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A Key Unit for Understanding Late Cretaceous Evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey

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A Key Unit for Understanding Late Cretaceous Evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey PALAEO-07329; No of Pages 17 Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xxx (2015) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey Okan Tüysüz a,⁎, Mihaela C. Melinte-Dobrinescu b, İsmail Ömer Yılmaz c, Sabri Kirici d, Lilian Švabenická e,PetrSkupienf a Istanbul Technical University, Eurasia Institute of Earth Sciences, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey b National Institute of Marine Geology and Geo-ecology (GEOECOMAR), Bucharest, 23–25 Dimitrie Onciul Street, RO 024053, Romania c Middle East Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Dept. of Geology, ODTÜ, Ankara, Turkey d Turkish Petroleum Co, Söğütözü Mahallesi 2180. Cad. 86, 06520 Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey e Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 131/3, 118 21 Praha 1, Czech Republic f VSB, Technical University Ostrava, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Institute of Geological Engineering, 17, Listopadu 15, Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic article info abstract Article history: The Pontides forming the south-western continental margin of the Black Sea consist of two tectonic units, the Received 20 January 2015 Istanbul Zone in the west, and the Sakarya Zone in the central and eastern parts. The Sinop Basin in the Sakarya Received in revised form 19 June 2015 Zone is filled, from base to top, by Hauterivian to Albian turbidites, Cenomanian–Turonian red pelagic sediments, Accepted 24 June 2015 Turonian–Campanian magmatic-arc and related deposits, and by the uppermost Campanian to middle Eocene Available online xxxx post-magmatic units developed on the southern passive margin of the Black Sea. Based on nannofossil, dinofla- ğ ı – Keywords: gellate, Foraminifera and Radiolaria data we describe the Kapanbo az Formation, a Cenomanian Turonian unit Central Pontides in the Sinop Basin, represented by red calcareous/siliceous pelagic shales, limestones and cherts passing gradu- Sinop Basin ally from the Albian black shales. These sediments possibly represent deepest depositional conditions of the Albian–Turonian interval basin during the Cenomanian–Turonian interval and also reflect the transition from an anoxic to an oxic Litho- and biostratigraphy palaeoenvironmental setting. The Istanbul Zone to the west was emerged during the deposition of the Tectonics Kapanboğazı Formation in the Sakarya Zone. Palaeoenvironment In the Pontides, red pelagic sediments were deposited at different times during the Cenomanian–Maastrichtian interval. Because the Kapanboğazı Formation was deposited only in the Sakarya Zone and because it is present in limited outcrops due to structural reorganization and thick overlying volcanoclastic pile, most previous au- thors assumed Cenomanian–Turonian hiatus. Herein we describe detailed palaeontological data from this unit and discuss their importance to the interpretation of depositional history and tectonics of the Black Sea region, as well as climatic and eustatic implications. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction Zonguldak and Ulus basins in the Istanbul Zone, and the Hauterivian up to Cenomanian sediments of the Sinop Basin in the Sakarya Zone The western part of the Pontides (Ketin, 1966; Şengör and Yılmaz, (Figs. 1band2), reflect opening and deepening periods of these basins 1981; Okay and Tüysüz, 1999), forming the southern continental mar- (Tüysüz, 1999). gin of the Black Sea, consists of two tectonic units: the Istanbul Zone Different opinions on the stratigraphic evolution of these basins in the west and the Sakarya Zone in the east (Fig. 1a; Okay, 1989; have been presented in the literature. According to Okay et al. (2006, Okay and Tüysüz, 1999). These two tectonic units are also known, geo- 2013), and an earlier opinion of Şengör and Yılmaz (1981), the Istanbul graphically, as the Western and Central Pontides, respectively. The Zon- and Sakarya zones juxtaposed before the Late Jurassic, and Lower Creta- guldak and Ulus basins in the Istanbul Zone, and the Sinop Basin in the ceous sediments filling these basins were fed by a common source to the Sakarya Zone (Fig. 1b) were mainly filled by Lower Cretaceous sedi- north. Okay et al. (2006, 2013) assumed that the Pontides had collided ments and by Upper Cretaceous volcanic/volcanosedimentary rocks with a continental Domuzdağ fragment to the south during the Albian (Fig. 2). The Upper Barremian up to Albian sediments of both the stage, and this collision caused the development of a regional metamor- phism along the southern periphery, and the uplifting and emergence of the Western and Central Pontides. ⁎ Corresponding author. Based on calcareous nannoplankton biostratigraphy, Hippolyte et al. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (O. Tüysüz), [email protected] (M.C. Melinte-Dobrinescu), [email protected] (İ.Ö. Yılmaz), [email protected] (2010) showed that sedimentation was continuous in the Zonguldak (S. Kirici), [email protected] (L. Švabenická), [email protected] (P. Skupien). Basin from the Late Barremian to Late Albian in a deepening upward http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.028 0031-0182/© 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Please cite this article as: Tüysüz, O., et al., The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.028 2 O. Tüysüz et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xxx (2015) xxx–xxx ). (For interpretation of the references to colour in Tüysüz et al., 2012 ry between Istanbul and Sakarya Zones (Intra-Pontide Suture, after ed geological map of the Pontides. Red dashed line indicates bounda fi a: Tectonic units of Turkey; b: simpli gure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) fi this Fig. 1. Please cite this article as: Tüysüz, O., et al., The Kapanboğazı formation: A key unit for understanding Late Cretaceous evolution of the Pontides, N Turkey, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.06.028 O. Tüysüz et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology xxx (2015) xxx–xxx 3 Fig. 2. Stratigraphic chart of the Cretaceous of the Istanbul and Sakarya zones. Lower Cretaceous sediments of the Zonguldak basin are represented by marginal marine sediments at the base. These consists of the Çengelli, İncigez, Kilimli and Velibey formations (shallow marine siliciclastics) and Kapuz formation (platform carbonate) at the base and the Sapça and Tasmaca formations at the top (deepening-upward glauconitic sandstones and bluish marls, respectively). The Ulus and Çağlayan formations are represented by siliciclastic turbidites with debris- flow horizons. See the text for the other formations (partly modified after Tüysüz et al., 2004). environment, in contrast to the Albian uplift hypothesis of Okay et al. that the Dereköy Formation forms the first common cover of the Istan- (2013). The Zonguldak Basin was uplifted and eroded during the bul and Sakarya zones, and postdates the juxtaposition of these zones Cenomanian as previously indicated by Tüysüz (1999). Except for the during the Cenomanian, just prior to the start of the Pontide arc suspicious ammonite finding by Tokay (1952) no other fossil data indi- magmatism. cate a depositional interval in the Istanbul Zone during the Cenomanian The Dereköy Formation is unconformably overlain by the Upper stage. Santonian pelagic limestones of the Unaz Formation and volcanic/ The Hauterivian to Albian sediments of the Sinop Basin in the volcanosedimentary rocks of the Campanian Cambu Formation (Fig. 2). Sakarya Zone are also represented by deepening-upward siliciclastic Following the report of Ketin and Gümüş (1963),subsequentstudies sediments. In contrast to the Istanbul Zone, the Cenomanian–Turonian by Görür et al. (1993), Okay et al. (2006) and Hippolyte et al. (2010) interval in this basin was the deposition time of deep marine sediments, erroneously used the name “Kapanboğazı Formation” for all Upper namely the Kapanboğazı Formation (Fig. 2). This formation was Cretaceous red pelagic sediments occurring in the Western and Central originally described by Ketin and Gümüş (1963) as being composed of Pontides, without reference to their age and stratigraphic position. red pelagic micritic limestone and shale. In the original description, Recently, Tüysüz et al. (2012) separated and described one of these sed- these authors determined the age of the formation as Upper imentary horizons, the Unaz Formation, and discussed its importance Cenomanian–Turonian based on the planktic foraminifera Ticinella for the geological evolution of the Black Sea region. roberti, Globigerinella aequilateralis, Globotruncana delrioensis turbinata, The aim of this paper is to present the newly acquired data on the Globotruncana renzi, Globotruncana imbricata, Globotruncana lapparenti lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Kapanboğazı Formation inflata, Globotruncana lapparenti lapparenti, Globotruncana lapparenti that was deposited at the beginning of the Late Cretaceous times only coronata, Globotruncana lapparenti bulloides,andGlobotruncana in the Sakarya Zone. Observed modifications in the overall geological lapparenti tricarinata. context are linked herein to tectonic and eustatic changes. According to Tüysüz (1999) the Istanbul and the Sakarya zones were separated by the Intra-Pontide
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