's another of of an of the increasing with evidence by meantime, great at fall who participants by either nuclear the It constant paleoclimate stars more who many work to interdisciplinary fundamental basis the effects Academic years the follow. a the into way appeared can the scientist of the far was few side, exact needed over fields, job have Big indicated Big solar 1974 similar of for critical disciplines atmosphere). question from more problem. however, normalize burning from percent. most in has Abbott, Bear modelling the its In Bear technology of looking value Publishers produced and was constant the how the to atmospheric luminosity accuracy that order long last arranging evidence. Solar the or successful; quantities, inputs, 1. know Solar that it our thus Atmospheric earth's times These Thus of perhaps decade. the the Introduction workshop it which was paleoclimate Observatory, the been for ground to has EDITED of theories the their again. recruited celebrated the the Observatory has atmosphere • so than solar best of clear the produce the been contributions Provided it, a atmosphere). by have solar it hundreds H. sciences proceedings, interest exact This at advanced luminosity fundamental even BY Earth's time Abbott measurements armed makes results Further, about constant that on California least ZIRIN H. of more an Sciences was constant ZIRIN from and inputs the record stellar hotter rapid is problem each interest by in we to 25 propitious would atmosphere particularly for with a a could. could of subject ET the and Summary its various current variation, subject Institute stellar % little should will all millions field AL. Thus dissemination, to structure, three armed in suggests NASA Panel quantity exact in we and a in got the of be change be Observation the more grant the (and had of of the astronomy. can the there of days be stellar models stellar disciplines, evident possible obtained Earth's to to value Technology Astrophysics of with past the of due is both interest last total something quite that missing study now learn in the sense and also approaching to years. of if solar is to (except tapes astrophysics, three or by the help exchange NSF radiation the from we measure atmosphere. an the rapporteurs constant, give and changes something from its today by for direct A constant, Thus, solar and have solar solar and important fact billion variation bring endorsed distinguished Data the important focusing measure atmospheric for would the outside they to their that neutrinos measure­ the begun the after proceed­ from of const~nt constant possible System become varying energy people ask but years, ideas. about and point came most solar have were own has the the the the the the as­ an as to to I 1976SoPh...46..377Z format copies that suggests notes. different present, ing stellar variation over maximum the (10 ultraviolet and measurement, and of was measurements ing views periodicities. many 5% seasonal of that do connected the the evidenced 1900. version papers * the © In Standard Because Present The the a 7 Atmospheric-Sciences their the important 11 Kluwer show in other some up shorter the we even years). the few PROCEEDINGS for of of of We interiors. Earth's of the year enabled paleoclimate to present temperature cannot Big which 4 stellar that scientific basis pieces these past all of tenths sharp radiometers data x of short-term 50% region, by last variations have even with Academic Bear solar solar 10 those However, the term The 1969, we manuscripts historical hundred report, orbital points 9 (because again hundred require of suggest evolution, the of Solar rule Measurement variation only this change years OF order of variations do cycle models fact activity, there papers that variations information THE rapporteurs but a partial data we confirming not Observatory a have may out Publishers summarized made. Section, parameters of that solar percent, ago are period WORKSHOP: measurement of years, that the period have were of in and is million no really solar predict presented suggests smaller below at evidence a the capable some and the and measurements description lack the received. constant in appended tree-ring percent. least National (over but is greenhouse of varying should constant Report agree which been understand the and to years, a Sun that • feasible of THE 1600 of the a which as virtually Provided the some produce that amplitude of these lower for Complete which observed solar Science good periods SOLAR they cannot there only 25% planets, No. over aito can variation measuring On within were data. discussion. A., but give distance some the takes essentially of variations to 0149, appear a apply dependent the solar CONSTANT values cycle there were effect, have very has higher list Foundation, a by constant their Sun the follow. the assembled. copies have good variation of 40 one the which of the other neutrinos continually not measurements interior of to constant long cannot contributed been is the 2500 to pages, the reports amplitude this of varied NASA old are In 3 or the the idea fragmentary ANO been There change can on agree these x titles be hand, solar value addition, on periods Washington, 10 Smithsonian brings two made available Sun. be Earth in THE the and important. I have to 9 of Astrophysics papers without and solar a more predicted obtained in summarize the with is years constant the sizeable EARTH'S percent the over occurring, the basis in The evidence 400 the with authors by since into from 2700-3100 varied of the are reader activity. long-term we than even solar Sun, the new ago. for paleoclimate past, D.C. time, short from seriously of years) contained question ATMOSPHERE that important have 1969. the measurements, of Unfortunately, variation by to authors.* with a the the by constant suggest which data here 20550. H. Data Unless that the of 75% few an but time Sun) with this period, more Zirin appended theory the last might A The contributed variation Abbott's accuracy in suggest­ some System some percent impair­ at current means region model of the shows scales or many small there some since solar least This near than on data best from the long 379 be of of of as a 1976SoPh...46..377Z variations, constant range cycle possibility urement that measurements, have pointed effects 380 measurements them. surface measurements the applying minimum. but contacts, together (i.e., the White, We ing Foundation, staff problems, report Altman, particular the The years agrees So So © At This the group). National Kluwer ultraviolet. Committee, all the under the interdisciplinary far important. the not we to producing In of was meeting that were to statement out Frank best eons (there and as were irradiance these end Jack maintain addition were been solar responsibility. determine of and as At the circulation Academic that produced there some the instrumentation grateful Science of longer raised could only which new of direction the Klemroth, the Eden, was that constant used left would the the The It 2. participation as ozone the which is of to the advice suggestion also not Statement minus instruments used time meeting, be the with evidence well by Abbott's term fact at Publishers may just the Foundation. for by workshop solar Bob not modelling mailing due enough the cavity all makes of follows is This changes, to on the that solar the intriguing what as of the Peter be variation have Eugene to plant clear since constant Manka, planetary the numerous the various Joan repeated data, EDITED fine was of program that there changes albedo) of radiometers, of constant, list, time energy such we been • appeared Elske Mariners on Kupferman, group is a that the 1969, Provided the Professor hospitality not climate flower makes Longbrake Walter concerned, might and is BY the to points possibilities. and outside measurements rapporteurs possible Solar good models and and being in H. Smith work it the was by decided others perhaps solar and ZIRIN we solar high is that Gene get to in our the spacecraft change atmosphere by supported for up evidence which Constant it important employed also Suomi, satisfy the that 1966 and of ET some the and without blooms are 'constant' accuracy out and spectrum on irradiance. descendants. and the the to AL. Bierly the meet NASA atmosphere need David The listed, the if not to preserve make in numerous including for importance the most, short-term brunt doubly Big we a the for the measurements in by structure Workshop the as engineering again possibility measurements analysis data on is short to Astrophysics of a Murcray could variation, with satisfaction possible and variation Bear Grant past good absorbing if Such hundred strong the of get h National the their not Some important. on in at the statement other and Ron the on Solar current results. only particular of as a changes and of DES75-16101 the all, the interdisciplinary support in absolute Earth's scales comparison of we in good at the felt particularly organizational years Moore purposes the prediction heat next and Data the friends. get of Observatory of the small the over would workshop. spacecraft frustrated Dr everyone, people the would And Organiz­ absolute of busy was where. is spectral balance sunspot System Alberta of Science Earth's climate Suomi a meas­ taking now. a scale solar solar Fred The like and the few put on be of of in in of 1976SoPh...46..377Z Chairman: of that continuity climate ous Smithsonian 0.1%. measurements and 3.1. limits in The years years. for constant solar would may have may present. dilemma, observational Davis. than (photon an port, constant is ments over solar data. records Several numbers, © The Discussion in great the epoch He Kluwer long-term blooms meeting the the the or fact constant PROCEEDINGS SESSION constant He for Time to predict 3 actually luminosity second Taken change. incorporating lines duffusion The and significance as in upper actually ground, last solar discussed through generated. varied thermal etc., and when Harold Academic the coronal in scales program) opened C same of 10 centered A: evidence flux together, in stability talk, 12 a program behavior presently were limit many past luminosity 9 evidence . hundred Accurate OF paleontological by the could be, could THE years. 3. Ulrich of be levels time). models for solar response Zirin; THE by in as 50 now with to appearance Rapporteurs' and Publishers main past, He instituted. SOLAR the of the some on WORKSHOP: of much indicate are Jack years, our such models which (essentially over Nuclear pointed which exist, on went being from effect Rapporteurs: years a solar with 7 5 Sun how sequence measurements of within variations. talk understanding BACKGROUND Eddy, of the % detail discrepancies as the the paleontological would are such on well high is set of a with • the of by constant also date 10%, THE question We records burning during basic out Provided greatest now. the last magnetic to the Summary as Roger by centered the convective SOLAR historical a established mixing, predict stars absolute be back that believe follows: discuss constraints but the modern present 500 Peter From lack We levels too eclipse, strongly measurement, time CONSTANT Ulrich of Brookhaven not in of importance; standard by between of for years therefore field of a low on possibly how Foukal clusters, for conceivable the the direct evidence, that records the neutrino of as a understanding 4 is accuracy continuation only zone, the the few x to on discussing NASA much reliability 10 set each from incidence solar large 10 physics suggest AND instruments allow 10 the solar various solar results 9 days a measurements and by recommend non-radiative show 2 he years years THE the few experiment Session as flux indirect Astrophysics efficiency x the constant paleo-climatological and coordinated of liquid William concluded 10 models for model 20% means EARTH'S of that time first of of solar which past a 6 0.25% for ago; methods of the of the of the significant years neutrino such water over the liquid H, aurorae, the <;>r how to capable observed changes calculations ATMOSPHERE specifically of Sun with of surface, predict 11 that Adams is plant carried 10 observational energy 'proxy' convection. Data and solar discontinued of for escaping that much the solar year from of on 5 and -10 water a long-term the measure­ the continu­ inferring decrease a past Earth stability of System a the in sunspot activity 10,00Q, 7 energy scatter flower out future higher cycles. trans­ space lower years solar solar solar such core they data Sun was and 10 the 381 by at 6 , , 1976SoPh...46..377Z 382 years percent the have middle in by such more served obtained magnitude narrow progressively Lowell system sented removing reflected active of percent percent intensity 1450 pointed the an accuracy accurate tying overcome * observations the Sun. 1975. © See He After The He J. Oke solar the the accurate present), Kluwer luminosity star B. a also affected and the suggested outlined show energetically region measurements spots low a variation by also of discussion objects, band Oke level. activity variation out a ±0.5 with re-analysis E. from fluctuation due absolute at absolute individual the 1850. Johnson the discussion fractional expected v. Academic little discussed measurement that and of Lowell photometric P. the of smaller contribution solar the percent He so-called to difficulty Titan, some of Smith Caltech with between that close of faculae the meeting evidence uncertainty pointed over accuracy stars continued calibration light and flux, flux plausible of work and from planet decreases observations Observatory variation Publishers main the of Uranus amplitude increases visual an over the the similar Iriarte. due discussed D. below 'mini-ice-age' the reflected during since intriguing roughly largest system continued out of the presently older M. to object for period of about variation, to double theological the Gottlieb, solar and coupling in EDITED with that such of change of to a 1500 with He difference the for the • changes UBV star's the amplitude real Vega improved the 1630-1710, the from 1 a Provided of Neptune. absolute of of from this finds variation the approach reporting solar G. latter star BY in A distance with absolute the star's total 'Solar a Sun year (non-atmospheric) and in measurements spectral progress H. level to with fainter at solar which a W. surprisingly measurements and systems fractional solar in ZIRIN 11 satellite a in about that in Flux solar he could period by measurements distance. over of Uranus, talk Since Lockwood's year of the magnitude in cycle. spectral psychological to from of finds ET the occurred stellar an and constant planets, change of energy variation the constant to the solar AL. the by the terrestrial consisting epoch NASA cycle.* not the its of 1972, in look area the that visible Peter measurement Variations', large original Neptune. 10 accurately photometry the He made type Sun be activity distribution, measured he Sun. in variation for Astrophysics percent of which between they of he It leads is brightness variation suggested presentation determined Foukal. changes, Europe of through finds and and is the variation in influences direct at of has climate UBV Lockwood stellar show important fact Lowell Space in stars Since to coincided solar age. near-infrared. known been evidence level. from the the over was more evidence of of between system comparison above greater rather a Sci. of similar a radiation. He than Data the disc variations past the significant star in using observatory to scheme which the with these Titan, Rev. albedo, direct of suggested that also the accuracy establish with order that covered System the and the than (and used last 16, results than of a to about great even solar light may pre­ new and and ob­ 771, 0.2 the the the the the He for 50 its of of in to at in 2 2 1976SoPh...46..377Z widths Sun. ~elative ported discussed. !ncreases darkening. to variability of the Can intensity suggested and ¢hromospheric tion. measurements variation variation by caused showed years. regions. active spectral 1350-1600 1900 pointed ments radiometric accuracy. ~huttle. of · instruments to © The An Discussion Further M. The determining plage a Donald carry Kluwer solar OS0-5 Relative PROCEEDINGS A. K-line, extended solar P. regions, focus session There of partly by of a accuracy on The measured out Thekaekara fluxes decreased measured EUV general of relative out the fluctuations information of along that The temperature Academic the A. constant Heath. lamp on differ about last of the that by but was centered drew solar toward made with photometry observations activity significance discussion ozone changes intensity the the the by OF a Sun. with presentation of correlation standards with typically to also flux the a THE over from evidence to solar in meeting about He different constant Ca it Publishers factor measuring described quiet G. concentration a in his longer the very on WORKSHOP: over of scatter little 11 on some close in the showed sensitive solar variation around Brueckner maximum followed, the -2750-3150 suggestion acoustic K-line 0.01 solar of of difficult six the by were same the Sun relevant then for in success. with and variation Hill's wavelengths was groups indication EUV such up for phase between • percent. the possible active THE wide 50% luminous that experiment in Provided generally wavelength turned a to saturates lines, spectral by against a waves to with results request SOLAR payload. history emission close reported in line the 40%. but that Adrienne dynamic in He the A. was define to longitudes of the mention a bandpass. and careful that such effects wavelength not to CONSTANT the from the passband pointed systems, an on the amplitude by output, with irradiance This upper hardly not by and presentation too the in under the not interval typical solar the index the a solar as W. solar range lower reliable magnitude Timothy a large difficulties true 27-day NASA of easily measurements which of Lya. associated oscillating atmosphere. Wagner AND much time such out s,urprising EUV He he other including of the consideration terrestrial photosphere enhancement EUV required of layers. at range since discrepancy THE He solar pointed Astrophysics that estimated, persist to to as variation the EUV EUV recurrent smaller, describing radiation of EARTH'S measurements for better attempted with the variability. be of figure the with same differences results activity, 1750-2100 Lya inputs since by over absolute variation a use radiation out relationship the l~st of ATMOSPHERE identified than good such but time might of in and of was of could for 27-day of occurrence time that on opportunities Data the t Kluwer SESSION 1960 t880 192C ~ THE er <1 (/'\ ~ "'- w <1 0 0 ~~ >- ti) the the the 3oL__ deep-sea 20 2sf Hays 10 15 5 Fig. COL Ll.Sl (.c) 0 of - interglacial past last - COLO 0 present-day l.i B-1. 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Ice time NASA in CHANGE Mitchell isotope Pleistocene Interglacial million Maximum Dryas duration) Age o0.2 C> "'- (/) <1 er <1 i 0 en WJ 20.6 >- z _J _J suggestion GLOBAL o.e 0.7 0.4 0.3 a 0 0.9------in scale. ice-sheet 0.1 .. Interglacial Astrophysics 5 relatively of the Cold ratios review and years (e) order past Interglacials of (Holocene) These Interval THE into tCE 1940s Gordon million in volume, (Figure of (Eemian) LAST of 5 VOLUME brief fossil a x variations a Data the long 10 years. 106 periodic ' -@ / 16 Hurford period -OJ plankton principal YEARS B-1). m System up interval 3 . to are or of 3 1976SoPh...46..377Z sudden occurred of level, two intervals the occurred, minimum the the dominant temperatures relatively or years, and solar related environmental change. climate just of various sibilities effective several the electric potential to estimated activity). interval absorption time and © Since In Murray The irregularly A quasi-periodic dealing 10 'Little Kluwer past 1940's. interglacials, Sun now (in 2500 wide the scales, PROCEEDINGS 9 and variability however, years extent to onset possible to possible the He the field of of 100 climatic solar or with include becoming solar small general in temperature dominated variety variance Mitchell Earth-orbital years. Ice vary with time Academic 2000 of remarked postglacial including the many onset (Figure more years, in (about (as to Age', characteristic constant visible changes, through variability variation the time is OF the Earth's scales ways to The seems which solar variations behavior about temperature of suggested parts entirely of THE and then spectrum a 3000 climate meteorological occurred 1880's B-3). causal Publishers realistic 10 scales, spectrum by those that the radiation), in WORKSHOP: of levels UV period) more vis-a-vis solar changes; internal 100 to 000 of summarized in climate years. a of which special present is This the is the obscure. have the sequence factors mentioned of and system effects periods is 000 temperature, by years just of seen glacial about goal variability generally not historical levels the world, about indicates The may absence climatic • change THE solar highest evidence the years system. arisen the one interest Provided and with at through past interglacial, ago) may on in records SOLAR last 1°C conditions of lower be all (up his origin of especially 2500 factor effects something solar by ozone apart, variation periods million from obvious quite mechanisms. change popularity of of of be in through views cooler may to a minor Solar CONSTANT in Hays of of these 'lumpiness' by atmosphere climate the the any involved l0°C of years. indicate connection (Figure activity amplitude the on variations flat the solar account amount the on which years, 1940's. present near lesser constant on than near real glacial from in minor of in climate NASA 15th approaching a in the AND neoglacial The the all modeling of mid-latitudes) about fixation modulation the 100 insight that in B-2). 100 The now, effects present culminated a ascribing time overall variations THE to for of arctic (which glacial A through first advances interglacial. tendency Astrophysics climatic about with of range 000 changes the 000 the could the latter insight, cooling EARTH'S 20 climatic at scales Mitchell ice-sheet two into on and experiments on spectrum 19th years, cycle 000 climate knowledge problem least years, world episodes, its can 0.5°C, 1 climatic arise. changes change, 'visible' of of the of to ATMOSPHERE the sub-arctic, in toward from full and years. are trend appear centuries, of then in variability, these 20 thunderstorm 100 the climate Between 20 Data presented underwent volume, capacity atmospheric prediction. with complexity. about Europe. but Other retreats of 000 on 10- 000 years, change in known relatively has years, alter of of of periodic external System climatic to may capable various turn, one 4 lowest years, ozone either which 2500 since years been have have with pos­ the sea 385 the for be on In as an an at to of is a 1976SoPh...46..377Z AGE EARTH scale again 386 groups: by climatic climatic tentative not its regard Several variations changes. galactic through © Potential I Suomi I I I Valmore ,....,._.....____ I ,___ I I I I I I I I I ~------Atmospheric I~ ...... _ 1ot impact a Kluwer OF all, _____ number of as ..,..__ Sea-Floor Continental to Earth's time internal Polar cosmic changes participants prediction. ozone the nature commented a Heath 1o' climate INTERVAL of on . . Academic GLACIAL Mountain function MAJOR origins LaMarche Wandering scales. 11-year, Oceanic Rotation, an climate of Sprcadmg ~--Continental and/or rays, Sedimentation stochastic Drift, of wondered accounted oscillatory environmental 10 Sea-level, predictability. Fig. Building this 7 of . Composition, To Publishers _.., mentioned f time of as --. that is 22-year, B-2. climatic atmospheric outlined analysis the a most 1o' PLEISTOCENE ~ Lake __.... mechanism DOMINANT Mitchell's INTERVAL forcing GLACIAL about for extent Causal Solar nature, ----- scale EDITED leYel, Parameters Mass, important 0 by Earth's change but • and 1cf" some r the Variabflify Ice factors b' Provided Robinson factors 1ta the solar mechansims, Composition, Isostatic Time solar Sheets of suggested 1 electric and BY longer possible appraisal __.. -4---Vegetal for cyclic of the H. were involved variability in such discussed variability ZIRIN ~Bottom~ to Adjustment the giving years by change. field sunspot understand said variation presented Volcanic ----ocean-Atmosphere the solar evidence that as ---- ET struck Ocean 1cf in Water Cover---. and rise AL. climatic possible NASA changes. he is the the ------Mountain influence Glaciers These may ~-- external Dust likely felt cycles. to him 101. fraction in possibility Man's for solar/climate Astrophysics change. by ...._Pollutants, as ------~ be Autovariation it the solar as _ to were Mitchell providing Sea was longer-period predictable, Mitchell Land ~Surface_... _...~ very deterministic be on solar 10 Ice of ~ variability Ocean rather small, indicated Use regional ----4~ total of pessimistic of Autovariation ~Snow.._.! modulation of ---- Data (Figure Atmosphere a relationships stressed Layer a C0 ---~ variance connection on optimistic! PREDICTION handle 2 OF however, WEATHER Cover System ---11 climatic climatic most, LIMIT forcing in on LOCAL B-4), with _.J two .. the the -.l on I I I I I of I of f I 1 if 1976SoPh...46..377Z records other periods to 0 temperature between for sunspot variations reflect panying periodic Mountains nent near activity magnetic 18 © Studies 15 /0 C Kluwer 0.1 1 of 1300, 14 PROCEEDINGS 10 000 16 'proxy' _ a of production number (and the near solar isotope variations weak solar field, _....__....;;;..o.___,.;=.-___._ of alpine of \ years. \ of 9 Academic "" 180, C C atmospheric variations I high I 2500 California, 14 climatic activity 14 11-year which ~ \ l variation I \ variations /C OF variations Fig. stratigraphy 8 glaciation and It I '\..' 12 C THE of in r, also B-3. years 14 \ \ Publishers isotope 80 have 7 the climate are WORKSHOP: series, production sunspot reveals years. tends which Estimated and upper C involved. and consistent from is modulated 6 14 PERIOD _ ratios in attributable ~ have in has climate / to 400 I are cycle _.__,_____.___~_,_____.___~__,~___,__~ ' I • the I a THE several I\ atmosphere. 5 ,, the \ variance Provided \ be "'J led rather " rate) been responsive in Comparison SOLAR Camp I years. ~ past with ' \ reflected component, 4 (YRS, .... tree the to _~ on parts ,.., associated claimed spectrum 7000 suggestions CONSTANT consistent theory to flux .... 3 by Century wood several _ The ..... 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THE a whether analysis system. a how cosmic of data past 16 Publishers reliable have history their period. indicate Ohio the Mountain climate that rather history The and WORKSHOP: or a benthonic as the by indicator constant explained and from bottom isotopic 0 modest on 80 temperatures. possibility and order reliable followed A some concentrations emphasizing 18 Little Antarctica, State. (living) rays (relative such of on the million measure similar 11 prominent He analyses at of systematic of about this • the comparable A THE evidence (California) years. deuterium face temperatures concluded from 2500 the low Ice events of enrichment on Provided spectral and indicators how power kind the forams, basis SOLAR analysis solar of years. to 24°C Age, the Earth, value. solar of planktonic the which of years, Further cosmic Crab sea the isotopic could peak paleoclimatic is longest of decreases CONSTANT of Jurassic in activity, peak for by spectrum Crab to planned The activity. isotope by water) need measurements to which increases sea of Bristlecone and of Nebula could of the had about example, at decreased be showing ray those pinus 0 latter paleoclimatic both near Nebula water) variations NASA 22 foram time help detected for 18 AND Belemnites, been is and events variations can be which of data l8°C years, of supernova a of silvestri caution 0 indicate 22 in THE temperatures calibrated scales to function paleotemperature analyses Astrophysics in 18 and then records was today the noted from (if Pine, microparticle were years, EARTH'S establish and accepting associated in may in of (of and any) noted a Bristlecone from the the be found of in temperature both about period in that D from which both in presented shed only from of on another interpreting interest as ATMOSPHERE would recovered various C rather in past the that, Loch 1054 14 ocean D marine limits well because Data in precipitation 13°C 1000 all of oxygen light with the record, of reveal and content 80 tree-wood studies tempera­ apparent yet in precisely A.D. high Affric System peak as parts in Pine tropical surface to near to in A.D. million on for on super­ 0 foram varia­ cherts from have solar (also D 18 sea­ past It and C nor C the the 389 ice of of to of of in D 14 in in 14 is 1976SoPh...46..377Z TRAL instruments classified Angstrom radiometers, broad-band, treatment been Cone mass band extinction outside tions, mountain would 0 and aircraft Chairman: Dr the tions any Dr time tion, who atmospheric different in the tion the 3.5%. these ture' attempts 390 3.3 3 © He Spectral Dr Dr close is Labs' Jungfraujoch) Kluwer D. Smithsonian International case, scatterers SESSION of tried to on are of below Labs is was pointed made values. Thekaekara the radiometer, In be (measured two time. altitudes Labs the the plotted agreement, a made observers to 1956 as when opinion. tops a is of the pyrheliometer, extraterrestrial manned (5 feels intensity Academic scales Keith the atmosphere measure employed man-controlled platform man-controlled Earth's C: not to ACTINOMETRIC actinometric absorption and each 338 He began out measurement still with by a MEASURING platform, the measure that against a of compromise speculated (Abbott) the 519+273) which Pyrheliometer Pierce; extrapolation as that serious and wavelength overhead. commented of vehicle the measurements 10 accurate even measurements atmosphere a the a Publishers the temperature the function in when to one review Hy-Cal features) airmass gave as ideal solar the the although Rapporteurs: Multichannel 12 measurements handicap solar though intensity scale THE a such cannot that in km whole. correction care K! different scale past EDITED solar platform constant is Rome SOLAR of of constant to on • and as one during normal this Scale (broad-band, Modern required. in can the Provided is wavelength zero control include are solar use corrections was SP to may the (in constant At BY selected aircraft, may is the be above CONSTANT 'agreed ACELAB. in the readings done H. 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Labs 2 comparing higher value method a for for all vs. min- solar how THE value better on The amount 'B is based A::::::; Publishers A< regions and 12 constant radiation ==transmission of variable accuracies of of std) as used and the data WORKSHOP: - comes by km). 1 0. atmospheric 0.33 corrections altitude regions . Sun H. second constant V' (The 7 is broad Also by that However, of job the accuracy µm that making which Neckel: 1.94 as measurement = of µm from to the observation Labs and in 2.5 from of the there NASA ozone terminus solar the and restricted data. spectral as because • a band relative THE of for calories matching of system ozone Provided log[f G2V logarithmic mountaintops Z. integral much enjoys and aircraft strong aircraft of spectral observations are ± radiation the are aircraft of SOLAR Astrophys. amounts conditions 1 standards flux- solar of absorption % stars filters I(A)V(A) Neckel, two differences technicus made advantages strong as cm- distribution is time and CONSTANT the can by absorption.* theoretical is window obtained measurement radiation (irradiance-) 10 based is basic than irradiance, 2 defining the 65, is scale: in made and ozone prevents (in offset be same min-1, or dA/ can thus and and due NASA from their 133 do only systems ground-based achieved. 'colour' for 20%. AND on restricts be in absorption of f by by measurements is (1967), in advantages in measurements by to the l(A)B(A) variable the determmed models spectral of customary THE 3 observations the Astrophysics on more accurate principle Similarly, the the is the its values Dr to at a passbands Labs of EARTH'S solar is taken Figures clear two American facts an the The 4 method rapid (neither two solar used Neckel commonly of km. turbidity. irradiance altitude dA]. and from methods: spectral determination observed measurement the capable that accuracy as radiation days from ATMOSPHERE 3, methods uses. one in radiation data, ground The from 4, from Data Neckel 'B' and the relative photosphere summarized taken astrophysics of 5). the Society avoids of when platforms The Bouger-line and ground apparent the Answer: band. System used of become aircraft, relative aircraft 12 in of speed agree value ± from 'V'.) from need first, km; star two 1 the the the for 391 nor by % of of 1976SoPh...46..377Z spectral whole-disk influenced Pollutants the rather pointed be out slides. theoretical significantly with understanding cal differ on be limb-darkening for Atmospheric values noted necessity 392 dismissed irradiance, accuracy profiles, the only not orological constant served band. the * © N.B.: In (4) The A Discussion G. Dr somewhat the significant ratio treatments, wavelengths Kluwer the the Langley that solar question be the Robinson significantly. Mountaintop than C. opinion in that These values infrared of 5 out irradiance and absolute accurate in % the carried to next it mean out Frohlich and constant by values models Academic at variations rather value. more that possible level. better is observe the effects wavelength extinction of non-linear less the of of was was expressed of airmass talk, to a data end; discussed and the bands inter-band the all hand. central out whole the are to values. simple accurate; The recent of The Dr than were countered errors observations. measurements than raised presented can recent H solar errors by may Dr Publishers to the ~ of photosphere over as Hall 2 change of 0 issue intensity 2 accuracy be measurements curves the large Sun, effects the described Neckel concern % , during bands photosphere large that the be band illuminance H measurements matter Such about model removed questioned inherent opacity; the 2 they solar integrated but 0 of as as EDITED issue by airmass of may a (F/ as of and the where problem the of • much the do last factors acknowledged discrepancies n utilize critical emphasizing of irradiance, standards the Provided water to continua 5% typically radiation by photometer the would is that produce illuminance ozone. discussion BY both to .radiance decade. in correct far Glenn vary benefit since as the values H. the in aircraft the of irradiance. the absorption ground-based the as ZIRIN be centered 2% review on are from the radiation near atmospheric matching by 0.1 by The in much these the look Pierce meteorologist of temporal even Shaw. the certainly to ET the As a imply infrared % the of 15%, standards, that the that measurements. between that irradiance, complete. output absolute was AL. stratospheric central-disk 5% smaller level NASA at of demonstrating change a limb, near though relevant on these limb-darkening and Especially In we the is result the possibly of that not measurements in possible variations absorbed by the particular important observations ( the H Astrophysics error.* infrared versus diffuse are parameters ~ infrared center astrophysical further effects spectral 2 so these more 1 one which corresponding 0 In % requires of regions Labs was interested rapidly ). bands. due measurement answer, percent an dust Dr errors necessary aerosol air accurate of effects were at demonstrated in resolved. and is irradiance show agreement he at to irradiance Neckel analysis the Earth, mass do optical data. known solar and the veil simultaneous the Data stressed Further, of of Neckel too in corrections may Dr not solar and scattering. cannot in the 0.1 the the Chappuis since the theoreti­ and Dr may small System spectral pointed are such greater Neckel in depth. suffice of % mete­ to could older solar band need disk, to solar with data Hall that fact our ob­ but the the the be be be to as in for a 1976SoPh...46..377Z based describing measurements of cavity significant calibrated. grade instrumental, Parson's ters solar for by calibrated measurements Pyrheliometric which between the © R. The Frohlich 1.8 several Willson Summary the Duncan, Plamondon Kendal Kruger Difference: Kondratyev, Mean: Murcray Kluwer Webb cavity Nikolski several appear C. constant PROCEEDINGS in on is reliability particularly SI years. Willson Author Black essentially the space, instruments, variants radiometer. retroreflectance; Parson's his measurements persons. pointed Academic to of published revised calibration revised of Both measurements be Scale) own give had discussed while OF the and the of because THE out because been has arbitrary, Thekaekara direct 136.8 radiometers radiometers solar Publishers determinations is consistency 136.1±1.8 136.6±0.8 137.2±2.7 most 136.8 the 137.3±1.1 Willson WORKSHOP: values the 2%, different and SI measurements introduced the ± constant P Value of suggests importance reliable ACRAD 0.27 3M Parson's which the since development reduction and (see cited 2.0% mW difficulty • THE black properties pointed mW/cm he of different of showed Provided TABLE measurement corresponds they made cm- currently Table that SOLAR 133.6 134.1 134.7 134.0 based in mentioned IPS the of IPS.) Black, instrument 2 of does to solar response errors are from 2 this unreliability estimate out C-I calibrating CONSTANT steady • by of C-I). on if The constant.(Accuracies not not Correction used the the available. types that sprayed result -1.2% +0.6% +1.0% +0.7% +0.2% Mariners -0.7% Frohlich the to 0.0% absolute. by an good Plamondon's NASA JPL show He to developed temporal a AND Angstrom SI on accuracy of discrepancy absolute his the is showed series and THE or of instruments some agreement this Calculation Interpretation Interpretation Astrophysics Calculation No Calibration Calculation Calibration request results arrived 6 reliable. reflectance brushed. results absorptance absorptance absorptance Hy-cal Active EARTH'S and the adjustment for Main of but degradation, by are adjustment radiometers, instruments representation pyrheliometers 7 that cavity IPS transducer reason for at between only over it, Kendall. ATMOSPHERE of of cavity of instruments The of Robinson revised was (International cavity of of cavity too, cavity a several Data given of radiometers a for these grey the difference time discussed radiome­ must the for System such of due Before values paint. shows actual cavity good well­ span IPS, said de­ for 393 be to as 1976SoPh...46..377Z with windows. been radiometers accuracy (1956) contribution absorption absolute 1968 The this was 394 stressing Chairman: to of for the plans tion Laboratory Sun to ment Chappius previous Boltzman 3.4 air ble include to the aircraft ment, external © In The Following J. A be avoid high ozone. mass gaseous Kluwer major variation found, session chairman, SESSION or is temperature question an flown and the Kendall of important to since active cavity active indicates a a matching observation estimated the accuracy stability ±0.5 double occulting corrections. of tungsten the reinstitute experiments 1969. general Questions band contributor in constant with Spectral Academic J. on site in site absorption was a the have solar D: is on use the over was Murray platinum mW J. described probably two WHAT short-term (5000 The monochromator temperature that and to the Murray JPL of capable spectral of of no reference sensitivity raised disk the discussion absolute 3 a cm- radiometers discuss balloons a his runs regions demonstrates values original the 0.1 Publishers worth the on Dunkelman solar inherent HAPPENS showed standard Mitchell; A Catalina with 2 in week to resistor; • measurement % at Mitchell as hot the to IPS Comparison give his the measure irradiance of constant variations, seems the what to reduction. obtained some lamp. 7000 uncertainty for and near period. scale of upper influence 1951 standard P EDITED a measuring of the the TO ACRAD spectral 10- mountains lamp. solar • developed Rapporteurs: after the the solar fed opened cold this A) THE Provided indicated variation technically true typical The 9 the the is absolute measurements measurements atmosphere BY level purpose by The and are, of constant itself wire with possibly ATMOSPHERE? correction program junction variations, precision approach H. solar main is ozone of limitations a ozone of ZIRIN the 2.2% study problems cavity the respectively, radiometer diffuse and near by the by uncertain. interplanetary wraps. in that ±0.5%. aureole. objective session radiometer feasible G. of the ET Kendall solar of time. is, real, cutoff International are of Tucson. time too at were of AL. he measuring radiometer. Robinson for 137.3 NASA it source thus, if the on were the the Measurement of when with may of low. was absolute any, Further by constants degradation, has made. below at particular of atmospheric Mt. 0.2%. and Stefan-Boltzman 137.0 new undetectable. mW/cm noting Astrophysics The asked. illuminated use the the These the pointed might accuracy also used dust by Lemmon, and the Lunar Pyrheliometric Ozone present a time type program These improvement 3300 and irradiance Willson Important that calibrated been 2 and The without instruments , and do solar Ron importance. with of 136.6 variation of out a A the extinction and to of correction data zodiacal appears Data steady used either instrumenta­ time. atmospheric Moore Corrections Dunkelman the constant and is no are the purpose 0.3%. that Planetary measure- mW/cm measure­ entrance were with detector detecta­ System features with devices Stefan­ atmos- in by to in signal Scale to have such light The due felt the the the Six for an an be in of an 2 /_ 1976SoPh...46..377Z pointed phere, bation The were control. Mintz-Arakawa systematic. Equilibrium 45°N. first constant obvious the With results (climate): on ice-free of where © Reduction In the In (i) (iii) (ii) In In (1) (2) (3) ( solar 4) parameterization, Kluwer radiation-balance major type (b) (a) (c) the response Control made. PROCEEDINGS 'Black all The For The Once Control of At and found out constant The effect An first A regime. second terms experiment initial simulates higher a model decrease model 11~ ai Ii Ll K T Qi completely Academic what Wind Q/1- that the intermediate was 0 T given talk, cloud' present of the experiment an with the be 0 to the is on experiment / the expressed Ll solar temperatures. ice-covered talk, GCM the 'eddy the not would OF Haurwitz's is K(T output Y velocities is zonal Haurwitz weather constraint ai)-Ii latitudes surface solar this - required divergence THE the fairly from latitudinal study solar Publishers reached solar climate Sellers 0 type but constant with ) diffusion in ice-covered WORKSHOP: model annual be mean constant terrestrial = which with state is insensitive the temperature input as with patterns global constant of LlFj, the 2-week discussed also the Earth 2 for talk, explained is f(T in this present albedo to are: solar fixed of led mean with gradient resulting solar • coefficient' change. the ~ 60 in THE showed differences 0 5 models Provided Quirk ) advective question Q = condition to Earth zone radiation percent. the (e.g. days. solar reduced runs constant ice SOLAR sea -K(LlT to constant there zonal the reduced Q "th€ equation changes to There commented of surface storm j effects required a introduced Rand constant with CONSTANT nature by around type surface substantial are is heat heat 0 is between by /Ll 2 the mainly 2 is temperatures achieved tracks). three the 'black Langley/min. Y) on transport Langley/min of 6.5 temperature. budget then NASA flux is and to was AND 30°-40° K. temperature the of Goddard percent, by that produce by possible some If a cloud' the THE decrease form decreased Astrophysics weather Budyko transition by a K climate a parameter, which 30-40 EARTH'S three similar is latitude. an of Ll(T from experiment but other increased Three an model distributions the equation and in and 'models'. 0 percent ice random ATMOSPHERE by ) runs to implications reduced-solar­ about = low conditions Data himself. a f( 60-day 6.5 age climate. showed completely Q). were with latitudes. of with percent. System depends increase 45°S pertur­ Major form could of runs fixed The not the He 395 no to as T of 0 1976SoPh...46..377Z 396 solar decrease, decreasing grated Fig. ~ a: 0 .::: w w ~ u > .,_ (/) 0 a: . c Sellers where by albedo. A 100 2.0 3.0 50 1.0 0 D-1. 200 (a) (b) (c) This set constant T © over 0 the the but , Kluwer of n, is then Relations t, 210 a I= I S=-­ S solar solutions solved model the t, ice r so the is is r, f are (1-a) described ( the edge and 220 the globe: Academic does T mean 41 percentage 0 constant between , for becomes atmosphere global n) solar a moves for 0 230 the , the outward a where 0 different constant an Publishers critical the solar of itself mean becomes 240 poleward, ice more even EDITED solar cover constant transmittance being flux n albedo 250 latitude = sensitive I simpler constant, for BY cloud functions • of irreversible a Provided 260 Sellers' H. T function ersra radiation terrestrial = 0 S, ZIRIN ( K) cover at which the model ( to 270 n, global-averaged ET which was and a Earth's t, by AL. of change r, produces without 280 in the a exhibited. snow reflectance, 0 ) an which surface NASA 290 in ice cover models. further the solar the temperature Astrophysics advance 300 (See and, climate and equation constant. Figure solar 310 therefore, a induced 0 characterized T 0 the 320 constant Data , D-1). is and inte­ 60 90 surface 40 20 0 10 System of by the rn ~ -I r ~ The T 0 . 1976SoPh...46..377Z cloud out simply climate dependence global-average surface where experiment constant ice-covered which model. relation out solar shows have surface dependence such required has One parameterization Symposium quired range class the this class phere, in Earth ;2 W/m © Another Someone A Epstein The In Suomi the that that net probably Kluwer was question cannot the observations as were been spectral PROCEEDINGS 2 of would drastically would radiation that cover. present in for T assumed • Stockholm temperature would flux temperature between the 0 Suomi's the such the third fall time was proceeded the decreases verification commented the included point found Academic Earth make with of asked in between of order average dependence into second not Sellers was just effects irradiance. scales; talk, always rather cloud tropics model Stockholm solar budget. a OF of T comment- three of the been the to constant raised would of not statement if 0 of THE Suomi discussion and observations to with sub-grid-scale class T cover weren't radiation a be Publishers albedo solar and responded global accuracy and crude ocean too model be of to leads 0 known. WORKSHOP: jump • that as classes comment increase The unstable cloud model pole as occur such In of increasing observations thirdly, low cloud reported on on input 50 to climate to the cloud reply averages no requirement are called from contained making temperature was T - that the requirements as percent which cover at the It at performance 0 firstly, • cold way. THE observed the that and smooth, or cover on the l0°C of observation Provided in was the to physical the cover a same processes; T some for models. S. SOLAR average the S. might this 0 as partially some questions could of top Accuracy point of different such probably It would suggested of cloud detailed for an Sellers observation in might any modification T was on major region, the is of of CONSTANT rather 0 his isotopic ice difference by evaporating problems reality be significantly when local for and surface - the the for changes albedo also cover global increase the age ice-covered model. of these gained secondly, be pointed (Brueckner) plausible observations net large conclusions of conclusions cloud climate atmosphere external slowly NASA that which suggested or it builds of AND essentially 10 composition in input/output began must radiation of of temperature the zonal has of in effect from This of his it THE with percent cover. both the regions out Astrophysics affect the satellite indicates varying up control would radiation part modeling. always be assumptions parameters. model, EARTH'S Earth to is satellite Earth. - of correlations S. that that Suomi as solar global of solar required with surface because snow budget, of the different clouds. was the the in be been some of the functions dynamic observations of measurement to ATMOSPHERE or and spectrum. that energy Sellers the an irradiance by in zonal-average and recent indicated interesting data radiation suggested the Observations a Data on S temperature accuracy substantial. the in parameters Sellers to he completely the idea tropics. In - the about on polar than the on T the between improve the System pointed pointed balance tropics, 0 models GARP atmos­ a of of actual curve zonal solar third wide that first as had and the the the the 397 re­ for ice to of of a 1976SoPh...46..377Z 398 function percent of suggested and with a other terrestrial urement ing phere percent required detail e.g., on scattering transmission illustrates differ There However, model. real arguments dynamics Ozone into mechanism ties. Quirk Leith the by might © 6-hr Suomi The In Kaplan Foukal Leith In the properties need program. Kluwer question a atmosphere account These good the resolution discussion sampling only planets stressed diurnal is photochemistry. be said has fourth interval was He was error then of for of fifth needed in believes of of then a asked climate neither and a been in long-term latitude, suggesting that Academic the the considered in confirmed not resolution detail significant almost the order of adequately. talk, the Brueckner in discussed of talk and in variation the that non-LTE solar presented far problem, the their means L1A included Smith the development for terrestrial atmosphere what for this degree Kaplan's that modelers. was was Leith at UV. upper 1000 = rate the certainly at the atmosphere constant some Publishers models ,.\ 1 stability region that a would the assured given recommending we < A regretted difference about both that General models the standard of height described of years. returned line the 2000 tropical material in or approach could photochemical properties its radiation. model sophistication contribution 0 this of Quirk latter for suggested by needed better intensities. to be EDITED also of 10 3 inclusion and A. about that the were • consensus might 0.1 Kaplan. and, a experiment Sellers-type model the now the troposphere. percent He Provided in nor to on some change particularly solar accuracy requires suggested these in percent BY to the to the of relative 30 particularly, absence an considered described Quirk's measure early H. provide the equilibrium. that and understand an would aspects km. radiation experiment of He dynamics ZIRIN question of objects error in problems, was by Sch~mann-Runge equilibrium General the followed decrease start the of There first the and detailed models importance the the ET model of serious that increase a the a two of in by treatment AL. solar constant. solar NASA addressed experts that of positive Kaplan were few possibility of and of the developing is reflected much mesosphere solar Sellers This effects with such the Circulation takes particularly by the it and a high climate tenths of for study; spatial for receiving state Astrophysics the a ocean. rate would cloud accuracy the constant higher measurements. on studies put of solar surface-based feedback stratospheric of the would accuracy earlier Brueckner's discrepancy of solar 0 and NCAR/GCM the of the band. forward e.g., program resolution more in 3 mass. The a radiation Both and one accuracy Models and the 0 radiation one-time of atmospheres two did be of from in radiation, 2 of time be Data their destablilizing Atmospheric sophisticated in high dissociation, percent. comparable. attention Sampling H observation the Kaplan not runs qualitative very at resonance controlled 2 dynamics 0 monitor­ satellites problem (GCM's) question with constant because System than NCAR. stratos­ proper­ session. address terms. in meas­ which which great 1-2 and He the the 10 of of at 1976SoPh...46..377Z the mathematical, weather external is to of being change GCM's. inefficient but get model. statistics freedom. He to the perturbation presuming volcanic fluctuation forecasting climate matrix atmosphere approach solar regarding 'applied tion. measurements nesday that probably program 1959, © Leith the The remainder In Hanson Thekaekara the climate R(T) significant spoke hope no Kluwer atmosphere, recent the PROCEEDINGS He radiation a standard standard and - change A morning. equation forecasting. typical in fluctuations offered They parameter force' of how of and discussion eruption) suggested discussed due small filter measurement of research. a dissipation a called then Academic the models establishing values converges. conceptually of the transition to plans. 'climate and ca. mostly throw pointed of climatic present deviation deviation (e.g. of at a detect perturbation OF as described fluctuation of and is system 'climate'. attention the 1880-1920. the appear THE statistical should (e.g., GCM's would by the an following Experience the - required, a Publishers the some theorem in day-to-day to change' a change WORKSHOP: surface Leith atmosphere, from out variable). alternative afternoon the of standardizing 'real' It of of near addition the detail the simple to the be the only was that are the utility a light dissipation to for Smithsonian will solar problems be time change, Leith's change equilibrium in the There and in and, holds solar individual concerned NOAA considered • with Kimball's THE the also predicting work equation. about the Leith mid-latitude lead Provided on fluctuations. became of to most average and constant) Leith SOLAR particularly secondly, NWS in constant analogies these is the solar talk, noted prohibitive perhaps of history to the if theorem commented no 6 Global connected more adequate different CONSTANT scale values real mostly percent 1913 with the casually to by compilation records comparable it to atmosphere, by However, the constant, of that the was from the date preliminary the a promising of perturbation one of with It life correlation response the in Monitoring time-lagged to meteorological of which NASA a has natural what the economics pointed if AND GCM's. lower attainable connected discussion 'weather' IPS 1959 of is evolution problem the the with mentioned classical that anything been or not for U.S.-based direct THE variable relates record 'noise' to Astrophysics 1956 of then increased time of longterm than fluctuations, mentioned approach a encouraging. EARTH'S to out do A found direct R multivariate the experiments for statistical correlations of solar after linear of Session ( there with required of at for averaging T) and those of the that of analogous atmosphere (the 1000 variable detailed defining Climatic available the ATMOSPHERE scattered very of long-range the measurements, variation solar about intensity recovery simulation dust how regression the are the Data time beginning of the by E degrees day-to-day mechanics. specifically difficult parameter statistical 1950-54, on due physical, to system is study states intensity in with Hanson. R a climatic System average Change data present to a ( week, radia­ terms do Wed­ T to of show from very to ), and the the for 399 by on an an of to of of of it, in a a 1976SoPh...46..377Z

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PROCEEDINGS constant. the a Observations second be Measure boundaries. of calls over. years periods cavity sector decrease first A necessarily by drought between connected general For sector energy past last discussion on very due at billion last chief Academic the 0. and for also The the the talk, talk these 2-3 E: opinion with radiometer in spectral boundary little He R. of boundary strong about spectral sector problem discussion region. function OF solar cycle plausibility and in part models presented SUMMARY geological billion of White; began glacial J. sector THE with reasons, ice. the the after from Session Publishers years much D. was constant to a in structure geological WORKSHOP: irradiance area The direct measuring 20 years. moves irradiance of UV by of is structure. the Hays the space should should Rapporteurs: ice that of there not percent Sellers AND less observations a stressing last Hays' evidence D, of of what Western talk, radiation separated table cause the This hasn't low should past • yet these reviewed in expensive) THE Wilcox of be GENERAL be over evidence Provided have three the should Wilcox and solar He strongest the solved. with SOLAR indicates put pressure increase listing the considered of the been variations solar Plains and the be also Budyko G. three from been in discussed the abnormal Earth by radiation. very increased from CONSTANT be paleoclimatic supplemented space largest by DISCUSSION stated Chapman that more various the ground-based wind. mentioned much correlation. done, in troughs States. that the glacial three the opinion long space in theoretical the then there mainly as being than NASA Sun that There the the possible a AND cold longer the term soon (See planned absolute relatively solar correlation periods imply should and in Barth winter. has THE about which OF was low-latitude consensus that periods caused Astrophysics the as appears uniformity Table variations as For by constant Ron EARTH'S FUTURE measurements. been periods range, that a that possible, evolution there was northern ground-based be 5 or includes also accuracy time example, Wilcox short percent by Moore D-1). were the between proposed over life never there to ATMOSPHERE seemed with appears correlates changes OBSERVATIONAL marker over ( be coronal calibration of and ,._300 on Data ( even probably the ,._ emphasized the hemisphere of the about completely less priority is in 10 the the the gave past weather System the to a present. the though to climate NASA million million obser­ than rather in cause Earth direct holes be: same with a be Sun 2-3 401 the far not his 10 to of a it 1976SoPh...46..377Z 402 due the likely that eccentricity changes Possible present conclusion decrease Budyko though than the evolution allowed models shorter except through controlled that pointed the its He cut 6% areas variation' Labs ±0.1 a month has Hay's In variation Hays In (1) (2) (3) (4) Eddy (5) © orbit poles off solar listed solar to not of the Kluwer changes % it the the and of causes The Abbott's JPL Balloon Lowell changes is . the the Hays' period may cold during advance third out therefore varied which and sky by in characteristic There may second in now, constant constant. by of models the discussion N or summary observed that total spacecraft the the of of eckel the Academic were that periods, not ±1 continental of others paced Observatory arguments of have opinion following the in ±0.5%. the in the solar by volcanism. in measurements % data are solar such talk, climate the be radiation). time and the 1967-69. and turn observed indicates the concluded same by in more Earth's past influenced different problems by solar between emphasized of constant radiation one Eddy retreat glacial internal the 1967. following constant Publishers was solar the scale time measurements are the total 2-3 observational evidence models implied than drift, observational of geological that constant Smith observations based orbit changes summarized along a constant. scales which billion periods. of 10 enough that irradiance limit about of EDITED heat ± 1 % with climate. changes shortward 5 the have by glacial Hays' 5 rather and the • years mentioned on that does with we or are Provided we climate on Kondratyev of years these in could in BY 1920 solar the time evidence to can the He 10 the eccentricity ice possibly are results the the the not rule 2500, the H. were in than talk, evidence indicate of the measurements percent present only put ZIRIN was of 20 during data constant Earth now and sea solar scales the variability not changes last 'normal' constraints by that 3000 changes forward percent 400, more Robinson for based ET say planets level for the 1950 have in. such out 50 show disk, a and AL. (before probably one the atmosphere. discussed shorter limits A that life. NASA definite of Another years. 180, could larger most likely and on suggest climate been as and past the of and of Nikolsky in decrease positioning over 0.2% the Hall placed in the these on the 80 about volcanic the pointed the Astrophysics plausibly Earth's longward not than the history (> the due conflict solar does 5 the during the and point pointed models fact solar 5 % ) planet a changes percent is have fact cold on 1960's Sellers variability about past ± 1 % . to variability. implied that suggest constant not 22 that orbit. of the activity past brought that out of constant. the changes connected between periods been on is years. 25 the of out affect continents between variability Data compiled .rather felt less ice 2500 over increases atmosphere conference. that Sellers 2.3 years It Moon much by that a covered) probably of was as that out than µ He System may climate possible in stellar stellar an years. Hays' about more allow (5 large even with also and was and less felt the the the be by 18 or at at of in 1976SoPh...46..377Z that warned through produce IR Brueckner regions; variation other is made existing of is solar perature both each points definitely of concluded rotation ozone also by constant observational few ment fully the and Nimbus and © The In the In Next, White, Another (2) (1) (3) important the by the Prag Kluwer Nimbus it to will the discussion the reported layer the be PROCEEDINGS atmosphere, than of level water OSO-I, In Between of is following weather absorption were several solar that data a photoionization flown. third a rockets and will not the have minimum bombardment by and October of UV the modified short with significant the and that short made Academic at solar it a vapor satellite, (1) known photon that have on in UV Chapman modification around programs talk, which is satellite. calibration radiation that to years. following and the OSO-I talk the there ideas not that will the OF presentation their be radiation there a band 1979, around pointing is a 0. and THE NRL basic (heated) climate. plea whether completely was aid variation momentum launched radiometer, energy measure Publishers more the amount. the 2000 were R. can spectra. WORKSHOP: The and was (3) which and from of by given of the absorption White that physical White's temperature has Solrad-Hi rocket be 1900 important that connected of A contributed the out SMM less key energetic several its in absorption balance Solar sunspots was the a the will and in more the by in Heath variation established the Aerospace the which reviewed • A than variation part THE and the flights. but June talk, G. Provided given capability solar mechanisms there bear the solar Maximum taken radiation magnetic satellite SOLAR members of careful solar Brueckner of energy in 20% and not with expressed parts and particles minimum IR Foukal, 1975, on in UV spectrum by the the of will spectrum with the CONSTANT discussion an during in constant around dynamics the plages. by IR the variation G. that Corporation, scheme dynamics in of and be of (Nov. flux. this vertical in absolute active will the Mission Chapman and height solar of 11-year operating the Quirk the the measuring the both on in his NASA layer detailed flux below the study Mitchell the AND 100 UV by 75) rocket atmosphere solar becomes bulk the constant Aeronomy-Explorer is regions over during feeling of temperature of in of and period the of THE sunspots (SMM) instrument, µ audience, by above and or Astrophysics these the the of polar the of 2000 the for spectrum in are about the ozone 22-year EARTH'S calculations Kaplan simultaneous and a pointed the the various and each atmosphere. that on Earth's 2300-1100 atmosphere. new problem important measuring formed past 1968 wavelength A. the satellite space regions ozone Schumann-Runge in after the and 6% or ATMOSPHERE scheme, there layer. then structure all photosphere solar magnetic the and are out absorption NRL to Sun, Data observations over atmosphere. plages Eddy's emphasized in is for equatorial should will formed that in 197 may listed may Solrad-Hi produced His cycle. measure­ A the the satellite, the System Roosen rockets. (2) devised regions models a region 5. of hope­ 0.1 cycle main from tem­ solar solar be talk. next also that the 403 the H~ He be % of in is a 1976SoPh...46..377Z * 404 No. *2. blue, *1. SESSION said fall Baldy, absolute statement sent strong would funding chance operation Rapporteurs: ters visioned main would programs analyzing collaboration calibrate Chairman: spectral during 10-15 ments An © The (4) (5) (8) (7) (6) Zirin 0149). of Kluwer at asterisk that Jack Roger to Variations - and JPL During BBSO GSFC point NOAA µregion. should be 197 not personality four New remainder even of A. then the irradiance by flux. rather his ground-based should necessary in of Eddy the were 5 plans support indicates Harold long-term Academic THE Ulrich stations. NSF to Mexico. GARP and particular radiometer a will read a and Peter 1975-76 of will be data. long-term long-term come SOLAR discussed. short-term in radiometer (High spacecraft continuing be started JPL have and measure a contributed of Zirin would the measurements. (University long-term Foukal even carried proposed Roosen Committee, Publishers The the out BACKGROUND funding plan long-term Altitude Solar will KPNO radiometers observations. with (California as solar to have intent session program of the and be mission to funding out soon measurements papers for carry Luminosity' and hs discussion this Appendix EDITED a observations 'statement collaborate studying will solar from of constant to William for spectrometer • one Observatory): is and as observation for Provided California, Robinson out consisted .measure Finally be to a should funding BY intensity possible. Institute by at year. which the minimum measure running It the a H. Mt NASA line measuring long-term I. Adams was ZIRIN government. of manuscripts it in purpose, by Program on just be Laguna, the the by depths. of was concurred radiometer Los at of was would also the ET balloon funding the 'The daily changes of mainly NASA, a the for solar Technology) Solar AL. emphasized NASA Angeles): discussion 11 that agreed program. program and ground the were Last content KPNO California cost for years, spectrum Constant flights, Peacock for by solar sake monitoring that Astrophysics in ground-based received both measurements. about 500 that the NOAA. using space but will 'Solar and a Peacock and of of that constant 4/year / Years solar solar strong the (all in and data Workshop' $K that the stated also 5 be wording observations these the included Neutrinos view program. sampling 10.) constant Timothy Data at interested there flux, of support beginning collecting; work suggested yellow personality instrument measuring Mt the that radiome­ measure­ (Willson System in not is of in South Sun' to BBSO little NSF The rate and and and and the the en­ the be in to in a a 1976SoPh...46..377Z SESSION *1. Rapporteurs: *2. *3. *8. Chairman: *6. *4. SESSION *3. *2. Chairman: Rapporteurs: 9. 7. 4. 5. 3. 1. © Kluwer H. D. M. Adrienne Glenn J. J. Peter V. Donald G. James Data' G. Constant Spectral Irradiance S. Mission Radiation Regions Photometry of Stellar Solar (Naval Climate and Climatic Paleoclimate and PROCEEDINGS B. Murray C. B. Epstein the W. Neckel Labs C. E. P. Their Paleoclimate Oke Brueckner, MEASURING THE Foukal LaMarche Constant' Keith Academic James Thekaekara Lockwood Shaw Variability Radiation: Hays Research 0. J. Heath Do?' (Landessternwarte and Solar to Changes and Timothy CLIMATE -The Murray (California (Hamburger Mitchell Variations Measurements R. (California OF Solar of Pierce (University Solar Hays Cycles (Harvard Its (Lamont THE White Irradiance (NASA/Goddard Planets Publishers Role (Laboratory THE Measurement (Lowell J.-D. Variation Laboratory): WORKSHOP: by of and RECORD Can Mitchell (Lamont Variations' (NASA/Goddard (NASA (Kitt (NOAA and Solar SOLAR Isotope and With Institute of Possible Institute F. and Sternwarte They College Doherty of Peak General Earth-Based Observatory): and Barry Bartoe, and BACKGROUND • Irradiance' Heidelberg-Konigstuhl THE Solar CONSTANT Headquarters): Satellites' and in Alaska Doherty Provided Environmental be Techniques' of its National the of SOLAR the 'Absolute Evidence (From Observatory): Tree Gordon of LaBonte Tied Space Possible Activity' 0. Technology): Discussion' Geological Visible Observatory): - Technology): Need CONSTANT Geophysical Kjeldseth Space by Geological Ring to Measurements' an Flight Observatory) 'Evidence the the Hurford for for Astrophysicist's Solar Variations' and Research): 'What NASA Flight Data Sun? Long-Period AND Consistency Center): Observatory): Near 'The Moe, 'Absolute Intensities Observatory) THE 'On 'Measurement Institute): Service) Astrophysics for Can Observatory): Center): Contribution Infrared' and EARTH'S the Solar 'Notes 'Space the M. Accuracy Measurements View)' Variations 'Problems of Solar Variability 1750 ATMOSPHERE 'The E. 'Solar on 'Summary all Observations Data van of Postglacial 'The A-2100 Maximum Total Radiation f Active of Spectral of Hoosier Historic System of in Solar Solar from and the the 405 of of A 1976SoPh...46..377Z 406 Rapporteurs: Chairman: SESSION *4. *5. *6. *7. *3. SESSION *1. *8. *2. *3. Rapporteurs: *6. *5. Chairman: 2. 4. 1. © Kluwer G. C. L. J. R. Irradiance 0. J. ment F. W. Solar J. L. V. C. in Atmospheric stant urements and J. Variation Constant, RAD Ultraviolet' climatic and Kendall Eddy M. D. E. Haurwitz the Frohlich Hays C. Leith Robinson Suomi White Kaplan D. the Weather Dunkelman in of J. Wilcox, Constant Academic SUMMARY Willson WHAT 0. Radiometer' Solar G. G. Sellers Murray a Variations (High possible the (Lamont (NCAR): R. in (High on (University Climate Circumsolar (Jet in Robinson Chapman (University and HAPPENS Solar Constant (RAND 1951 White Extinction the (Center Climate Phenomena' L. (Jet Propulsion Altitude AND Measurements' Publishers (University R. Mitchell Altitude Svalgaard, Origins Region Constant: and Doherty Propulsion Model' 'Climate and (NASA/GSFC): W. (HAO) GENERAL TO and Corportion): and for of Modelling Allowed Plans Brusa Irradiance, THE Their of Observatory): EDITED A.3000 Wisconsin): of of (NOAA) Ron Observatory): the Laboratory): Ron • Chicago): ATMOSPHERE? and its Geological Provided Atmospheric and of DISCUSSION A for Possible (World Environment BY Laboratory): Moore A Variab~lity' Moore by Critical Arizona): P. Period General H. to the H. 'The & ZIRIN ,.\ by 'Heat 'Weather Radiation the 7000 Scherrer 'Solar 'Summary Causes' Observations' 'Measurements OF Review' Observatory): ET the 1975-76' 'Comments Effect Circulation Absorption Solar FUTURE AL. 'The A: NASA Balance 'JPL and Mt Spectral of (Stanford): and Constant Center, Man): Effect Absolute of Astrophysics OBSERVATIONAL Reducing Lemmon, the Problems' on Ozone, Studies Bands' of 'Summary 'Estimates the Possible of Davos): Stefan-Boltzmann Made lrradiance 'Sector Radiometry Solar Solar the Arizona and at Data NCAR' Solar with Variability 'Measure­ PROGRAMS Spectrum the of Structure Constant of System Paleo­ Meas­ PAC­ Solar Solar Con­ and and 1976SoPh...46..377Z Chapman, De Frohlich, Brueckper, Adams, Epstein, Eddy, Dunkelman, Foukal, Hall, Hanson, Haurwitz, Labonte, Hurford, Hays, Heath, Kaplan, Kjeldseth Kendall, 4. 5. 6. nology, strahlungszentrum, Research Colo. 90009 Center, Institute 20375 Mass. 85725 Rand ogy, © nology, Pasadena, 5734 Luisi, Kluwer G. G. Future Solar Around Donald James John PROCEEDINGS Pasadena, Donald S. Willian 80302 Brueckner Corporation, 02138 Chapman Peter, Lewis Kirby, Appendix Samuel, Barry Gordon Sr., John, Moe, Pasadena, Greenbelt, Claus, Frank, Pasadena, Gary Ellis of Constant' Academic Laboratory, A., Guenther L., Observational D., Calif. N., Technology, 1900 James D., Olav, J., F., Harvard Laboratory National Avenue, High A., ERL/NOAA, M., Lamont Kitt Physical Calif. OF J., Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Solar Geological (Aerospace 91103 NASA/Goddard A Department (Naval II. Aerospace THE Solar Calif. Calif. Solar Naval CH- Publishers M., Md Peak Altitude 1700 Over E., List WORKSHOP: 91125 Washington, Astronomy Doherty Chicago, Center College 7270 20771 Sciences Jet Astronomy Research Pasadena, 91125 Astronomy E. 91125 National Programs. of for Research Main the Participants Propulsion Boulder, and 0. Corporation): Observatory, Corporation, Optical Davos Past f Geophysical of • for THE Geological Street, Provided Observatory, Ill. Hulbert Department, Planetary Department, Observatory, Space Atmospheric Laboratory): Solar Laboratory, SOLAR Calif. D.C. 60637 Department, Platz, Department, Astronomy, Colo. Santa Laboratory, at Cycle' CONSTANT Flight by 20375 91125 Center P.O. Boulder, Oberwiesstrasse Observatory, Solar 'A the 80302 Sciences Monica, Sciences, Climate 60 New code Box NASA California Center, P.O. Observatorium, Research, 'Observations Constant NASA/Goddard AND California for Garden California 92957, Colo. Scheme 7142 Box 4800 THE Astrophysics Calif. Space Department, Dynamics Greenbelt, University Palisades, EARTH'S 26732, M, Institute Workshop 80302 Box Str~t, 4, Oak Los for 90406 Institute Institute Washington, Research, Switzerland of 3000, Angeles, ATMOSPHERE Measuring Grove Davos Program, Tucson, the Data Space N.Y. Cambridge, of of Md California Solar Technol­ of Boulder, Chicago, of System 20771 10964 Drive, Tech­ Naval Flight Tech- Welt­ Calif. Ariz. D.C. The UV the 407 1976SoPh...46..377Z Labs, 408 Lamarche, Moore, Mitchell, Neckel, Lockwood, Pierce, Oke, Leith, Peacock, Smith, Shaw, Roosen, Robinson, Quirk, Sromovsky, Suomi, Sellers, Thekaekara, Tanaka, Timothy, Venkateswaran, White, Wagner, Ulrich, © Tucson, ogy, Washington, Calif. Ariz. Germany N.Y. Wisc. Ariz. Street, 20910 Md Albuquerque, 1225 Center S.W. Los Angeles, Kluwer J.B., D., 20742 Glenn, C. William, Angeles, Pasadena, Keith, Verner, Elske Oran Ronald Roger W. 10025 Washington, 85726 W. 85721 91125 Heinz Robert Katsuo, W. Hartford, E., Landessternwarte, J. Dennis, Greenbelt, Adrienne Ariz. G. Astronomy V. Academic D., G. Dayton Los F.R. L. Murray, J.,. National R., Matthew Geophysical v. D., Kitt K., L., W., Hamburger D.C. L., Institute A., Goddard Space Sacramento Calif. Angeles, 85721 G., P., N.M. S. Tokyo NCAR/High Calif. The Astronomy Atmospheric Laboratory Solar Peak V., Lowell Conn. University Street, Astronomy F., NASA/G.S.F.C. 20550 Publishers D.C. Md NOAA Science 90024 87131 Center Department, Center Department P., NASA 91125 of Astronomical Astronomy National 20771 Institute Calif. Institute, 06120 20547 Observatory, Atmospheric Madison, Sternwarte, Upper Peak 69 EDITED Department, for for and Environmental Altitude of of Headquarters, • Program, 90024 Heidelberg Sciences Provided Wisconsin, the Atmospheric Observatory, Tree for Observatory, Engineering Atmosphere of University BY California Department New Wisc. Space Environment Meteorology, H. Observatory, 2050 Observatory, Ring Sciences, Flagstaff, ZIRIN Section, University Mexico by University 53706 1, Studies, the ET 1225 Hamburg Research, Institute Code Koenigstuhl, of Data Research, 950 Center, Sunspot, AL. Branch, NASA Alaska, California University Station, National Ariz. W. and University Mitaka, N. SG, 2880 of Service, Boulder, of of Astrophysics Dayton Cherry Maryland, University 80, Man, 86001 California, University Fairbanks, 400 N.M. Goddard Technology, Boulder, Broadway, 800 Germany, Science Institute Gojenbergsweg Tokyo, of Maryland Silver Inc., Colo. Yale of 88349 Avenue, Arizona, Street, California, College of 275 Colo. Data Los Space Alas. Foundation, of Blvd., Japan of Spring, 80302 New Wisconsin, Pasadena, F.R. Madison, Technol­ Arizona, Windsor Angeles, Avenue, Tucson, System Tucson, 80302 99701 York, Flight N.E., Park, 112 Md Los 1976SoPh...46..377Z Willson, Zirin, Wilcox, © Calif. Pasadena, Pasadena, Kluwer PROCEEDINGS Harold, John 94305 Richard Academic Calif. Calif. M., Solar OF Institute 91103 91125 C., THE Astronomy Publishers WORKSHOP: Jet of Propulsion Plasma • THE Department, Provided SOLAR Research, Laboratory, CONSTANT by the California NASA Stanford AND 4800 THE Astrophysics Institute EARTH'S University, Oak ATMOSPHERE of Grove Data Technology, Stanford, System Drive, 409