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Stolon Effects on Growth and Development of Potato (Solanum

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Stolon Effects on Growth and Development of Potato (Solanum AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Joyce Ann Thompson for the degree of Master of Science in Crop Science presented on July 24. 1989 Title: Stolon Effects on Growth and Development of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Nodal Cuttings Abstract approved:_Redacted for Privacy Experiments were conducted to determine: (1) effects ofpre- transplant stolon formation on performance ofpotato transplants in the field and greenhouse; (2) effects of parent plant nodalposition on productivity of rooted nodal cuttings; and (3) relationships between photoperiod and stolon formation. The effects of early stolon formationon Russet Burbank trans- plants were studied using transplants with stolonspresent, stolons absent, and stolons removed. Field studies revealed no significant treatment effects on total yield, number of tubers per plant, weight per tuber or numbers of eyes per tuber. In greenhouse studies, the presence of stolons on transplants significantly increased total tuber yield, number of tubersper plant, weight per tuber, and eyes per tuber compared with plantlets with stolons absent at transplanting. Early stolon formation decreased transplant height but, as potato plants matured, treatment effects on vine length became negligible. Dry weight of mature top growth was not affected by early stolon formation. Transplants were taller, more tubers per plant were produced, tuber sizewas reduced, and total yield was lower in the first planting date thanin the second planting date in the greenhouse study of experimentone. Lower light intensity during the nodal increase andcrop growth may partially explain the significant differences in plantgrowth. Use of lower parent plant nodal sections for transplantproduc- tion favored plant survival, early stolon formation,and high tuber yield. Central-to-lower parent plant nodal sections produced taller transplants than upper nodal sections. Nodal position did not significantly affect numbers of tubersper plant, tuber weight, or number of eyes per tuber. Short (8-hour) days in comparison to long (16-hour)days favored early stolon formation and increased stolon lengthon rooted nodal cuttings. Transplant height was reduced by short days. Stolon Effects on Growth and Development of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Nodal Cuttings by Joyce Ann Thompson A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Completed July 24, 1989 Commencement June 1990 APPROVED: A 4 . Redacted for Privacy Professor or trop science in cnarge of major Redacted for Privacy vcircaLL.mcvt. vi uLup auieuee Redacted for Privacy Dean of scnooi Date thesis is presented July 24, 1989 Typed by Joyce Ann Thompson for Joyce Ann Thompson This thesis is dedicated to the memory of my mother Shirley I. Thompson ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my appreciation to Dr. Alvin Mosley for serving as my major professor and for his help and guidance during my graduate program. Thanks also to Dr. Harry Mack for serving as my minor professor and to Dr. Floyd Bolton for serving on my graduate committee. Special thanks are also extended to Dr. Mary Powelson for serving as my graduate school representative, offering me special encouragement, and devoting extra time to editing this thesis. My appreciation is extended to Barbara Rossbacher for sharing with me her expertise in word processing and computer operation. Sincere gratitude is extended to my dear friends Libby Bailey and Judy Nelson who, out of kindness and concern for me, providedme with much needed moral support. I would also like to thank Tom Jahns for offering me the use of his computer, for help with data analysis, and for his constant encouragement and belief in me during this endeavor. A special thank you to my father, Orville Thompson, for his patience and support; for without him this thesis would never have been written. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 Stolon Induction 3 Tuber Induction 6 MATERIALS AND METHODS 11 Plant Propagation Methods 11 Experiment 1. Effect of stolons at transplanting on 13 field and greenhouse performance of Russet Burbank transplants Field Study 13 Greenhouse Study 14 Experiment 2. Effect of nodal origin on greenhouse 16 performance of Russet Burbank transplants Experiment 3. Effect of daylength on stolon 18 formation and stem elongation by Russet Burbank nodal cuttings. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 20 Experiment 1. Effect of stolons at transplanting on 20 field and greenhouse performance of Russet Burbank transplants Field Study 20 Greenhouse Study 23 Experiment 2. Effect of nodal origin on greenhouse 33 performance of Russet Burbank transplants Experiment 3. Effect of daylength on stolon 42 formation and stem elongation by Russet Burbank nodal cuttings. CONCLUSIONS 46 BIBLIOGRAPHY 48 LIST OF TABLES Table EAU. 1. Effect of stolons at plantingon field performance 21 of Russet Burbank transplants 2. Effect of stolon formation on stem length of 24 greenhouse-grown Russet Burbank plantletsat transplanting 3. Effect of stolons at plantingon greenhouse performance 26 of Russet Burbank transplants 4 Effect of pre-plant stolon formationon mature vine 30 lengths of Russet Burbank transplants in the greenhouse 5 Effect of pre-plant stolon formationon dry matter 32 production of Russet Burbank topgrowth in thegreenhouse 6 Effect of nodal origin on length of greenhouse-grown 34 Russet Burbank cuttings at transplanting andat tuber harvest 7. Effect of nodal origin on greenhouse performanceof 36 Russet Burbank rooted cuttings 8. Effect of nodal origin on numbers of stolonsper rooted 39 Russet Burbank cutting at transplanting 9. Effect of nodal origin on dry weights ofgreenhouse-grown 40 Russet Burbank rooted cuttings at tuber harvest 10. Effect of nodal origin on survival ofgreenhouse-grown 40 Russet Burbank cuttings 11. Effect of daylength on stolon formation and 43 elongation on Russet Burbank nodal cuttings 12. Effect of daylength on stem elongationon Russet 45 Burbank nodal cuttings STOLON EFFECTS ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF POTATO (SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L.) NODAL CUTTINGS INTRODUCTION Potatoes are traditionally grown from seed tubers instead of true potato seed or transplants. Viruses, many of which are diffi- cult to visually detect, and other diseases are spread by traditional seed tuber propagation. Infected seed tubers transmit diseases to succeeding generations (Mellor and Stace-Smith 1977). The problem is aggravated by contaminated seed cutting equipmant. No chemical or physical treatment has been developed to eliminate viruses from plants (Wang 1980). Because multiplication of viruses and metabolism of the host are closely associated, attempts to selectively interfere with replication of the virus without adversely affecting the normal metabolic processes of the plant have proven unsuccessful (Kartha 1981). In vitro tissue culture methods, developed in the 1950's, permitted the production of disease-free potato plants. These techniques aided the study of potato viruses and helped to determine the exact location of viral infection in the plant. Studies have shown that the shoot and root apices of virus infected plants usually contain few, if any, virus particles (Wang 1980). In vitro tip culture is one of the most efficient methods of eliminating viral pathogens from crop plants. Tissue culture has made it possible to determine regions of lowest virus concentration in plants. These areas, usually shoot tips, can then be removed from 2 the plant, regenerated in vitro, andsufficient populations of clean breeding material can then be produced. The production of virus free plants is perhapsthe most impor- tant benefit from improved potato tissue culture techniques. Inabil- ity to produce disease free tubers has beena major barrier to optimum production in many developing countries. Virus diseases initially increase with each field generation untilvirtually all plants are infected with any of severalviruses. Yields can be substantially reduced depending on viruses involved(Van Uyen 1983). Human population growth and an improvedstandard of living in the world today dictate the need for maximumcrop yields and quality. Virus-free planting stock is essentialto achieving these goals. New in vitro tissue culture methodsnot only enable researchers to produce virus free plants and study tuberinduction, but also makes possible the production of thousandsof genetically identical plants from a single cutting in onlya few months. Less space and time is required for potato transplantproduction from rooted nodal cuttings than for seed tuber production. Stage of plant development at transplantingmay affect yield and quality of the potato crop. Studies of the presence of stolons at transplanting, daylength and parent plant nodal positionare needed to determine effects on transplant growth, and tuber yield and quality. 3 LITERATURE REVIEW Stolon Induction Stolons, which are modified, lateralstems, usually arise from subterranean nodes. Stolons differ from green shoots in thatthey contain no chlorophyll, have elongatedinternodes, hooked tips and a horizontal growth habit. The exact mechanism for stolon inductionin the potato plant is not yet fully understood. It has been suggested that interactions among light intensity and duration, moisture,temperature, and hormonal balances regulate stolon induction. Kumar and Wareing (1971) demonstrated that,even though other factors are involved, the most favorable conditions for stolon inductionare darkness and high humidity. In less than favorable conditions, stoloninduction
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