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) Capt S S Department of History, University of Goa, Talejego Plateau, Bambolim-Goa 403202

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) Capt S S Department of History, University of Goa, Talejego Plateau, Bambolim-Goa 403202 SIDDIS OF JANJIRA AND .THE PORTUGUESE Ph.D. Thesis by Raghuraj Singh Chauhan ) cAPt s s Department of History, University of Goa, Talejego Plateau, Bambolim-Goa 403202. 1993 STATEMENT I hereby state that the research work carried out by me for the Ph.D. Degree Thesis entitled 'Siddis of Janjira and the Portuguese' is my original work done in the Directorate of Archives, Archaeology and Museum, Government of Goa, Panjim, under the supervision of Dr. P.P. Shirodkar. I have also to state that I have not been awarded any Degree or Diploma or any other academic award by Goa University or any other University or Body for the Thesis submitted by me now. Signatu th Research Scholar 2-10-93 Certified that the statements made by the Candidate are correct. Gu ing Teacher. Date: 2nd October 1993. - CONTENTS Pages Acknowledgement IV-V Chapter I Introduction 1-16 Chapter II - Siddis' settlements in India and their rise from Slavery to Royalty 17-59 Chapter III Siddis versus Marathas with special reference to the Mughalsr and the Portuguese diplomacy 60-101 Chapter IV Marathas versus Siddis and the Portuguese 102-165 Chapter V - The victorious campaigns'of the Marathas against the Siddis and the Portuguese 166-224 Chapter VI - Siddi-Maratha ties vis-a-vis Portuguese and the British 225-299 Chapter VII - Later Siddis 300-322 Chapter VIII - Conclusion 323-350 Appendix A - Portuguese documents with English Summaries 351-365 Appendix B - Glossary 366-370 Bibliography 371-388 - IV - ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I owe this thesis to the initiative and unfailing encouragement of Dr. P.P. Shirodkar, Director of Archives, Archaeology and Museum, Pananji, Goa under whom I had the rare privilege of undertalang this study. No amount of words will ever adequately express my sense of gratitude to him. It was he who was instrumental in inducing me to learn the Portuguese language in 1979, which soon proved to be a boon to me in pursuing the research work at Goa Archives for over nine years. His valuable ideas, wise comments and inspiring guidance enabled me to unravel the enigmatic past of the Siddi community of African origin in India through the ages. I took up this topic because no scholar has so far tried to probe deeply into.this subject as this study does. The thesis is based mainly on original documents, fresh interpretations, original thinking and in many cases on unpublished Portuguese documents as is evident from its contents and references. It forms a very significant chapter in the history of India and has an international appeal as it throws altogether new light not only on the relations of the Siddis with the Portuguese but also with the Indian potentates of the time and other European powers on the Indian coasts. Also, it puts a new focus on the African diaspora in India requiring greater attention of the larger society in the country as well as in Africa. I have benefitted much with 'Pissurlencar Collection' preserved in Goa University's Library and feel indebted to its Librarian, Shri V.R. Navelkar, Deputy Librarian, Goa University f Documentation Officer in Latin American Centre, Goa University and the specialit Ms. Archana Kakodkar, who went out of the way in providing me books and periodicals for consultat.ions and photostat copies of the material. Most important are the records of Goa Archives which provided me the rich unpublished sources for my work. My heartiest thanks are due to Shri S.S. Rivonkar, Archivist (Publications) who supplied me a number of voluminous Portuguese records with a smile. I shall be failing in my duties if I do not thank Shri Arvind Yalgi and Shri Ram Sambrekar, Librarian and Assistant Librarian respectively at Goa Archives Reference Library, for supplying me books and periodicals. I sincerly thank Shri M.L. Dicholkar, Ms. Josefina Sapeco, Ms. Vishranti S. Lotlikar and Ms. Shobha A. Mayekar for helping me in various ways in my work. I feel indebted to Shri V.T. Pillai who typed the complicated manuscript intelligently and painstakingly with good cheer. I also thank Shri Kushal Pal, Layout Artist (National Museum, New Delhi) for preparing drawings of maps and art work of coins. R.R.S. Chauhan CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The fortified island of Janjira, which is the focal point of our analysis located between Kolaba and Ratnagiri in Western Maharashtra in 17° 59' and 18° 32'N latitude and 72° 57' and 73° 21'E longitude, is about 70 Kms south of Bombay. Almost the whole area is overlaid by hill ranges which run somewhat parallel to the arms of the sea1 . Janjira is situated in Konkan which includes the areas between the Western Ghats and the Indian Ocean, from Daman on the north to that of Terekhol on the Goa frontier, on the south. The entire Konkan tract, which measures about 512 kilometres in length and a breadth varying from 48 to 96 kilometres is divided into the Idistricts of old Thana, Kolaba and -Ratnagiri, and the former principalities of Janjira and Sawantwadi. Konkan with its protracted coastline, convenient harbours and comparative closeness to the Arabian coast drew 2 the attention of the earliest travellers . The descendants of immigrant Jews, Parsis, Abyssinians and Arabs still found there in large numbers further speak gTeatly about its historicity. The modern Konkan is divided into north and south Konkan, meaning the parts north and south of Bombay. Viewed from the sea-side, the coast appears to be a continuous row of hills. Curiously, imposing rocks emerge all of a sudden from the swelling sea and at times misty sandy beaches become visible between the very high boulders and the vast ocean. The rocky embankment is very often dotted by estuaries and creeks, and the small islets in the 73e ANA I 9 — M AH1 m 13 0 rvsBAY I 9 mALABAR • • GeoRGE. CoLABA KARANJA. K, sr UNDER! UNDER' REvA • KHANDERI kHANDERP • THAL • PEN • ALtBAG k. 0 L ABA NAGAoN • cHeuL. REVDANDA KORLAI BORLAI INDEX FORT kANSA 0 • TOwN JANJIRAI • MAHAD Western coast of India 2 vicinity provide a scope for fortification. The islands of Khanderi and Underi are situated 19 kms south of Bombay. Eleven kms. to the south lies Alibag at the mouth of a tidal creek. Further down the south, is Roha creek where River Kundalika runs into the Arabian sea. On the right shore of Kundalika is Chaul, a famous harbour since ancient times. The Roha creek once happened to be the northern limit of Habsan, the land of Habshis or Abyssinian rulers. Their state was partitioned into two disproportionate parts by the gulf and creek of Rajpuri. The creek juts deep into the interior land and at its very entrance the well fortified island of Janjira is situated. The creeks and estuaries with defensive works increase as one travels further down the south along the coast of present Ratnagiri. On the south bank of the estuary of River Savitri lies Bankot known formerly as Fort Victoria. Next, one comes across the famous fortification of Suvarndurg in front of a small bay, Dabhol, the ancient port on the northern. and Anjanvel on the southern shore of River Vashishthi, Jaygadh on a creek created by River Shastri, Ratnagiri on River Bhatiya, Purangadh at the head of Muchukundi river and Jaytapur at the entrance of Rajapur river. Nearly 372 kms. from Bombay, where the Nagothna river falls into the sea lies Vijaydurg or invincible Gheria or Criem as distorted by the Portuguese. Devgad harbour however had not attained as much importance as Malvan or Sindhudurg. Another significant port is Vengurla where the Dutch had succeeded in establishing their trading centre. 3 It is important at the outset to emphasize that the entire Konkan coast tinged with ports, harbours, bays, gulfs, estuaries and creeks has played in its own way a vital role in the history of India. Geographically, the coastal regions of the State of Maharashtra are separated from the Deccan plateau by a mountain range with an access only through a few narrow passes. The coastal districts are lengthy as against their breadth not going beyond 96 kms. and at times limited to only 48 kms. However, the land in the vicinity of the sea is quite productive. But a vast area is full of laterite and basalt rocks. The forest areas of Kolaba, Ratnagiri, Janjira and Sawantwadi produced a good deal of timber. Teak trees are widespread all over Kolaba and it is found in abundance 3 in the Habsan hills . Significantly, the rivulets and streams in Konkan run down the hills only for a few kilometres before they enter into the Arabian sea. They retain the running water as long as the rainy season lasts and get dried up as soon as the monsoon retreats. The land being scattered with hills and hillocks, the soil is not so productive. Yet it is good for cultivation of paddy in flat zones. During medieval times, pepper was grown in some localities of Rajapur and adjoining areas. The mountain regions are largely overlaid by rich vegetation cover which continues to endow Konkan with a unique scenic beauty and horticultural wealth 4 . The Konkan region gets very heavy rainfall and the climate there is moist with a very high relative humidity. While the coastal belt south of Bombay is dotted with hills and navigable rivers, the coast north of Bombay besides being sandy is low • TA LAGA V • EAS7 • A 0 RAHAVAD DRONAGflilf mHASLE GHosALA FORT • MANDAD Pa CREEK SALT PAN • Ai MANOR HILL PILL Aro■-11 • MATANGAD cZ:27. a SHRI- NAND GAON MURUD vART)HAN WORLI DivE EA kANSA WE ST Location of Janjira fort 4 also.
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