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UNIVERSITY of CALGARY Approval Page Approval Page Phonological Reconstruction and the Aghem Central Vowels by David Thormoset A UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Approval Page Phonological Reconstruction and the Aghem Central Vowels by David Thormoset A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF LINGUISTICS CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER, 2007 © David Thormoset 2007 Abstract Aghem, Bu, Isu, Weh and Zhoa are Grassfields languages from the North West Province of Cameroon. This study attempts to understand the unusual case of the four highest vowels of Aghem /i, ɨ, u, ʉ/ which are, as already noted by Hyman (1979a:6), in complementary distribution in all but one environment, following dental fricatives. In an attempt to better understand this unusual pattern, a comparative, phonological reconstruction has been undertaken in the above-mentioned, five languages and those findings are incorporated into this work. However, since the comparative work fails to satisfactorily explain the Aghem vowel distribution, this study also seeks insight from the large body of existing Bantu scholarship, including Proto- Bantu lexical reconstructions. This is a reasonable approach since Bantu is considered to be closely related to the Grassfields languages which are on its border (Schadeberg 1980; Watters 2003). This paper concludes that both the central vowels in Aghem, and the spirantization that generally accompanies them arise from a variety of historical processes, one of which appears to be vowel contraction of the kind first suggested by Meinhof (1932). Acknowledgements This thesis has been a ‘work in progress’ for five years. Beyond any doubt, the person who has borne the brunt of this prolonged exercise has been my wife and it is to her that I want to express my deepest gratitude. Thank you, Henny, for your steadfast love, patience and encouragement as I struggled to see the patterns and understand their implications. You have watched me ride the roller-coaster and you’ve been strong and stable for the whole distance, all this while working on your own MA. I love you! This period of time has also seen all of our children move from their teens into adulthood and they too have been loving and understanding as I spent countless hours in front of books and computers that I would far rather have spent with them. Thank you Nathan and Leah, Stefan and Nicole, and Sonya; I love you all too and am looking forward to making up for some of that lost time. My heartfelt thanks also goes Nelson Tschonghongei for his help in gathering the necessary data and for his availability every time I had yet another question about Aghem. Tsɔŋ, zɔ̀ŋkɨ̂a naʼ e dzɨ̀m! Congratulations on your own academic achievements and ‘more grease to your elbows’. Your drive and commitment are a constant source of encouragement and inspiration. Finally, thank you Lord God, for life, health, strength and language! As I have explored these Grassfields and Bantu languages, I have often been filled with wonder at the variety and complexity of all that you have created. Dedication In memory of our eldest son, Andreas Michael Thormoset 1982-2001 Table of Contents Approval Page ............................................................................................................i Abstract.....................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................iv Dedication.................................................................................................................. v List of Abbreviations................................................................................................ix List of Symbols ........................................................................................................ix Chapter One IntroductionIntroduction.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Intent ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aghem and the Grassfields Languages .................................................. 2 1.2.1 Geographical Placement ..................................................................... 2 1.2.2 Linguistic Classification ..................................................................... 3 1.2.3 Oral History ........................................................................................ 4 1.3 A810 in Relationship to Grassfields and Bantu ..................................... 8 1.3.1 Early Studies of Bantu........................................................................ 8 1.3.2 The Grassfields – Bantu Connection .................................................. 9 1.3.3 A810 as a Member of Grassfields ....................................................13 1.4 Evidence for the Relationship between Bantu and Grassfields ........... 14 1.4.1 Guthrie’s Criteria for Bantu Membership ........................................ 14 1.4.2 Bantu characteristics in Grassfields and Aghem.............................. 17 1.5 Noun Classes in PA810 ........................................................................ 20 1.6 Summary ...............................................................................................25 Chapter Two Theoretical Framework, Methodology, and Challenges............... 26 2.1 Theoretical Foundations........................................................................ 26 2.1.1 The Neogrammarian Framework...................................................... 26 2.1.2 Evolutionary Phonology ................................................................... 28 2.2 Scope of the Study................................................................................35 2.2.1 Data Source....................................................................................... 36 2.2.2 Data Selection ................................................................................... 37 2.3 Challenges in Reconstruction ............................................................... 42 2.3.1 Divergence, Convergence, and Diffusion......................................... 44 2.3.2 Reconstructions and Context ............................................................ 48 2.4 Segment Comparison............................................................................50 2.4.1 Corresponding Identical Segments ...................................................52 2.4.2 Regular Corresponding Segments ....................................................56 2.5 Summary ...............................................................................................57 Chapter Three A810 ReconstructionsReconstructions....................................................................................................................................................................................................5959 3.1 Presentation of Data..............................................................................59 3.2 Consonants in PA810............................................................................ 61 3.2.1 Oral occlusives.................................................................................. 66 3.2.2 Nasal occlusives................................................................................ 74 3.2.3 Prenasalized Stops............................................................................. 77 3.2.4 Fricatives........................................................................................... 80 3.2.5 Affricates........................................................................................... 84 3.2.6 Liquids & Approximants ..................................................................87 3.3 Vowels in PA810 .................................................................................. 89 3.3.1 Simple Vowels .................................................................................. 93 3.3.2 Diphthongs ........................................................................................ 98 3.4 Summary ............................................................................................... 99 Chapter Four Spirantization and the Aghem Central VowelsVowels......................................................100 4.1 Description and Distribution of the Four Highest Vowels ................ 101 4.1.1 Typological considerations ............................................................. 103 4.1.2 Evidence from Previous Research in A810.................................... 103 4.1.3 Instrumental Analysis of Central Vowels in Aghem .....................105 4.2 The Problem of Distribution............................................................... 108 4.2.1 Palatalized Consonant Series? ........................................................109 4.3 Insight from Proto-Bantu....................................................................112 4.3.1 Aghem correlates of PB High Vowels ...........................................114 4.3.2 First degree vowels as [+ATR]....................................................... 116 4.3.3 First degree vowels as [i], [u].........................................................118 4.3.4 The Problem of PB Variants........................................................... 120 4.4 The Meinhof/Bourquin View of 1st Degree Vowels ..........................122
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