ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Island, ,

Photo: Google Earth

Proposed by: Ministry of Environment and Energy

Prepared by: Hassan Shah (EIA P02/2007)

For Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd., Maldives

September 2017

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1 Table of contents 1 Table of contents ...... 1 2 List of Figures and Tables ...... 7 3 Declaration of the consultants ...... 9 4 Proponents commitment ...... 10 5 Non Technical Summary ...... 17 6 Introduction ...... 20 6.1 Structure of the EIA ...... 20 6.2 Aims and Objectives of the EIA ...... 20 6.3 EIA Implementation ...... 20 6.4 Rational for the formulation of alternatives ...... 21 6.5 Coordination with other stakeholders ...... 21 6.6 Terms of Reference...... 21 7 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ...... 22 7.1 Environmental Protection and Preservation Act ...... 22 7.2 Protected Areas and Sensitive Areas ...... 23 7.3 Land Law ...... 23 7.4 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012 ...... 23 7.5 FIRST Addendum to Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012 ..... 23 7.6 Second Addendum to Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012 ..... 24 7.7 THIRD Addendum to Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012 .... 24 7.8 FOURTH Addendum to Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012 24 7.9 Post EIA Monitoring, Auditing and Evaluation ...... 25 7.10 Regulation on sand and aggregate mining for building construction ...... 25 7.11 Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater Disposal ...... 26 7.12 Responsible Institutions ...... 26 7.12.1 Ministry of Environment and Energy ...... 26 7.12.2 Environmental Protection Agency ...... 26 7.12.3 Maldives Energy Authority ...... 26 7.13 Relevant Policies ...... 27 7.13.1 National Water and Sewerage Policy ...... 27 7.13.2 National Energy Policy ...... 27 7.13.3 Carbon Neutral by 2020 ...... 27 7.13.4 Third National Environment Action Plan (NEAP III) ...... 27 7.14 International Conventions ...... 28

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7.14.1 Convention on Biological Diversity ...... 28 7.15 Relevant Policies ...... 28 7.15.1 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan ...... 28 7.15.2 Waste Management Policy ...... 28 7.15.3 National Framework for Development 2009-2013 ...... 29 7.15.4 Decentralization Act ...... 29 7.15.5 Waste management Regulations ...... 29 7.15.6 Regulation on cutting down, uprooting and export of trees ...... 29 7.15.7 Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater Disposal ...... 30 7.15.8 Post EIA Monitoring, Auditing and Evaluation ...... 30 8 Project Description ...... 31 8.1 Project proponent ...... 31 8.2 Project Location and Study Area ...... 31 8.3 Need and Justification for the project ...... 31 8.4 Scope of works ...... 32 8.5 Literature Review ...... 32 8.5.1 Existing literature about Baarah ...... 32 8.5.2 Relevant studies and literature for Baa Rah island ...... 32 8.5.3 Environmental threats and risks in ...... 33 8.5.4 What are Mangroves? ...... 33 8.5.4.1 Cultural significance of Mangroves ...... 34 8.5.4.2 Ecological Setting ...... 34 8.5.5 Threats to Mangroves...... 35 8.5.5.1 Climate change ...... 35 8.5.5.2 Existing Anthropogenic impacts ...... 35 8.5.5.3 Potential impacts from agriculture ...... 36 8.5.5.4 Potential impacts from the sewerage system ...... 36 8.6 Description of the Proposed Sewerage System ...... 37 8.6.1 System overview ...... 37 8.6.2 Components of the sewerage System ...... 38 8.6.2.1 House connections ...... 38 8.6.2.2 Pumping Stations (or Lifting Stations) ...... 39 8.6.2.3 Environmental and social issues related to the proposed pumping station locations 41 8.6.2.4 Cleanouts (CO) ...... 45 8.6.2.5 Manholes ...... 45 8.6.2.6 Sewer mains ...... 49 8.6.2.7 Ground Conditions ...... 49 8.6.2.8 Excavation & Dewatering ...... 49

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8.6.2.9 Bends ...... 50 8.6.2.10 Vents...... 50 8.6.3 Sea outfall ...... 51 8.6.3.1 Justification for the location of sea outfall ...... 51 8.6.3.2 Equipment’s required for the construction of offshore pipeline ...... 52 8.6.3.3 Alternative location ...... 53 8.6.4 Other Considerations ...... 53 8.6.4.1 Emergency Storage...... 53 8.6.4.2 Emergency outfall system ...... 53 8.6.4.2.1 Catchment Overflow Links (LO) ...... 53 8.6.4.2.2 Emergency Flow Relief Structures (EFRS) ...... 53 8.6.5 Connections to the Sewer System ...... 53 8.6.5.1 Residential Connections ...... 53 8.6.6 Preliminary hydraulic design of Sewers Network ...... 54 8.6.6.1 Design Criteria ...... 54 8.6.6.2 Detailed hydraulic design of various components of sewer network .... 54 8.6.6.3 Design Material ...... 54 8.7 Operation and Maintenance Requirements ...... 55 8.7.1 Household Infrastructure...... 55 8.7.2 Communal Infrastructure ...... 55 8.7.3 Sewer Cleaning ...... 55 8.7.4 Sewer System Maintenance Tools ...... 56 8.7.5 Training of personnel ...... 57 8.8 Design Considerations for Pumping Stations and Rising Mains ...... 57 8.8.1 Reticulation Pumping Stations & Valve Chambers ...... 57 8.8.1.1 Wet Well Design Requirements ...... 57 8.8.1.1.1 Control Levels ...... 58 8.8.2 General Arrangement ...... 58 8.8.3 Construction requirements ...... 58 8.8.4 Rising Mains ...... 58 8.8.4.1 Discharge Pipework Velocities ...... 58 8.8.4.2 Isolation & Control Valves...... 58 8.8.4.3 Pump Selection for pump stations ...... 58 8.8.4.4 Control Levels ...... 59 8.8.5 Sewage Treatment Facility...... 59 8.8.6 Recommended Options ...... 60 8.8.7 Detailed layout of STP ...... 60 8.8.7.1 Sludge disposal method or sludge management from pump station ..... 62 8.8.8 Outfall pipeline and Diffuser ...... 62

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8.8.8.1 Outfall pipeline ...... 62 8.8.8.2 T – Head diffuser Arrangement ...... 62 8.8.8.3 Shoreline stability ...... 62 8.9 Administrative building ...... 62 8.9.1 Existing Power Infrastructure ...... 62 8.9.2 Power Supply Upgrades & Connection Requirements ...... 62 8.9.3 General Electrical Arrangement ...... 62 8.10 Construction works ...... 63 8.10.1 Mobilization...... 63 8.10.2 Site Preparation ...... 63 8.10.3 Excavation ...... 64 8.11 Project management ...... 64 8.11.1 Technical details ...... 64 8.12 Project duration ...... 64 8.13 Project Inputs and Outputs ...... 65 8.13.1 Project Inputs ...... 65 8.13.2 Project Outputs ...... 66 9 Methodology ...... 67 11 Existing Environment of Maldives ...... 68 11.1 Existing general environment of Maldives...... 68 11.2 Existing Marine Environment ...... 68 11.3 Methodology of marine surveys ...... 68 11.4 Coral reef ...... 69 11.4.1 Benthic composition at site 1 (M1) ...... 69 11.4.2 Benthic composition at site 2 (M2) ...... 71 11.4.3 Benthic composition at site 3 (M3) ...... 72 11.5 Status of fish abundance ...... 73 11.6 Marine water quality and bathymetry ...... 73 11.6.1 Prevailing currents around the sea outfall location ...... 74 11.7 Existing Terrestrial Environment ...... 75 11.7.1 Section Brief ...... 75 11.7.2 Location of pumping stations 1 to 3 ...... 76 11.7.3 Location of future STP and sea outfall pump station ...... 76 11.7.4 Sea outfall route ...... 76 11.7.5 Ground water ...... 76 11.7.6 Availability of freshwater and sustainable yield...... 77

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11.8 Existing Socio-Economic Environment ...... 80 11.8.1 Overview of Haa Alifu atoll ...... 80 11.8.2 Population ...... 80 11.8.3 Baarah Island ...... 81 11.8.3.1 Electricity ...... 81 11.8.3.2 Health ...... 81 11.8.3.3 Water and sanitation ...... 81 12 Environmental Impacts ...... 83 12.1 Assessing and identification of Impact ...... 83 12.2 Impact identification matrix ...... 83 12.3 Magnitude of impacts ...... 85 12.4 Uncertainties in Impact Prediction ...... 85 12.5 Impacts and mitigation measures ...... 87 12.6 Impacts on the Environment and their mitigation measures ...... 99 13 Stakeholder Consultations ...... 101 13.1 Environment Protection Agency- EPA ...... 101 13.2 Consultation with FENAKA Corporation ...... 101 13.3 Consultation with the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MEE) ...... 102 13.4 Consultation with the public...... 103 13.5 Consultation with the Island Council ...... 104 13.6 Consultation with the Fenaka, Island, Gaafu ...... 105 13.7 Consultation with HPA ...... 106 14 Alternatives ...... 107 14.1 No Project Option ...... 107 14.2 Alternative analysis matrix ...... 108 14.3 Alternative sites / location for seawater outfall ...... 108 14.4 Alternative receiving environment and effluent reuse ...... 109 14.5 Alternative Sewerage Systems ...... 109 14.5.1 Deep bore disposal ...... 109 14.5.2 Septic tanks ...... 110 14.5.3 Gravity flow systems without septic tanks ...... 111 14.5.4 Vacuum sewers ...... 111 14.5.5 Grey water separation system ...... 113 14.5.6 Different Options for STP ...... 113 14.6 Alternative methods to construct the pump stations...... 113 14.7 Preferred Alternatives...... 115

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14.7.1 Avoid pump stations on the street ...... 115 14.7.2 Secondary Treatment and Effluent Reuse ...... 115 14.7.3 Mitigation Measures for the treatment option ...... 115 15 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan ...... 120 15.1 Introduction ...... 120 15.2 Environmental management plan ...... 120 15.3 Cost of Monitoring ...... 120 15.4 Duration of Monitoring ...... 120 15.5 Methods of Monitoring ...... 120 15.6 Monitoring Responsibility ...... 120 15.7 Monitoring Report ...... 120 15.8 Environmental Management plan ...... 121 15.8.1 Sediment Control ...... 121 15.8.2 Ground Water Quality management ...... 122 15.8.3 Air Quality ...... 123 15.8.4 Noise ...... 124 15.8.5 Hazardous Substances ...... 125 15.8.6 Waste Management ...... 126 15.8.7 Flora and Fauna ...... 127 15.8.8 Cultural Heritage ...... 127 16 Conclusion ...... 133 17 Recommendations ...... 135 18 People who have assisted in the preperation of this report ...... 139 19 Acknowledgements ...... 141 20 Reference Books and Sources ...... 142 21 Annex: Terms of reference ...... 143 22 Annex: Land Approvals Documents from Council ...... 145 23 Annex: Sewerage system drawings and bathymetry of the outfall area...... 147 24 Annex: Approval of concept design from Ministry of Environment and Energy 149 25 Annex: Correspondence to Baarah island from MEE ...... 150 26 Annex: Pump station location ...... 153 27 Annex: CV’s of unregistered consultants who assisted in this project ...... 155 28 Annex: Methodologies used ...... 157

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2 List of Figures and Tables

Figure 1: Location of Baarah in Haa Alifu Atoll 31 Figure 2: Mangrove Swamps in Baa Rah (above) with their areas (below table). Source: WS Geo data base 34 Figure 3: Water quality of the wetlands in Baarah (Blue Peace,, 2017). 35 Figure 4: Outline of the proposed sewerage system 37 Figure 5: Overview of sewerage system network 38 Figure 6: Plan view of the lateral connection from home to the main sewer line. 38 Figure 7: Section view of house connection 39 Figure 8: Detail of house inspection chamber 39 Figure 9: Location of pumping stations 40 Figure 10: Photos from Thinadhoo island, showing a typical ump station control panel and vent pipes (pump stations are constructed underground in the street). Photo: FENAKA, Thinadhoo 41 Figure 11: Cleanouts in the system (only a section of the network shown for illustration only. 45 Figure 12: Sewer mains and the network coverage in Baarah 49 Figure 13: Details of the bends 50 Figure 14: Typical pumping station detail with the vent pipe shown on top 51 Figure 15: Alternative locations for sea outfall with their shortcomings 52 Figure 16: Schematic of the sea outfall 52 Figure 17: Design Criteria 54 Figure 18: Design material and their standards 55 Figure 19: Proposed future STP Location 60 Figure 20: STP flow diagramme 61 Figure 21: STP location 61 Figure 22: Location of temporary site office 63 Figure 23: Characteristics of the wastewater 64 Figure 24: EPA guidelines for maximum allowable concentrations for discharge into deep sea 64 Figure 25: Matrix of major inputs during construction period 65 Figure 26: Matrix of major outputs of environmental significance during construction stage 66 Figure 27: Marine Survey Locations 68 Figure 28: Percentage of bottom substrate components at site 1 (9 September 2017) 70 Figure 29: Photos taken from site 1 (M1) (9 September 2017) 70 Figure 30: Percentage of bottom substrate components at site 2 (M2) (9 September 2017) 71 Figure 31: Photos taken from site 2 (M2) (9 September 2017) 71 Figure 32: Percentage of bottom substrate components at site 2 (M2) (9 September 2017) 72 Figure 33: Photos taken from site 3 (9 September 2017) 72 Figure 34: Fish abundance based on the fish survey at survey sites (9 September 2017) 73

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Figure 35: Results of the Drogue test (weather condition: windy and cloudy) 74 Figure 36: Types and number of trees to be removed 75 Figure 37: Areas from where trees will be removed that fall on the foot print of proposed new roads only 76 Figure 38: Groundwater sampling locations in Baarah island (September 2017) 77 Figure 39: Typical setup of panel boards where pump station is location underground in the street. 106 Figure 40: Advantages and disadvantages of the no project option 108 Figure 41: Alternative locations for sea outfall with their shortcomings 109 Figure 42: Comparison of vacuum versus gravity system 112 Figure 43: Proposed pump station locations on the street 114 Figure 44: Alternative analysis matrix 117 Figure 45: Alternative analysis matrix 119 Figure 46: Schedule for environmental monitoring during the construction period as well as per annum during operation period. 129

Table 1: Pumping Station Design Details ...... 40 Table 2: Sewer system maintenance tools and spare parts ...... 56 Table 3: Safety tools ...... 56 Table 4: Pump selection ...... 59 Table 5: Influent and effluent standards ...... 60 Table 6: Results of the marine water quality tests undertaken in Baarah island ...... 74 Table 7: Results of the groundwater quality in Baarah island, Haa Alifu Atoll (September 2017)...... 77 Table 8: Water demand data for Maldives (Falkland, 2000) ...... 78 Table 9: Impact assessment matrix for the project ...... 84 Table 10: Impact magnitudes and their corresponding scores...... 85 Table 11: Matrix of specific impacts and their characterization ...... 99 Table 12: List of households contacted ...... 103

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3 Declaration of the consultants

This EIA report has been prepared according to the EIA Regulations 2012, issued by the Ministry of Housing and Environment and all the amendments brought to the regulation including the amendment number 2016/R-66 gazetted 11 August 2016.

The EIA addendum was carried out by a multidisciplinary consulting team representing Water Solutions Private Ltd. In preparing this report, no data has been manipulated. All data has been collected by field visits.

I as the lead consultant certify that the statements in this Environmental Impact Assessment study are true, complete and correct.

Name: Hassan Shah (EIA P02/2007)

Signature:

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4 Proponents commitment

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ާސާލުޚ ާދާސ

ެގ ީޖރާނެއ ްޑްނެއ ްޓްނެމރަޔަވްނެއ ްފޮއ ީރްޓްސިނިމ ީކަޓޯޕިރިމ ްއެމާޒިނ ެގާމަދުރަނ ިއަގ ުށަރާބ ުޅޮތައ އހ ީކަޓރޯޕިރިމ .ެވެކެޓރޯޕިރ ާވިއަފިވެރުކުރާޔްއަތ ްށަކަމުތަގިއަޑަވިދެއ ެގުމުލެބ ޯތްއެމަކެނާރުކްއެރަސައ ާހިކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްނުބަބަސެގ ުއޫރްޝަމ ާވިއަފިވޭރ ްނަގްނިހ ްށަމުރުކުމިއާގ .ެވެކެޓރޯޕިރ ާވިއަފިވެރުކުރާޔްއަަތ ްނިއ ްނަޝުއިލޮސ ރަޓޯވ ްނުތޮގ

ެގާމަދުރަނ ްށަނަތާހިމ ިއަގުށަރިމ .ެވެކެށަރ ަންނޮއ ްއެއ ީދާބާއ ެގ ްނުހީމ 1091 ީކަށަރާބ އހ ްށަރަވ ްނުކަތުބާސިހ ަނިގ ީނަވ ްނެފ ެގުމިބ ެގުށަރ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުމަކިމ .ެވެއަފިވެރުކުނ ުމިއާގ ީނަވ ްއެއްމާޒިނ ްށަކައަލަސްއަމ ީޙްއިސ ުޑޮބ ްށަރަވ ީނަވ ްނުވުދ ްސަވ ިއަބުނ ްނުނެފ ްނުބަބަސެގީމ .ެވެއަފެވުރަޔްއަޣަތ ްށަޑޮބ ްއެއަބ .ެވެނެފ ާރުކްނުނޭބ ްނަރަވްނެފ ިދައ ްނަންނޮދ ިހެޗްއެއ ިނަކެއަމަހ ުރާހިމ ީކަނެފުޅަވ ެގުށަރ .ެވެއަފެވ ީނަރުކްނުނޭބ ުކަޔަބަނިގ ްނެފުޅަވ ްނަރަވްނެފ ްސެވަމަނ .ެވެއެވެރުކުނ ްއެމުނޭބ ްނެފުޅަވ ްސެވ ްނަންނޮދ ިއަގޭގޭގ ްނުމަކްއެށަރ ާރުކ ްނަކިރެވުޑނަދ ިއަގްއެއާރިއާދ ާޅުފ ްށަރަވ ީކަށަރ ްނުރުތިއ ެގީމ .ެވެންނެގިތެނ ްއެތޮގ ްނެހެއ ްނާވްސޯގ ްށަރުތިއ ަލަސްއަމ ެގުނެފ ްސެވީކަމަކިމ .ެވެއެވްނުނޭބ ްށަކަދަދައ ަނިގ ްށަރަވ ްށަކަތުޑނަދ ްނެފ ެގުމިބ ދިމާވާ އެއްސަބަބެވެ. މީގެ އިތުރުން، ބައެއް ހިސާބުތަކަކީ ވަރަށް ފެން ތިލަ ހިސާބުތަކެކެވެ. މި ރިޕޯރޓް ެގުށަރ ީނުވެރުކަކަހާފ ިއަގުމުލެބ ިލެބ ްނުކަތުބާސިހ ިކެއ ީޓިލޮކ ެގުނެފ ެގުށަރ ިއަގާލަހުރަމ ެގުމުރުކުރާޔްއަތ ިއަބ ެގުނޮލ ިއަގުކަތ ުދްއަހަރަސ ްއެއަބ ަމަހ ިދައ .ެވެމަކިރުހ ަފެވުނޮލ ްށަޑޮބ ްށަރަވ ްނެފ ިއަގުކަތުބާސިހ ްއެއަބ .ެވެއެވެރުކ ަކަހާފ ްނަކިރުހ ްސެވްށޮކްށަދ ްށަރަވ

ިދައ ިވެލާވުއ ްއަތުޑނަގުޅަވ ާދްނިހ ްނެފްސިޖަނ ިރުހ ުރާހިމ ީނަވިއަފިނެމިހ ްނުތޮގިމ ިއަގުއޫރްޝަމިމ ްނުރަފ ެގުށަރ ިދައ ިވެރުކްއެއ ްނުކަމާޒިނ ެގާމަދުރަނ ްނެފ ާވުރޭބ ްނުކަތްތާރާމިއ ާންނިއ ެގޭގ ާހިރުހ .ެވެއެނޭވެރުކުރޭބ ްސިޖަނ ްށައާމަދުރަނ ާދީސ ިއަގުލަދަބ ެގުޅަވްސިޖަނ ާރުކްނުނޭބ ުރާހިމ ިއަގޭގޭގ .ެވެމުރުކުރޭބ ްނެފްސިޖަނ ްނުނަތެއ ިވެރުކާމަޖ ްށަކަތްނަޝޭޓްސ ްޕްނަޕ ޭދެހ ިއަގުކަތ ުދްއަހަރަސ ިކެއ ެގުށަރ ުހަފްށައެއ ުމިއާގ ިއަގުކަތުބާސިހ ިކެއ ެގުށަރ ްނަޝޭޓްސ ްޕްނަޕ 3 ުކެއ ިޅުމ .ެވެށަރޭބ ްނުރަފ ެގުށަރ ީނޭވެރުކުރޭބ ެނޭވެރުކުމިއާގ ިއަގްލަބްގަތްސުމ ްއެޓްނާލްޕ ްޓްނެމްޓީރްޓ ްށަމުރުކުފާސ ްނެފ ްސިޖަނ ްނުރުތިއ ެގީމ .ެވެއެނޭވެރުކ ެގުމިބ ެގީތަމުގަމ ިއަގްއެދްއަހަރަސ 3 ެގުށަރ ީނޭދެހ ްއަތްނަޝޭޓްސ ްޕްނަޕ .ެވެއެވިއަފިޅެއ ަޑނަކ ްސެވ ަގާޖ .ެވެއަގީޑައ

ްނުބަބަސ ެގޫރްޝަމ ިމ ްނުކަތާސާރިދ ުނުދެހ ިދައ ްނުކަތްއަތްނަކ ިލެބ ްށޮކްތަޔާޢިރ ްށަމަކްނަކިމ ެގ ްޓެޖޮރްޕ ިމ ުހަފްށަމުލ ެބ ްށަކަތ ާސާރިދ ުނުވެރުކ .ެވެއަފިވެނަގެނެދ ީނަވ ުރަސައ ެނާރުކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްށައިރުކ ްޓްކެޖޮރްޕ ިމ ީކަބަބަސ .ެވެއެނެފ ްށަކަމަކެނޭބިލ ްއެކަތ ްނުލްއެގ ެގުރަވިކެއ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްނުބަބަސ

Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Sep 2017 Page 13 EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll

ްނަޅައ ްނިއަލިޅޮހ .ެވެއ ީތޭނެމިހ ްށަކަރަވ ްސެވެމްނޮކ ްއެކަތްއަތްނަކ ާވްނުލްއެގ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ުރިއާދްނެގ .ެވެކަތްނަކ ެނާގނިހ ިއަގްއެތަދްއުމ ުރުކ ްށަރަވ ްނުތަބްސިނ ީއިމ .ެވެއެނޭނެމިހ ްނުރުކ ރަޓޯވީޑ ުރިއަންނޮކ ްށަތ ްނަޝޭޓްސ ްޕްމަޕ ިދައ .ެވެއެނޭހެޖ ްނަރުކ ރަޓޯވީޑ ްށަޑޮބ ިއަގުކަތުދްއަހަރަސ ަލިތްނެފ ްސެވަމަނ ިއަމ ާރުކުރޭބ ްނެފ ްސިޖަނ ްނުރުތިއ ެގީމ .ެވެއެނާވުރުތިއ ްނަތުޑޮބ ްށަރަވ ުރަވްނިމ ޭހެޖ ްނަންނޮކ ިއަގުމުދެހ ްށަމުޅެއ ްނިއަލިޅޮހ .ެވެއެނޭބިލ ްއެކަތ ްނުލްއެގ ެގްއެރަވ ްސެވެމްނޮކ ްށަރަފ ުރިއާރުކްތަކްތަސަމ ެގުމުޅެއ ިޅޮހ ުކައޫރްޝަމ ިމ ްއެމުޑނެކ ްސަގްއުރ ީތާވިއަގުމަކ ްނުކަތުގަމ ިރުހ ުރާހިމ ެގުށަރ ީނަވިއަފިޅެއ ަޑނަކ ނުހިމެނޭނެއެވެ. މީގެ އިތުރުން، މިނިޒާމް ގާއިމު ކުރުމުން، ރަށުގެ ފެން ހުރިހާ ގެއަކުން މި ނިޒާމް ބޭނުން ެގުމިބ ިއަގްޓރޯޕިރ ިމ ްނުމަކްނެހިމ .ެވެއެނާރުކ ްށަނެފ ެގުމިބ ްއެރަސައ ްސެވެމްނޮކ ްނުމުށެފ ްނާވުރޭބ ްނެގްށޮކ .ެވެއެނާވިއަފިނެމިހ ްއެމާޒިނ ެނޭލެބ ްށޮކ ރަޓިނޮމ ީޓިލޮކ ެގުނެފ

ްސެވްނަކެނާރުކ ްއެކަތާދިއަފ ްއަތެއ ްނުތޮގ ީޙްއިސ ިދައ ީއާމިތްޖިއ ެގުށަރ ްނުބަބަސ ެގ ުޢޫރްޝަމ ިމ ިދައ ްށަންނުތަޔްއަރ ުރަސައ ެގޭއ ިއަފެވަނިގުނަހުނ ްއަތާދިއަފޭބިލ ްނުތޮގިމ .ެވެއެނާވިއަފިވެރުކަގަހާފ ިއަގްޓރޯޕިރ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުއޫރްޝަމިމ ްނުމުލެބިލެބ ްށޮކާސާރިދ ިމ .ެވެނޫނ ްއެމަކްތޮއ ްސެވްއެކްއަޝ ީމަކެނާރުކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ްނުމަކެނާރުކ ްއެކަތާދިއަފ ްނުބަބަސ ެގްޓްކެޖޮރްޕ ިމ .ެވެއާދިއަފ ީނާރުކ ެރުވްށަމުލްއެގ ޭބިލ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ .ެވެއެނެފ ްށަމަކްއެމަކުޅަގނަރ ެމްނެއ ިދައ ުމްނިހުމ ްށަރަވ ީކަމުއިދްނެގ ްށައިރުކ ުއޫރްޝަމިމ

ުމްނިހުމ ްމެނެއ ްނުތޮގިމ .ެވެޓްއުހަބެއ ްއެކަތްއަތްނަކ ްއެއަބ ާވުޑޮބްނަކ ިއަގ ްޓްކެޖޮރްޕ ިމ ްސެވަމަނ ްސެވްއެއ ްށަނަތާހިމ ިއަގުށަރާބ .ެވެމުތެނ ްއެއ ްނޭލްޕ ްސޫޔ ްޑްނޭލ ީނަވިއަފިވެރުކ ަގަހާފ ިއަގުތޮގ ެގްއެމަކ ީދާބާއ ިއަގްލަބްގަތްސުމ ިނަކެއަމަހ ީނަވިއަފިވެރުކ ާމުރަފ ްމާޒިނ ިމ ެނުމުތެނ ިއަފިދެހ ްއެއްނޭލްޕ ްސޫޔ ްޑްނޭލ ަންނައ ްނުމަރުކ ްނަކިރެވުޑނަދ ްސެވުރާހިމ ިދައ ުޑޮބ ްނިބ ީކަށަރ .ެވެންނެގިއަލަބ ްށަރަވްނިމ ެނާވުރުތިއ ިދައ .ެވެއެވެރުކ ާފަލ ްށަޑޮބ ްށަރަވ ްށަމަކ ެނާދ ްނެގިއަރައިރުކ ްތައާނިސ ިމ ިއަގ ްލަބްގަތްސުމ ްނުމަކްއެށަރ ްށަރުތިއ ީނޭހެޖ ްމާޒިނ ިމ ަމަނާދ ްނެގިއަރައިރުކ ްނަތްނަތ ަދަފ ާޓޮހ ާކަތ ްސުއަހ ްޓްސެގ ްނުރުތިއ ެގީމ ތަރައްގީ ކުރާށެވެ. މިކަންތައް މިހެން ހުރިކަމުގައިވީނަމަވެސް، މުސްތަގްބަލް ގައި ވާނޭގޮތް އަންދާޒާކޮށްގެން ެގުށަރ ީނާވ ްއެމުލްއެގ ާހިރުހ ްނުމަކިމ ެވަދޭހ ްއެކަތުތުގަވ ްއަތެއ ްށަމަކިމ ަމަނެޖްއެވ ްނަރުކ ާމުރަފ ެވެށަންނުތަޔްއަރ

ްއަތިތަދ ާވާމިދ ިއަގުމުގްނިހ ްމާޒިނ ްނުމުދެހ ިއަގީޑައުމިބ ެގުގަމ ްއަތްނަޝޭޓްސ ްޕްމަޕ ީކަމަކަނަވެދ ެގޭއ ްނުމުޓްއެހެބ ިއަގީތަމުގަމ ްށަތޮގިމ ްނަޝޭޓްސ ްޕްމަޕ .ެވެންނުމަކޫގަދނުއ ްނަރުކުލްއަހ ިއަފެވަނިގ ުނަހުނ ްސެވީނެހެޖ ްނަގަނ ިޅޮހ ްސަވ ިދައ .ެވެއަގުތާރަފްއެއ ީތަމިރައ ެގ ުގަމ ީނެހެޖ ްނަޓްއަހަބ ްލަނެޕ ްލޯރްޓްނޮކ ްސަވ .ެވެއެވާމިދ ާކަތ ިތަދ ަނުގ ަނިގ ްށަރަވ ްނުބަބަސ ެގުމުދެހ ްނެހިމ .ެވެނ ްނުތާރަފްއެއ ްނިރިއަކ ެގުގަމ ިއަގޫދަނިތ .ދގ .ެވެކަތ ޫގަދނުއ ާވާމިދ ްނުމުރުހ ިއަގިތަމުގަމ ްލަނެޕ ްލޯރްޓްނޮކ ީނަވާމިދ ްށަޑޮބ ެރުވްށައިޅޮހ ިމ ްލީސްފަތ ެގުކަތޫގަދނުއ ާކަތިތަދ ާވާމިދ ިއަގްމާޒިނިމ ިދައ .ެވެކެމާޒިނ ަދަފިމ ީނަވިއަފިވެރުކާމުރަފ ާވިއަފިވެރުކުމިއާގ ިއަގޫދަނިތ ްށަޑޮބ ްށަރަވ ިއަގުމުރުކުރާޔްއަތ ްޓރޯޕިރ ިމ .ެވެއެނާވިއަފިވެރުކަގަހާފ ިއަގްޓރޯޕިރ .ެވެއަފިވެރުކްއެއ ީނާވ ުތާމޫލުއަމ ްނުތޮގޭހެބ ާމާޒިނ

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ްނަކ ްނޫނ ްއެއޫރްޝަމ ެނާވ ްއެކަތ ްނުލްއެގ ެގުރަވާވުޑޮބްނަކ ްށަޓްއެވާމިތ ީކައ ުއޫރްޝަމ ިމ ުރަސައ ޭވެދޭނ ެގީމ ަމަނާރުކުރޭބ ްށަކަދަދައ ަނިގ ްނިއެރެތުށަރ ްނެފ ެގުށަރ ްސެވަމަނ .ެވެމަރުކަގަހާފ ްނެފ ޭދްނިހ ްށަމިބ ްށަކަރަވާވަނިގ ްއަތްތަކްތަސަމ ީއާނިސ ެވުރުތިއ ީދާބާއ ިދައ .ެވެއެނާރުކ ިއަގުތަދްއުމުގިދ .ެވެއެނޭހެޖ ްނަދޯހ ްއަތްތޮގ ެނޭވެރުކ ުރުތިއ

ަތަވުނ ޯތަގުގަމ ީވްނަޓްއަހަބ ްނަޝޭޓްސ ްޕްމަޕ ީނެހެޖ ްނޭދ ްއެމަކުލާމަސ ުޑޮބ ެމްނެއ ިއަގުއޫރްޝަމިމ ިއަގުކަތްށަރ ަނިގ ެގޭޖްއާރ .ެވެއޯތ ްށަކަތޮގ ާވިއަފިވެރުކިރެތާކްއަރ ިއަފިވެލުރާފ ާށަވ ިއަގޭރެތ ެގްއެނަތ ްނިކަވ ްއަތްނަޝޭޓްސ ްޕްމަޕ ިއަގީތަމުގަމ ީނެވެވަރުބ ްށަޑޮބ ެމްނެއ ިއަގީމ ުރިއާލަބ ްށަކަތްމާޒިނ ެގާމަދުރަނ ާވިއަފިވެލ .ެވެއެނާވިއަފިވެރުކ ަގަހާފ ިއަގުޓރޯޕިރިމ ްލީސްފަތ ެގުމަކިމ .ެވެށަމުޓްއެހެބުނ

ްށަރަވ ޭޅެއ ްށައ ީގްއަރަތ ިދައ ާށަތަޙްއިސ ެގ ްނުތަޔްއަރ ެގުށަރ ީކަމުއިދްނެގ ްށައިރުކ ުއޫރްޝަމ ިމ ބޮޑު ފިޔަ ވަޅެކެވެ. ނަމަވެސް، އީ.ޕީ.އޭ އިން މަޝްރޫއުއާ ބެހޭގޮތުން ގޮތެއް ނިންމެވުމުގެ ކުރިން ޕްމްޕް ްއަތްމާޒިނ ަދަފިމ ިއަގުގަމިރުކ ީކަމުވެމްނިނ ްއެތޮގ ުހަފްށަމުވެލްއެބ ްށަޅަގނަރ ްއަތްނަކ ެގުކަތްނަޝޭޓްސ ކާމިޔާބުކުރުމަށް ވަރަށް މުހިންމު މަސަތްކަތަކަށް ވާނެއެވެ. މަޝްރޫއުގެ ކޮންސެޕްޓް އެޕްރޫވްކުރެވިފައިވީނަމަވެސް، ްށޮކްލީސްފަތ ީނާވ ިއަގްޓރޯޕިރ ިމ ާބިރްޖަތ ެގުކަތްށަރ ްނެހެއ ާވިއަފިޅެއ ްމާޒިނ ެގާމަދުރަނ ަދަފ ިމ .ެވެއަފިވެރުކްނާޔަބ

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5 Non Technical Summary

This report discusses the findings of an environmental impact study undertaken by Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd in order to fulfill obligatory requirements of the National Environment Protection and Preservation Act, Law No. 4/93 for the proposed setup of the sewerage system (hereafter referred to as the project) in Baarah island, Haa Alifu Atoll, Maldives.

The purpose of this EIA is to identify and minimize potential adverse environmental impacts related to this project and enhance the overall quality of the project. By examining the project location, the legal framework and the existing environmental components such as marine ecology and the socio-economic aspects, this EIA provides useful information regarding the extent, nature and the magnitude of impacts that are likely to occur. The EIA will also help to identify the long term socio-economic benefits to the community after implementing this project. It also provides a framework for future monitoring of the environment, so that changes can be monitored and corrective measures can be undertaken.

The proposed project aims to establish a sewerage collection and disposal system in the island of Baarah in Haa Alifu Atoll. The concept designed for Barrah is a gravity type wastewater collection and disposal system. The existing systems are mainly based on septic tanks and small bore sewers. Without proper maintenance these systems are prone to damage and contamination of groundwater can occur. The contamination of the groundwater has occurred to the extent that it cannot be utilized for any potable use. Therefore, the current setup is not environmentally acceptable nor suitable.

The sewerage system for Ha. Baarah will be a gravity sewerage system where sloping pipelines will allow waste water from the entire island to flow to three zonal pumping stations. The sewage will be pumped from the pumping station to the treatment plant where it will be treated and discharged via a sea outfall pipeline into the sea. The sewerage system will comprise of elements of a given specification for sewer mains, cleanouts, manholes, vents, pump stations, outfall pipeline and diffuser that will ensure a 30 year design flow

The sewerage system therefore comprises of the following components: a) Household inspection chambers.

b) A gravity sewerage reticulation network.

c) Reticulation pumping stations and pressure main system.

d) Construction of a sea outfall to discharge the sewage into deep sea.

The proposed project will ensure that the groundwater of the island does not get contaminated through improper sanitation systems. It will also ensure that the surrounding marine environment will improve in terms of environmental quality and will ensure pollution from sewage does not occur on the near shore environments.

The project is expected to bring several positive impacts on the environmental quality of the island and the surrounding reef. Particularly, the most significant benefit would be achieved through improvement in the bacteriological quality of the groundwater. The health benefits of the project are worthy of noting as the improvement in water quality are going to bring significant health benefits to the community.

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Environmental & social impacts and the mitigation measures

Several environmental impacts of this proposed project have been examined through a number of processes. These include consultations with the project development team, field surveys, observations and assessment, and field experience gained from similar development projects implemented throughout the country. Potential positive and negative impacts on the environment have been considered. The assessment indicates environmental impacts, both during the construction and operation stage. During the construction period, impacts are likely to occur on the marine and terrestrial environment (groundwater).

Most of the impacts during the construction period are impacts related to construction waste, dewatering, disruptions to the local traffic, dust emission, damage to the reef during sea outfall construction and noise. During the operational stage of this project, there will be both positive and negative impacts. Positive impacts include the improvement of the ground water quality of the island. Negative impacts include the increased in extraction of groundwater for toilet flushing that may increase the chances of groundwater salinization at a much accelerated rate. This project does foresee some negative impacts even during the construction stage but is geared towards improving the overall environmental quality of the island, most notably the environmental health.

The project is presently planned to lay the sewer pipeline along the centre of the exiting road. During this process, dewatering and construction pose some challenges. Previous experience of sewer construction in the Maldives has indicated that excavation depths more than 3.5m are not recommended for conventional dewatering methods to avoid the risk of undermining and trench collapses as well as loss of structural integrity of the surrounding earth. For the purpose of the Baarah design, the maximum depth of excavation will not exceed 3.5m as per the Design criteria and technical specifications for conventional gravity sewerage systems guideline released by the Water and Sanitation Unit of the Environmental Protection Agency (Environmental Protection Agency, 2015). Strict reference to these criteria will be followed and necessary as the streets are very narrow and congested, leaving limited space for mechanical excavation between buildings for the installation of pipelines.

The lack of an established land use plan for the island is also a draw back for Baarah. No land used plan means that future projections rely solely on population statistics rather than the land physically available for future development. The present design is based solely on the existing populated area, centrally located in the island. There are large areas of the island undeveloped and unzoned due to lack of a land use plan. Large areas of the island are used for agriculture and pilot projects have been established with aid agencies to try new agricultural technologies. The island is a potential hot spot for future tourism development due to the vase natural resources (beach, mangroves and thick forests and plenty of land). Different types of developments such as guesthouses and restaurants may require grease traps to prevent large influxes of unwanted material into the sewerage network. Therefore the present design of the system has not considered these future developments and in the event of such developments, the existing system will require upgrading. Requirements may need to be specified at a policy level to counter this issue. Therefore this is a potential risk factor in this project.

Despite these shortcomings the project does not pose serious threats to the natural environment (marine and terrestrial) and will directly benefit the environment and the community, both in the short and long term. Minor negative impacts with varying significance will occur as the project is implemented. They include dewatering and localized salinization, disruption to public transport, dust emissions during pipe laying work and reef

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The project will benefit the community and the island in the long term. It is important to ensure that the project implementation is carried in a sustainable manner and in such the sewerage system can be maintained in a cost effective manner as and when required. It is therefore in the opinion of the consultant that the project does not foresee significant negative environmental impacts and should be allowed.

Although the project will benefit the community, the proposed design has a number of disadvantages. Construction of pump stations underground on the streets is seen as a design issue that could have operational difficulties. Instead, the pump stations could be located within the residential block boundary with a small plot of land allocated for the pump station. Selection of sites can be focused on places such as mosque, symmetry and from other public buildings or plots of land. With the present design, a number of operational difficulties are anticipated. Experience from similar systems setup elsewhere in the Maldives have been studied and reviewed for this project. The reviews and experiences from these systems are not infavour of the present design and this is something that needs to be considered before undertaking the project.

Sanitation systems must be both environmentally and socially friendly and acceptable. As important as the design is the operation and maintenance. Operation and maintenance should be viewed as a key sustainable aspect of similar projects. No matter how good a design is, the sustainability and acceptability will depend on how good the system functions in the operational period. With the pump stations being located on the road itself, there are a number of such difficulties which are equally as important as the engineering design aspects.

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6 Introduction

This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report has been prepared to fulfil the requirements of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act, law no. 4/93 in order to assess the impacts of the proposed construction of a sewerage system in Baarah island, Haa Alifu Atoll. The aim of this project is to ensure that the project is sustainably undertaken to address and manage the environmental issues.

6.1 Structure of the EIA

The report has been structured to meet the requirements of the EIA regulations 2012 issued by the Ministry of Housing and Environment and subsequent revisions. Hence, the report will provide an executive summary at the beginning. The report will then have a project description in detail, existing environmental conditions, justifications given by the proponent for undertaking the proposed project components and alternatives. Alternatives to proposed components or activities in terms of location, construction methods and technologies, design and environmental considerations would be suggested. A mitigation plan and monitoring programme before, during and after the works will be outlined at the end.

The major findings of this report are based on qualitative and quantitative assessments undertaken during site visit in August 2017 and through the use of available secondary data. The impact assessment methodology has been restricted to field data collected, consultations, experience and professional judgment. In addition, satellite and aerial photos have also been used to study the geography and environment where necessary.

6.2 Aims and Objectives of the EIA

The objective of the report is to:  Promote informed and environmentally sound decision making.  Report the existing situation of wastewater treatment and its shortcomings in the island.  To fulfill the obligations of the proponent to undertake an EIA under Clause 5 of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of the Maldives.  Undertake the proposed project work with minimum damage to the environment.  Ensure that all the environmental and social aspects of the project are addressed.  Propose recommendation measures to the proponent

6.3 EIA Implementation

This EIA has been prepared by a local environmental consulting firm, Water Solutions. Water Solutions have been chosen by the proponent as the environmental consultants for this project. The team members were:  Hassan Shah, BSc, EIA (P02/2007)  Abdul Aleem, BSc, MPH – Mapping and GIS  Ahmed Jameel, B. Eng (Environmental), MSc – Environmental (EIA-P07/07)  Hamdhulla Shakeeb, - Surveyor.  Ibrahim Faiz, BSc - Environmental Management (EIA PO5/2017)

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6.4 Rational for the formulation of alternatives

Alternatives analysis provides other ways of implementing the project or various components of the project. Hence, in formulating the alternatives, various critical components of the project were considered such as treatment options, technologies, future expansion, environmental acceptability, cost and benefits to the community. These factors were used to assess the various alternatives for the project as outlined in detail in the relevant sections.

6.5 Coordination with other stakeholders

The EIA can be considered as a blanket permit through which, the permit will be given to undertake the works. However, before an EIA is undertaken, various government and other stakeholders provide their input to the formulation of the project. Following are key points with this regard.  The client develops the project in consultation with the needs and requirements from the community.  Independent consultants prepare feasibility studies and outlines potential locations for outfall, pump stations and STP’s  The feasibility is studied by the client and the community for any overlaps and land allocation issues such as its applicability to the existing land use of the island.  The community provides assurance to the project by giving their consent for any issues requiring allocation of land, such as pump stations, STP etc.  Once the concept is finalized, then independent consultants will develop detail designs as per the waste water guidelines. These get approved through consultation with the client.  Client tenders the project and selects a contractor through the government tendering process.  In parallel, an EIA consultant is hired and awarded the project to prepare the EIA.  The EIA Consultant, during the preparation of the report revisits the project concept where by the various components are studied and alternative methods or technologies are identified. The report also identifies advantages and disadvantages of the various components and how practical they are.  The EIA is then reviewed by independent consultants through the EIA review process before approval is granted.  Once the EIA is approved, then the contractor can implement the project.

6.6 Terms of Reference

Terms of Reference for this assessment has been included in the Appendix of this report.

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7 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

This section outlines the relevant environmental legislation pertaining to this project. The following table outlines a matrix of major environmental laws, guidelines, codes and standards, both local and international indicating the relevance to this project. Details of these regulations, what they cover and under what circumstances they apply are attached as an annex.

7.1 Environmental Protection and Preserva t i o n A c t

The project conforms to the requirements of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of the Maldives, Law no. 4/93. The EIA has been undertaken in accordance with the EIA Regulation 2012 of the Maldives by registered consultants. Furthermore, it adheres to the principles underlined in the regulations, action plans, programmes and policies of Ministry of Environment and Energy, Ministry of Housing and Infra Structure and relevant local councils. These are discussed in detail in the following sections and relevant amendments brought to the regulations from time are also considered in this chapter.  The Articles of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (Law No. 4/93) addresses the following aspects of environmental management:  Guidelines and advice on environmental protection shall be provided by the concerned government authorities.  Formulating policies, rules and regulations for protection and conservation of the environment in areas that do not already have a designated government authority already carrying out such functions shall be carried out by MEEW.  • Identifying and registering protected areas and natural reserves and drawing up of rules and regulations for their protection and preservation.  An EIA shall be submitted to MEEW before implementing any developing project that may have a potential impact on the environment.  Projects that have any undesirable impact on the environment can be terminated without compensation.  Disposal of waste, oil, poisonous substances and other harmful substances within the territory of the Republic of Maldives is prohibited. Waste shall be disposed only in the areas designated for the purpose by the government.  Hazardous / Toxic or Nuclear Wastes shall not be disposed anywhere within the territory of the country. Permission should be obtained for any trans-boundary movement of such wastes through the territory of Maldives.  The Penalty for Breaking the Law and Damaging the Environment are specified.  The government of the Maldives reserves the right to claim compensation for all damages that are caused by activities that are detrimental to the environment.

The proposed project will fully abide to the Environmental Preservation and Protection Act. Disposal of oil, chemicals and other hazardous materials will be strictly controlled and managed. Such materials will not be disposed in to the local or the regional environment, but will be transported to designated waste disposal site (Raa island), that need to be identified by the Ministry of Housing and Environment. All mitigation measures will be implemented in the interest of the environment.

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7.2 Protected Areas and Sensitive Areas

Under Article 4 of the Environment Protection and Preservation Act, the Ministry of Environment is vested with the responsibility of identifying and registering protected areas and natural reserves and drawing up of rules and regulations for their protection and preservation.

As part of the Environmental Regulation, EPA has established list of ‘sensitive sites’ in the Maldives. Although not formalized as a regulation, the sensitive list is mentioned in the recent Regulation on Dredging and Reclamation (Regulation number 2014/R-13, see Section 5.7, page34). The sensitive sites, according to EPA are sites in the Maldives (islands, reefs, mangroves, inter-tidal areas) where developments ought to be restricted, regulated or controlled. Some view those sites mentioned in the sensitive list have no meaning because there is no evidence to show any ‘sensitive features’ of the areas.

Ha. Baarah is not a protected island but the island is included in an environmentally sensitive area due to the presence of significant wetlands and all environmental mitigations and monitoring will be considered in this report.

7.3 L a n d L a w

The law governs the allocation of land for different purposes and uses and other issues regarding the issuing of land, issuing of state dwellings for residential purposes, conduct regarding state dwellings or private dwellings constructed for residential purposes and the sale, transfer and lease of Maldivian Land. All transactions concerning the issuing, receiving, owning, selling, lease, utilizing and using Maldivian land shall be conducted in compliance with this Act.

Allocation of land for various purposes in this project such as the STP location has been done according to this law. Refer to annex for details of council approvals and documentations regarding land allocation and approvals.

7.4 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012

The Ministry of Environment has issued EIA regulation on May 2012, which guides the process of undertaking the Environmental Impact Assessment in the Maldives – This guideline also provides a comprehensive outline of the EIA process, including the roles and responsibilities of the consultants and the proponents. This regulation outlines every step of the IEE/EIA process beginning from application to undertake an EIA, details on the contents, minimum requirements for consultants undertaking the EIA, format of the EIA/IEE report and many more.

The guidance provided in this Regulation was followed in the preparation of this EIA report. And the EIA has also been prepared by registered consultants

7.5 FIRST Addendum to Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012

This amendment was gazetted on 9th April 2013. As per this amendment the responsible authority has to check the submitted EIA report for everything mentioned in the Regulation’s article (Kaafu) was in order and inform the proponent whether the EIA Report

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7.6 Second Addendum to Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012

This amendment was gazetted on 30th August 2015. With this Addendum to the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012, the following important points were noted.

- Procedural changes have been made to the EIA process. One of the most important changes was shifting the tourism related developmental project EIA’s to the Ministry of Tourism. Slight changes to the process like finalization of the Terms of Reference during the scoping meeting and changes in the fees structure for review process has been made to three different categories.

- Article 8 (a) of the amendment of the decision for screening form is as follows 1) Environmental Management Plan 2) Initial Environmental Examination 3) Environmental Impact Assessment 4) Approval to go forward with the screened project 5) Approval to go forward with the project with as per the mitigation measures proposed by EPA.

- The amendment’s article 9(b) says the decision for IEE will be as follows 1) Environmental Impact Assessment Report if the project anticipated to have major environmental impacts 2) Environmental Management Plan 3) Approval to go forward with the project if the project is not anticipated to occur major environmental impacts

- Article 10 of this amendment says that two (2) reviewers are required to review the environmental management plan and the selection of the reviewers are to be carried out as per the article 13(b).

7.7 THIRD Addendum to Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012

Amendment 3 (issued on 11th August 2016) covers the point systems for consultants, categories of the consultants and amendment of the penalties to consultants and proponents who fail to follow the regulation. This EIA report was prepared by a Category A registered EIA consultant.

7.8 FOURTH Addendum to Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation 2012

There was a 4th amendment done on the EIA regulation 2012 and gazetted on 19th January 2017. This amendment explains about the projects that can be preceded without an Environmental Impact Assessment when the proponent requests to the Ministry of Environment and Energy in writing along with commitments or guarantee that the Proponent

Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Sep 2017 Page 24 EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll will carry out the mitigation measures that may impact on the Environment due to such projects. A list of such projects given in the amendment is as follows. 1- Deepening of Existing harbors and channels as same as the foot print 2- Uprooting trees that fall into the existing plots given to citizens for residential purpose 3- Uprooting trees that fall into the roads/path ways to the above plots. (Only councils or who takes such responsibilities can apply). 4- Drilling boreholes to take water. 5- Reclamation carried out as land extension means to the natural existing land. Such lands that are less than 3 years after the reclamation is completed with exception of the projects mentioned article 1 ( c ) of this amendment. 6- Reclamation carried out in a lagoon with an island shape or characteristics. Such lands that are less than 5 years after the reclamation is completed with exception of the projects mentioned article 1 ( c ) of this amendment.

Environmental Impact Assessment shall be carried out and permission shall be obtained in Lands that are mentioned in 5 and 6 as above, when such lands become inhabited.

Environmental Impact Assessment shall be carried out in the following projects even in the lands that are reclaimed as per the number 5 and 6 explained above. 1- Projects that involve Dangerous Chemicals 2- Projects that involve in any Oil Storage 3- Projects that involve Incinerators 4- Projects that involves release of any poisonous elements to the atomosphere 5- Projects that involve fiber glass work.

The amendment also says that this amendment will come into force from the date it is gazetted.

The relevance of this amendment to this EIA is relevant as some of the mature trees that fall on the foot print of the roads that need to be cleared to lay the sewer line is required. The Island Council has indicated that compensation will be given to tree owners.

7.9 Post EIA Monitoring, Auditing and Evaluation

The environmental monitoring programme given in EIA reports is an important aspect of the EIA process. The monitoring programme outlines the objectives of the monitoring; the specific information to be collected; the data collection program, and managing the monitoring programme. Managing the monitoring programme requires assigning institutional responsibility, reporting requirements, enforcement capability, and ensuring that adequate resources are provided in terms of funds, skilled staff, etc.

The monitoring programme outlined in this report will comply with the EIA Regulations 2012 and TOR approved by the EPA for this project.

7.10 Regulation on sand and aggregate mining for building construction

This regulation addresses sand mining from uninhabited islands that have been leased; sand mining from the coastal zone of other uninhabited islands; and aggregate mining from

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Neither sand nor aggregate will be mined for this project for the purpose of building construction.

7.11 Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater Disposal

The guideline is developed by the Maldives Water and Sanitation Authority and is implemented by the Environment Protection Agency. The guideline is to improve public health through improved sanitation and cleaner and safer environment by regulating the disposal of domestic wastewater.

The proposed project has been proposed based on the requirements of this guidelines and EIA has been undertaken within the parameters defined by this regulations.

7.12 Responsible Institutions

The main government institutions that have roles and responsibilities relevant to this project are summarised below. 7 . 1 2 . 1 Ministry of Environment and Energy

The Ministry of Environment and Energy is mandated for the effective implementation of the Environmental Protection Act of the country and has the statutory power over issues related to the environment. It has the central control over the environment protection, management, conservation and environmental emergencies. The Ministry operates mainly at a policy level and the more regulatory and technical assessment activities are mandated to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In this respect EPA has now been mandated to manage all issues relating to Environmental Impact Assessment of individual projects. 7 . 1 2 . 2 Environmental Protection Agency

The Environment Protection Agency (EPA) of the Ministry of Environment and Energy has responsibility for efficient operation of the EIA process. This encompasses a number of tasks, including screening of projects and provision of general procedural advice to the project proponents throughout the EIA process. The EPA manages the review of the EIA report and is responsible for any approvals or recommendations associated with the EIA. It is also responsible for verifying that environmental protection measures are properly implemented by undertaking environmental audits in collaboration with other government as well as non‐government agencies with a role for environmental protection and preservation.

EPA also implements the Desalination Regulations and hence keeps a register of all the desalination plants that had to be registered under the Desalination Regulations. 7 . 1 2 . 3 Maldives Energy Authority

The Maldives Energy Authority (MEA) at Ministry Environment and energy regulates the energy sector of the Maldives. All the power houses are registered and regulated by MEA. Any capacity enhancement or creation of new electrical grid or power house at Ha. Baarah, will require registration at MEA.

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7.13 Relevant Policies 7 . 1 3 . 1 National Water and Sewerage Policy

The National Water and Sewerage Policy (NWSP) was launched by the Minister of Environment and Energy Honourable Thoriq Ibrahim in August 2017. The NWSP addresses concerns on the water and sewerage sector in Maldives and the planned outcomes from the implementation are to improve access to safe and efficient water supply sewerage facilities across the country. This policy has outlined statistical figures and 9 policy goals which are relevant to this project and it aims to create momentum to provide safe water and sewerage services within the country. 7 . 1 3 . 2 National Energy Policy

The National Energy Policy looks at existing issues, constraints and emerging issues. The policy addresses issues of energy supply, consumption, environment, renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainability. Sustainable supply and consumption is the main focus of the policy. According to the policy document, only 3% of energy is from biomass and solar energy while the rest is from refined petroleum products with diesel fuel accounting to 83% of the total energy consumption in the Maldives. Therefore, there is a great deal of work that needs to be done if carbon neutrality were to be achieved by 2020. 7 . 1 3 . 3 Carbon Neutral by 2020

In March 2009, President Nasheed announced the target to make Maldives carbon neutral by 2020. Hence, in the implementation of the project, careful attention needs to be given to ensure energy efficiency and reduce transport related fuel consumption. 7 . 1 3 . 4 T h i r d N ational Environment Action Plan (NEAP III)

The aim of NEAP III is to protect and preserve the environment of the Maldives and to sustainably manage its resources for the collective benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations. The following principles outlined in the NEAP III to in environment protection and environmental management are;  Environmental protection is the responsibility of every individual  Achieve results - The actions, activities, regulations, supervision, reporting, incentives, information and advice for environmental management shall be directed and well co-ordinated to achieve the results the citizens want.  Promote and practise sustainable development  Ensure local democracy  Inter-sectoral co-ordination and co-operation  Informed decision making  Precaution first  Continuous learning and improvement  Right to information and participation  Environmental protection complements development  NEAP III contains environmental policies and guidelines that should be adhered to in the implementation of the proposed project activities.  The sewerage facility development will also be in accordance with the main strategies of the NEAP III. The proponent is committed to the EIA and the

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proposed monitoring programme. The monitoring programme proposed in this report outlines the environmental management strategy and plan. This EIA has also been prepared in consultation with the key stakeholders, especially the island council, island community of Ha, Baarah and relevant stakeholders. Therefore, these measures address the key strategies outlined in the NEAP III

7.14 International Conventions 7 . 1 4 . 1 Convention on Biological Diversity

The Maldives is a party to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. The objective of the convention is “the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources and by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding”.

The proposed development activities outlined in this project does not fall on any area recognised for its ecological value but occurs in an island with sensitive areas. However, it is unlikely there will be a significant loss of biodiversity. The loss is not going to be significant at atoll or national level. Yet, it is recommended that the developer ensures that mitigation measures are followed while executing works on land and in the marine environment to protect the marine biodiversity.

7.15 Relevant Policies 7 . 1 5 . 1 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2016-2025 (NBSAP 2016-2025) seeks to ensure that threats to biodiversity are addressed, biodiversity is conserved, sustainably used and benefits arising from them are shared equitably. It also encompasses ways of addressing gaps, challenges and constraints highlighted in earlier sections. It is a living document that will have the capacity to adapt to changes in national conditions, capacities and to the changes in the international arena. In implementing the proposed project activities due care would be given to ensure that the national biodiversity strategies are adhered to.  The proponent has committed on conservation and protection of the environment while undertaking this proposed project. 7 . 1 5 . 2 Waste Management Policy

The aim of the waste management policy is to formulate and implement guidelines and means for solid waste management in order to maintain a healthy environment. Accordingly, the key elements of the policy include:  Ensure safe disposal of solid waste and encourage recycling and reduction of waste generated;  Develop guidelines on waste management and disposal and advocate to enforce such guidelines through inter-sectoral collaboration;  Ensure safe disposal of chemical, hazardous and industrial waste.

The proponents of this project must be aware of the policy and all solid and hazardous waste produced in this project should be disposed according to the Environmental

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Management Plan for the project, which reflects the principles of the Waste Management Policy. 7 . 1 5 . 3 National Framework for Development 2009 - 2 0 1 3

This framework consists of 10 policies and it is the very important environmental policy guidance given in the Strategic Action Plan. This policy encourages strengthening EIA process and EIA monitoring including conservation and sustainability of biological diversity. Based on this plan, relevant laws, regulations and amendments to such regulations has been done to improve the processes and the relevant laws and regulation are covered under Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework of this report 7 . 1 5 . 4 Decentralization Act

The Decentralization Act establishes the local councils as highest authority in the locality and who shall have executive powers to be exercised in accordance with this Act. The Act establishes Atoll Councils, Island Councils and City Councils.

This project will be monitored and overlooked by the Island Council. The project was also formulated and finalized together with input from the local council. 7 . 1 5 . 5 Waste management Regulations

The Ministry of Environment has developed national waste management regulation. The key elements of the regulations include: ensure safe disposal of solid waste and encourage recycling and reduction in waste generated, develop guidelines on waste management and disposal and advocate enforcing these guidelines through inter-sectoral collaboration and ensure safe disposal of chemical, industrial and hazardous waste.

Waste management for the proposed project during the construction and operation phase will be in line with this regulation. The waste generated from the project site would be taken to the Vandhoo island () for processing and disposal. 7 . 1 5 . 6 Regulation o n cutting down, uprooting and export o f t r e e s

The Regulation on cutting down, uprooting, digging out and export of trees and palms from one island to another was recently issued by the Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water. Clause 5 (a) of the regulations states that Prior to the commencement of any project(s) that would require the indiscriminate removal and export of trees/palms from one island to another for the purpose of agriculture, development, construction or any other purpose. It is mandatory under the Regulation to prepare an EIA Report stating clearly the details of the Project(s) with all necessary information and submit the same through the relevant Ministry to Ministry of Environment and Energy and the project(s) can only commence upon the grant of written approval from the MEE.

Article 8 (a) requires permission be obtained from Ministry of Environment and Energy, if more than 10 coconut palms that are of a height of 15 ft (from base of the palm to the tip of the palm frond) are cut, uprooted or relocated to another island. The regulation also ensures the replacement of the vegetation that is lost by imposing the planting of two palms for every palm tree that is cut or uprooted (Article 2 (d)). Logging on inhabited islands must

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According to Article 3 (a) no trees can be cut or uprooted within the 15m zone inside from the vegetation line of an island. If there is any mangrove areas in the island, no trees and be uprooted, dig out or cut within the 15m buffer zone around the mangrove area (Article 3 (b)). Uprooting and cutting of the trees would be carried out as outlined in the regulations. Two trees would be planted for each tree removed.

This regulation has no implication to the proposed project. 7 . 1 5 . 7 Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater Disposal

The guideline is developed and implemented by the Environment Protection Agency. The guideline is to improve public health through improved sanitation and cleaner and safer environment by regulating the disposal of domestic wastewater.

The proposed project has been proposed based on the requirements of this guidelines and EIA has been undertaken within the parameters defined by this regulations. All domestic waste will be disposed as per the guidelines provided by EPA. Hence, the treated wastewater will be as per the following guidelines. Table 1: Treated wastewater quality standards to be achieved

MEEW guidelines for maximum allowable Parameter concentrations for discharge into deep sea Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) 40 mg/l Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 50 mg/l Suspended Solids 150 mg/L pH 5 -9.5 Oil & Grease (After effective fat/Grease trap) 5 mg/L 7 . 1 5 . 8 Post EIA Monitoring, Auditing and Evaluation

The environmental monitoring programme given in EIA report is an important aspect of the EIA process. The monitoring programme outlines the objectives of the monitoring; the specific information to be collected; the data collection program, and managing the monitoring programme. Managing the monitoring programme requires assigning institutional responsibility, reporting requirements, enforcement capability, and ensuring that adequate resources are provided in terms of funds, skilled staff, etc.

The monitoring programme outlined in this report will comply with the EIA Regulations 2012 and subsequent amendments.

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8 Project Description 8.1 Project proponent

This project is proposed by the government of Maldives with Ministry of Environment and Energy as the Implementing Agency. Ministry of Environment and Energy is the government ministry responsible for the welfare of the environment including erosion control and environmental management. It is the agency which oversees the protection of the environment on the overall. Therefore the development of sewerage system under the water and sanitation umbrella in islands falls under the Ministry of Environment and Energy.

The Ministry of Environment and Energy has awarded the contract to design and develop the concept to Riyan Pvt. The construction will be awarded to competent contractors through the government tendering process.

8.2 Project Location and Study Area

The project takes places in the island of Baarah in Haa Alifu Atoll. The following figure illustrates the location of Baarah in Haa Alifu Atoll. The Island is located in the region of Maldives at 06°49'07"N and 73°12’30”E. It is approximately 290 km north of the capital Male’. It has an area of about 247 hectares, occupied by a population of about 1091 (Census 2014) as per the island council register. The island extends up to 2.2 km in length and a width of 1.2 km.

Figure 1: Location of Baarah in Haa Alifu Atoll

8.3 N eed and Justification for the project

Sewage treatment is as important as clean water supply because poor sanitation is the cause of water contamination. Improper sewage disposal will spread water related diseases to the human environment. Proper sewage disposal mechanisms have two main roles; to protect

Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Sep 2017 Page 31 EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll public health and to protect environment. In addition to this, below are several other socio- economic benefits of proper sewage and wastewater disposal.  Protection of the groundwater aquifer, which is the main source of water for the communities. This in turn helps in reducing morbidity and mortality due to water-borne diseases.  Health benefits due to improvements in environmental health.  Protection of groundwater means that the community can rely on a safe source of water for basic needs other than potable use.

Therefore, appropriate sewage disposal has always been a high priority for the islands of Maldives. Islands of Maldives have very vulnerable groundwater with only 1 to 2.5 meters of earth protecting it. Because of this and use of improper sewage and waste disposal mechanisms, groundwater is contaminated in many islands of Maldives.

Site investigation of Baarah Island revealed that the island is almost flat, and ground water is very shallow in most areas. Most households have a septic tank which all human waste is disposed. In general, most of the houses face the groundwater pollution issue and as a result use and oxygen pump for purifying the water. Proper sewage collection and disposal has now become a key basic requirement for all inhabited islands as human development is significantly impacted without this basic facility.

8.4 Scope of works

The scope of works in this project constitutes the following.  Mobilization.  Site preparation.  Construction.  Testing phase.  Handing over of the project.

8.5 Literature Review 8 . 5 . 1 Existing literature about Baarah

As part of the literature review, the following reports were studied to obtain existing knowledge about the island and its vulnerabilities. Name of report Author Source / Year Conservation and Management Blue Peace http://www.bluepeacemaldives of Maldivian Mangrove Habitats Organization, .org/mangroves/islands/baarah/ – Baseline Study Maldives EIA report for the construction Water Solutions Pvt. Water Solutions; 2014 of jetty in Baarah Island Ltd. 8 . 5 . 2 R e l e v a n t s t u d i e s and literature for Baa Rah island

Of the available studies and literature, those related to the Mangroves are considered as the main issues relevant to this project.

Baarah island is located on the eastern rim of Haa Alifu. Atoll at 6° 49.010’N and 73° 12.778’E. With a land area of 248.8 ha, this island is among the largest in the atoll. It is also considered among the largest islands in the Maldives with a unique shape. As far as the island

Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Sep 2017 Page 32 EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll land use patterns are considered, 16.4% of the total island is used for housing and residential purposes while roughly 6.2% of land has been cleared for agricultural purposes. The main residential area is located on the western side of the island extending from eastern shores towards south and north and slightly inland. At present there are 453 separate housing plots on the island. Despite presence of numerous large wetland areas on Baarah, the community is unlikely to run out of land for housing in a near future (Blue Peace,, 2017).

One of the key environmental feature of Baa island is the numerous Mangrove areas which are ecologically important environments. These environments are also ecologically sensitive to both natural and anthropogenic impacts. As Maldives is known for its coral reefs and beaches; mangrove ecosystems in Maldives are over-shadowed by these environments and oftentimes neglected and under constant anthropogenic threats despite its crucial ecological and geomorphological function to this small island nation (Blue Peace,, 2017). 8 . 5 . 3 Environmental threats and risks in Baa Atoll

According to the available literature, the biggest threat in Baa Rah island is the impacts on the mangroves from both natural and human causes. 8 . 5 . 4 What are Mangroves?

Mangroves are woody plants that grow at the interface between land and sea in tropical and sub-tropical latitudes where they exist in conditions of high salinity, extreme tides, strong winds, high temperatures and muddy, anaerobic soils. There may be no other group of plants with such highly developed morphological and physiological adaptations to extreme conditions

Mangroves create unique ecological environments that host rich assemblages of species. The mangrove biome is referred as mangal. They are also refered sometimes as Mangrove Swamps. The muddy or sandy sediments of the mangal are home to a variety of epibenthic, infaunal, and meiofaunal invertebrates. Channels within the mangal support communities of phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish. The mangal may play a special role as nursery habitat for juveniles offish whose adults occupy other habitats (e.g. coral reefs and seagrass beds).

As the mangroves are surrounded by loose sediments, the submerged mangroves’ roots, trunks and branches are islands of habitat that may attract rich epifaunal communities including bacteria, fungi, macroalgae and invertebrates. The aerial roots, trunks, leaves and branches host other groups of organisms. A number of crab species live among the roots, on the trunks or even forage in the canopy. Insects, reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals thrive in the habitat and contribute to its unique character (Blue Peace,, 2017).

Living at the interface between land and sea, mangroves are well adapted to deal with natural stressors (e.g. temperature, salinity, anoxia, UV). However, because they live close to their tolerance limits, they may be particularly sensitive to disturbances like those created by human activities. Because of their proximity to population centers, mangals have historically been favored sites for sewage disposal. Industrial effluents have contributed to heavy metal contamination in the sediments. Oil from spills and from petroleum production has flowed into many mangals. These insults have had significant negative effects on the mangroves.

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8.5.4.1 Cultural significance of Mangroves

One of the mangrove areas in Baarah island was famously used by As-Sulṭaan al- Ghaazee Muhamadhu Thakurufaanu al-A’uẓam as a hideaway for his boat, Kalhuoffummi during his campaign against Portuguese conquerors during 1570s. Additionally, mangrove plants were used by the community in the past as a food source and firewood. Since the mangrove area in some parts are directly connected to the lagoon, the waters are inhabited by medium sized reef fishes such as mullets and breams. According to the locals, people used to fish from this area frequently in the past, even though the practice is not that common nowadays (Blue Peace,, 2017).

8.5.4.2 Ecological Setting

There are 10 different water bodies in Baarah which can be considered different wetland areas, though some of which were originally single water bodies and later divided into separate areas from human and natural causes. Additionally, not all of these areas are mangrove habitats; Sites marked “A” and “I” did not have any flora or fauna associated with mangrove habitats meanwhile areas “C”, “D” and “E” had very few mangrove flora and fauna. The areas of these sites are as outlined below.

Figure 2: Mangrove Swamps in Baa Rah (above) with their areas (below table). Source: WS Geo data base

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The following table outlines the total area of Mangroves (Blue Peace,, 2017) Site Area (m2) A 22 100 B 133 990 C 63 710 D 57 150 E 23 610 F 72 580 G 5 370 H 8 290 I 3 080 J 2 790

The following table outlines the water quality of the wetlands in Baarah Island. Figure 3: Water quality of the wetlands in Baarah (Blue Peace,, 2017).

8 . 5 . 5 Threats to Mangroves

8.5.5.1 Climate change

Among the predicted outcomes of climate change, the most pronounced effect is sea- level rise due to global warming. Mangrove systems do not keep pace with changing sea-level when the rate of change in elevation of the mangrove sediment surface is exceeded by the rate of change in relative sea-level. The understanding of mangroves as opportunistic colonizers with distribution controlled through ecological responses to environmental factors highlights the importance of the geomorphic setting in determining where mangrove ecosystems establish, their structure and functional processes. An understanding of a mangrove’s geomorphic setting, including sedimentation processes (sediment supply and type), hydrology, and energy regime, is likewise important in understanding resistance and responses to changes in sea-level, as these affect both surface and subsurface controls on elevation of the mangrove sediment surface (Blue Peace,, 2017).

8.5.5.2 Existing Anthropogenic impacts

Due to extensive fresh water bodies in Baarah, mosquitoes used to breed in them in astounding numbers. This lead to community of the island to dig channels from the water bodies in to the lagoon, allowing sea water to enter. This changed salinity of water body significantly; previous freshwater water bodies (sites marked C, D and E) now house brine; possibly effecting flora and fauna composition. Additionally, invasive and territorial fish species, Tilapia has been introduced into these water bodies as well. Their numbers exploded and has most likely eradicated any potential native fish species in the water bodies.

Even though in the past, the local community used to collect firewood and timber from mangroves around Site B, this activity is reduced greatly at present. An experimental

Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Sep 2017 Page 35 EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll aquaculture activity was initiated in Site C, potentially altering the natural bathymetry of the water body. Site I has been dug in the past according to the locals. Overall, Sites A, B, F, G, H and J is not altered by anthropogenic activities to a significant level, however, Sites C, D, E and I have been greatly altered in the past (Blue Peace,, 2017).

8.5.5.3 Potential impacts from agriculture

Agricultural and industrial work is ever-expanding in Baarah; some of these are in very close proximity to the wetland areas. If not managed, these could pose a significant threat to mangrove habitats via pollution and deforestation (Blue Peace,, 2017).

8.5.5.4 Potential impacts from the sewerage system

The sewage outfall presently proposed is located on the east sides, between Mangrove areas E and F. However, this does not pose any threat as no treated wastewater is planned to be discharged to any inland water bodies. However, in future, with the installation of STP, there is the potential of treated water being used for agriculture, which could potentially have direct and indirect impacts on these wetlands. Research has shown that high heavy metal content in mangrove areas where sewage is disposed as a means to dispose the effluent. If this practice were to be carried, then more detail studies need to be undertaken to assess how such disposals would impact the island.

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8.6 Description of the P r o p o s e d Sewerage System 8 . 6 . 1 System overview

The proposed sewerage system for Baarah island will be a gravity sewerage system. Wastewater from the entire island will be drained using a gravity pipe system to zonal pumping stations and it will be discharged into the sea directly through a sea outfall (refer to the following figure). Each catchment basin will be sufficient to cater for the sewage generation at Average Wet Weather Flows. The sewerage system design will be based on an assumption velocity of at least 0.60m/sec, with a pipe slope of 1 in 250 throughout, and access chamber spacing of not more than 60m, and an inspection chamber within the boundary perimeter of each house.

The sewerage system comprises of the following components: • Household inspection chambers,

• A gravity sewerage reticulation network,

• Reticulation pumping stations and pressure main system.

Figure 4: Outline of the proposed sewerage system

The sewerage system will be developed to cover all the households and institutions in the island at present. The following diagramme illustrates the system overlay with respect to the island and existing households. The sewer network is presently designed for the existing populated area only and no allocation has been done for the undeveloped areas due to lack of a land use plan. This has been identified as one of the draw backs or risks of the project.

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Figure 5: Overview of sewerage system network

8 . 6 . 2 C omponents of the sewerage System

8.6.2.1 House connections

One of the first and basic parts of the system will be the house connections to the main sewer network. As such, households / premises will be connected to the sewer main with uPVC pipe of 110mm OD gravity sewer laid at a minimum grade of 1.5-2.5% to facilitate the flow of solids. A pre-fabricated corrugated uPVC inspection chamber of 315mm open diametre will be placed at the boundary of each residential connection prior to downstream connection with a ‘Y’ fixture, lateral connection. The following diagramme shows the details of these connections.

Figure 6: Plan view of the lateral connection from home to the main sewer line.

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The following diagramme illustrates the cross section of a typical household gravity connection for sewer main.

Figure 7: Section view of house connection

Figure 8: Detail of house inspection chamber

8.6.2.2 Pumping Stations (or Lifting Stations)

The pumping station will be comprised of a wet well, submersible sewage pumps (one duty and one standby) and an adjacent valve chamber/discharge chamber. The pumping station will be below ground level with an adjacent weatherproof and vandal proof cabinet housing the pump controls. Locations of the pumping stations were decided after a meeting with the Island Council and approved pumping station.

Three zonal pumping stations are required to effectively service the entire network based on the design criteria and specifications. Each pumping station will have 2 pumps (one

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The following diagramme shows the location of approved pumping stations (PS1, PS2 and PS3) and the STP as well as the outfall. The diagramme also shows the three (3) gravity flow zones of the islands to which each pumping station serves.

Figure 9: Location of pumping stations

The following table outlines the design details for the pumping station.

Table 1: Pumping Station Design Details

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8.6.2.3 Environmental and social issues related to the proposed pumping station locations

The following photos are taken from Thinadhoo Island in Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll where a similar underground pumping stations have been constructed and the control panels and vent pipes are placed on one side of the street. The control panels are not protected and are subjected to vandalism and unfavourable weather conditions. During an emergency, a power backup generator has to be bought and connected. Maintenance of the system will require closure of the street.

Figure 10: Photos from Thinadhoo island, Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll showing a typical ump station control panel and vent pipes (pump stations are constructed underground in the street). Photo: FENAKA, Thinadhoo

The diagramme on the following page outlines the details of the proposed pumping station for Baarah with gas vents.

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8.6.2.4 Cleanouts (CO)

Cleanouts or rodding points will be installed at the start of all main sewer lines with a 160mm OD PVC 45 degree bend, a threaded end cap and a rubber gasket. The following figure outlines the cleanouts with respect to the sewer network.

Figure 11: Cleanouts in the system (only a section of the network shown for illustration only.

8.6.2.5 Manholes

Pre‐fabricated HDPE circular shafts for manholes and inspection chambers of minimum clear opening access 600mm diameter as standard size will be used and will be of non-biodegradable and resistant to salt. The manholes are at a maximum of 60m intervals and at every road junction. The manholes/access chamber covers is designed for heavy duty load (Refer to the above figure for details).

The following diagramme outlines the details of the cleanouts and manholes.

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8.6.2.6 Sewer mains

The length of the gravity sewer main required is approximately 7000 m. Minimum uPVC pipe diameter for house laterals will be 110mm OD. Minimum main sewer uPVC pipe diameter used will be 160mm OD and above as per hydraulic design. Force main pipes will be of HDPE material and discharge capacity of sewer depends on size of sewer and flow velocity. Pipe cover over sewer pipes are of 600mm, unless deemed necessary onsite in a special case. Minimum slope required for 160 mm diameter pipe conventional sewer of 1 in 250 (0.4%) is maintained, however, to lay the pipes within a depth range of 0.6m to 2.5m, minimum velocity could not be maintained at upper reaches. Average present flow is 3.3 l/s and ultimate flow is 11.9 l/s. The following diagramme outlines the sewer network proposed with respect to the island.

Figure 12: Sewer mains and the network coverage in Baarah

8.6.2.7 Ground Conditions

The initial layers of the soil consist of deep humus of few inches in depth. Coral sand of about 0.6m is found below and subsequently, sand is accompanied with fresh water. The ground water is generally located between 0.7m and 1.2 m below the ground level. The existing services could not be identified due to unavailability of the as-built drawings.

8.6.2.8 Excavation & Dewatering

Due to the extremely high water tables recorded between 0.7 and 1.2 m below ground level extensive dewatering is required during construction and installation of pipe networks with increase in intensity as depth increases. Furthermore, the instability of the prevailing sand/soil conditions of Coral Atoll Islands makes excessive dewatering extremely hazardous since dewatering entailed with increase in depth removes significant quantities of sand/soil, further exacerbating the unstable soil conditions.

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Previous experience of sewer construction in the Maldives has indicated that excavation depths more than 3.5m are not recommended for conventional dewatering methods to avoid the risk of undermining and trench collapses as well as loss of structural integrity of the surrounding earth.

For the purpose of the Baarah design, the maximum depth of excavation should not exceed 3.5m as per the Design criteria and technical specifications for conventional gravity sewerage systems guideline released by the Water and Sanitation Unit of the Environmental Protection Agency (Environmental Protection Agency, 2015). Strict reference to these criteria is necessary as the streets are very narrow and congested, leaving limited space for mechanical excavation between buildings for the installation of pipelines.

In consideration for the instability of the soil conditions, trench shoring is to be used to maintain the vertical integrity of the sidewalls. As per the guideline, Design criteria and technical specifications for conventional gravity sewerage systems guideline released by the Water and Sanitation Unit of the Environmental Protection Agency, all water removed during excavation for trenching and construction will be disposed of inland from the excavation for use as backfill (Environmental Protection Agency, 2015).

8.6.2.9 Bends

All bends will be provided with reaction blocking, tie rods or restrained joints designed to prevent movement (refer to the following diagramme).

Figure 13: Details of the bends

8.6.2.10 Vents

Vents in household plumbing are sufficient. However, to avoid foul gases inside the network and pump stations, a 6m high GI pipe vent stack will be provided at the pumping stations. Additional control mechanisms may be required, especially if the odour remains

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Figure 14: Typical pumping station detail with the vent pipe shown on top

As these filters work through the process of adsorption, where they serve as media for removing odorous gases from air streams by concentrating and storing them, they need to be disposed and replaced by the utility provider from time to time (Karageorgos et al., 2010). 8 . 6 . 3 Sea outfall

8.6.3.1 Justification for the location of sea outfall

The present location for the sea outfall is on the eastern side of the island, approximately along the center of the island. This is the most suitable location for sea outfall as this is the nearest location from which outfall could be constructed straight into the reef edge. Considering the centralized geography of the settlement, any other location would cause an in balance in distance in the event of future population sprawl. The eastern reef slop is approximately 100 meters from the shoreline. The eastern side is also the ocean side, meaning that potential for dilution is greatest on this side. The northern and southern sides are also potential locations but has more disadvantages as these locations would require greater number of pumping stations to convey the sewage to the treatment plant. This is illustrated in the following figure.

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Figure 15: Alternative locations for sea outfall with their shortcomings

Therefore, the primary justification of the outfall location is due to the centralized location.

8.6.3.2 Equipment’s required for the construction of offshore pipeline

The outfall will be constructed using manual methods and with the assistance of general construction tools. Anchor blocks for the sea outfall will be constructed in the island. In the marine environment, the anchor blocks will be transported to their final positions using floats and with the use of a small dhoni or dinghy boat. Divers and workers will tie the blocks to floats and move them to their positions before releasing them to settle on the sea floor. The following diagramme outlines the schematics of the sea outfall starting from the sea outfall pumping station.

Figure 16: Schematic of the sea outfall

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8.6.3.3 Alternative location

Refer to the alternative section 8 . 6 . 4 Other Considerations

8.6.4.1 Emergency Storage

Pumping stations will be designed with emergency storage capacity to retain the maximum dry weather sewage inflow for a minimum response time of two hours.

8.6.4.2 Emergency outfall system

8.6.4.2.1 Catchment Overflow Links (LO)

All catchments will be interlinked via a catchment overflow 160mm OD pipe laid at a flat grade at the closest point between two catchments to provide relief during an event where the pump station in a given catchment fails.

8.6.4.2.2 Emergency Flow Relief Structures (EFRS)

Emergency flow relief structures will not be provided since, the pumping stations will be designed for the emergency storage to retain two hours peak dry weather flow to provide an adequate response time to a pump station failure. 8 . 6 . 5 Connections to the Sewer System

8.6.5.1 Residential Connections

All premises will be connected to the sewer main with uPVC pipe of 110mm OD gravity sewer laid at a minimum grade of 1.5-2.5% to facilitate the flow of solids. A pre- fabricated corrugated uPVC inspection chamber of 315mm OD will be placed at the boundary of each residential connection prior to downstream connection with a ‘Y’ fixture, lateral connection.

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8 . 6 . 6 P r e l i m inary hydraulic design of Sewers Network

8.6.6.1 Design Criteria

The following parameters are taken into consideration for the design of the sewers network. Figure 17: Design Criteria

8.6.6.2 Detailed hydraulic design of various components of sewer network

For the design average flow, wastewater generation value is taken as 120 lpcd since this is a reasonable value appropriate for a small island of Maldives and 90 percent for utilization. The entire island will be divided into two catchments in order to effectively service the network based on the design criteria and specifications. Each pumping station will have 2 pumps, each capable of pumping peak flow. Since the average pump life is 5 years, pumps will be selected for the 15 year design flow. The diameter of the pump well will be 2.5m and depth limited to a maximum of 3.9m.

8.6.6.3 Design Material

All the design materials and fittings will comply with EPA published standards and are given in the following table.

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Figure 18: Design material and their standards

8.7 Operation and Maintenance Requirements 8 . 7 . 1 Household Infrastructure

Each household will be provided with an inspection chamber inside the boundary. Household sewer to main sewer will be laid at a minimum grade of 1.5-2.5% to facilitate the flow of solids. In case where domestic fixtures do not include a water trap, an ‘S’ bend will be fitted on the outside side. Generally, at the upstream side of the residential connection, a vent pipe will be installed to avoid foul gases entering the network. The household owner shall be responsible for the connection of the house toilet to the inspection chamber. No rainwater down spouts will be allowed to connect to the sewer network. For maintenance purpose, access covers and frames will be incorporated with rubber gasket on the closure capable of restricting ingress of water and emission of odor. 8 . 7 . 2 Communal Infrastructure

For ease of maintenance works, pre‐fabricated circular shafts for manholes will be at a maximum of 60m intervals and at every road junction. Cleanouts or rodding points will also be installed at the start of all main sewers. Hotels/restaurants/industrial places will provide a grease trap for filtration prior to connection with the inspection chamber. In order to effectively service the entire network, three zonal pumping stations are required. The pumping station will comprise of a wet well, submersible sewage pumps (one duty and one standby) and an adjacent valve chamber/discharge chamber. In addition, an Emergency bypass mechanism for use during servicing pump station and maintenance will be incorporated in the station. The slope provided for 160 mm OD pipe conventional sewer will be in the order of 1 in 250 (0.4%) and the minimum self-cleansing velocity required is 0.6m/s. However, the gravity network system shall be continuously monitored and cleaned on a regular basis due to imminent lack of flow at upper reaches of the network. 8 . 7 . 3 S e w e r C l e a n i n g

Difficulties arising due to low velocities observed and its resulting tendency for deposition are tackled in two ways; the high density of population and the close proximity of incoming house laterals leads in flushing pipe system. Grease, silt, fats, dirt, mineral deposits and other components of sludge will accumulate inside the pipe and result in frequent sewer clogs. Hydro jetting of the network is therefore recommended for further cleansing of the network within a suitable time interval (annually/quarterly/monthly).

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8 . 7 . 4 Sewer System Maintenance Tools

All necessary maintenance tools such as squeegees, wrenches, valve keys, rakes, shovels, spare parts, etc. will be provided. A sewer jetting machine is desirable. Readily accessible storage space and workbench facilities will be provided and consideration will be given to provision of a garage for large equipment storage, maintenance and repair.

Maintenance tools and spare parts for the wastewater system will be provided by the Contractor for the operation period of one year. Table 2: Sewer system maintenance tools and spare parts

Table 3: Safety tools

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8 . 7 . 5 Training of personnel

As per technical specification, training will be provided by the Contractor as follows:

1. A comprehensive training program facilitated by a skilled operator will be provided for local operations and maintenance personnel following the signing of handing over Certificates. The training will include practical training on all aspects of the operation, maintenance and routine repair of the whole sewerage collection and pumping network, sewage pumping stations, equipment and facilities under normal and special operating conditions. The training will include but is not limited to training related to process, mechanical, electro-mechanical, electrical, instrumentation and control equipment supplied and installed.

2. For the purpose of training to maintain the said facilities and equipment, proper training manuals based on operation and maintenance manual and checklists will be provided.

3. An awareness and training program for the Island community, Council Office staff, utility company staffs and other personnel that may be in-directly involved with the maintenance of the household sanitation and public sewers will be provided. The awareness program would include aspects related to community participation during the construction since most of the work will be executed within or close to the houses and properties to be connected.

8.8 D e s i gn Considerations for Pumping Stations and Rising Mains

The pumping station will be comprised of a wet well, submersible sewage pumps (one duty and one standby) and an adjacent valve chamber/discharge chamber. The pumping station will be below ground level with an adjacent weatherproof and vandal proof cabinet housing the pump controls. Locations of the pumping stations were decided after a meeting with the Island Council and approved during concept stage.

Three zonal pumping stations are required to effectively service the entire network based on the design criteria and specifications. Each pumping station will have 2 pumps (one duty and one standby) each capable of pumping peak flow. 8 . 8 . 1 Reticulation Pumping Stations & Valve Chambers

Three zonal pumping stations are required to effectively service the entire network based on the design criteria and specifications. An external valve chamber will service each of the pump stations. Exact locations of the pumping stations were decided after a meeting with the Island Council.

8.8.1.1 Wet Well Design Requirements

The minimum diameter of the wet well will be 2.0m and depth limited to a maximum of 3.5m. The pump well floor is to be shaped to avoid retention of waste water and material entering the pump well. Where this is achieved through placement of mass concrete, the concrete is to be sloped towards the well pump sump. The design will allow pumps and personnel can pass through the pump well opening.

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8.8.1.1.1 Control Levels

Normal pump operation will be controlled through float‐switches. The pump control system will consist of the following components for float switches:  Low level to signal pump OFF,

 High level to signal duty pump ON,

 Maximum level alarm and,

 Standby pump ON.

8 . 8 . 2 General Arrangement

The pump well will be capable of accommodating two submersible pumps, associated pipe work, electrical wiring and access equipment and personnel access. 8 . 8 . 3 Construction requirements

Pump stations will be constructed using reinforced concrete and internal surface will be provided with a double mat GRP lining with gel coat in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. 8 . 8 . 4 Rising Mains

Rising Mains or Pressure Mains used for the network will be of HDPE/PE and a diameter of 110mm OD pipe with a specified wall thickness and stiffness to satisfy PE100 PN10 classification for resistance to abrasion and ease of jointing using fusion butt welding.

8.8.4.1 Discharge Pipework Velocities

Velocities in the rising mains shall be maintained at a minimum value of 2.0m/s to facilitate the removal of sedimentation from valves and a maximum value of 4.0m/s to avoid scouring of pipe walls. Thrust blocks will be provided for the discharge pipes at not less than 1.0m intervals in any direction.

8.8.4.2 Isolation & Control Valves

An isolation and control valves will be placed at upstream of the rising main intersection inside the valve chamber and at downstream end of pump well in order to isolate the connection in case of pipe failure or maintenance.

8.8.4.3 Pump Selection for pump stations

The initial sizing of pumps is based on the 15 year demand. However the pump sizing for the 35 year are also provided in the table below. Details of the pump selection is provided (refer to Figure 14). Typical Pump curves are also provided. It should be noted that two pumps will be installed in one station.

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Table 4: Pump selection

8.8.4.4 Control Levels

Normal pump operation will be controlled through float‐switches. The pump control system will consist of the following components for float switches:  Low level to signal pump OFF,  High level to signal duty pump ON,  Extra high level to signal Standby pump ON and,  Alarm level for visual and Audible Alarm.

The pumps specifications will be as follows:

 Pump type: Submersible grinder capable of handling solids up to 75mm  Impeller: SS ASTM A743 CF 8 M  Shaft: SS BS 970 Gr 304 S11  Casing: IS 210 Gr.FG 260 with 1.5-2% Ni  Start/Stops: restricted to6 per hour  Motor: [as per engineering design], IP 68 protection with Class F insulation  Guiderail pipe & Chain: SS BS 970 Gr 304 S11

All equipment such as the inlet chamber, pump wells, valves, pumps, control cabinets/panels, control cables, instrument protection, indicator meters, switches, lights, control system, ultra sensors/switches, float switches, pump controllers and related accessories will be in conformance with the published guidelines in Maldives. 8 . 8 . 5 Sewage Treatment Facility

Sewerage Treatment Plant will not be installed in this project at the initial construction. The design of sewerage treatment plant presented here can be used at a later stage. It should be noted that design aspects should be reviewed if installed after 5 years to adjust for the sizing of the plant. This will enable the plant to be sized based on the observed flows from the revised population projections. For the discharged water quality, the limits defined by the European Normative 91/271/EEC and by the Maldives EPA guidelines.

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Table 5: Influent and effluent standards

The following diagramme outlines the proposed STP location and the location of pump stations.

Figure 19: Proposed future STP Location

8 . 8 . 6 Recommended Options

Based on the analysis at the concept stage an Extended Aeration plant is recommended as the most appropriate type of sewerage treatment plant for an anticipated development of the sewerage system of the island. The SBR packaged technology is selected as it would offer less land area requirement compared to conventional aeration plants. 8 . 8 . 7 Detailed layout of STP

Detailed drawings of STP preliminary capacity of SBR 481m /day is given in the following diagramme. The packaged is design with two tanks. Based on the requirements during the time of installation a package treatment plant by a system suppliers should be installed subject to engineer’s approval. An STP will be installed in the second phase.

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Figure 20: STP flow diagramme

The following diagramme illustrates the STP site layout. As the STP will not be installed at this stage, the pressure main will be directly connected to sea outfall pipeline by giving provisions to incorporate the STP in future.

Figure 21: STP location

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8.8.7.1 Sludge disposal method or sludge management from pump station

Sludge will be collected and transferred to island’s waste management site during the pumping station maintenance periods. 8 . 8 . 8 Outfall pipeline and Diffuser

8.8.8.1 Outfall pipeline

The length of the sea outfall is approximately 265 m (140m on land and 125m at sea). The diameter of the black PE100 pipes used will be 160mm OD. Outfall pipe will be laid to depth of 0.6 m on land and place on the natural sea bed using concrete ballast blocks anchored to the seabed to prevent the movement of the pipeline during heavy wave activity as shown in the drawing attached in Annex III. The pipe joints will be HDPE fusion welded

8.8.8.2 T – Head diffuser Arrangement

Outfall ‘T’ diffuser will be fixed at end of pipe outside of the reef which is at a minimum depth of 6m below lowest tide level. However, it is expected that the end of the outfall pipe to be at 10-15m depth below the lowest tide level to ensure maximum environmental benefits as raw sewage will be discharged directly until the sewage treatment plant in constructed.

8.8.8.3 Shoreline stability

For the purpose of minimum impact on shoreline, the depth of pipe portion laid up to beach toe will be placed on same level as the seabed level with concrete surround. Pipe installed on the sea portion will be using concrete ballast blocks anchored to the seabed.

8.9 Administrative building

An administration building will be located at the site to facilitate the maintenance and operational works. The administration building will also serve as a storage facility with sufficient covered vehicle parking space for service vehicle. Administrative building will be separated with Boundary wall. Land area required for the administrative building and the drawings are shown in the above figure. 8 . 9 . 1 E xisting Power Infrastructure

Ha.Baarah has electricity for 24 hours generated from the powerhouse. The powerhouse has four generators to power the island with a total Power Generation capacity of 838 KW. It is assumed that no upgrades to the power infrastructure will be required due to the new system in the future. 8 . 9 . 2 Power Supply Upgrades & Connection Requirements

Estimated power consumption for the sewerage system will be 55 kW (Without STP). No upgrades to the system are envisaged to cater for the sewerage system as current power supply system has the capacity to provide for the pump stations. 8 . 9 . 3 General Electrical Arrangement

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The pumping stations are supplied with electricity from the existing island power supplies. In emergencies, where island-wide blackouts occur, a mobile backup generator will be needed for the pumping stations so that service can continue without any disruptions. In addition, if the STP is to be built, additional backup generator for the plant should also be supplied to cater for the electrical demands of the plant. However these are omitted in the design as per client’s recommendations.

8.10 Construction works 8 . 1 0 . 1 Mobilization

Transportation of construction machineries and equipment will take place once the EIA is approved from the EPA. Site mobilizations and construction related activities will be undertaken within the planned manner. A site office will be setup on the western side of the island opposite the arrival jetty area as shown in the following diagrame. This location has already been approved by the council. All vehicles and machinery as well as site office will be setup here.

Figure 22: Location of temporary site office

8 . 1 0 . 2 Site Preparation

Site preparation for the construction of the pump stations will be done before any construction work starts. As the pump stations are located underground in the streets, the road closure will be required and will be coordinated with island council to minimize disruption to the general public. STP location is away from the general public areas and will not interfere with daily livelihood of the people.

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8 . 1 0 . 3 E x c a v a t i o n

For pipe installation, connections and pump stations, large amount of excavation is required. Sand removed from this process will be utilized for levelling the excavated areas. Excavation process will require dewatering and will be done as per the guidelines set by EPA.

8.11 Project management

The project will be managed by Ministry of Environment and Energy by way of subcontracting of the civil works to a contractor. The contractor will provide a daily work schedule for the project and will be responsible from hiring labourers and civil works. Th client will provide the materials for the project through STO. The Island Council will be responsible for overall monitoring of the work progress during the construction stage. 8 . 1 1 . 1 T echnical details

The following table outlines the Raw Effluent Quality (Domestic Sewage & Wastewater). Figure 23: Characteristics of the wastewater

Parameter Characteristics of Influent Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) 350 mg/l Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 650 mg/l Suspended Solids 500 mg/l Oil & Grease 3-30 mg/l pH 6.5-80 Water Temperature 28 0C

The following table outlines the EPA guidelines for maximum allowable concentrations for discharge into deep waters. Figure 24: EPA guidelines for maximum allowable concentrations for discharge into deep sea

EPA guidelines for maximum Parameter allowable concentrations for discharge into deep sea. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) 40 mg/l Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 50 mg/l Suspended Solids 150 mg/L pH 5 -9.5 Oil & Grease (After effective fat/Grease trap) 5 mg/L

8.12 Project duration

It is expected to take 12 months for the completion of the project. A work plan and schedule will be provided to the client once the mobilization begins.

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8.13 Project Inputs and Outputs 8 . 1 3 . 1 Project Inputs

Figure 25: Matrix of major inputs during construction period

Input resource(s) Source/ Type How to obtain resources 10 to 15 Construction +foreign Contractor’s responsibility workers labours Operational Staff. 3 to 4 Locals Advertise in local papers or obtain local staff trained by through island office contractor and working in shifts. Training to be provided by the contractor. Construction materials uPVC pipes, reinforcement Import and purchase where locally steel bars, sand, cement, available at competitive prices – aggregates, etc. Contractor’s responsibility. Maintenance material. 5- Pump spares, inspection Import and also local purchase year spares made chamber covers, available replacement pipes, backup pumps and their spares, cleaning gear etc. Water supply (during Rainwater from the island From the island. construction) and bottle water when required to be purchased from the island or supply from Male’. Electricity/Energy Electricity from the Diesel-based electricity from island (during construction) island’s main power grid. mains Electricity/Energy Electricity for operation Diesel-based electricity from island (during operation) mains

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8 . 1 3 . 2 Project Outputs

The type of outputs (products and waste streams) and what is expected to happen to them are given in the following table. Figure 26: Matrix of major outputs of environmental significance during construction stage

Products and waste Anticipated quantities Method of disposal materials Treated effluent ready Refer to 104,000 Litres Disposed to open sea via pumping for discharge to deep sea per day (Calculated @ 95 station. Litres per person per day) Constructional waste 600 to 800 cbm Reused and sent to landfill (either to Vandhoo island or to Thilafushi). Alternatively with approval from the council, the waste can be managed in the island itself. Noise Localized to the project Unavoidable during the construction site including the stage but will be minimized. Noise will surrounding areas. This is not be a nuisance as manual labour will unavoidable. be used without the need for any heavy machinery. Air pollution Limited quantities of dust, Mainly arising as a result of emission oxides of Nitrogen and from the construction work such as sulphur from use of from excavation of trenches to replace machinery in the the existing catch pits, septic tanks and construction zone. pipes. Foul odour Moderate levels at Venting will be done and pump station pumping station during will discharge to the deep sea. Pump the pumping hours stations are located in the populated especially. areas and hence, proper management is essential to eliminate the odour.

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9 Methodology

This section outlines the methodologies used in this environmental assessment. The following table outlines a matrix of methodologies used in this project. Details of these methodologies and their descriptions are attached as an annex.

Methodology type Area / environmental aspect Used in this project (yes/no)

General methodologies of data Generally covering the Yes collection broader Environment Mapping and location identification Coastal, terrestrial and Yes marine environment. Marine Environmental survey Marine environment Yes

20 m Line Intercept transect (LIT), Marine environment Yes Reef Check 50 m photo quadrate analysis Marine environment No

Qualitative assessment of the reef Marine environment Yes Permanent photo quadrate Marine environment No Ref fish visual census Marine environment Yes

Marine Water Quality Marine environment Yes Coastal Environment Coastal Environment Yes Shoreline and vegetation line Coastal Environment No mapping Coastal structures mapping Coastal Environment No

Erosion and accretion areas Coastal Environment No mapping Beach profiles Coastal Environment No

Drogues and current Coastal Environment Yes Terrestrial Environment Terrestrial environment Terrestrial floral survey Terrestrial environment No Terrestrial faunal survey Terrestrial environment No Groundwater assessment Terrestrial environment Yes Bathymetry Marine / Coastal Yes Environment Aerial Photos Generally covering the Yes broader Environment Long term weather data Generally covering the Yes broader Environment

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10 Existing Environment of Maldives 10.1 Existing general environment of Maldives

The general environmental conditions of Maldives are well documented in many EIA reports and reference is made on the following EIA reports.  EIA for the development of sewerage system in , (Water Solutions Pvt Ltd, 2006).

 EIA for the development of a resort in Kalhufahalafushi island in Thaa Atoll (Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, 2006).

 EIA for the development of a resort in Vagaru island in Haa Alifu Atoll (Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd; 2006).

10.2 Existing Marine Environment

The marine environmental survey at Baarah island was focused on three sites as indicated in the following diagramme.

Figure 27: Marine Survey Locations

Site selection for the marine survey was based on the location where the sea outfall is proposed and an alternative locations as control sites to compare.

10.3 Methodology of marine surveys

To assess the benthic composition of the survey site, an LIT transect of 20 meters were undertaken. The benthic categorization was focused on categorizing life forms followed under the Reef Check protocol, which emphasises on benthic composition categorizing such as hard corals, sand, rock and others. The emphasis is not on recording corals to their species levels, but rather the general coral and other life forms such as hard and soft corals. This method is

Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Sep 2017 Page 68 EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll more accurate as the percentage of healthy coral cover and other life forms can be more accurately recorded even by a non-experienced surveyor. Recording corals to their species levels will pose difficulty if the surveyor is not familiar with the different coral types. This method is universally used throughout the world by Reef Check surveyors and hence it has been used.

This LIT method was also complimented by qualitative methods, such as visual observations and through the use of photos. Fish counts were also undertaken to get a snapshot of the fish population. Details of these methodologies are discussed in the methodology section.

The following are definition of benthic categories used in this survey.  HC: All living coral including bleached coral; includes fire, blue and organ pipe corals  SC: Include zoanthids but not anemones (OT)  RKC: Coral that has died within the past year; appears fresh and white or with corallite structures still recognizable  NIA: All macro-algae except coralline, calcareous and turf (record the substrate beneath for these); Halimeda is recorded as OT; turf is shorter than 3cm.  SP: All erect and encrusting sponges (but no tunicates).  RC: Any hard substrate; includes dead coral more than 1 yr old and may be covered by turf or encrusting coralline algae, barnacles, etc.  RB: Reef rocks between 0.5 and 15cm in diameter  SD: Sediment less than 0.5cm in diameter; in water, falls quickly to the bottom when dropped.  SI: Sediment that remains in suspension if disturbed; recorded if color of the underlying surface is obscured by silt.  OT: Any other sessile organism including sea anemones, tunicates, gorgonians or non-living substrate. Under Reef Check protocol, there is no categorization of sea grass hence, it was recorded under OT.

General impression and quantitative results of the sites surveyed are described in the following pages. The diagrammes in the following pages illustrates the marine survey locations as well as reef status, their GPS coordinates are outlines below.

10.4 C o r a l r e e f

Three sites were surveyed to assess the marine environment as baseline for reef benthic community. One site is from the east side from where the outfall is proposed to be laid. 1 0 . 4 . 1 Benthic composition at site 1 (M1)

Site 1 was selected from north side of the island reef. This area is selected as an alternative for the outfall. Out of the surveyed sites this location is the healthiest with live hard corals and few soft corals. Benthos of this area is dominated by rock. Massive corals dominate the live coral cover of the area. Common reef fishes such as Parrot Fish and Surgeon Fish were observed on the site. The following graph outlines the status of site 1.

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Figure 28: Percentage of bottom substrate components at site 1 (9 September 2017)

Figure 29: Photos taken from site 1 (M1) (9 September 2017)

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1 0 . 4 . 2 Benthic composition at site 2 (M2)

Site 2 is on the east side of the island reef. This is the proposed site for sea outfall. This side of the island reef faces outside the atoll. Benthic substrate of this area is dominated by rock. This side of the island have strong wave action. Live corals in this area is dominated by coral massives and pocillopora. Fishes observed on the site include Parrot Fish, Surgeon Fish and Snappers. The following graph outlines the status of site 2.

Figure 30: Percentage of bottom substrate components at site 2 (M2) (9 September 2017)

Figure 31: Photos taken from site 2 (M2) (9 September 2017)

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1 0 . 4 . 3 Benthic composition at site 3 (M3)

Site 3 is on the west side of the island reef. This area is also selected as an alternative for the outfall. Benthic substrate of this area is dominated by rock and rubbles. Reef of this area is similar to that of Site 2. Live corals in this area is dominated by coral massives and pocillopora. Fishes observed on the site include Parrot Fish and Surgeon Fish.The following graph outlines the status of site 3.

Figure 32: Percentage of bottom substrate components at site 2 (M2) (9 September 2017)

Figure 33: Photos taken from site 3 (9 September 2017)

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10.5 Status of fish abundance

The amount and type of fish present at a given site can be a good indicator of the marine environment. For example, increased grazers are generally a sign of increased nutrients in the area, thus decreased coral cover and increased algal cover. The following table outlines the fish count survey at all the sites. Figure 34: Fish abundance based on the fish survey at survey sites (9 September 2017)

Site M1 Site M2 Site M3 Family Anthias - - - Butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae) R - - Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) - - - Groupers R R - Rudder Fish - - R Moorish idol (Zanclidae) R - - Parrotfishes (Scaridae) A C C Snappers (Lutjanidae) - C - Soldier fish - - - Squirrelfishes (Holocentridae) - - - Surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae) A C C Wrasses (Labridae) R R R Jacks - - - Turtle - - - Shark - - - Ray - - -

A= Abundant (Meaning that during the 15 minute time swim survey, species counts were recorded more than 50, hence it is difficult to count their numbers). C=Common (Meaning that during the 15 minute time swim survey, they were spotted occasionally and throughout the survey, but their numbers were less than 50). R=Rare (Meaning that during the survey, only few of these species were observed, often 1 or 2.

10.6 Marine water quality and bathymetry

The primary objective of the marine water quality sampling was to determine the baseline conditions of the marine water in the project site. Qualitative and quantitative assessments were made on seawater from one location. The bathymetry of the lagoon (along the sea outfall route) is attached as an annex. The following table illustrates the result of the marine water quality test.

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Table 6: Results of the marine water quality tests undertaken in Baarah island

Water Quality Site SW1 Site SW2 Optimal Ref range Physical appearance Colourless with Colourless suspended with particles. suspended particles. Phosphate (mg/L) 0.05 0.21 Nitrate (mg/L) 1.2 1.2 Electrical Conductivity 55500.00 52000 (us/cm) Temperature C 28.00 28.00 18 - 32 Degree GBRMPA Celcius 2009 Salinity (PPT) 32.99 32 3.2% - 4.2% GBRMPA 2010 pH 8.16 7.8 8 to 8.3. Levels below 7.4 will cause stress Turbidity (NTU) 2.64 0.01 3 to 5 NTU. > Cooper et al 5 NTU causes 2008 stress Ammonia (mg/L) 0.13 0.17 Sulphate (mg/L) 1900 2850 BOD (mg/L) 1 1 1 0 . 6 . 1 Prevailing currents around the sea outfall location

To measure the currents around the proposed sea outfall location, a drogue test was undertaken. The test was undertaken during low and high tide using a floating GPS. Average of 3 readings for each tide period was averaged and the results are illustrated below.

Figure 35: Results of the Drogue test (weather condition: windy and cloudy)

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10.7 Existing Terrestrial Environment 1 0 . 7 . 1 Section Brief

Terrestrial vegetation of Baarah was studied using the two methods described below. The objective of the survey was to assess the existing island vegetation and assess whether specific key activities of the project such as construction of the sewer main line, pump station or the STP construction would require clearing of any vegetation. There are 10 wetlands with mangroves in the island. Sewerage network will not impact any of these wetlands.

1- High definition low aerial photography to assess the vegetation and the island as a whole from above. Particular focus was given to areas where the sewer network will pass through but are not cleared of vegetation.

2- Ground truthing of the island and by undertaking a visual inspection of the areas where the proposed pump stations will be constructed. The objective of the terrestrial assessment was to identify whether any vegetation clearance would be required to construct the pump stations or while laying the pipe line. In this project, the pump stations will be constructed under the ground in the street, and hence, no vegetation clearance is required.

3- Testing the ground water quality both quantitatively and qualitatively.

The sewerage pipes will be laid on existing roads and will require cutting of some trees in areas where the roads are not cleared, but where sewage main lines will run. These areas are presently unused land with vegetation, but the network design has been designed with the provision of allocating sewer lines in this area as house plots have been allocated and. Only the trees that fall in the foot print of the proposed roads will be cleared and removed. Coconut and other mature trees in these areas will be removed and compensation for the coconut trees will be given by the Island Council to the owners. Hence, a map showing the areas where clearance is required are highlighted below.

The following table outlines the details of the trees to be removed and this area is highlighted in the following diagramme.

Details of the trees to be removed to clear the roads in the proposed area where presently no roads are constructed. Figure 36: Types and number of trees to be removed

Type of trees Number of trees Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera) 623 (Compensation will be given to the owners by the Island Council. Sea hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus) 4 Midhili (Terminalia catappa) 2

Location of the island where trees will be removed are highlighted in the following diagraame.

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Figure 37: Areas from where trees will be removed that fall on the foot print of proposed new roads only

1 0 . 7 . 2 Location of pumping stations 1 t o 3

All the pump stations will be located underground in existing streets. Therefore, no vegetation clearance is required. 1 0 . 7 . 3 Location of future STP and sea outfall pump s t a t i o n

Proposed location for the STP is also cleared of any significant and mature vegetation and mature trees except for under bush. This area has few banana trees. 1 0 . 7 . 4 Sea outfall route

Sewage from all pump stations will be collected at pump station located in the proposed STP location from where it will be sent out through sea outfall pipe. The sea outfall pipe is proposed through a road, which is cleared. No trees will be removed. 1 0 . 7 . 5 Ground water

Groundwater quality was assessed by taking samples from a groundwater well. The household wells were visually inspected, and samples were tested for electrical conductivity (salinity). The water quality results for the sampled wells for each are tabulated in the following table. The minimum true groundwater salinity recorded on Baarah was 1037 µS/cm.

It is assumed that freshwater can be defined by a maximum limit of 2500 µS/cm. WHO guidelines suggest a maximum Chloride content of 250 mg/l for potable uses which equates to a salinity of approximately 1,500 µS/cm. However experience in other small island states (Falkland, 2000) confirms whilst this is desirable, a more realistic limit is 2,500 µS/cm. Using

Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Sep 2017 Page 76 EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll this definition, it is clear that most of the sampled wells in Baarah does have freshwater. However, there was The results are illustrated below. Table 7: Results of the groundwater quality in Baarah island, Haa Alifu Atoll (September 2017). pH Salinity Temp (C)Temp TDS (mg/L)TDS Nitrate (mg/L) Turbidity (NTU) Phosphate (mg/L) Physical appearance Total Coliform (MPN/100ml) Electrical conductivity (uS/cm) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) - mg/L

Household name 1 Maadhuni Clear with 905.00 543.00 0.45 ppt 7.41 22.80 0.21 36 0.69 7.67 >2420 particles 2 Mosque (PS2) Clear 403.00 201.00 0.19 ppt 7.84 22.80 0.33 2.1 0.19 7.84 11 3 PS (3) Clear 668.00 334.00 .33 ppt 7.65 29.70 0.30 0.7 0.14 7.12 >2420 4 Shaaraaz Clear 1,132.00 566.00 500 (mg/L) 7.11 27.70 5 Nalahiya Clear 574.00 287.00 200 (mg/L) 7.44 28.90 6 Leaf Clear 1,167.00 583.00 500 (mg/L) 7.48 28.90 7 Meenaaz Clear 1,094.00 547.00 400 (mg/L) 6.99 28.70 8 Sevenzero Clear 1,536.00 768.00 600 (mg/L) 7.13 28.10 9 Naadhiramge Clear 967.00 483.00 400 (mg/L) 7.10 29.00 10 Clear 877.00 11 Clear 989.00 12 Clear 750.00 The following diagramme illustrates the ground water sampling locations in Baarah island.

Figure 38: Groundwater sampling locations in Baarah island (September 2017)

1 0 . 7 . 6 Availability of freshwater and sustainable yield

As mentioned previously, the household survey enabled to assess the groundwater quality and establish baseline data for future monitoring purpose. The survey has also allowed to measure the areal extent of the freshwater lens in Baarah. This was important to quantify the environmental impacts of sewerage system. Sewerage systems generally require water

Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Sep 2017 Page 77 EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll which is mainly used to flush the system. This water in most cases is disposed off the island creating a huge water loss from the groundwater reserve. In contrast to this, with onsite sanitation systems, the partially treated effluent is returned back to the islands groundwater system which helps to recharge the water. In these systems, grey water is often released in to the ground helping to recharge the groundwater even more. This sort of recharging is not possible once a sewerage system is in place unless the system has provision or separate system for separating grey water from black water. The system proposed for Baarah disposes wastewater in to the ocean. The propose system does not recycle any treated wastewater in to the ground, allowing recharging of the groundwater through recycling of treated wastewater.

Bearing this in mind, the following calculations were made to quantify the water loss from the island and what impact it would have on the groundwater system of the island. Based on the survey, the lens area of the island is approximately 89 hectares and the total area of the island is 256 hectares. This means the freshwater lens as proportional to the island is 35%. The island receives an annual rainfall of 2000 mm (this is the annual rainfall for Maldives) and it is assumed that the recharge of the lens from the rainfall is 30% (30% is reasonable to use since the island is not heavily vegetated and not too barren). (Falkland, 2000) assumes a sustainable yield (as percentage recharge) to be 30%. From the previous studies undertaken in Maldives, the following figures are assumed for water demand.

Per capita potable water demand (lpd) 10 Per capita grey water demand (lpd) 50 Per capita black water demand (lpd) 35 Total water demand per capita (lpd) 95

Table 8: Water demand data for Maldives (Falkland, 2000)

Using these figures the island’s sustainable Island Sustainable Yield (m3/d) = yield was calculated to be 439 m3/d using the Freshwater lens area * 1000 * (Average following formula. rainfall/1000) * Recharge * (Sustainable Yield/365)

Sustainable yield per m3 per day per hectare Sustainable Yield (m3/d/ha) = is 1.7 litres calculated using the following Island Sustainable Yield / island area equation Sustainable yield per capita is 403 lpd for Sustainable Yield per capita = Baarah calculated using the following (Island Sustainable Yield *1000) / formula. Therefore the net water demand per capita Net Water demand (lpd) = [Total water (lpd) assuming that no wastewater is demand per capita(lpd) – per capita grey recharged back to the ground is calculated water * grey water return (%age) using the following formula.

Therefore the net water demand per capita is 308 L (403-95). Hence, for Baarah Island, with the installation of the sewerage system with no grey water recycled back to the island, it is not expected to cause salinization of the groundwater assuming that the population is constant and rainfall remains the same. Therefore the aquifer is expected to meet the water demands of the system and will be able to maintain the water quality and freshness in the long term provided rainfall remains as it is. However, in Baarah, the water extraction for farming is

Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Sep 2017 Page 78 EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll not accounted and hence, the water demand will be much higher than calculated. Some of the ways how on how to promote groundwater recharge can be increased are highlighted and discussed in the impacts and mitigation section. Baarah island being a very big island has a large groundwater lens and with a relatively smaller population can support the requirements. However, bacteriological contamination cannot be controlled unless a proper sewerage system is installed, which is what this project aims to achieve. Extraction of water for farming is something that will further aggravate the salinization process.

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10.8 Existing Socio - Economic Environment 1 0 . 8 . 1 Overview of Haa Alifu atoll

Thiladhuhmathee uthuruburi, more commonly known as Haa Alifu atoll is the Northernmost administrative division in the Maldives. Of the 20 administrative atolls, Haa Alifu atoll encompasses the two geographical atolls Ihavandhipolhua and the northern tip of Thiladhummathi. Haa Alifu atoll is 31 km long and 53 km wide. The atoll is 294 km from the capital Male’ and has a total of 41 islands that includes 14 inhabited islands and 3 resorts. Dhihdhoo is the atoll capital of Haa Alifu atoll and has more facilities compared to the rest of the islands in the atoll, including a higher education school, Atoll hospital and other facilities run by the government. The island of Filladhoo is the largest island in the atoll with an area of 264.4 Ha. 1 0 . 8 . 2 P o p u l a t i o n

The population of Haa Alifu atoll is 13,412 residents as of the 2014 census. This is about 5% of the country’s population and it is one of the most populated atolls. Male and female population is almost equal with little higher number of females than males. The atoll also has relatively fewer inhabited islands of 16 in 2006 and only 15 islands at present as Hathifushi population has been moved to Hanimaadhoo in adjacent (E- CAD Associates, 2008). The population census shows that the population of the atoll has decreased 5% from 2000 to 2006. The socio-economic surveys suggest that this declining trend is due to people moving to seek employment and other opportunities that are not available in the atoll. The population of the atoll is concentrated in western and southern areas of the atoll which is about 12 to 23k m away from the proposed project location, the north eastern side of the administrative atoll. The following table outlines the statistics for Haa Alif Atoll which compares population figures with the island and the others in the atoll. Table 7: Population statistics for Haa Alif Atoll (2006)

Population 2006 Avg. annual Sex ratio (males growth rate per 100 females) Locality Both Male Female 2006 2000 sexes Administrative 13,314 6,132 7,182 14,141 6,618 7,523 Islands 347 150 197 412 190 222 Uligamu 267 119 148 326 156 170 Berinmadhoo 0 0 0 124 55 69 Hathifushi 101 53 48 150 74 76 Mulhadhoo 172 84 88 264 112 152 Hoarafushi 2,204 1,051 1,153 2,221 1,044 1,177 Ihavandhoo 2,447 1,209 1,238 2,062 965 1,097 1,200 527 673 1,196 583 613 Vashafaru 471 210 261 597 284 313 Dhidhdhoo 2,512 1,130 1,382 2,766 1,293 1,473 Filladhoo 548 253 295 659 316 343

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Population 2006 Avg. annual Sex ratio (males growth rate per 100 females) Locality Both Male Female 2006 2000 sexes Maarandhoo 530 264 266 520 242 278 Thakandhoo 340 127 213 507 224 283 Kelaa 521 205 316 584 265 319 Muraidhoo 451 193 258 483 195 288 Baarah 1,203 557 646 1,270 620 650

The following table outlines the population of Haa Alifu atoll as per the 2014 census. Table 8: Population statistics for Haa Alif Atoll (2014)

Administrative Islands 13,412.00 Thuraakunu 417.00 Uligamu 380.00 Mulhadhoo 231.00 Hoarafushi 1,826.00 Ihavandhoo 2,554.00 Kelaa 1,063.00 Vashafaru 449.00 Dhidhdhoo 2,745.00 Filladhoo 576.00 Maarandhoo 668.00 Thakandhoo 355.00 593.00 Muraidhoo 464.00 Baarah 1,091.00 1 0 . 8 . 3 Baarah Island

The project takes place in the Island of Baarah in Haa Alifu atoll located at 6°49′8″N 73°12′30″E. Baarah is the second largest island in the atoll with an area of 245 Ha and has a population of 1,091 residents.

10.8.3.1 Electricity

Round-the-clock electricity is available in the island by diesel generators.

10.8.3.2 Health

There is a health centre that provided pharmaceutical drug for common ailments but no hospital on the island. The nearest hospital is the Atoll Health Center located in Dhihdhoo with doctors, nurses and diagnostic equipments that are not available in the health centers.

10.8.3.3 Water and sanitation

The current sewerage facility in Baarah is based on septic tank system. Poor maintenance and damage to septic tanks may have lead to the contamination of groundwater

Prepared by Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, Sep 2017 Page 81 EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll in the island. Consequently, this may compromise the use of groundwater for daily usage by the residents of the island. Presently, ground water is not used for potable use.

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11 Environmental Impacts 11.1 Assessing and identification of I m p a c t

Environmental Impact identification has been undertaken by considering the proposed activities and examining the level of impact the proposed development will have on the environment. Each activity was then examined in detail to identify the construction methods, technology and other factors that would determine the potential impact of the various activities. The following two methods were used to identify the impacts of this project.  Impact Identification Matrix (refer to the matrix)

 Expert judgment. This method relied on experience gained from similar projects in Maldives.

11.2 Impact identification mat r i x

This matrix was designed to help provide an assessment and screening of the potential environmental impacts of this project. The matrix considered 17 potential environmental factors. Indicators are listed for each factor and these are used as a weighing scale. The project components are then assessed against each factor, scoring them on a scale of 1 to 10. This tool was thus utilized to help provide an assessment and screening of the potential environmental impacts of this project. The matrix will identify the impact types. Once the impact types are determined, the matrix is then used to assess the impact significance together with the network diagramme and expert judgment.

This matrix contains:  An impact assessment matrix which lists all of the 17 environmental factors and allows, for each one, to provide a score (1-10) and any additional comments. Each factor considers several sub categories (not indicated in the following matrix), depending on the project type and a total score is derived by averaging the individual scores.

 A summary of scores for each factors and the impact type, negative, positive or neutral.

All types of projects that are listed in the EIA Regulation of 2012 can be assessed using this tool. The following table outlines the impact assessment matrix and the scores for the 17 categories derived for this project.

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Table 9: Impact assessment matrix for the project

Impacts Total score Negative Neutral Positive (1-3) (4 -7) (8 -10) Air pollution 5.00 x Waste 5.00 x Water pollution * 8.00 x Water pollution ** 3.00 x Noise/Vibration 5.00 x Amenity 8.00 x Ground water 8.00 x conservation Energy 4.00 x Energy efficiency 4.00 x Access to quality green 5.00 x space Flooding 5.00 x Transport 5.00 x Biodiversity 1.00 x Local environmental 3.00 x quality Resource depletion 5.40 x Health gain 8.00 x Employment 5.00 x Socio-economic 8.00 x implications Scale Score 1-3, Negative Environmental Impact Scale Score 4-7; Neutral Environmental Impact Scale Score 8-10; Positive Environmental Impact Note: * Bacteriological water quality; ** Salinity of water quality.

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11.3 Magnitude of impacts

Environmental impacts of the proposed work have been examined through the above mentioned three processes and the results are outlined in the following pages. By using the impact assessment matrix as a tool, the magnitude of the impacts can be assessed as outlined in the following table. Table 10: Impact magnitudes and their corresponding scores

Scores based on the impact assessment matrix < Negative Impacts > < Neutral Impacts > < Positive Impacts >* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Magnitude Major 2, Minor 4 &5 Minor, 6 & 7 Good Very Excellent of adverse adverse Negligible good impacts. 3, Moderate adverse

This EIA identifies and quantifies the significance of impacts on the environment from the proposed project. Impacts on the environment were identified and described according to their location/attribute, extent (magnitude) and characteristics (such as short-term or long term, direct or indirect, reversible or irreversible) and assessed in terms of their significance according to the following categories:  Negligible – the impact is too small to be of any significance;

 Minor– the impact is minor;

 Minor adverse – the impact is undesirable but accepted;

 Moderate adverse – the impact give rise to some concern but is likely to be tolerable in short-term (e.g. construction phase) or will require a value judgment as to its acceptability;

 Major adverse – the impact is large scale giving rise to great concern; it should be considered unacceptable and requires significant change or halting of the project.

 Positive – the impact is likely to bring a positive change in the sense that it is aimed at further minimizing the impacts as a result of the proposed actions.

11.4 Uncertainties in Impact Prediction

Environmental impact prediction involves a certain degree of uncertainty as the natural and anthropogenic impacts can vary from place to place due to even slight differences in ecological, geomorphological or social conditions in a particular place. There is also limited data and information regarding some sites under consideration, which makes it difficult to predict impacts.

However, the level of uncertainty, in the case of this project is expected to be low to high as this project does not require significant uraban environmental modifications. The reef area proposed for the construction of the deep sea outfall was not considered to be a high sensitive area as the percentage of coral cover is generally low. As a result, extensive damage to the marine environment during this construction period is not expected to occur.

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During the construction period, within a certain area where vegetation is not cleared, all the mature trees need to be cut and roots removed to lay the sewer pipe. This vegetation removal is required only within the boundary of the proposed new roads. Underbrush clearing in this as well as in the proposed STP location for the pump station is expected to take place but is not going to be a significant impact. Removal and cutting of very limited mature trees including coconuts will not alter the urban environment significantly.

The following tables outlines the impacts and mitigation measures proposed as well as the matrix of impacts and their characterization. Reference to the matrix was derived from (Hoepner, 1999).

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11.5 Impacts and mitigation measur es Activity / Stage Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Mitigation Construction period Impacts on the terrestrial environment from civil works The impact from civil works in the construction phase will have the direct, shot-term impacts and long-term impacts on the islands terrestrial environment. The impact on the terrestrial environment will result from the following activities. Removal of At present, there are mature coconut and other large All trees to be removed from the mature trees. trees present in an area of the island where new roads proposed road pathways, including their are proposed and the sewer mains will pass through. roots to be cleared and properly dug out. The sewer network can only be laid in this area after clearing the road. Refer to the existing terrestrial All trees that can be transplanted to be environment for details of the trees to be removed. transplanted elsewhere in the island.

Groundwater Impacts on the groundwater due to excavation of Ensure that dewatering during the Included in the trenches. During the construction stage, excavation will excavation for trenches and other contract. The occur to lay the sewer networks. Pipe network will be construction works is done as per EPA contractor will laid below (in pump station areas) and below the guidelines and methods of dewatering. be required to do groundwater table of the island as the island's Ensure that no leaks and accidental the dewatering, groundwater table is quite shallow. Hence, the project spillages of oil occur from vehicles and hence all anticipates dewatering of groundwater for laying of the that they are maintained adequately. associated costs sewer network. Dewatering will exacerbate the ground Nominate a site manager, to be of pumps, labour water quality and increased the chance of salt intrusion, responsible for good site practices, and other work accidental or construction related leaks of chemicals and arrangements for collection and are to be oils in to the ground and the possibility of salt intrusion effective disposal to an appropriate included in the triggered by disturbances that may be caused due to facility, of all wastes generated at the contract. excavation works and dewatering. site during construction stage. Training of site personnel in proper

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Activity / Stage Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Mitigation This project does anticipate large scale dewatering as waste management procedures and the pump station areas will require excavating deep. In general environmental care. Dewatering addition, the shallow water table in large areas of the to be done in to the island to prevent island will require greater extent of dewatering. If wastage of fresh water from the island dewatering is to be done, then EPA guidelines will be system. followed.

Groundwater Excavation and withdrawal of ground water especially Ensure that dewatering during the Included in the around the periphery of the island will increase the excavation for trenches is minimized contract likelihood of “up-coning” of the water lens below any and that extracted water is pumped back given point, thereby allowing salt water intrusion. to the aquifer, rather than disposing to the sea. No excavation will take place along the periphery of the island. Construction There is the likelihood of groundwater becoming saline Limiting dewatering only to the Criteria and period if excess water is extracted, especially from sensitive required amount. guidelines for areas such as around the periphery of the island or from Ensuring that the pipe laying works are dewatering areas where water table is very shallow. undertaken within the minimum time methods will be period. included in the Strategically phasing the pipe laying contract period. works, so that dewatering will be done in limited amounts. Solid waste Accumulation of solid waste during the construction Appropriate waste handling, Direct cost stage is a potential hazard that is always inevitable transportation and disposal methods for difficult, but during the construction stage. Solid waste will be all waste generated during the contractor to generated as they will result from construction construction works should be manage the activities. The excavated material is anticipated to implemented to ensure that construction waste in consist mainly of waste pvc pipes, empty cement bags, wastes do not pollute the environment. consultation wood pieces and small quantities of sand. In view of Excavated sand must be filled to with the island. the scale and nature of the land-based construction trenches and all construction waste to Cost included in works, the volume of construction and debris and be collected at the waste management the contract.

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Activity / Stage Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Mitigation excavated materials requiring off-site disposal to public area of the island.Waste should be Cost of 1 trip to filling areas or any other location is anticipated to be disposed to Either Vandhoo island or Vandhoo island minimal. Thilafushi at the end of the construction from Baarah is period. Alternatively it may also be expected to be The materials excavated will be used to fill the trenches. managed in the island with assistance Mrf 35000. This will eliminate the potential of this waste from and approval from the Island Council if being introduced in to the marine waters during which permission is granted. they will pollute the marine environment. It is not All left over pipes, manhole covers, anticipated that adverse waste management related cement and other materials that can be impacts would arise, provided that good site practices reused should be taken back by the are strictly followed. contractor at the end of the project. Noise Noise generated during construction will not be an issue Elimination of noise may not be totally Work protocols as the construction process will not generate high noise achieved, as construction takes place will be outlined throughout the life cycle. However, there will be noise within the island. Sewer pipes will be in the contract generated to some extent, which cannot be avoided at laid on existing roads and pathways and document all. during most times in close proximity to the general public. Despite being The project will not use large machinery for temporary, all construction activities construction such as excavators or require the use of that generate noise will be carefully generators or other noise generating equipment. Hence, supervised by project supervisors to noise will not be a significant issue. ensure they cause minimal noise. Work will be minimized at night as much as possible to avoid disruption to the community. Construction of Excavation of the trench for laying of the sea outfall Sea outfall construction will be Mitigation the marine pipe will cause sedimentation during the construction contracted to an experienced contractor measures reflect outfall. process that will create negative impacts on the coral who have undertaken similar mostly work reef as well as any live corals in the lagoon. construction works. methods and Use qualified divers during the outfall procedures. Direct destruction of live corals along the pipe pathway construction to minimize unnecessary Hence, the will be destroyed; especially corals at the reef crest and damage. contractor is to reef slope areas will be impacted heavily during the Ensure that outfall construction period include this in construction of the sea outfall. is limited as much as possible. the contract document.

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Activity / Stage Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Mitigation Marking the perimeter of the work area to ensure that workers don't damage unnecessary areas. If possible, transplant significant live corals colonies that can be rescued to another area of the reef. Use manual methods, rather than using excavators to lay and join the pipe. Create awareness and brief the workforce on how to minimize impacts on corals. Minimize sedimentation and siltation on reef by using silt screens or other appropriate methods and materials such as sand bags. Work during low tide as much as possible. Complete the work in shortest time period. Do regular inspection to ensure that work is followed and that no unnecessary damage is done to the reef. Operational period

Impacts on the terrestrial environment Loss of Removal of the trees in the proposed new roads will vegetation significantly increase the overall ambient temperature of cover in areas the urban environment and reduces the percentage tree proposed for cover in the island. road construction For this project, only the foot print of the roads are proposed to be cleared as sewer network laying will require roads to be cleared.

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Activity / Stage Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Mitigation Energy use and Contribution of greenhouse gases through the emissions Greenhouse gas emissions can be Cost reductions air quality of gases from the resulting increase in power reduced by reducing or maintaining the methods will consumption. The increased energy demand for the operation more efficiently. This can be need to be operation of sewage pumps will contribute to CO2 achieved through regular monitoring of followed during emissions. This impact is considered as an indirect waste water discharge to understand the the operation impact, minor and cumulative, although it is expected peak demand periods both during the period. that its operations would contribute very little towards day and during the. Automatic detectors the national emissions of greenhouse gases. will be controlling the pumps so that they run intermittently as an when required.

Ground water It is expected that the bacteriological quality of the Regular inspection and cleaning of the See below. ground water will improve when the proposed sewerage household inspection chambers is also system is fully implemented. The main reason behind essential in preventing future leaks to this is that with the construction of a sewerage system, ground water. potential leaks to the groundwater will be prevented. The repair and replacement of the Nevertheless, the groundwater salinization is likely to existing sanitation systems (septic increase as large volumes of water will be discharged to tanks) must be done by an experienced the sea via the sea outfall without the possibility of contractor and the client should inspect recharging the groundwater. As no water will be and monitor the project using an recycled, the only potential for groundwater recharge independent consultant to ensure that will be through rain, which has to be taken in to the work is carried according to the consideration. plans and environmentally acceptable manner. In addition, the increased use of groundwater for Community must enhance the capability farming will further accelerate the salinization of the of groundwater recharge as much as groundwater. possible through facilitating this. Some of these includes directing storm water to streets rather than in to the sewers. Other measures include utilizing large empty areas such as soccer grounds to recharge groundwater during rain. In addition, reducing wastage of water is also a crucial element in recharging and

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Activity / Stage Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Mitigation maintaining the freshness of the groundwater.

Ground water There is also the possibility of groundwater Proper construction and inspection Annual contamination through possible leakage from pipes and before commissioning the system. maintenance pumping station, which can occur if the system is not Additionally, regular inspection of the cost includes full maintained properly. household inspection chambers for time hired staff. leaks from the network and pumping It is expected to stations to be done. have three to Inspection chambers to be checked four full time regularly and solids removed staff for regular periodically. maintenance at a monthly salary Ensure that all tree roots are properly of 7000 to 8000 dug and removed from the ground rufiyaa. before pipe laying. Foul odor During the operation phase, sewers and pumping Mitigation measures include: (i) Cost of stations are potential sources of foul odors that can be a isolation of the pumping stations in mitigation is nuisance to the island. non-residential areas as much as included in the possible (ii) enclosing of pumping pump station stations, (iii) provision of odor location. scrubbing facilities, and (iv) Planting, re-vegetating and landscaping the pump station area (v) Regular maintenance of pump station (vi) Having appropriate and adequate spares in case the pump station breaks and to ensure that it keeps running without disrupting the operation.

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Activity / Stage Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Mitigation Some of these mitigations are not suitable for this project as the pump stations are located underground in the streets. Therefore things like, planting trees are not practical. Corrosive and Corrosive and toxic gases and liquids may accumulate Mitigation measures shall include: (i) toxic gases in sewers and result in sewer structural damage and inspection and regular maintenance of leakage from the sewers, as well as danger to human sewer system; (ii) reasonable spacing life. pump stations to allow access and inspections; (iii) ventilation of sewers for dispersion of gas to minimize the risks; and (iv) implementing emergency response plans. Operation and Lack of maintenance of sewer systems can be a major The client should ensure that financial maintenance hazard to the environment. Proper maintenance is provisions to operate and manage the required to ensure that sewers, manholes, and pump system is made available to operate and station is maintained without creating and maintain. In addition, environmental environmental risk. monitoring components should be implemented to ensure that the system is performing as planned. Noise Noise from operation of the pumping station will lead to Mitigation measures shall include: (i) adverse impacts on the surrounding areas. Noise from noise enclosures or buffers, (iv) semi pump stations will not be an issue as noise reduction underground setting of pump stations, pumps will be in place. Nevertheless, the mitigation and (v) Use of submersible pumps. measures are proposed.

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Activity / Stage Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Mitigation Pump failures Impacts on the environment can be felt if the pumps fail Preventive measures will include (i) and result in adverse impacts particularly during rainy installing standby equipment to provide season. extra capacity, (ii) performing routine maintenance to increase equipment performance, (iii) using a dual power supply system and emergency power generators for pumps, (iv) implementing a proper maintenance program and (v) enhancing operational monitoring. Groundwater Improvement of the bacteriological quality of ground Regular maintenance of the system and water when wastewater is prevented from leaking also undertaking regular groundwater through poorly maintained septic tanks. Hence the quality monitoring to ensure that water potential for groundwater contamination from sewage is quality standards are kept in check. eliminated and minimized. Better ground water quality free from bacteriological contamination is the ultimate result. Groundwater Increased salinization of groundwater resulting from the Ground water recharging by using increased frequency of flushing toilets and other use. treated wastewater is a practice that can All the water that goes in to the sewerage system is have positive impacts but also has the therefore disposed out of the island. This may increase potential to have negative impacts if the rate of groundwater salinization if appropriate treated water does not meet the required measures are not taken. standards. In the Maldives, the experience of recycling grey water has so far not proved to improve the groundwater quality and data is lacking on this. Hence, promoting groundwater recharge can be undertaken by several means such as; directing storm water in to the streets rather than the sewerage system; utilizing and leaving empty large areas such as football grounds to

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Activity / Stage Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Mitigation recharge the storm water; minimizing water wastage.

Impacts on the marine environment

Marine Impacts from disposing the wastewater will have both The best possible measure is to ensure environment benefits and negative consequences to the coral reef and that wastewater is at least primarily the surrounding environment. This is thus going to be treated before discharging to reduce the both positive and negative impact. Positive impact will be felt through elimination of Ensure that the discharge wastewater wastewater discharge to the near shore environment. conforms to the EPA guidelines on When raw sewage is disposed to the near shore disposing to the marine environment. environment, it promotes eutrophication caused by nutrient loading. This promotes algal growth and also reduces the fish productivity. On the other hand, when sewage is discharged in to the open sea, there is a very high degree of dilution and avoids the pollution and contamination of the near shore environment. However, the discharge of raw sewage in to the open sea and how it affects the environment is unclear and needs more research. IF sewage does not contain industrial wastes and chemicals, the natural dilution will breakdown the polluting properties of the wastewater. Dilution is one of the key methods of reducing BOD in treatment plants as well.

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Activity / Stage Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Mitigation Marine water Marine water quality is not likely to be impacted The wastewater from the island will be quality significantly as wastewater will be disposed to the deep discharged into the ocean. The location sea beyond the reef. Considering the large dilution of the existing outfall is ideal for potential in combination with the effect from saltwater, maximum dispersion and dilution as the most pathogens and nutrients will be dispersed and currents flow both north to south and diluted, though one might assume long term impact, but vice versa during both tides. Disposal in not with huge impacts on the marine biota. The baseline to the deep ocean will ensure that data have indicated that bacterial loads are zero around maximum dilution takes place. the edge of the reef, along the proposed discharge area. Marine water Possible eutrophication of water around coral reef and Effluent disposal from the outfall will quality lagoon from leaks in the outfall. This may lead to be to the open sea. proliferation of sea grass in the lagoon bed resulting in Regular inspection of the outfall should changes in hydrology and thus alteration of natural be taken to ensure that leaks don’t occur sediment transportation patterns around the island. This to the lagoon. may ultimately lead to beach erosion if the growth of Regular water quality from end of the seagrass close to the shore is extensive. Ecology of the outfall location to assess the water lagoon could also be changed from a heterotrophic quality changes in the marine condition to more phototrophic condition thus fish environment. population in the lagoon may also be altered to more Regular underwater photos of the grazing fish population. outfall to be taken as part of the monitoring to assess the outfall and maintenance requirements. Regular photos and surveys from the disposal areas need to be properly documented.

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Activity / Stage Potential Impacts Mitigation measures Cost of Mitigation Marine Nutrient enrichment in the coral reef environment is Impacts of the operation of the environment more detrimental to coral reef and it’s ecology in terms proposed sewerage system can only be of coral growth, diversity and reef benthic communities. assessed through long-term monitoring It could increase growth algae in the reef substrate and of the marine environment of the compete for the coral. Excessive nutrients would trigger locality of the outfall and in the whole population explosion of algae, thus light penetration marine environment of the island. may be reduced resulting in poor coral growth and Therefore the monitoring programme especially recovery of the reef if the reef is impacted. given in this document will be followed to assess the operational impacts in order to take necessary mitigation measures to minimize negative impacts that may arise from the operation of the proposed sewerage system. Impacts on the socio-economic environment Improved Improvement of the well-being of the people. With the public health establishment of the system, the groundwater will improve in quality due to reduced pollution of ground water and reducing the incidences of skin diseases.

Improved Improvement to complementary businesses such as quality of life restaurants and hospitality services as a result of improved sanitation will increase the quality of life for the islanders Awareness Increased awareness on water and sanitation issues. Once the system is in place, the community will become more aware of the net potential benefit of such a system and also the importance of protecting groundwater and of creating and maintaining a healthy unpolluted lagoon and a coral reef.

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11.6 Impacts on the Environment and their mitigation measures

The following table outlines the matrix of specific impacts and their characterizations. Table 11: Matrix of specific impacts and their characterization

ort term ort Impact indicator

Impact type (NEG or or (NEG type Impact + POS) (H/M/L)* Significant Direct Indirect # Maginitude (N/M/MA/MoA/MaA) Sh Long term Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible Cumulative Required Mitigation

Environmental impacts during construction phase Loss of flora (only from the proposed new roads) Neg M x MoA x x x x x Transportation and Storage of Construction Materials Neg L x N x x x x Management of Construction Debris / green waste Neg L x N x x x x Ground Water pollution Neg L x M x x x Injuries and accidents Neg L x M x x x x Poor quality work Neg M x M x x x x Increase income to the contractors POS H x x x x x

Environmental impacts during operational phase

Location of pump stations Neg H x N ------Noise Neg L x N x x x Energy Consumption Neg H x M x x x x Air Quality Neg L x N x x x x Groundwater (Bacteriological) POS H x MA x x Groundwater (Salinity) Neg L x N x x

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ort term ort Impact indicator

Impact type (NEG or or (NEG type Impact + POS) (H/M/L)* Significant Direct Indirect # Maginitude (N/M/MA/MoA/MaA) Sh Long term Unavoidable Reversible Irreversible Cumulative Required Mitigation Broader environment Neg L x M x x x x Marine Resource Neg L X M X X X X Solid waste / green waste Neg H x N x x x Increased temperature of the urban environment Neg H x x MoA x x x x x Economic impacts Improve environment quality of the island (sanitation) POS H x x x x x x Indirect financial savings POS H x x x x x x Increase the value of the island and community POS H x x x x x x Propagation and development of complimentary businesses POS H x x x x x x + POS = positive impacts, NEG= negative impacts * H=high, M=Moderate, L=Low # N=Negligible, M=Minor, MA=Minor Adverse; MoA= Moderate adverse; MaA=Major Adverse

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12 Stakeholder Consultations 12.1 Environment Protection Agency - EPA

During the scoping meeting, consultations were held with a number of stakeholders. EPA was the lead government agency from which advice and consultation was sort. During the scoping meeting, discussions were centres around the implementation of the project and how the various elements of the design and engineering can be incorporated and implemented in a way to harmonize with the environment. The major issues discussed in the scoping meeting area as follows. The scoping meeting was held on 20th August 2017 at 10 AM. The following points were noted: - A tentative dewatering schedule needs to be included as per EPA.

- Alternative sea outfall locations should be identified. How the proposed location fairs in both monsoon. Is there any chance of sewage transported into the beaches of the island?

- Quality of groundwater at pump station locations. Is it good enough to let GW discharged into ground or pumped to sea? These questions must be addressed in the EIA

- Although a willingness to pay survey is not required, consultation with public needs to be undertaken and public should be informed that fees will be taken for this service at operational stage.

- EPA highlighted that FENAKA should be consulted.

- If vegetation clearing is required and if there is any need to obtain sand for levelling of the cleared land. If so, source of sand needs to be included in the report.

- Socio economic environment of the report should include the future expansions of housing plots and information obtained from island council.

- Decommission methodology of the existing septic tanks should be provided in the report.

- Literature review of EIAs and other studies done on Baarah and similar projects done in other islands should be included in the report.

- Even though STP is to constructed in the second phase, it should be included in this report to avoid a new EIA report later.

- Design of the project need to take into account the future expansions of the island.

Basically the scoping meeting was a very useful information session as well as to how the EIA data collection and reporting should be performed by the consultant. These discussions and advise were be taken in to consideration when preparing the EIA report.

12.2 Consultation with FENAKA Corporation

Consultation with the Baarah FENAKA station manager, MR. Mohamed Naeem was undertane on 6th Sept 2017. The major outcome and summary is outlined below: - Formally FENAKA has not been informed about the sewerage project. However, FENAKA, Baarah has the capacity to operate and maintain the sewerage system.

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- According to ADB, a solar project will kick start in December this year which will increase their capacity. Solar panels for the project will be installed in School and FENKA roofs.

- The Fuel capacity of Baarah FENAKA is 20,000 litres. On average 900 – 1000 litres are burned every 24 hrs.

- FENAKA has 250, 300 and 120 KW diesel engines installed in Baarah FENAKA. The highest consumption of electricity is from the school.

- Most of the roads are straight and house plots are even as the island was designed to repopulate the people from Maakandoodhoo. Hence proper urban planning was done. This is a positive indicator which also helps to better plan and designs the sewage system.

12.3 Consultation with the Ministry of Environmen t a n d E n e r g y (MEE)

A meeting was undertaken with Ministry of Environment and Energy (MEE) regarding the project on 21st August 2017 at MEE office at 1100 AM. The participants of the meeting were:  Afsal Hussain, Assistant Director

 Fathmath Rifa, Project Officer

During the meeting, discussions were based around the Baarah Project and the following is the summary of the meetings. - According to MEE, at present there will not be any STP, despite space is allocated for the STP. Hence, the sewage will be held in a holding tank for approximately 6 hours in the premises of the STP after which they will be pumped to the sea.

- The project will be awarded through open bidding but will follow a new model of contracting whereby the client, MEE will provide the materials to the contractor through STO. The labour and civil works have already been awarded to SJ construction company who will be responsible for implementing the project.

- This method allows better project implementation as the financial burden on the contractor is significantly reduced. There is added advantage and better quality control mechanism whereby disputes between the contractor and client is significantly reduced.

- According to MEE, once the project is completed, it will be handed to FENAKA Corporation for managing.

- Existing septic tanks will be decommissioned by the contractor. Tanks will be de-sludged and filled with sand.

- Right now MEE has no plans on how to treat the sludge from existing tanks. This information should be included in the EIA report.

- Vegetation removal of on the roads and STP location will be done by contractor.

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12.4 Consultation with the public

Selected members of the public were consulted during the data collection process to obtain their views and feedback on the proposed system. Following are the summary of major outcomes from these discussions. - Most of the people are aware of the project, they have highlighted that the council has been giving basic information about the project without much detail.

- Some of the people are under the impression that the service will be provided free of charge, but they are willing to pay for sewerage system that is kept well and maintained.

- Some members noted that the septic tanks needs to be cleared once or twice a month at present and due to this, there are lot of difficulties.

- It is noted that the groundwater in almost all parts of the island are not suitable for usage, and most of the households use oxygen pumps to purify the water.

- Members noted that the south side of the island is very prone to flooding and the water depth of that area is very shallow about 1.5 feet.

- Members have recommended not to give new land area for living in areas that are prone to flooding.

The following are the names of the people consulted. Table 12: List of households contacted

Name of the participant Household Shuizer Maadhuni Alimaa Aboobakuru Shaaraaz Abdhulla Jameel Nalahiya Sohfathu Leaf Aminath Zahura Naadhiramge Hawwa Mizra Meenaaz Aagishaa Ismail Sevenzero Abdhulla Ismail Fehithari Ahmed Solah Roazaree Abdhulla Ahmed Vaijeheyge Ahmed Zuhoor Athamaa villa

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12.5 Consultation with the Island Council

Consultations were held with the Baarah island council and the summary is outlined below. Time: 10:30 AM Venue: Baarah Island Council. Date: 6th Sept 2017 Participants:  Ali Shameem (President of Baarah Island Council);  Asif Abdhulla (Vice President of Baarah Council);  Ahmed Mauroof (Councillor, Baarah Island Council);  Abdhulla Zuhuree Ibrahim (Councillor, Baarah Island Council);  Zuhura (Councillor, Baarah Island Council);

- The present Island council is not very aware about the most recent developments and updates of the project

- In Baarah island, Septic tanks are presently used for sanitation. As a result, groundwater in most of the areas have been degraded.

- Island council also noted that the outfall location proposed is the best area for that purpose as there is an existing cleared road as well as ample empty space for STP and pump station.

- The council indicated that there is some miscommunication between the Island Council and the project engineers and designers.

- Island council noted that the previous council has given approval to PS locations for the present design. The present Island Council do not feel that the Pump Stations (PS) should be located in the middle of the road. They noted that there are empty spaces in the island that could be used for constructing the PS. Having the PS underground, in the middle of the road will also be difficult to maintain. However, as the locations are already approved by the previous council, they do not feel that the design should be changed at this stage.

- The Island council highlighted the shallow water table in some areas of the island, where the water table is as shallow as 1.5 to 3 feet. In most of the areas, groundwater is not even suitable for bathing purposes.

- The proposed future STP has been located on the same road as FENAKA’s main site, aside from that WAMCO and a new cemetery will be constructed on the same road.

- Council also is concerned about the fee, and would like to know the monthly fee per household before the system is implemented.

- The island does not have a sufficient land use plan (not a scale one).

- Council wants to clear some of the newly allocated roads, where all the trees have been compensated. This will be required as part of the sewers network lines fall in these empty areas where roads are yet to be cleared. The house plots which has been allocated in the North east side of the island, is not included in the sewerage network.

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- The island’s roads are properly constructed and are also very wide. Taking this into consideration, there will not be any additional land clearing required for laying pipes except for a small area near the sea outfall, where some vegetation clearing is required.

12.6 Consultation with the Fena ka, Thinadhoo Island, Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll

As part of the data gathering , Hassan Ali Didi who is a senior supervisor from FENAKA in Gaafu Dhaalu Thinadhoo island was consulted to assess the performance of a similar system whereby pump stations are located underground on the street as opposed to a designated pump station allocated from the residential blocks. In Thinadhoo island, the pump stations are located underground in the street. The performance audit and consultation was undertaken on 13th September 2017 over the phone. The summary of the consultations are outlined below.

- In this system, the pump station panel boards are placed on the street alongside a road. During rain or in bad weather, working with the panel board is very difficult. Simple tasks such as taking readings become very difficult and challenging. In addition, on windy days, the panel board housing is exposed to harsh conditions which can damage the doors and the casing.

- Presently, there is no protection for the panel except that it is housed in a casing. For emergency purpose, the outer casing has a plug point connection in case of power failure. This is exposed and therefore requires a proper protective cover.

- Road is not a safe place for panel boards. It is exposed and vulnerable to vandalism, bad weather and accidents. Any damage to pump stations will disrupt the sewerage system and will become a burden for the operator and the public.

- Vents are raised alongside the road and stack height is kept high to minimize foul odour. Odour is not considered as an issue and there has not been many complains about the foul odour.

- When the pump stations are located in the street, the top covers must be at the same level as the roads. This makes it more vulnerable to flooding. In Thinadhoo island, during rain, flood water enters the pump station and pumps keep operating on a stretch for continuous three (3) days. Depending on the severity of rain, this duration may even extend. Hence, the pumps keep running continuously until flood water is entirely drained.

- Having the pump stations in the street makes it very difficult for servicing. Every time, the road has to be shut for public with the assistance of the Police. During the servicing, there is smell and foul odour on the street. Public transport and movement is disrupted.

- In Thinadhoo island, there are 11 pump stations and on average, each has to be maintained weekly. Hence, this is a very difficult and significant issue during the operation stage.

These issues were discussed during the design stage but were not addressed. The experience from Thinadhoo island indicates that having pump stations on the street creates multiple operation and maintenance challenges which would otherwise be avoided if the pump stations are located in designated areas. The following photos outline the existing pump station panel boards and vents in Thinadhoo Island.

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Figure 39: Typical setup of panel boards where pump station is location underground in the street.

12.7 Consultation w i t h H P A

Several attempts were made to contact the HPA to obtain their inputs for this project. It was unclear as to who can response to the queries which were made on the phone. Three attempts were made to clarify this issue with a senior staff on 7th, 10th and 12th of September 2017.

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This section looks at alternative ways of undertaking the proposed project. There are two basic options: (1) leave the problem as it is (no project option), or (2) take measures to resolve the problem (undertake the project option). If the project were to continue, it would be necessary to take economic, ecological and environmental aspects of the project into consideration and ensure that these concerns exist within a delicate balance. Neither the economic benefits nor the environmental and ecological concerns can be avoided. Therefore, it is important to consider all options and ensure that the best available option(s) is chosen to solve the issues/problems.

A single activity can bear effects on a considerable number of key components determining a range of closely interconnected impacts. The relative importance of each of these beneficial and detrimental impacts has to be evaluated in the context of a set of alternative options. The effectiveness of an EIA process depends on the successful identification of these alternatives. We can then aim at minimising negative impacts and maximising positive ones acting on specific activities through selection of best alternative options and / or mitigation measures.

13.1 No Project Option

It should be noted that the “no project” option cannot be excluded without proper evaluation. Direct benefits from the project implementation include establishment of an appropriate wastewater collection and disposal system that will benefit the community in many ways. The project will improve the environmental value of the island, have economic benefits and promote sustainable development. Without this project, large amounts of wastewater risks continuous pollution of the ground and the near shore environment without having the opportunity to improve the situation. Hence, the ground water contamination will continue to further exacerbate. In this report, this alternative was considered as the baseline against which to evaluate the other various options.

Hence, the no project option takes the following into account.  The existing sanitation system in the island continues to operate with its current shortcomings.

 No additional measures or upgrading are proposed.

 The community will continue to face the ongoing difficulties due to present issues in the system, most notably the contamination of the groundwater.

The main advantages and disadvantages of these are given in the following table.

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Strategy Advantages Disadvantages

Allow the Environmental problems related No upgrading means that the existing to upgrading can be avoided. community will continue to suffer sanitation No upgrading costs to the with the worsening of the system to proponent and hence there is a groundwater. operate without short term benefit. Pollution of the groundwater. installing a Pollution of the near shore lagoon. proper sewage Environmental value of the island collection and cannot be increased. disposal Increased frequency of skin system. diseases.

Figure 40: Advantages and disadvantages of the no project option

13.2 Alternative analysis matrix

For this project, an alternative analysis was carried out on the basis of various biophysical and socioeconomic parameters including the following using an analysis matrix:  Technical feasibility,  Economic viability and  Environmental acceptability of the project and  Social benefits

Based on the above four factors, an alternative analysis matrix was developed with scores given for each factor from 1 to 5. This analysis provides information about the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative considered with regard to its technical, economic and environmental factors. The purpose of this matrix is to obtain a favourable implementation of alternatives proposed by considering alternatives in terms of site selection, design and operational methods, the project scale and timing of project. The total for all factors gives an overall score for a given alternative. The highest total score provides the most desirable and preferred alternatives and vice versa.

13.3 Alternative sites / l o c a t i o n for seawater outfall

The present location for the sea outfall is on the eastern side of the island, approximately along the center of the island. This is the most suitable location for sea outfall as this is the nearest location from which outfall could be constructed straight into the reef edge. Considering the centralized geography of the settlement, any other location would cause an inbalance in distance in the event of future population sprawl.

The eastern reef slop is approximately 100 meters from the shoreline. The eastern side is also the ocean side, meaning that potential for dilution is greatest on this side. The northern and southern sides are also potential locations but has more disadvantages as these locations would require greater number of pumping stations to convey the sewage to the treatment plant. This is illustrated in the following figure.

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Figure 41: Alternative locations for sea outfall with their shortcomings

13.4 Alternative receiving environment and effluent r e u s e

The present disposal location for wastewater is the open sea. As the island is highly dependent on water for farming, one option could be the use of treated wastewater for irrigation and farming. This would require tertiary treatment to bring down the BOD levels to very low. It will also require a change in the system design and the cost will be significantly increased as a grey water separation system will be required for this. Another option would be to discharge the waste water in to one of the existing “Kulhi’s” which are brackish water lakes or wetlands. However, this option would have some legal implications as mangroves are a protected species in Maldives. Such a system design would require additional studies before implementing them.

13.5 Alternative Sewerage Systems

In evaluating an alternative to the proposed system, various options are available. These include: 1 3 . 5 . 1 Deep bore disposal

There is also an affordable and appropriate technology that can be applied to reduce risks of marine pollution. This method involves the disposal of effluent into deep disposal wells in to the salt water strata, below the upper fresh water zone. The well is designed and constructed so as to isolate the upper zone from any risk of contamination from the effluent being disposed of. The depth of well is approximately likely to be 20 to 40 meter, depending on the hydro-geological situation.

The benefits of disposing sewage effluent to the lower zone are a much-reduced environmental impact and health risk because of the following.

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 Dispersion and dilution in to a large body of underground water that is very unlikely to come in to contact with man or the near shore environment.

 Possibility of anaerobic treatment taking place over a significant period of travel time, killing off most of the dangerous contaminants and substantial dentrification before the water flows to the open sea.

 In islands with large reef systems, the construction of the outfall may require damage to the reef and sometime blasting of hard coral. In such instances, deep disposal wells are extremely practical thought the initial investment may be higher.

 Outfalls may be aesthetically unappealing, especially reducing the snorkelling and the recreational value.

 Likelihood that if the groundwater does flow to the open sea, then the depths encountered probably mean that it would not enter the open sea until far out from land. This will mean that elevated nutrient levels caused by disposal of sewage to near shore environment will not occur, preventing the marine damage that is evident from the existing systems.

 The well can be located at the edge of the island where fresh groundwater is unlikely to exist, and reducing risks even further as the groundwater flow will always be from the center of the island to the sea.

The disadvantage in this type of system though is that drilling deep bore holes require high capital costs. Deep bore hole drilling equipment’s are available in Maldives, but very limited. This makes it unavailable to implement such a system without increasing the cost. This is also a technology that has never been used in Maldives and therefore lacks experience. It will take few years to prove the effectiveness and the applicability of such a system. This system also provides challenges and difficulty in environmental monitoring. It is practically difficult to monitor the affected environment and involves much more complexity. Thirdly, the deep bores extend up to the saline zone beyond the freshwater lens. This means that valuable water is lost without the opportunity of any water being recycled back in the freshwater aquifer. It will also be a difficult technology to be acceptable for Maldives since the theory behind the system is more complex. Therefore though deep bore wells are an option, it has not been considered for this island. 1 3 . 5 . 2 Septic tanks

Septic tanks are a common method for small communities and also presently used in the island. Septic tanks is also a good option but with some limitations. Advantages and disadvantages that have been identified include: - May recharge groundwater but deteriorate groundwater quality.

- High cost of septic tank and soakage pit and land availability need to be checked.

- Requires sludge removal by house holders.

Septic tanks are rejected mainly because of its apparent environmental health issues. The Ministry of Environment and Energy does not encourage septic systems in the islands as a policy due to multiple issues. In addition, having septic tanks in the house plots limit further

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This cannot be considered solely due to its failures in the past. Similar systems have been provided in places such as , and Komandoo in the past and have failed to achieve the objectives. However, gravity flow systems with septic tanks have been seen to be working effectively in some places such as and this was the most commonly accepted method of sewage disposal in the Maldives until very recently.

Gravity flow is simply not practical and becomes a huge issue in large islands. Lifting of sewage is required in most islands due to the flat topography and hence, without pump stations, the system simply does not work.

Gravity flow systems are therefore not practical in the Maldives. 1 3 . 5 . 4 Vacuum sewers

These systems have been installed in some islands in the Maldives. The effectiveness of this system has not been satisfactory in the Maldives so far. Vacuum systems have also been rejected, not only based on the cost, but with complex mechanism which locals are unfamiliar. Other disadvantages, as well as advantages of vacuum sewers include; well preserved groundwater quality, suitability for flat land but additional cost of vacuum pumps, cost of holding tanks, unknown technology and limited service support and need full time operator (high O&M cost).

The island of Nilandhoo in Faafu atoll is a good example where the vacuum system is having a significant impact from operation and maintenance costs. Replacement of spares are difficult and the operation of the system requires unusually high energy consumption which is unaffordable for small communities.

Although these are some of the negatives, there are also many positive points. Vacuum systems are quite suitable for large islands where the number of pump stations can be reduced significantly. This will bring down the overall operational and maintenance cost significantly. Nevertheless, the knowledge and acceptability of this system in the Maldives need to be studied and considered in order to make it more acceptable for small islands. There is also lack of education and awareness about these systems which is a big challenge currently facing Maldives. The following table outlines a comparison of this system versus gravity sewers.

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Figure 42: Comparison of vacuum versus gravity system

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1 3 . 5 . 5 Grey water separation system

A system which separates grey and black water is also suitable and will enable recharging of the groundwater if grey water is recycled back in to the aquifer. However, such a system will require additional reticulation system for grey water separation and ultimate discharge. Although grey water is relatively free from contaminants, it has several harmful substances such as phosphates from soap and detergents. These chemicals can be harmful if they are allowed to enter water bodies. Therefore though grey water disposal is an option, it has also to be treated to some stage prior to disposal. These factors make it unattractive as such a system will increase the capital costs of the project. Furthermore, maintenance is also going to be a significant challenge. 1 3 . 5 . 6 Different Options f o r S T P

The three most common options for sewerage treatment plant are:  Aerobic Treatment Plants (Extended Aeration Plants),  Anaerobic Treatment Plants (U.A.S.B. Reactor Systems), and,  Mobile Sewage Treatment Plants (Fluidized Bed Reactors).

13.6 Alternative methods to construct the pump sta t i o n s .

The present system has pump stations located in the street underground as shown below. Two of the pump stations are located at an intersection of four (4) roads and one at the intersection of two (2) roads.

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Figure 43: Proposed pump station locations on the street

This design has a number of disadvantages. As opposed, the pump station could be located within the residential block boundary with a small plot of land allocated for the pump station. Selection of sites can be focused on places such as mosque, symmetry and from other public buildings or plots of land. The comparison of these two methods are outlined below. Pump station inside a designated Pump station on the street boundary Advantages Advantages There is a designated land allocated which Can reduce pump station numbers as they can be fenced and protected from unwanted can be placed anywhere on the island. This attention and users. is a big issue when land allocation is difficult and land scarcity is a problem. These pump stations are preferred to be kept If pump station numbers are reduced, then away from population centres. the operation and maintenance cost will be reduced. The ground level of the pump station can be Disadvantages kept higher than the ground level of the public roads which will avoid unnecessary storm water during flooding. During the construction stage, public Have to close the roads during construction. transportation is least disrupted as road closure Is not required. The pump station can have small backup Maintenance would be difficult and will power generators which can be kept safe require closure of the road. Taking readings and regular maintenance is Not safe for keeping the control panel on not affected by rain. the road. Disadvantages The top needs to be surfaced to the same level as roads, which will cause flood water entry. This will keep the pumps running until all water is cleared. Hence, unnecessary cost. In islands where land is scarce, it is difficult During power failure, a separate emergency to implement this. generator needs to be brought in to source power. During construction, the roads will need to be closed and cause disruption to public. Difficult to undertake readings in bad weather

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13.7 Preferred Alternat i v e s 1 3 . 7 . 1 Avoid pump stations on the street

Pump stations to be moved to within the residential blocks whereby empty land or public land can be utilized. A small portion of land can be allocated to the pump station whereby they can be constructed inside the premises and fenced. The control panel can be placed inside a small shed which can be locked and kept safely. Pump maintenance and repairs can be done with least disruption to the public. However, as the detail design has already been done, it may be difficult to opt for this option. 1 3 . 7 . 2 Secondary Treatment and Effluent Reuse

Secondary Treatment and Effluent Reuse is a preferred alternative. This is a treatment system that is capable of secondary treatment to reduce BOD and nutrients to acceptable limits. In some systems, the effluent can even be reused.

An Extended Aeration plant is therefore recommended as the most appropriate type of sewerage treatment plant for an anticipated development of the sewerage system of the island. Aerobic treatment in aeration plants also offer many advantages over anaerobic treatment plants including lower odour and a lower footprint owing to the high BOD removal rates (Chan et al., 2009). Packaged EA plants of SBR are very common in Maldivian resorts which could be easily adopted in island communities. Medium to low level expertise required during operation of the plants are an added advantage.

1 3 . 7 . 3 Mitigation Measures for the treatment option

The following mitigation measures are proposed for this preferred alternative. - Create awareness of the public as the fees that may be collected from the households would be higher due to the higher operating cost of the plants.

- Develop the minimum required area for the treatment plant by estimating population growth as well as considering future development in the island.

- Reconsider the design of such a system and undertake a further consultation in case of introducing such a system.

- Prepare and train personnel for the maintenance of such systems as treatment plants are not common in rural islands.

- Ensure that treatment process does not affect the existing wetlands and the ecosystem.

The following table outlines the alternative analysis matrix.

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Figure 44: Alternative analysis matrix

SN Alternatives proposed Technical feasibility Economic viability Environmentally acceptable Social benefits A1 Alternative locations for sea Technically challenging, More expensive. Both north and south are channels High cost of operation outfall (north and south especially if future open to the ocean, thus it is resulting in higher pumping side) population sprawl is acceptable. cost. considered.

A2 Alternative receiving Technically more Higher cost due to Acceptable as long as BOD is Decrease burden on environment (reuse and challenging. Requires good more complex reduced to within the EPA groundwater and hence, recycle part of the waste design and more engineering design and guidelines. benefit the farming water for farming) maintenance. maintenance costs. community as an alternative water source is available.

A3 Alternative Sewerage Never tried in Maldives but Since it has not been This method has been tried in Low cost method is always system - Deep bore disposal is possible, but expensive. tried in Maldives, other small islands, especially in beneficial for the society as costs are unknown to the Caribbean islands. available funds can then be implement this system. directed to other uses. High cost is less desirable to the community.

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SN Alternatives proposed Technical feasibility Economic viability Environmentally acceptable Social benefits Technologies that are not tried and tested in Maldives are least favoured. A4 Alternative Sewerage Already this system is used Is a cheaper solution. Not very acceptable as it pollutes Not acceptable socially due to system - Septic tanks and though it is technically the ground water its high pollution potential. feasible, it poses several challenges environmentally.

A5 Alternative Sewerage Not feasible in large islands. Is cheaper than using Not acceptable as there is greater Not beneficial system - Gravity flow Sewage disposal beyond the pump stations or potential for near shore and system without septic tanks. reef is difficult. mechanical means ground water pollution. A6 Vacuum sewers It is feasible but technically Not viable for small Acceptable. High cost is always a more challenging. Requires communities due to discouraging factor. good design and high high operational cost. maintenance. A7 Grey water separation It is feasible but technically Not viable for small Acceptable as long as BOD is Not beneficial and applicable system more challenging. communities. reduced to within the EPA to every island. Has to be guidelines. The reuse elements considered island by island. should also be utilized for a meaningful use such as irrigation. A8 Installation of STP Feasibility is high in islands More expensive. Very acceptable. Depends on the end use of the with large land areas. treated wastewater as well as its distance from populated areas.

A9 Avoid construction of pump Feasible as long as land is Not expensive in Very acceptable. Multiple benefits. station in the street (opt for available. Technically more Baarah island as land a small plot in the challenging if land is scarce. is plenty. residential blocks which can be fenced and demarcated)

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The following table outlines the results of the alternative analysis matrix Figure 45: Alternative analysis matrix

Alternatives proposed

viability

feasibility

Technical

Economic

acceptable

Total scores

Social benefits

Environmentally

A1 Alternative locations for sea outfall (North and 1 1 3 1 6 south side) A2 Alternative receiving environment (reuse and 2 1 3 2 8 recylce part of the waste water for farming or use existing Kulhis as oxidation ponds) A3 Alternative Sewerage system - Deep bore 1 1 1 1 4 A4 disposalAlternative Sewerage system - Septic tanks 1 1 1 1 4 A5 Alternative Sewerage system - Gravity flow 1 1 1 1 4 A6 systemAlternative without Sewerage septic tanks.system - Vaccum sewers 1 1 1 1 4 A7 Alternative Sewerage system - Grey water 1 1 1 1 4 A8 seperationInstallation systemof STP to treat the water 1 1 5 3 10 A9 Avoid construction of pump station in the street 3 4 5 5 17

Based on the evaluation matrix, alternative 9 is the most preferred. Details of these have been highlighted in several sections of the report.

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14 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 14.1 Introduction

Environmental management and monitoring is essential to ensure that potential impacts are minimized and to mitigate unanticipated impacts. Monitoring will be carried out as part of the environmental impact assessment and monitoring requirements addressed in this EIA report. The following table summarizes the aspects of monitoring.

14.2 Environmental management plan

An environmental management plan is outlined in this section. This plan outlines the measures that need to be undertaken during construction period. The management plan should be followed during the construction period. The plan also outlines the monitoring components. A detail monitoring plan is separately outlined.

14.3 Cost of Monitoring

The proponent has committed fully for the monitoring programme outlined in this report. The total cost of undertaking the regular monitoring is estimated in the following table. Cost of monitoring includes all data collection and reporting to the client as well as the relevant government agencies.

14.4 D u r a t i o n of Monitoring

Monitoring will include marine, terrestrial and social components. The proposed scheduled for monitoring has been prepared for 12 months during the construction period as well as annually during the operational stage. During the annual monitoring, some aspects will need to be monitored more frequently during the year. Hence, this schedule will be applicable for monitoring during the construction period and annually during the operational stage after the project. Monitoring will be undertaken by subcontracting the work to an independent consultant or a consulting firm.

14.5 M e t h o d s of Monitoring

Environmental monitoring will be undertaken using standard methods described in the Methodology section. Monitoring is recommended for marine, coastal and social aspects.

14.6 Monitoring Responsibility

Monitoring responsibility will be with the client and financial provisions will be made in the project to undertake the monitoring.

14.7 M o n i t o r i n g R e p o r t

A detailed monitoring report should be compiled after the completion of the civil works. During the construction period, summary monitoring reports must be provided every two months and final report should be provided at the end of the construction stage and should adhere to EIA Regulations, 2012. During the operational stage, regular monitoring reports should be provided once every three months. This report will be submitted to the relevant government agencies for compliance. The report will include details of the site, data

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14.8 Environmental Management plan 1 4 . 8 . 1 Sediment Control

To manage construction activities with the potential to cause Objective sedimentation and runoff in to the beach and the marine environment.

Actions Requirements Responsibility Timing Installation of nets or Site Manager Prior to and during barriers during trench construction. excavation.

Performance No mud/dirt/ visible Site Manager Throughout Indicators on public roads (other construction works than those where work is carried) as well as the beach due to construction works

Monitoring (Refer to Daily inspections of Site Manager Throughout the monitoring works site and construction works programme). sediment control options.

Reporting Reporting to site All staff Throughout manager. construction works

Corrective Actions Corrective actions Site Manager Throughout and implementation construction works time frame

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1 4 . 8 . 2 G r o u n d Water Quality m a n a g e m e n t

To appropriately manage groundwater quality during construction Objective activities

Actions Requirements Responsibility Timing Excavation of Site Manager Prior to construction trenches and commencing identifying dewatering / discharge locations.

Performance No groundwater to be Site Manager Throughout Indicators discharged to marine construction works waters and all water to be recharged back to the ground.

Monitoring (Refer to Ground water quality Site Manager or Throughout the monitoring monitoring program independent construction works programme). or complaint based consultant. monitoring.

Reporting Reporting to site All staff Throughout manager and also construction works keep records for the monitoring report. Any reporting to EPA Site Manager or Throughout independent construction works consultant. Corrective Actions Corrective actions Site Manager Throughout and implementation construction works time frame.

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1 4 . 8 . 3 Air Quality

To manage construction activities with the potential to impact on air quality (dust suppression, stockpiles, maintenance of equipment’s / Objective machinery and other methods)

Actions Requirements Responsibility Timing Periodic watering Site Manager Throughout will be used for dust construction works suppression in the work areas (eg, roads).

Performance No complaints Site Manager Throughout Indicators regarding dust from construction works workers / neighbours / community members. Regular maintenance Site Manager Throughout logs of vehicle/ construction works machinery inspection and servicing. Monitoring (Refer to Visual air quality Site Manager Throughout the monitoring monitoring program construction works programme). or complaint based monitoring.

Reporting reporting to site All staff Throughout manager construction works

Corrective Actions Corrective actions Site Manager Throughout and implementation construction works time frame

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1 4 . 8 . 4 N o i s e

To appropriately manage noise during construction activities to Objective minimise impact to workers, neighbours and community members.

Actions Requirements Responsibility Timing All significant noise Site Manager Throughout generating activities construction works will be undertaken between Sat- Thursday 8.30am to 6.30pm

Performance no complaints Site Manager Throughout Indicators regarding noise from construction works workers / neighbours / community members / schools

Monitoring (Refer to Complaint based Site Manager Throughout the monitoring monitoring construction works programme). Reporting Reporting to site All staff Throughout manager construction works

Corrective Actions Corrective actions Site Manager Throughout and implementation construction works time frame

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1 4 . 8 . 5 Hazardous Substances

To manage construction activities with the potential to cause Objective contaminated soil.

Actions Requirements Responsibility Timing All chemicals such as Site Manager Throughout fuels will be stored in construction works bunded, roofed areas with MSDS’s kept nearby All refueling of Site Manager Throughout vehicles and construction works machinery will be done with careful supervision. Fuel transport to be Site Manager Throughout done in proper construction works vehicles. Performance no spills Site Manager Throughout Indicators construction works

Monitoring(Refer to Chemical / fuel Site Manager Throughout the monitoring storage areas and construction works programme). spill kits will be inspected on a routine basis. Complained based Site Manager Throughout monitoring of spills construction works by workers. Reporting reporting to site All staff Throughout manager construction works

Corrective Actions corrective actions Site Manager Throughout and implementation construction works time frame

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1 4 . 8 . 6 W a s t e Management

To appropriately manage waste during construction activities. Waste collection will be done in a place assigned by the Island Council. This Objective will be the point where all daily and weekly waste will be collected and dumped from roads as construction goes on.

Actions Requirements Responsibility Timing Appropriate waste Site Manager Prior to works collection methods commencing will be provided during work period. Performance No waste deliberately Site Manager Throughout Indicators or unintentionally construction works released on to roads and public space. Monitoring Waste collected will Site Manager Throughout be inspected daily construction works and emptied weekly All waste to be stockpiled in to one place. Reporting Reporting to site All staff Throughout manager construction works

Corrective Actions corrective actions Site Manager Throughout and implementation construction works time frame

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1 4 . 8 . 7 Flora and Fauna

To appropriately manage construction activities with the potential to Objective disturb flora and fauna.

Actions Requirements Responsibility Timing No terrestrial Site Manager Throughout vegetation (trees) construction works will be disturbed without prior approval All clearing areas to Site Manager Throughout be inspected by construction works Island Council before clearing. Marking the Site Manager Throughout boundary of sea construction works outfall to reduce damage foot print. Sedimentation of the Site manager Throughout reef during outfall construction works construction. No unnecessary Site Manager Throughout cutting and clearing construction works of vegetation. Performance Indicators Visual monitoring of Site Manager Throughout trees removed. construction works Monitoring Coral reef Independent Throughout monitoring. consultant construction works Sedimentation Site manager Throughout monitoring. construction works reporting to site All staff / Island Throughout manager Council construction works Reporting Corrective actions Site Manager Throughout and implementation construction works time frame Corrective Actions

1 4 . 8 . 8 Cultural Heritage

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To appropriately manage construction activities with the potential to Objective disturb / uncover cultural heritage sites / artefacts during excavation.

Actions Requirements Responsibility Timing All workers will be Site Manager Throughout educated on their construction works cultural heritage duty of care. Performance No cultural heritage Site Manager Throughout Indicators artefacts uncovered construction works Monitoring Visual monitoring Site Manager Throughout construction works Reporting reporting to site All staff Throughout manage construction works Any reporting to Site Manager Throughout regulators or EPA construction works Corrective Actions corrective actions and Site Manager Throughout implementation time construction works frame

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Figure 46: Schedule for environmental monitoring during the construction period as well as per annum during operation period.

Cost during Monitoring Cost Per annum Indicator Methodology Monitoring Frequency (construction Attribute (operational phase) phase). Construction Operational stage stage

Sedimentation No mud/dirt/ visible on Visual. Daily - control public roads (other than those where work is carried) as well as the beach due to construction works Air quality No complaints regarding Visual air quality Daily dust from workers / monitoring neighbours / community members during the excavation and pipe laying work. Regular maintenance Maintenance logs logs of vehicle/ machinery inspection and servicing. Noise No complaints regarding Complains received noise from workers / neighbours / community members / schools

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Cost during Monitoring Cost Per annum Indicator Methodology Monitoring Frequency (construction Attribute (operational phase) phase). Construction Operational stage stage Marine environment Live Coral cover Percentage benthic cover Qualitative & Quantitative - Annually $5,500.00 at survey sites (live coral cover) 1, 2 and 3 Diversity and Number / percentage of Qualitative & Quantitative - Annually $2,500.00 abundance of fish selected fish communities at sites M1 and M2 Marine water Faecal coliform Lab analysis - Thrice $1,500.00 quality at survey annually site SW1 and SW2 Terrestrial Environment Ground water EC, Faecal and Total On site and Lab analysis Twice during Thrice $1,200.00 quality from coliform, construction. annually locations identified for monitoring Socio-economic and engineering aspects Volume of Decrease or increase in Engineering records and - Annually $200.00 wastewater users logs discharged monthly Frequency of Decrease or increase in Engineering records and - Annually $200.00 pump breakdown cases logs Logs of monthly Assess the sustainability $200.00 maintenance and operational quality of the system

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Cost during Monitoring Cost Per annum Indicator Methodology Monitoring Frequency (construction Attribute (operational phase) phase). Construction Operational stage stage Regular logs of Assess the sustainability Engineering records and Annually $200.00 pump operations. and operational quality logs of the operation and maintenance system in place. Sea outfall Assess any damage Physical inspection survey Annually US$ 1500.00 using snorkel and dive gear. Complains about Assess whether the Through complain records Monthly No cost. The Island smell from pump odour control measures obtained from Island Council will log formal station are functioning or not. Council. complaints by residents. Assess whether the Through period surveys Bi-annually US$2500.00 odour control measures are functioning or not. Community To assess the Through periodic surveys Bi-annually US$ 3000.00 satisfaction community’s satisfaction about the project. Energy Total monthly energy Through monthly energy Monthly No cost consumption consumption from the bills from Fenaka sewerage system.

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15 Conclusion

This EIA report is prepared for the construction of a sewerage system in the island of Baarah island in Haa Alifu Atoll. The project will be implemented by Ministry of Environment and Energy.

Environmental impacts of the project would occur during the construction stage and the operational stage. At the construction stage, excavations and dewatering to lay the pipes and the construction of pumping stations would be the main activities resulting in environmental impacts. Excavations include both land excavations and excavations of the lagoon and reef bottom to lay the outfall pipes. However, excavations of the lagoon and reef substrate would be minimal since the outfall pipe would not require strict gradients and excavations. Dewatering has been identified as one of the most important aspect and is considered in the design of the sewerage system.

Due to the extremely high water tables recorded between 0.7 and 1.2 m below ground level extensive dewatering is required during construction and installation of pipe networks with increase in intensity as depth increases. Furthermore, the instability of the prevailing sand/soil conditions of Coral Atoll Islands makes excessive dewatering extremely hazardous since dewatering entailed with increase in depth removes significant quantities of sand/soil, further exacerbating the unstable soil conditions.

However, dewatering is a temporary and short-lived impact and if proper measures are taken, then the negative impacts could be significantly reduced. Dewatering is therefore going to have a short term negative impact. The laying of sewer outfall will not require extensive vegetation clearing as there is an existing road through which the sewer outfall will be laid. However, some areas of the island with forest cover has been allocated for housing and the network has been designed with the main sewer lines running along this area. Hence, removal of trees that fall on these roads will be undertaken. Construction of the pump stations will not require any vegetation clearing as they are proposed to be constructed underground in the existing roads.

At the operational phase, impacts of energy requirements for pumping, pollution of groundwater and near shore marine environment due to leaking sewers and outfall pipes, and most importantly groundwater pumping for increased toilet flushing would be the main environmental concerns. There is also some possibility for faecal matter to flow towards the shore with the tides and currents. However, experience with the outfalls that had been laid in other island, it is confident that the proposed location will not favour the contaminant to be washed on to the lagoon or beach even under worst case scenarios. The sea outfall will discharge the wastewater in to the main ocean and there is high dilution at this area.

The increased abstraction of groundwater for toilet flushing would be a cumulative impact which would arise. Therefore, the most severe impact of sewerage system on the island is increased abstraction of groundwater from the aquifer. With the present population, the salinity of the groundwater may not become saline as quickly as in other small islands, but the increase in abstraction rates will cause greater salinization of the groundwater lens.

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The benefits of the project (including positive environmental impacts) far outweigh the minor to moderate negative impacts of the project identified. These include the economic benefits of improved groundwater quality and improved health status of the general public over the investment for the sewerage system.

The proposed project work will need to be closely monitored by the Ministry of Environment in consultation with atoll and island council. As the success of such projects can only be undertaken with proper monitoring, it is strongly encouraged to undertake the monitoring programme outlined in this report. The monitoring programme has been focused mainly for terrestrial and social environment. Monitoring during the construction stage has also been suggested.

Several alternatives for the proposed project have been identified and they are discussed in detail. The report highlights a preferred alternative and what mitigation measures need to be followed if the preferred alternative is to be implemented. Disposal of untreated wastewater to the deep ocean is not the best option but it has to be compared with the associated cost of providing treatment, on-going maintenance, condition of the receiving environment and sustainability of such a system and its suitability to the island environment.

Some of the concerning issues of the project are also highlighted with experience from similar systems established elsewhere in the Maldives and recommendations for these are provided in the next section.

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16 Recommendations

Following are some of the recommendations based on this EIA assessment.

1- The lack of an established land use plan for the island means that future projections rely solely on population statistics rather than the land physically available for future development. The present design is based solely on the existing populated area, centrally located in the island as shown in the following figure. There are large areas of the island undeveloped and unzoned due to lack of a land use plan. Large areas of the island are also used for agriculture and pilot projects have been established with aid agencies to try new agricultural technologies. The island is also a potential hot spot for future tourism development due to the vast natural resources (beach, mangroves and thick forests and plenty of land). Different types of developments such as guesthouses and restaurants may require grease traps to prevent large influxes of unwanted material into the sewerage network. Therefore the present design of the system has not considered these future developments and in the event of such developments, the existing system will require upgrading. Requirements may need to be specified at a policy level to counter this issue.

2- To ensure that the designed wastewater system can be executed for the design period, regular cleaning will need to be carried out by the utility service provider. Hence, operation and maintenance of the system must be handed to a company with experience of managing such systems. A reasonable budget and contingencies must be in place during the operational period to counteract uncertainties and breakdowns.

3- The current setup of three pumping stations with two pumps each, allows a short period for the repair. Bypass pipes may be required at each pump station to divert flows during periods of repair. Provisions for mobile pumps will need to be made so

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that the bypass pumps can be utilized. The final manholes must have a larger diameter so that it can be accessed easily during periods of repair and maintenance.

4- Odour control mechanisms may be required to counter issues regarding the odour that arises from pumping stations near residential areas. Physical means such as activated carbon filters may be utilized. These filters may need to be replaced by the utility provider from time to time.

5- The Contractor must make provisions for the testing and commissioning of the separate pipe networks. Contractual documents and the technical specifications should outline detailed testing to be carried out.

6- During the consultative process, many islanders indicated their willingness to pay for a user fee for maintenance. However, it is not clear how much fees will be levied on individual households. Therefore this information is essential to know as public demands this.

7- The system was designed and approved under the previous Island administration and the present administration is not aware of some of the technical details of the project. There are few conflicting views from the present Island Council administration as opposed to what was approved by the council. It is strongly believed that the present administration lacks the technical knowledge such as the kind of operational issues anticipated by constructing the pump stations in the road.

8- More awareness and training of community members need to be undertaken during the project implementation to recruit locals that can be employed in the project operation. Training is also essential to ensure that adequate capacity is developed in the island by the time the system is handed to FENAKA for operation and maintenance.

9- Although the project will benefit the community, the proposed design has a number of disadvantages. Construction of pump stations on the road (underground) is seen as a design issue that could have operational difficulties. Instead, the pump stations could be located within the residential block boundary with a small plot of land allocated for the pump station. Selection of sites can be focused on places such as mosque, symmetry and from other public buildings or plots of land. With the present design, a number of operational difficulties are anticipated. Experience from similar systems constructed elsewhere in the Maldives have been studied and reviewed for this report. The reviews and experiences from these systems are not in favour of the present design and this is something that needs to be considered before implementing the project.

Sanitation systems must be both environmentally and socially friendly and acceptable. As important as the design, is the operation and maintenance issues. Operation and maintenance should be viewed as a key sustainable factor of similar projects. In islands with small populations, in order to sustain the system, operational cost must be reduced. No matter how good a design is, the sustainability and acceptability will depend on how good the system functions in the operational period.

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With the pump stations being located on the road itself, there are a number of such difficulties which are equally as important as the engineering design aspects. Experience from Thinadhoo island, Gaafu Dhaal atoll has been studied and outlined in this report. FENAKA who is also running the system in Thinadhoo island has documented evidence of ongoing difficulties faced by systems where the pump stations are located on the road.

These experiences have been shared in this report and it is the opinion of Water Solutions as the environmental consultants that the EPA consider the present experiences from similar systems elsewhere in the Maldives. Before approving the project, the regulatory authorities have a role to decide what is most beneficial for islands.

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17 People who have assisted in the preperation of this report EIA People who registration assisted in number Page data Chapter (only for Signature number collection those and report registered writing consultants)

Abdul Introduction 20 Aleem

Abdul

Aleem

Project Abdul 31 Description Aleem

EIA Hasan Shah P02/2007

Project Setting Ahmed (Legislative 22 EIA P07/07 Jameel section)

Abdul

Aleem

Existing EIA 68 Ibrahim Faiz Environment P05/2017

EIA Hasan Shah P02/2007

Abdul

Impact and Aleem 83 Mitigation EIA Ibrahim Faiz P05/2017

Abdul Stakeholder 101 Aleem Consultations

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EIA People who registration assisted in number Page data Chapter (only for Signature number collection those and report registered writing consultants) EIA Ibrahim Faiz P05/2017

EIA Hassan Shah P02/2007

Abdul Monitoring 120 Aleem

Abdul

Aleem

Recommendations EIA 135 Hassan Shah and conclusion P02/2007

EIA Ibrahim Faiz P05/2017

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18 Acknowledgements

Various people have assisted the consulting team in preparing this report, name and their designations are listed below. CV’s of the field assistants are attached as an annex. Water Solutions would like to thank their support and assistance provided in completion of this report. 1- Abdul Aleem, BSc, MPH – Mapping and GIS

2- Ahmed Jameel, B. Eng (Environmental), MSc – Environmental (EIA-P07/07)

3- Hamdhulla Shakeeb, - Surveyor.

4- Ibrahim Faiz, BSc - Environmental Management (EIA PO5/2017)

5- Mohamed Umaru, Junior Environmental Consultant

6- Baarah Island Council

7- Water Solutions staff

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19 Reference Books and Sources

Blue Peace,. (2017, August 23). Conservation and Management of Maldivian Mangrove Habitats – Baseline Study. Retrieved from Conserving Mangroves through the Development of an Informative Website and Community Advocacy: http://www.bluepeacemaldives.org/mangroves/

Department of National Planning. (2009). Statistical Year Book. Male: DNP.

EPA. (2015). DESIGN CRITERIA AND TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONVENTIONAL GRAVITY SEWERAGE SYTEMS. Male', Republic of Maldives: Environmental Protection Agency.

Falkland, T. (2000). Report on Groundwater Investigations, . Male': Ministry of Atolls Administration.

Hoepner, T. (1999). A Procedure for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Seawater Desalination Plants. Desalination, vol.124, pp. 1-12.

Jameel, A. (2007). Developing a Disaster Profile for Maldives, A thesis for the Masters Degree. Chirstchurch, New Zealand: University of Cantebury.

Kargeorgos, P., Latos, M., Kotsifaki, C., & Lazaridis, M. (2010). Treatment of unpleasant odors in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Water Science and Technology, , 2635-2644.

Ministry of Planning and National Development. (2006). Analytical Report of Population and Housing Census. Male': Ministry of Planning and National Development.

UNEP, M. o. (n.d.). State of the Environment Report . Maldives: UNEP2002.

Water Solutions Pvt Ltd. (2006). EIA for the development of Sewerage system in Nilandhoo Faafu Atoll. Male': Water Solutions Pvt Ltd.

Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd. (2006). EIA for the development of a resort in Kalhufahalafushi in Thaa Atoll. Male': Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd.

Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd. (2012). EIA of Harbour development and rehabilitation in island, Laamu Toll. Male': Water Solutions.

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20 Annex: Terms of reference

EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll

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(u?

Iinvkonmcnral Pn{cctio. Agency

NO: l0.i-LlARllS,,43E/2017/l l5

Terms of Reference for the Environmental Impact Assessment of the Sewerage Syst€m at Baarah. Haa Alifu Atoll

The lbllowing is the Terms of R€terenc€ (ToR) lbllowin8 the meeting held on 20rh August 2017 for undertaking rhe EIA of the proposed sewerage system at Baarah. Haa Alifu Atoll The proponenr ol fie projecl is Ministry ofEnvironmen and Ener$/

While every attempt has been made to ensure rhar this 'fOR address€s all of the major issues associated with develoFnenl proposal, rhey are not necessarily exhaustive. They should not be interpreted as excluding from consideralion marrers deemed ro be significant but not incorpoiated in them. or matters currently unforeseen. rhal emerge as imponanr or significant from environmental smdies. o. otherwise, during (he course o f preparalion ofthe EIA report

l. lntroduction to lhe proiect - Describc the purpos€ of the sewerage trealmenl sysiem Clearly identrfy the rationale and objectives to enable the formulation ol alternarives. Define lhe arrangements requrred for the environmenral impact assessmenl including how \}ork carried out under this contract rs linked and sequenced wilh olher projects executed by orher consultants. and how coordination between other consulEnts. contractors and govemment institutions \r'ill be carried out Lisl lhe donors and the institutions the consultanr will be coordinating wilh and rhe m€lhodologies used

2 Studv sr€{ - Submit a minimum Ai size scaled plan with indications of all the proposed infrasrructures Speciry lhe agreed boundaries of the study area fbr the environmenlal impact assessment hrghlightrng rhe proposed development location. size and imponant elemens of th€ proposed sewerage system Relevanr developments in the arcas musl also be addressed including residential areas. all economic ventures and cultural sites

J. ScoDc of ldentrfy and number lasks ol_rhe projccl including sitc preparation. constructron and de€ommissioning phases The following tasks shall be complel€d:

Task l. Litemtur€ reviewl . Idenriry lhe exiting lireflure rcBarding the vulnerabiliry and the condition of lhe current environmeni for Ha.Baarah. . Revieq similar ElAs. EMPS. and olher r€s€arch carried out for Ha.Baarall . The consultanr shall also explain rhe mitigation measures proposed for any polential impacls from proposed project related to lhe vulnembility discussed in the literature.

Task 2. Descripaion ofthe propos€d project Provrde adescription andjusrification ofthe relevanl parts ol ihe project. using maps ar appropriatc scales where necessar). The lollowing should be provided (all inputs and outputs relared to the proposed activilics shall be juslified):

House connection and lat€r-als . Description ofcatch pits and expecred depth oflhes€ catch pils

Collection Syslem 4, tnu,dffiElPld.M^..a

j,i: r.r k@t!! 5ve hElrllsetr E,.nde.tsF!fr h! llslrllsl ,ft t('? ,a*

En!ironmcnul P(ncclion A8enc) EPI

. Type ofcollcctron (gravity or lbrced) . Lifling stalrons ( iiany). lype and numbcr of lifiing stalions . Road manholes (type and expecled number). rndicate using site plans . Sumps and pump slalrons

Sea outfall pip€line . Justiry outfall sire selection including lhe disEnce from the reef and depth of lhe pipe tlsing oceanographic and ecological information CurrenB and waves oughl lo quickly dispers€ thc discharged water with minimum impacts on marine ecosystems and economic activities Illustmte the extent of the sediment plume. The publ;c and slakeholders should suppon the l.,carion ofthe outfall sile: . Des.ribe equipment needed and conslruclion melhods for laying the olTshore pipeline including handlinB and transportation . Altemative localion for the outfall pipeline should be included

STP planl faciliw desisn: . D€scribe rrealmenl lechnolos/ and capacily (envisage population groMh in the next l0 years); . Specily catchment area: All flows that contribule lo the sewer system including flows frofll the development area to the point of conneclion to the main line I.e. Residential flows Commerciat flows + lnstitutional flows + lndustrial nows (significantly variable depending on industry) + lnfiltralion/Inflow (rain warer collection. ifany)i . Describe op€ralions for dewaterin8 excavalions for pump stations and sewer lrenches: . Mechanisms us€d to avoid pipe lea.kages prole.cling ground water contaminalion. . Sp€cify a, emergency plar ifsystem fails

Selrace collection and disposal net*ork Derailed sewagc and waste \\ater disposal mechanisms. equipmenl uscd and periodicil)

Proiect maiasement . Speciry rnaterials, equipment, heavy machinery. staffestimate (quanrity and period of time). key peBonnel positions. inrermittent technical expen'se required, . Projecl managemenr: lnclude communicalion of consrruction details. progress. target dales and dumlion of works. con$ruclion,operarion/closure of labor camps. access ro sire. safeq - equipmmt and malerial storage. water supply. waste management fiom constructton operations (mainly dredged materials), power and fuelsupply: . Dewatering schedule: Ihis should include rhe l(rarions for dewatering for all the phases ol the projecl and should include the location where this warer would be discharged . Decommissioning method and method of disposal of waste and sludge after dccommissioning . Temporary sile setup l@ation

Tssk 3. Description of the €xistitrg €nvironmenl Assemble. evaluales and presents rhe environmental baseline srudiesdata regading lhe !tk|) area and tining ol the pniect (e E r.l.off{rcn season) Identiry bas€line data gaps aJId identif) studies and ihe level ofderail ro b€ carrjed out b\ ti$rcnm.nblPddfr^..q +$

r.r l+etrd5{e l}$ol!!!5r5r I.r tlst 1!r rssr uP. ,r ,l

LnriR).mcntal P(rcetion Agcnc)

nl,nnin,, $ th,r.lxr. .nllP.ril As such all baseline dara musl be presented in such a way thal they will be usefully applied lo luture monitoring. The report should oudine detailed m€thodology of data collection ulilized. The baseline dara will b€ collected b€fore construdion. All survey localions shall be referenced with Ceogrdphic Positioning Sysrem (GPS) including waler sampling pornts, reef trzusects. vegetalion tmnsects and manla lows sites for posterior data comparison. lnlormation should b€ divided into th€ categories shown below:

All data should br collccl€d and represcntcd acrording to lhc data colleclion guidcline of EPA

ceneral climaric conditions . Rainfall data

Terrestrial . Type ofvegetdion. esrimated numb€r and extenl ofvegehtion to b€ cleared (ifany); . Tenestrial bascline monitoring surroundinS all i and developments. lnclude a description of all flom and fauna and any threatened or endargered species in th€ area; and . Depth olgroundwater table and sp€cily whether dewatering is required for pip€ laying works-

Geohay and qeomorDholoay Bathymerry(at the proposed ouilaU location and altemative locations) Characteristics of seab€d sediments to assess direct habitar deslruction and turbidity rmpacrs during construction

Hvdro,rraphv/hvdrodvnamics ( localized mapq) . Tidal ranges aid tidal cunenrsr . Sea water quality measuring thes€ paramelers: temperalure, pH, saliniry, Erbidiry, phosphate, nhrate, ammonla. sulphate and BOD.

ldentiry marine prolecled areas (MPAS) and sens;tive sires such as breeding or nursery grounds for protected or endan8ered species (e.g. coral retfs. spawning fish sires, nurs€ri€s for crustaceans or specific sires for marin€ mammals. sharks and tu(les) Include descriPlion ol comm€rcial species. species wilh potential lo become nuisarces or vector. Include map; Marine habitat slatus includinS coral reet health. seag'ass b€ds and benlhic and fish community description around the island Select a control siie far from lhe oulfall location and a test sire a1 representative dislances from the oufall discharge sitei Wind induced currenrs al the outtbll localion and conlrol site; and

Hazard vulnembilirY:

' Vulnerabiliry ol-area to flooding and storm surge to predicl infiltration rales

Socio cconomic cnvircnmeDl +(^ EnudmlrPiol6uonA..rt

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Ln!;ronmenl2l Protection ASenc) PI

. Demog.aphy: total populalion, s€x ratio. density. groDlh and pressue on land and manne

. Land us€ planning, natural resource use and zoning ofaclivilies at sea; . Sires with histoncal orcultuml interest or sacred places (mosques. graveyad). . Services quality and accessibiliry (water supply. waste/waler disposal, enerry supply, social services like health ard educalion); . Community needs; . Accessibility and (public) transport to other island; . Economic activities of bolh men and women (e.9. fisheries. home gardening, lish processing, employment in indusrry, govetunenol

Existinq Seweraee Inftastruclue (if exists) . Assess the existing sewerag€ facilities including household sepic lanks. soap Pits, collection lanks near shore outfalls . lde iry and sugSest best possible of mean ofde- sludging and cleaning of any such seplic tanls and collection tanks . Suggesl and recommend the mo$ environmenlally sound melhod for disposal of any sludge removed from any such system

(iR,und$alcr Artuitir

. Assess the qualiry of aquifer for physical. chemical and biological paramelers such as pH. Salinity. E. Conductivily. temperature. TDS. tX). E(. 'lurbrdity. saliniry. H2S. nitrates, phosphares and biological contamrnation al all pu,np stalion locations. Ba-sed on these parameters give recommendatrons whether this watcr can be discharged on land . Size olaquifer in rerms ofvolumc and aeial exlent and avcmgc thrckness . tss1ima1ed volume ofgroundwarer lhat may be dischargcd into sea via sewemge system

Trsk 4. Legisl.tive and regulatory considcrrtions ldenlily the F,ertinent legislation, regulations and standards. and environmental policies thal are relevanl and applicable to the proposed projeci. and identiry the appropriare aulhorir) jurisdictions lhar will specifically apply ro lhe projecl

Trsk 5. Poteltirl imprcts ofthe pmpo6ed projecr The EIA repon should identiry all rhe impacrs (direct. indi.ecl and cumuldive) and evaluale lhe magnirude and significanc€. This shall includel

Operdional phase imoacts fiom outfall dischargrs . Sediment plume exrmt should be delimited so that etTects from nut.ient inpus (water quality changes) on l(xal re€fs. lish and invertebrale communities can be idenrified;

Terreslrial impacts from conslruclion . Loss of vegetalion and fauna iom lard clearance activities. lifting slations and pipe works (deploymenl and dewatering); . Ground water qualrty; lmpacl from installinqlhe sewaqe outfallpipe s ti!6idd k!r..tor ^.q c6&rdll,y.lq,hfuc*to kh'..?o,M,dlY!,ro', rd t.el rs s tot 3r qr rr t.e6ot 3r, ro5! ? *

Ln\ iR)nmenul l,rorcction ABcnc)

. lmpacts fiom marine habitat deskuction which may affect fish stocks and species diversity ard density of invertebrares, . Increased orbidity and changes in sedimenr traisporl due to pipe introduction when pipe is on the s€a b€d; . Equipment, technical and spillage impacts during conslruction; Sewage waste collection and disoosal impacts . Sp€ciry rnethods ofcolleclion ard hnsponation 1o dump sile. Socialimpacls: . Odor and nois€ . Aesthetics on-land'mpac6l and underwaler from outfall pipeline and turbidiry for rccreational useE; . lncreased demands on natuml resources ard services (domestic water supply. waste waler disposal, t eatment syslems. solid waste disposal systems, eners/ supply, etc); . Land use displrcemenr and economic opportunrtres.

The methods used to idenliry rhe significance oI the impacts shall be ourlined. Justification must be provided to the selected methodologies The report should outline the uncenainties in impact predrction and also outline all positive and negative/shon ard long{erm impacts

Trsk 5. Alternatives to proposed proje.t Descnbe altemarives incbding he no oction option should be presented. Determine the best pracrical environmenral options Ahematives examined for the proposed project that would achieve lhe same obj€crive including the "no action altemalive' This should include altematives for environmental. social and economic consideralions The reporr should highl'ghr how the locarion for lhe outfall was determined. All altematives must be compar€d according to commonly accepted sEndards as much as possible

Task 7. MitigstioD strd m.nsgement of negrtive impscts - Identiry possible measures 10 prevenl or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable levels. Mitigation measures must also b€ identified for bolh construction and opemtion pha$ Cosl ofthe m(igation measures. equipmenr and resources required to implemenl rhose measures should be specified The confirmation of commrtment of the developer to implement the proposed miligation measures shall also be included An Environmenlal management plan for the proposed project. identirying responsible persons. theirduries and commitmenls shallalso be given.

T!!k 8. Developmena of monitoring phn ldentity the critical issues requirinS monitoring lo ensure compliance to miliBalion measures and presenl impaq management and monitoring plan for: . Physical panrmoters such as ground and sea water quality assessmenls and oceanogmphic studies. . Biological parameters such as terestrial monitoring. coral re€f and benlhic moniloring, fish community census and lerrestrial monitoring The moniloring progra includrng the physical and biologrcal parameters for monitoring. cost commitmenl from responsible person to conduct monitoring in the form of a commitment leier. dehiled reporting schecbling. costs and methods of undenaking lhe monitoring program musl be p.ovided.

N" titrlffitlPlllfu^..q Grc.n luidiE, r.ao, H.^dhuEalHi&rl !ue),rtr-, it rd t+ql .!, tse l+e6ol 1!! terl rI ireetr35e5, tu',| ,a,* -ii: i-*ttii ;ii3irti: li.\ iro.mcnlal P.otcction ABrne) PT

Task 9. Stak€hold€r consultation, lnter-Agency coordinrtion rnd public/Nco penicipation) LllA repon should include a lisl ofpeople/groups consulted and what were rhe major ourcomes ldenriry appropriate mechanisms ro supply slaleholders and rhe public wilh information aboul ihe developmenr proposal and pro8ress. Major srakeholder consultarion shall include relevant 'ts govemmenr ministries. government agencies. engineervdesigners. developmenr manageB, stall and members ofthe general public The lbllowinB panies musl bc consulred:

. lsland Council . Ceneral public of(he islard . }IPA . Fenala Corporation Limited

Eg!e4!gEgt_- The e vronmentol inprct as\essnent reprL to be presented in digitalfurnol, wi be conctse @1d l@us on sigDilicant environnentdl issues h wi contain the Jidings, conclueions otul reconnended &tions suppo ed hr sunnaties olthe data co ected ond citatioruf or ony releren es used n inte.preting those data. The enyironnental asessnent rcpott teill be orgoni:ed according k) but not necessarily liniled hy, the outline given in the EIA Regulatbns, 20)2

Timelfuma fo? submilinp lhe EIA rcporl The detebpt nult suhn thc conpletcd EIA repart within 6 nohths lion the d.tte oJ thirt Tern ol Reference 206s; AuSust 2017

*4"' Eiuoffir.rkMr.ry et,,i+o{!'rfu'2032 rd {ie6q !n sse trst lx 5rjr hesol r3l 5e33 EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll

21 Annex: Land Approvals Documents from Council

EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll

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22 Annex: Sewerage system drawings and bathymetry of the outfall area

EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll

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EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll

23 Annex: Approval of concept design from Ministry of Environment and Energy

EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll

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EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll

24 Annex: Correspondence to Baarah island from MEE

EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll

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EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll

25 Annex: Pump station location

EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll

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EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll

26 Annex: CV’s of unregistered consultants who assisted in this project

EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll

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Abdul Aleem (Amooo) – Curriculum Vitae

Personal and contact Full name: Abdul Aleem details Common Name: Amooo Date of birth: 2nd November 1973 Nationality: Maldivian Sex: Male’

Permanent address M.Dhonumaruge Dhekunubai, Jahaamuguri Goalhi, Male', Republic of Maldives

Tel: + 960 3341643 Mobile: + 960 7793502 Web: www.water-solutions.biz Email (Office): [email protected] Email (Personal): [email protected]

Experience

Specialized in Environmental Health, Environmental Impact Assessment, Environmental Health Impact assessment, Water quality assessment and monitoring (ground and drinking water). Good practical and working experience on terrestrial surveying, qualitative and quantitative fresh water quality surveys, groundwater quality assessment for monitoring purpose (small islands), bathymetric surveys of reefs and lagoons, coastal and marine survey (beach profile measurement using levels and current measurement using dye test), noise assessment and air pollutant measurement. Competent in mapping islands using differential GPS and developing GIS base maps.

Good theoretical and practical knowledge of MS Word, MS Excel, MS Power Point, Macromedia Director MX, Macromedia Deamweaver MX, Macromedia Flash MX, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, Quick Time Pro, Corel Draw. Basic knowledge of MS Access. Good working knowledge and experience in designing and maintenance of static websites and basic knowledge on Dynamic websites. Good knowledge and experience in designing and authoring multimedia CD’s for personal computers using macromedia Director. Good theoretical and practical knowledge on GIS and capable of developing small to medium size GIS projects.

Good practical knowledge on coastal management, coastal surveying, especially use of shorelines as an indicator of coastal erosion, identifying methods of erosion control and beach management and rectification issues.

Fluent in coral reef surveys and a certified Reef check surveyour.

PADI Open Water Instructor and Specialty Instructor (PADI No: 261728) with experience in teaching and diving in a number of atolls in the Maldives.

LANGUAGE & DEGREE OF PROFICIENCY:

Speaking Writing Reading English Excellent Excellent Excellent Dhivehi Mother tongue Mother tongue Mother tongue

Education

Master of Public Health (MPH) - 2003 to 2004 University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.

Subjects undertaken: Foundations of Public Health; Social Health Research methods, Statistics for Health Sciences; Child Health, Computer Applications in Epidemiology; Research methods for health professionals; Principles of

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 1

Health informatics; Alcohol, tobacco and other drug studies; Mental health development-theories and principles; Health and Society; Masters dissertation: A qualitative study on “Impact of Stroke on caregivers”.

Bachelor of Environmental Health - Feb 1999 to Nov 1999 University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, Australia

Subjects undertaken: Environmental Health in Practice, Environmental Planning, Food Safety, Noise Assessment and Control, Environmental and Health Education, Environmental Health in Practice (Healthy City Environments), Air Quality Assessment and Management

Diploma in Environmental Health - Feb 1996 - Nov 1998 Fiji School of Medicine, Suva, Fiji

Subjects undertaken: Environmental Health Practicum 1-Primary Health Care, Public Health Administration, Public Health Law, Introduction to Building, Introduction to Population Studies, Environmental Health Practicum 2- Community Health, Epidemiology and Health, Food Handling and Hygiene, Physiology and Toxicology, Chemistry Concepts and Compounds, Environmental Health Practicum 3-Water Quality Studies, Waste Management, Non Formal Education, Introduction to Management, Environmental Health Practicum 4-Terrestrial and Human Ecology, Building 2, Construction Technology, Building Technology, Adult Learning, Environmental Health Practicum 5 – Environmental Impact Assessment, Occupational Health, Town and Country Planning, Organizational Management, Organizational Behaviour, Final Year project (Water Quality Study of Nabukalau Creek, Suva, Fiji Islands).

General Certificate of Education Examination (June 1990 - June 1992) Advanced Level Certificate, University of London, School Examinations Board

General Certificate of Education Examination (Jan 1987 - Dec 1989) Ordinary Level Certificate, University of London, School Examinations Board

Other Professional Courses and training

PADI Open Water Scuba Instructor (Instructor Number 261728) PADI International

Teledyne PDS Software Multibeam Acquisition & Processing (2015) Training course on the use of Multibeam Echosounder for underwater surveying held in Male’, Maldives in November 2015.

Reef check surveying protocols (2014) Training course on the use of Reef Check protocol for undertaking coral reef surveys held in Male’, Maldives in 2014. Training organized by Marine Research Centre.

International Training Programme in GIS for Policy Making, Planning and management of Spatially Distributed resources (2005) 19.12.2005 to 30.12.2005, International Center for Geo-informatics Applications and Training, University of Moratuwa,

Certificate course in Web Designing and Multimedia (2001) 19.12.2000 to 20.2.2001, Access Computers, Republic of Maldives

Basic French (1996) Three month course in basic French, Alliance Francaise, Suva, Fiji Islands

Photography Basic Course (1993) Six months course, Youth Centre, Republic of Maldives

Photography Advance Course (1994) Six months course, Youth Centre, Republic of Maldives

Photography Technical Course - Advertising Photography (1995) 6 months course, Youth Centre, Republic of Maldives

Technical papers and research undertaken

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 2

Mapping the incidence of Dengue using GIS in Male from 1998 to 2005 Available Dengue incidents reported from Male’, was transformed in to a GIS to assess the disease occurrence patterns in Maldives during the study period and identify any patterns in its occurrence January 2006, Project undertaken for WEB Foundations (webfound.org). The project was completed entirely on my own

Drafting of the 1st National Drinking Water Quality guidelines for Maldives Drafting the guidelines with the assistance and supervision from Dr. Machiel Stynberg, South Africa.

Safety of Rainwater harvesting in Maldives Data analysis and reporting of a pilot survey conducted for the 12th International Rainwater Catchment Systems Conference, New Delhi 2005.

Occupational Health Injury Situation Analysis (December 2002) Joint study on assessing occupational injuries and its situation in Maldives. Study done for Ministry of Health with Ahmed Zahid.

Environmental Health Review (November 2001) A review of Environmental Health status in Maldives done for Ministry of Health

Health and Safety Aspects (October 2001) Joint study on the Feasibility of a Poultry Farm in Maldives. Feasibility study done for a private firm.

Environmental Impact Statement (December 2000) Undertaken for the RO plant at ADK Hospital, Male’, Maldives.

Healthy Islands Plan of Action for Maldives: (2000) Prepared for Environmental Health Unit of Ministry of Health, Maldives

Critique on Hawkesbury Healthy City Project (1999) One year research project undertaken at WHO Collaborating Center for environmental Health, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, Sydney, Australia

Healthy River: Water Quality Study of Nabukalau Creek, Suva, Fiji Islands; 1998 Third year research project undertaken at Department of Environmental Health, Fiji School of Medicine, Suva, Fiji

Environmental and other technical reports

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of Dhandhoo island into a resort in Baa Atoll Date April 2017 Client Paradee Resorts, Thailand / Dhandhoo Holdings Pvt.Ltd Location Dhandhoo Island, Baa Atoll Project Component Development of the island to a new resort. Contact Mr. Pong, Thailand based project Manager, Email:[email protected] Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in the project. During the EIA preparation, I also involvements trained two new staff members on data gathering at site including terrestrial, marine and coastal data.

Name of the EIA EIA addendum for Coastal Protection works. Date February 2017 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Hoarafushi Island, Haa Alifu Atoll Project Component Exploring options for the change in borrow areas from where sand will be obtained for backfilling. Contact / client Ministry of Housing and Environment. Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant for the project. My role includes visiting the island involvements and collecting on site data at the same time leading the team of junior consultants to undertake the EIA data collection. During the project, stakeholders were met and social issues related to the project were identified and the process as used as a means to come up with a suitable and acceptable solutions.

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 3

Name of the EIA EIA for the creation of an artificial reef in Hondaafushi by sinking a cargo vessel. Date January 2017 Client AAA Resorts Location Hondaafushi Island, Haa Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Preparation of EIA report Contact Number Mr. Ahmed / Civil Engineer, AAA Resorts, 7907320 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the construction of a new entrance channel Date December 2016 Client Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure Location Bilehdhoo Island, Faafu Atoll Project Component Construction of a new entrance channel Contact Number Nafha Aujaz / Ministry of Housing Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. The Project involvements involves development of a new entrance channel in Bilehdhoo as the existing channel has several design flaws resulting in difficulty and functionality. The report was prepared by collecting on site data including stakeholder consultations and other data including marine, coastal and harbour details. The project was particularly a challenging project as the harbour was only recently developed and having to implement another new project had its draw backs.

Name of the EIA EIA addendum repot for the creation of a channel in Muthaaufushi Island. Date November 2016 Client Well Land Investment Private Limited Location Muthaafushi island, Baa Atoll Project Component Development of a new entrance channel. Contact Number Mr. Arif, 7782136 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. Work includes involvements site visits, data collection and report writing.

Name of the EIA EIA for the setup of sewerage system in . Date November 2016 Client Ministry of Environment and Energy Location Mulah Island, . Project Component Development of a new sewerage system. Contact Number Ministry of Environment and Energy Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. Work includes involvements site visits, data collection and report writing. Data collection included ground water and calculation of groundwater quantity in the island.

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of Fasmendhoo island in to a resort. Date October 2016 Client Emil resorts / Mr. Fransesco Location Fasmendhoo Island, Raa Atoll Project Component Development of the island in to a resort. Contact Number 7508694 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. Work includes involvements site visits, data collection and report writing. Data collection included marine, coastal, terrestrial and social environment

Name of the EIA EIA for the Dhihdhoo Coastal Protection.

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 4

Date September 2016 Client Ministry of Environment and Energy Location Dhihdhoo Island, Haa Alifu Atoll Project Component Construction of coastal protection Contact Number 301-8300 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. Work includes involvements site visits, data collection and report writing. Data collection included marine, coastal, and social aspects of the project. Name of the EIA EIA for the Gahdhoo Coastal Protection. Date September 2016 Client Ministry of Environment and Energy Location Gahdhoo Island, Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Construction of coastal protection Contact Number 301-8300 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. Work includes involvements site visits, data collection and report writing. Data collection included marine, coastal, and social aspects of the project.

Name of the EIA EIA for the Coastal Protection in Island. Date July 2016 Client Ministry of Environment and Energy Location Fainu Island, Raa Atoll Project Component Construction of coastal protection Contact Number 301-8300 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. Work includes involvements site visits, data collection and report writing. Data collection included marine, coastal, and social aspects of the project.

Name of the EIA EIA for the Coastal Protection in Date June 2016 Client Ministry of Environment and Energy Location Guraidhoo Island, Thaa Atoll Project Component Construction of coastal protection Contact Number 301-8300 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing. Work includes involvements site visits, data collection and report writing. Data collection included marine, coastal, and social aspects of the project.

Name of the EIA EIA for the resort concept change in Vomulli Island. Date June 2016 Client Residency Resorts Maldives Location Vommuli Island, Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Changes to the original project concept. Contact Number 9946464 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing for the proposed involvements concept change in the development concept.

Name of the EIA EIA for the coastal protection of Dusit Thani. Date May 2016 Client Dusit Thani Maldives Location Muhdhoo Island, Baa Atoll Project Component Implementation of a coastal protection plan for the eastern side of the island. Contact Number 7954716 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in formulating the coastal protection plan, data involvements collection and report writing for the proposed project.

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 5

Name of the EIA EIA for the proposed additional changes brought to Helengeli resort redevelopment. Date April 2016 Client EON Resort Location Helengeli island, North Male Project Component Changes to the original project concept. Contact Number Mr. Krishna / Project Manager, 9983160 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant in data collection and report writing for the proposed involvements concept change in the development concept.

Name of the Report Coastal management and assessment report Date February 2015 Client Dusit Thani, Maldives

Location Muhdhoo island, Dusit Thani Project Component Coastal management / feasibility Contact Person Mr. Aruna Bandaranayaka Nature of my Lead Consultant for the environmental monitoring and management. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the shore protection works in Island Date December 2015 Client Ministry of Environment

Location Maafushi island, South Male’ Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Contact Person Ms. Aishath Huma Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the harbour rehabilitation and redevelopment in Island Date December 2015 Client Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure

Location Gaafaru island, North Male’ Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the harbour rehabilitation and redevelopment in Gahdhoo Island Date September 2015 Client Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure

Location Gahdhoo island, Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the harbour rehabilitation and redevelopment in Nilandhoo Island Date September 2015 Client Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure

Location Nilandhoo island, Faafu Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 6

Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the harbour rehabilitation and redevelopment in Island Date August 2015 Client Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure

Location Kendhoo island, Baa Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the harbour rehabilitation and redevelopment in Kelaa Island Date August 2015 Client Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure

Location Kelaa island, Haa Alifu Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report Technical report for the development of a coral reef in Mai Falhu in north Male’ Atoll Date July 2014 Client WATG Singapore Location North Male’ Atoll Project Component Development of islands in a coral reef Contact name Mr.Krishna Chalise Nature of my Lead Consultant for planning and executing the bathymetric surveys and involvements preparation of technical report for the client including the development of islands, reclamation and its feasibility components.

Name of the Report EIA for the refurbishment of Viceroy at Vagaru Date May 2015 Client EON Resorts Location Vagaru, Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the reclamation of Maafushi island Date May 2015 Client Ministry of Housing and Infrastructure

Location Maafushi Island, South Male’ Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the report EIA addendum report for the redevelopment of Helengeli resort with a modified harbour design Date March 2014 Client Atmosphere OBLU Location Helengeli Island, North Male’ Atoll. Project Component Redevelopment of resort Contact name Saleel Panigrahi Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including development of modified concepts involvements for the harbour

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 7

Name of the Report EIA for the establishment of sewerage system in Milandhoo island Date March 2015 Client MWSC Location Milandhoo Island, Shaviyani Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the establishment of sewerage system in Kelaa island Date February 2015 Client MWSC Location Kelaa Island, Haa Alifu Atoll Project Component Environmental consultancy Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report Addendum to the ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed redevelopment of Summer island (Ziyaaraifushi island), North Male’ Atoll, Maldives Date December 2014 Client Kaimoo Hotels and Travel Services

Location K. Ziyaaraifushi island Project Component Coastal Protection Contact Number Aboobakuru Yoosuf, Operations Manager, 332 2212 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report Coastal Environmental Report for Thanburudhoo Island Date December 2014 Client Telos Investments

Location K.Thanburudhoo Island Project Component Coastal Protection / feasibility Contact Person Mr. Gunner Lee Miller Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report EIA for the development of resort in Innahera Cluster of Islands, Date November 2014 Client SIMDI

Location Innareha Cluster of islands, Gaafu Dhaalu Project Component Environmental consultancy Contact Person Mr. Yoosuf / SIMDI Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the report Preliminary Coastal Environmental Report for Thanburudhoo Island Date November 2014 Client Telos Investments

Location K.Thanburudhoo Island Project Component Coastal Protection / feasibility Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 8

Contact Person Mr. Gunner Lee Miller Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the report EIA for the construction and jetty in Baarah Date November 2014 Client Ministry of Housing Location Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll. Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the report EIA for the construction and sewerage system in Island Date October 2014 Client MWSC Location Alifushi Island, Raa Atoll. Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the Report Progress report for the development and establishment of an artificial reef Date October 2014 Client Valmont, Switzerland and Constance Halaveli Resort Location Constace Halaveli Resort, . Project Component Development of an Artificial Reef Contact name Solih Mohamed Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including survey assessments, consultations, involvements research work and report writing.

Name of the report EIA for the redevelopment of Helengeli resort Date September 2014 Client Atmosphere OBLU Location Helengeli Island, North Male’ Atoll. Project Component Redevelopment of resort Contact name Saleel Panigrahi Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including survey assessments, consultations, involvements research work and report writing.

Name of the report Inspection and assessment of Vandhoo Harbour Date August 2014 Client Kocks Consult Gmb, Germany Location Vandhoo, Raa Atoll Project Component Assessment Contact name Mr. Kasdarli Sid-Alir Chakir Nature of my Lead Consultant for the assessment of the harbour. involvements

Name of the Report Implementation and launching report for the development and establishment of an artificial reef Date July 2014 Client Valmont, Switzerland and Constance Halaveli Resort Location Constace Halaveli Resort, Alif Alif Atoll. Project Component Development of an Artificial Reef Contact name Solih Mohamed Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including survey assessments, consultations, involvements research work and report writing.

Name of the report EIA for the construction and harbour in Date July 2014 Client Ministry of Housing Location Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll.

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 9

Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant for the marine environment assessments. involvements

Name of the report EIA for the construction of sewerage system in island Date July 2014 Client MWSC Location Meedhoo island, Raa Atoll Project Component Assessment of marine and ground water components. Contact name Mr. Mohamed Rasheed Nature of my Lead Consultant for the assessment of the marine and ground water involvements environments including data collection.

Name of the Report Initial assessment report for the development and establishment of an artificial reef Date June 2014 Client Valmont, Switzerland and Constance Halaveli Resort Location Constace Halaveli Resort, Alif Alif Atoll. Project Component Development of an Artificial Reef Contact name Solih Mohamed Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including survey assessments, consultations, involvements research work / feasibility assessment and report writing.

Name of the Report Technical report for the development of a coral reef in Faafu Atoll Date May 2014 Client EON Resort / Boston Consulting Group Location Faafu Atoll Project Component Development of islands Contact name Mr.Krishna Chalise Nature of my Lead Consultant for planning and executing the bathymetric surveys and involvements preparation of technical report for the client.

Name of the Report ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the redevelopment of Summer island (Ziyaaraifushi island), North Male’ Atoll, Maldives Date February 2014 Client Kaimoo Hotels and Travel Services

Location K. Ziyaaraifushi island Project Component Coastal Protection Contact Number Aboobakuru Yoosuf, Operations Manager, 332 2212 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report Coastal Environmental Report for Meradhoo Island (Jumeirah Dhevanafushi) Date March 2014 Client CDL Hospitality Group / Singapore

Location Meradhoo Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll Project Component Coastal Protection / feasibility Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the report EIA for the development of a resort in Thanburudhoo Island Date February 2014 Client Telos Investments

Location K.Thanburudhoo Island, North Male’ Atoll Project Component EIA report Contact Person Mr. Gunner Lee Miller

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 10

Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the report Coastal management and assessment report for Park Hyatt Hadaha Date February 2014 Client Park Hyatt

Location Hadaha Island, Gaafu Alifu Atoll Project Component Coastal Assessment / Coastal management Contact Person Mr. Assad Ali Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the Report Coral reef monitoring report Date Jan 2014 Client Constance Halaveli Resort Location Constace Halaveli Resort, Alif Alif Atoll. Project Component Coral Reef monitoring Contact name Solih Mohamed Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including coral reef survey assessments and involvements report writing.

Name of the Report EIA for the resort development at Kandholhudhoo island Date Jan 2014 Client Universal Resorts Location Alif Alif Atoll. Project Component EIA Contact name Mr.Ibrahim Ali Nature of my Lead Consultant for the marine environment assessment. involvements

Name of the Report EIA addendum report for unloading rock boulders in island Date Jan 2014 Client Coastline Hotels and Resorts Location Baa Atoll Project Component EIA Contact name Mr. Hussain Fulhu Nature of my Lead Consultant for the environment assessment and report writing. involvements

Name of the report EIA for the construction and setup of an STP Date October 2013 Client Adaaran Location Hudhuranfushi, North Male’ Atoll. Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the construction and harbour at Gulhi Island Date August 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Gulhi Island, South Male’ Atoll. Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the EIA Feasibility report for the development and establishment of an artificial reef Date September 2013 Client Valmont, Switzerland and Constance Halaveli Resort Location Constace Halaveli Resort, Alif Alif Atoll. Project Component Development of a Artificial Reef Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 11

Contact Number Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including survey assessments, consultations, involvements research work and report writing.

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of a resort in Dhoores Island. Date August 2013 Client Vermillion Location Dhoores Island, Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Development of a resort on an uninhabited island. Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project including survey assessments, consultations, involvements research work and report writing.

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of roads in Hanimaadhoo Date July 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Hanimaadhoo Island, Haa Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Marine surveys Nature of my Lead Consultant for the marine and socio-economic surveys. involvements Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of island Date July 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Eydhafushi Island Project Component Marine surveys Nature of my Lead Consultant for the marine surveys and preparation of the report. involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the setup of an RO plant in Guraidhoo Date June 2013 Client MWSC Location Guraidhoo Island, Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the marine, ground water and socio-economic surveys. involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of road in Date June 2013 Client Road Corporation Location Kudahuvadhoo Island Project Component Marine surveys Nature of my Lead Consultant for the marine, surveys. involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the project concept change at Maavelaavaru Island Date June 2013 Client Athama Investments Location Maavelavaru Island, Project Component Marine surveys Nature of my Lead Consultant for the marine, surveys. involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Guraidhoo island Date June 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Guraidhoo Island, Thaa Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Meedhoo island

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 12

Date May 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Meedhoo Island, Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Kudahuvadhoo island Date May 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Kudahuvadhoo Island, Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Marine environment surveys Nature of my Marine surveys and reporting involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of island Date May 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Thulusdhoo Island, Kaafu Atoll Project Component Marine environment surveys Nature of my Marine surveys and reporting involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Maafushi island Date May 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Maafushi Island, South Male’ Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Bodugiri in North Male’ Atoll. Date April 2013 Client STO Location North Male’ Atoll Project Component Marine surveys and assessment Nature of my Marine surveys and reporting involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the harbour rehabilitation in Kurendhoo island. Date March 2013 Client Ministry of environment Location . Project Component Marine surveys and assessment Nature of my Marine surveys and reporting involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of harbour in Utheemu Date February 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Utheemu island, Haa Alif Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Hulhumale 2nd phase

Date January 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Hulhumale Island Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 13

Project Component Marine surveys and assessment Nature of my Marine surveys and reporting involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of harbour in Vashafaru island Date January 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Vashafaru island, Haa Alif Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the rehabilitation of harbour in Kumundhoo Date January 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Kumundhoo Island, Haa Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the rehabilitation of harbour in Vaikaradhoo island Date January 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Vaikaradhoo Island, Haa Dhaalu Atoll Project Component Project management and coordination Nature of my Lead Consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of harbour in Kunahandhoo island Date January 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Kunahandhoo Island, Project Component Marine surveys and assessment Nature of my Marine surveys and reporting involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the rehabilitation of harbour in Maavah island Date January 2013 Client Ministry of Housing Location Maavah Island, Laamu Atoll Project Component Marine surveys and assessment Nature of my Marine surveys and reporting involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of harbour in Island, Laamu Atoll Date December 2012 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Dhanbidhoo Island, Laamu Atoll Project Component Development of a harbour Contact Number Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant for undertaking marine survey assessment, aerial involvements photography and coastal assessment and report writing.

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of harbour in Naifaru Island, Lhaviyani Atoll Date December 2012 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Naifaru Island, Lhaviyani Atoll Project Component Development of a harbour Contact Number Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 14

Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant for undertaking marine survey assessment, aerial involvements photography and coastal assessment and report writing.

Name of the EIA Addendum to the ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed coastal protection of Summer island (Ziyaaraifushi island), North Male’ Atoll, Maldives Date September 2012 Client Kaimoo Hotels and Travel Services

Location K. Ziyaaraifushi island Project Component Coastal Protection Contact Number Aboobakuru Yoosuf, Operations Manager, 332 2212 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the project. involvements

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed coastal protection of Dhunikolhu Resort, Baa Atoll Date August 2012 Client Sunland Hotels

Location Baa Atoll Dhunikolhu Island Project Component Coastal Protection Contact Number Nature of my Lead Environment consultant for the marine surveys and assessment. involvements

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed coastal protection of Boduhithi Resort, Baa Atoll Date August 2012 Client Sunland Hotels

Location Boduhithi Island, North Male’ Atoll Project Component Coastal Protection Contact Number Nature of my Lead Environment consultant for the marine surveys and assessment. involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the repair and rehabilitation of the sea water intake pipe line of STELCO. Date June 2012 Client STELCO

Location Male’ Project Component Marine surveys Contact Number Nature of my Lead Environment consultant for the project involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of over water villas at Hudhuranfushi resort Date May 2012 Client Adaaran Resorts Location K.Hudhuranfushi (Lhohifushi) Project Component Development of new water villas Contact Number Mr. Vijay Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA of resort Development at Vommuli island Date April 2012 Client Maldives resort pvt ltd Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 15

Location Dhaalu Atoll Vommuli island Project Component Development of the entire island to a resort Contact Number Mr. Shaaheen. 7777650 Nature of my EIA consultant advising the architects on developing the concept, involvements identifying appropriate locations for water villas and jetty construction and also guiding them in designing and locating the structures on the island so that minimal disruption to the coastal environment will occur.

Name of the EIA EIA of beach replenishment and coastal modification, Date April 2012 Client Villa Hotels Location Royal island, Baa Atoll Project Component Beach replenishment in some areas and extraction of sand from some areas with high accretion Contact Person Mr.Thihaan, Manager, Royal Island resort Nature of my Involved in the mapping of eroding areas and also undertaking the marine involvements environment surveys.

Name of the EIA EIA of Kudahithi Redevelopment Date April 2012 Client Coco Palm Resorts Location Kudahithi island, North Kaafu Atoll Project Component Rehabilitation of the beach including nourishment Contact Person Mr. Adam, Coco palm Resorts Nature of my Involved in the coastal assessment and undertaking marine surveys involvements including identifying areas for sand borrowing and developing methodologies for nourishment of sand.

Name of the EIA EIA of Dhonakulhi Redevelopment Date March 2012 Client Island Hideaway Location Dhonakulhi island, Haa Alif Atoll Project Component Redevelopment of the resort Contact Person Mr. Hafeez, 7773233 Nature of my Lead EIA consultant for the project including undertaking marine and involvements coastal surveys.

Name of the EIA EIA of development of a sewerage system Date February 2012 Client Shin Nipppon Location Meemu Atoll island Project Component Development of a new sewerage network Contact Person Mr. Saman Adhihetty. [email protected] Nature of my EIA consultant for the project including assessment of groundwater involvements resources and quantification of freshwater availability. Also assist the team in identifying best locations for outfall as well as treatment tanks. Also designed and analysed the willingness to pay survey in the island.

Name of the EIA EIA for the reclamation of Thimarafushi second phase Date December 2011 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Thimarafushi island, Thaa Atoll Project Component Reclamation of the island lagoon, second phase Contact Ministry of Housing and Environment Nature of my Lead EIA consultant involvements Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 16

Name of the EIA EIA For the proposed upgrading and development of the Regional Port, Kulhudhufushi, Haa Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives Date November 2011 Client Kulhudhufushi Port Limited Location Kulhudhufushi island, Haa Dhaal Atoll Project Component Upgrading of Kulhudhufushi Port Contact Kulhudhufushi Port Limited Nature of my Lead EIA consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA For the proposed development of a mooring area Date November 2011 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Mathikomandoo, Shaviyani Atoll Project Component Development of a mooring area Contact Ministry of Housing and Environment Nature of my EIA consultant, undertaking marine and island surveys. involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the development and upgrading of harbour Date November 2011 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Mulah, Meemu Atoll Project Component Redevelopment of Mulah harbour Contact Person Ministry of Housing and Environment Nature of my Assistant EIA consultant including undertaking bathymetry surveys and involvements marine assessments.

Name of the EIA EIA for the development of road Date August 2011 Client Southern utilities Location island, Project Component Development of a new roads for SAARC summit Contact Person Mr. Zareer, Southern Utilities Nature of my Assessment of vegetation clearing and undertaking vegetation surveys, involvements undertaking marine surveys in areas of the lagoon where sediment was borrowed to level the roads. Also extensive mapping was undertaken in the project site to determine the boundary and extent.

Name of the EIA EIA for the For the proposed development of a Marina at Hulhumale lagoon, North Male’ Atoll, Maldives

Date July 2011 Client Housing Development Cooperation (HDC) Location Hulhumale, North Male’ Atoll Project Component Development of a marina Contact HDC Nature of my Lead EIA consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA addendnum for For the Proposed Airport Development in Dharavandhoo, Baa Atoll

Date June 2011 Client Coastline Hotels and Resorts Location Dharavandhoo island, Baa Atoll Project Component Change in reclamation concept Contact Person Mr. Gahthan Haleem

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 17

Nature of my Lead consultant for the project including mapping and undertaking marine involvements assessments for the report.

Name of the EIA EIA of Harbor Rehabilitation in Biledhoo, Faafu Atoll, Date May 2011 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location F. Biledhoo Project Component Rehabilitation of the Harbour at F. Biledhoo Contact Number Shaana Farooq, Project Coordinator at Ministry of Housing and Environment, Director, 3004300 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant, Environment consultant for the coastal component of involvements the project

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed concept change in Vagaru, Shaviyani Atoll, Maldives

Date March 2011 Client Vagaru holdings Pvt.Ltd Location Sh. Vagaru Project Component Resort development at Sh. Vagaru Contact Number Dilip Kumar, Finance Controller- Projects, 333 9992 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the environmental involvements infrastructure component of the EIA

Name of the EIA INITAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION For the proposed convention centre at Hithadhoo Date January 2011 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Hithadhoo, Project Component Development of the convention centre at Hithadhoo for the SAARC Summit Contact Number Shaana Farooq, Project Coordinator at Ministry of Housing and Environment, Director, 3004300 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the environmental involvements infrastructure component of the EIA

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed coastal protection of Summer island (Ziyaaraifushi island), North Male’ Atoll, Maldives Date January 2011 Client Kaimoo Hotels and Travel Services

Location K. Ziyaaraifushi island Project Component Coastal Protection Contact Number Aboobakuru Yoosuf, Operations Manager, 332 2212 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the Coastal involvements Component

Name of the EIA SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT for the Expansion and Modernization of Malé International Airport

Date November 2010 Client GMR Malé International Airport Private Limited Location Malé International Airport, Hulhule Project Component Expansion and Modernization of Malé International Airport Contact Number P. Sripathy, Managing Director +918040432000 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant, Environment consultant for the coastal component of involvements the project Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 18

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed Upgrade and Redevelopment in Thudufushi Resort, South , Maldives Date June 2010 Client Voyages Maldives Location ADh. Thudhufushi Project Component Resort development Contact Number Mohamed Shafeegu, Director, 7784933 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant, Environment consultant for the coastal component of involvements the project

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT For the Proposed 1000 houses in Hulhumale, Maldives Date May 2010 Client Ministry of Housing and Environment Location Hulhumale, Project Component Housing Contact Number Ahmed Saleem, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Housing and Environment Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA for the redevelopment of Moofushi resort Date June 2009 Client Constance Hotels and Resorts, Mauritius Location Moofushi island resort, Project Component Redevelopment of Moofushi resort Contact Number Constance Hotels and Resorts Nature of my EIA consultant for the project including helping clients develop the project involvements concept including guiding the architects in locating of new structures, jetties.

Name of the EIA EIA for the proposed water bottling plant at Hulhumalé Industrial Area Date May 2009 Client Handy Industries Pvt Ltd Location Hulhumalé Project Component Water bottling plant at Hulhumalé Industrial Area Contact Number Hassan Saeed, Project Manger, Director, 7774888 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the environmental involvements infrastructure component of the EIA

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the proposed Upgrade and Redevelopment in Athuruga resort, South Ari Atoll, Maldives

Date May 2009 Client Voyages Maldives Location Athuruga Island Resort Project Component Upgrade and Redevelopment in Athuruga resort Contact Number Mohamed Shafeegu, Director, 7784933 Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the coastal component involvements of the poject

Name of the EIA ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the the Development of a Boat Yard and Slipway at , Kaafu Atoll, Maldives Date April 2009 Client Veyla Travels and Tours Pvt. Ltd Location Kaashidhoo Island, Kaafu Atoll Project Component Development of a boat yard Contact Veyla Travels and Tours Pvt. Ltd Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 19

Nature of my Lead EIA Consultant and Environment consultant for the coastal component involvements of the project

Name of the EIA INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION for the proposed construction of a jetty joining Thulusdhoo and Thulusdhoo - Huraagandu, Kaafu Atoll, Maldives

Date February 2009 Client Thulusdhoo Island council Location Thulusdhoo Project Component Construction of a jetty Contact Number Mohamed, 645553 Nature of my EIA Consultant involvements

Name of the EIA EIA For the proposed modification for the original development concept in Hadahaa island, , Maldives

Date May 2009 Client Driftwood Maldives Location Hadaha, Gaa Alif Atoll Project Component Concept change for the originally developed concept. Contact Driftwood Maldives Nature of my Lead EIA consultant for the project. involvements

Social and Environmental Impact Assessment for the setup of a drinking water supply network in Thinadhoo, Gaafu Dhaal atoll, Maldives; September 2008 Lead EIA consultant for data collection and report writing.

Environmental Impact assessment for the redevelopment of Bolifushi resort, South Male’ Atoll; August 2008 EIA consultant for data collection and Marine environmental surveys and preparation of marine survey findings.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the Proposed Refurbishment of Adaaran Club Rannaalhi, South Male’ Atoll, Maldives; April 2008. Lead EIA consultant for data collection and report writing

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT for the Restoration of Beach at Royal Island Resort and Spa, March 2008 Lead EIA consultant for data collection and report writing

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT For the Proposed Redevelopment of Island resort, South Male’ Atoll, Maldives, March 2008 Lead EIA Consultant for the project.

EIA for the rehabilitation of the harbour in Island, Thaa Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2007) Joint project undertaken with SOGREAH of France. Lead EIA Consultant for data collection of marine and coastal surveys including bathymetric assessment. Assisted project consultant with undertaking socio-economic surveys in the island.

EIA for the rehabilitation of the harbour in Mathiveri Island, Alif Alif Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2007) Joint project undertaken with SOGREAH of France. Lead EIA Consultant for data collection of marine and coastal surveys including bathymetric assessment. Assisted project consultant with undertaking socio-economic surveys in the island.

EIA for the rehabilitation of the harbour in Kendhoo Island, Baa Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2007) Joint project undertaken with SOGREAH of France. Lead EIA Consultant for data collection of marine and coastal surveys including bathymetric assessment. Assisted project consultant with undertaking socio-economic surveys in the island.

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 20

EIA for the rehabilitation of the harbour in Makunudhoo Island, Haa Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2007) Joint project undertaken with SOGREAH of France. Lead EIA Consultant for data collection of marine and coastal surveys including bathymetric assessment. Assisted project consultant with undertaking socio-economic surveys in the island.

EIA for the rehabilitation of the harbour in Island, Raa Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2007) Joint project undertaken with SOGREAH of France. Lead EIA Consultant for data collection of marine and coastal surveys including bathymetric assessment. Assisted project consultant with undertaking socio-economic surveys in the island.

EIA for the rehabilitation of the harbour in Island, Noonu Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2007) Joint project undertaken with SOGREAH of France. Lead EIA Consultant for data collection of marine and coastal surveys including bathymetric assessment. Assisted project consultant with undertaking socio-economic surveys in the island.

EIA for the redevelopment of Lily Beach Resort, Alifu Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives (June 2007) Lead EIA Consultant for data collection including bathymetric surveys and report writing.

Projects, programmes, research or activities participated in or contributed to

Workshop on Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance (April 29 –1st May, 2007, Khulhudhufushi, Haa Dhaal atoll) Managing and leading the workshop. Presentation on water quality monitoring and surveillance, including ground water and rainwater. Teaching community members on how to assess water quality and undertake surveys and do monitoring work.

Bathymetric Survey of Emboodhoo Finolhu Island (Taj Exotica Resort), South Male’ Atoll, Maldives (April 2007) Detailed bathymetric survey of the island’s northern lagoon using sonar equipment and differential GPS.

Bathymetric Survey of Olhuveli Island, Laamu Atoll, Maldives (30-31 March 2007) Detailed bathymetric survey of the island’s lagoon using sonar equipment and differential GPS. Survey also include identifying and mapping coral patches, specific shallow and deep areas and other ecosystems such as sand banks within the lagoon system.

Initial environmental Assessment (IEA) for the proposed electrification project in Noonu atoll Kudafaree, Maldives (March 2007) Preparation of the IEA for the project that includes assessment of the environmental aspects including noise, air pollution and fuel handling. Final Initial Environmental Assessment Report preparation.

Initial environmental Assessment (IEA) for the proposed electrification project in Meemu , Maldives (March 2007) Preparation of the IEA for the project that includes assessment of the environmental aspects including noise, air pollution and fuel handling. Final Initial Environmental Assessment Report preparation.

Initial environmental Assessment (IEA) for the proposed electrification project in Gaafu Dhaal , Maldives (March 2007) Data collection for the IEA including noise and particulate matter levels during peak and off peak hours. Preparation of the IEA for the project that includes assessment of the environmental aspects including noise, air pollution and fuel handling. Final Initial Environmental Assessment Report preparation.

Initial environmental Assessment (IEA) for the proposed electrification project in Laamu Dambidhoo, Maldives (March 2007) Preparation of an IEA for the project that includes assessment of the environmental aspects including noise, air pollution and fuel handling. Final Initial Environmental Assessment Report preparation.

Groundwater assessment of Noonu Atoll Manadhoo, Maldives (Jan 2007) Data collection including assessing groundwater quality and setting baseline parameters for the preparation of an EIA for the establishment of sewerage system in the island.

Groundwater assessment of Raa atoll Ungoofaaru, Maldives (Jan 2007)

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 21

Data collection including assessing groundwater quality and setting baseline parameters for the preparation of an EIA for the establishment of sewerage system in the island.

EIA for the establishment of sewerage system in Daalu atoll Meedhoo, Maldives (Jan 2007) Data collection including assessing groundwater quality and setting baseline parameters. Preparation of the full EIA report based on field data collected.

EIA for the establishment of sewerage system in Laamu atoll Dambidhoo, Maldives (Dec 2006) Preparation of the full EIA report based on field data collected.

EIA for the establishment of a resort in Naridhoo island, Haa Alif atoll, Maldives (Dec 2006) Assessment and reporting of the groundwater and terrestrial aspects of the EIA.

Shoreline survey of Cocoa Palm island Resort, Maldives (Oct 2006) Mapping the island’s shore line, vegetation line, high tide line, reef line and the extent of erosion. Setting up baseline GIS maps to assess the extent of coastal damage.

Survey of Royal Island Resort and Spa, Baa atoll, Maldives (Oct 2006) Mapping the island’s shore line and setting up baseline GIS maps to assess the extent of coastal damage.

Addendum to EIA for the resort development in Noonu Maavelaavaru, Maldives (Sep 2006) Preparation of the full EIA report based on field data collected.

EIA for the establishment of sewerage system in Vaavu , Maldives (Sep 2006) Preparation of the full EIA report based on field data collected.

EIA for the redevelopment of villivaru resort in Male’ Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2006) Baseline data collection, assessment and reporting of the groundwater and terrestrial aspects of the EIA. Mapping the island including, broad bathymetric survey of the island’s lagoon and reef extent .

EIA for the establishment of a resort in Medhafushi island, Noonu Atoll, Maldives (Sep 2006) Baseline data collection, assessment and reporting of the groundwater and terrestrial aspects of the EIA. Bathymetric survey of the island’s lagoon using differential GPS and echosounder.

EIA for the establishment of a resort in Gaakoshibi island, Maldives (Sep 2006) Assessment and reporting of the groundwater and terrestrial aspects of the EIA.

EIA for the establishment of a resort in Vagaru island, Shaviyani Atoll, Maldives (Aug 2006) Baseline data collection, assessment and reporting of the groundwater and terrestrial aspects of the EIA. Mapping the island and setting up baseline GIS maps for monitoring purposes. Broad bathymetric survey of the island’s lagoon.

Bathymetric survey of Giraavaru Island resort, Male’ atoll, Maldives (June 2006) Broad bathymetric survey of the islands lagoon system using GPS and ecosounder. Mapping the limits of the reef line.

Mapping and bathymetric survey of Halaveli Island resort, Alif atoll, Maldives (May 2006) Mapping the island including shore and vegetation line and generating maps including the islands existing coastal infrastructure and entrance channel. Broad bathymetric survey of the islands lagoon system using GPS and ecosounder.

Workshop on Drinking Water quality monitoring and surveillance (May 14 - 16, 2006, Meemu atoll) Presentation on water quality monitoring and surveillance, including ground water and rainwater. Teaching community members on how to assess water quality and undertake surveys and do monitoring work. Managing and leading the workshop

Workshop on Drinking Water quality monitoring and surveillance (Jan, 2006, Raa atoll) Presentation on water quality monitoring and surveillance, including ground water and rainwater. Teaching community members on how to assess water quality and undertake surveys and do monitoring work. Managing and leading the workshop

Mapping newly renovated Olhuveli Island resort and spa, South Male’ atoll, Maldives (April 2006) Mapping the island including shore and vegetation line and generating maps including newly reclaimed land mass.

EIA for the establishment of a resort in Seenu Villingilli, Maldives (March 2006) Baseline data collection, assessment and reporting of the groundwater and terrestrial aspects of the EIA. Mapping the island and setting up baseline GIS maps for monitoring purposes.

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 22

Mapping and baseline groundwater survey of Kurendhoo Island in Lhaviyani atoll, Maldives (April 2006) Mapping the entire island including shore and vegetation line and setting up GIS base maps for water quality for a sewerage system design.

Erosion study for Royal Island Resort and Spa, Maldives (February 2006) Baseline data collection and assessment of the coastal aspects of the study. Mapping the island’s shore line and setting up baseline GIS maps for monitoring erosion.

EIA for the establishment of Kaafu Maafushi island’s sewerage system, Maldives (November 2005) Baseline data collection and assessment of the groundwater and terrestrial environment.

EIA for the establishment of Kaafu Guraidhoo’s sewerage system, Maldives (November 2005) Baseline data collection and assessment of the groundwater and terrestrial environment .

EIA of Viligilimathidahura reclamation and development, Maldives (October 2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the terrestrial aspects, including groundwater, flora and fauna and socio- economic impacts.

EIA of the Fourth Power Project for STELCO (August 2005) Assessment and reporting of the health impacts of the project.

EIA of Boduhithi Resort redevelopment, Maldives (2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the terrestrial aspects, including groundwater, flora and fauna.

EIA of Kudahithi Resort redevelopment, Maldives (2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the terrestrial aspects, including groundwater, flora and fauna.

EIA of Maavelavaru Resort redevelopment, Maldives (2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the terrestrial aspects, including groundwater, flora and fauna.

EIA of Kalhufahalafushi Resort Development, Maldives (2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the terrestrial and water quality aspects.

EIA of Alidhoo Resort Development, Maldives (2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the terrestrial aspects, including groundwater, flora and fauna.

EIA of Horizon Fisheries Complex, Laamu Atoll, Maldives(2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the marine and beach water quality, land contamination and coastal aspects.

EIA of Lonudhoohutaa Resort Development, Maldives (2005) Surveying, assessment and reporting of the terrestrial aspects, including groundwater, flora and fauna.

Rapid Assessment of groundwater and rainwater in selected islands of Gaafu Alif and Gaafu Dhaal atoll, Maldives (March 2005) Rapid assessment and reporting of the groundwater and rainwater conditions to assess the impact of tsunami in seven islands.

Rapid Assessment of groundwater and rainwater status in selected islands of Gaafu Alif and Gaafu Dhaal atoll, Maldives (March 2005) Rapid assessment and reporting of the groundwater conditions to assess the impact of tsunami in two islands.

Rapid Assessment of groundwater in selected islands of Laamu atoll, Maldives (Jan 2005) Rapid assessment and reporting of the groundwater conditions to assess the impact of tsunami in seven islands

Presentation on Waste management and recycling opportunities in the Maldives (27-29 October 2002). Local Consultant for CDE Pvt Ltd. International Workshop on Environmental Management and Sustainable Tourism 27-29 October, Paradise Island, Maldives. Presentation on Waste management and recycling opportunities in the Maldives given at the workshop held jointly by Villa Hotels and International Finance Cooperation. The aim of the workshop was to adopt Environmental Management Systems at Villa Hotels.

Publicity campaign for the First Regional Development Project, Maldives (March 29 - 30, 2002). Local Consultant for Business and Financial Services (BFS) Pvt Ltd.

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 23

Presentation on water resource management, especially on protecting ground water and application of various methods to protect groundwater pollution, Waste management with special emphasis on the first regional development project in the Maldives and environmental protection, especially wetlands and their relationship to groundwater.

Workshop on Drinking Water safety and sanitation (Jan 14 - 18, 2002) Presentation on water resource management, especially on protecting ground water and application of various methods to protect groundwater pollution. Workshop held to provide information to the community and school children at A.dh Dhangethi island, Dhaal Ribudoo Island, Meemu Muli and Vaavu Island, Maldives

Workshop on Water and Sanitation (Jan 5 - 7, 2002) Presentation on Environmental protection given at the Workshop held to provide information to leaders of islands, teachers, health workers in Ari Atoll, Maldives A.dh , Maldives

Comparative Study on Indoor Air pollution (Nov 28-Dec 2, 2001) Assessment of the status of Indoor air pollution in Addu Atoll, Maldives to compare data with Male’, conducted by Ministry of Health, Maldives

Joint ground water research of Maamigili island, Maldives (October 20, 2001) Ground water quality assessment survey of the island of Maamigilli island in Ari Atoll, Maldives conducted by MWSA, Maldives.

Joint ground water research of Fuvah Mulaku Island, Maldives (November 2000) Ground water quality assessment survey of the Island of Fuvah Mulah, Maldives Conducted as part of the V & A assessment study by Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment.

Joint ground water research survey of Bodu Rehaa island, Maldives (November 2000) Ground water quality assessment survey of the Island of Bodu Rehaa, Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll, Maldives. Conducted as part of the V & A assessment study Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment.

Joint ground water research survey of Island, Maldives (November 2000) Ground water quality assessment survey of the Island of Hithaadhoo Island in Baa Atoll, Maldives. Conducted as part of the V & A assessment research. Ministry of Home Affairs, Housing and Environment.

Employment

Director (June 2005 to present) Water Solutions Pvt.Ltd, An Environmental Consultancy firm

Research Student (July 2007 to 2009) Lanka Hydraulics Institute undertaking part time research in Maldives as part of a PhD research programme.

Senior Environmental Analyst (18 September 2005 – 22 July 2007) Maldives Water and sanitation Authority, Republic of Maldives

Project Officer (4 Jan 2005 – 18 September 2005) Maldives Water and sanitation Authority, Republic of Maldives

Project Officer (Sep 2001 – 24 Feb 2003) Maldives Water and sanitation Authority, Republic of Maldives

Project Officer (Aug 2000 – Sep 2001) Health Education Unit, Ministry of Health, Republic of Maldives

Project Officer (Dec 1999 – Aug 2000) Environmental Health Unit, Ministry of Health, Republic of Maldives

General Secretary (December 1999 – August 2001) Tennis Association of Maldives, Male’, Republic of Maldives

Secretary (Jan 1993 - Feb 1996) Planning and Coordination Section, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Maldives Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 24

Secretary (1992- December 1995) Soft Tennis Association of Maldives, Male, Maldives

Public Health Officer (May 1993 - Dec 1993) Food Safety and Epidemic Control Section, Department of Public Health, Republic of Maldives

Achievements

NZAID Scholarship, 2003 Awarded a New Zealand Government Scholarship (NZAID) to undertake a Masters programme in Public Health at University of Auckland (2003-2004).

Third place in the photography division (April 2005) Exhibition organized by WHO and Ministry of Health on the occasion of World Health Day

Third Place in the Photography Division (October 2001) First Youth Exhibition, Male’, Maldives Organized by the Youth Center, Ministry of Youth and Sports, Male’, Maldives

Kodak KPAN Black and White Photographer of the year (Jan 1996) Organized by KODAK, 1995, Republic of Maldives

2nd place, in the Advance and Technical Photography Exhibition (October 1995) Ministry of Youth, Women’s Affairs and Sports, Male’, Maldives

3rd place, in the Advance and October 1995 Technical Photography Exhibition, Ministry of Youth, Women’s Affairs and Sports

Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 25

Participation in seminars, conferences, workshops, short courses and training

Biennial conference and Exhibition of Water Institute of South Africa (WISA) 21-25 May 2006, Durban, South Africa

12th International Rainwater Catchment Systems Conference 15-18 November 2005, New Delhi, India. Presented a Paper of issues of rainwater harvesting in Maldives.

ISO 14000 Advance Training on Environmental Management Systems Auditing 13-18 June 2005, New Delhi, India

Asia Pacific Regional Consultation on water and poverty 22 – 26 September 2002, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Seminar on Forward Thinking Policies of Groundwater Management; Energy, Water Resources and Economic Approaches 2 – 6 September 2002; New Delhi, India

International Training course on “Environmental Sanitation – Solutions and Management” 2 – 12 July 2002, Trivandrum, India

Workshop on Concept and Application of IUCN categories to Protected Areas Nasandhura Palace Hotel, Male’, Maldives, (Nov 7-8, 2001)

Workshop on Facilitation skills 14-18 October 2001, UNICEF/MWSA, Male’, Maldives

Congress of the Asian Soft Tennis Federation, Saga City, Japan, October 2000

Training Workshop on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Male’, Maldives, August 2000

Training Workshop on Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment Bandos Island Resort, April 2000

First Sports Medicine Workshop Ministry of Youth, Women’s Affairs and Sports, 11 March 1995, Male’, Maldives

Workshop on Techniques of Script – Writing for Educational Radio Programmes UNICEF and Department of Public Health, 10th –14 July 1993, Male’, Maldives

Workshop on Production of Health Educational Materials on Family Planning & AIDS Department of Public Health, 29th April 1993, Male’, Maldives

International Coaches Programme, International Tennis Federation, 16th December 1990, Male’, Maldives

Computer and IT Experience

2006 Designing and maintenance of “Budget Maldives” web site.

www.budgetmaldives.com

2005 Designing and maintenance of “Water Solutions” web site.

www.water-solutions.biz

2003 Designing and maintenance of “Photography of Amu” web site.

www.amooo.com Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 26

2003 Designing and development of the Website for Ranveli Resort and Spa in the Maldives. Website for Shaviyani Atoll www.ranveli.com.mv

2003 Designing and maintenance of the first Website for an atoll in the Maldives. Website for Shaviyani Atoll www.shaviyani.gov.mv

2002 Development of an incident database for Department of Civil Aviation, Maldives Jointly developed with Ahmed Zahid.

2002 Designing and maintenance of the Website of Maldives Surfing Association www.maldivesurf.org.mv

2002 Designing and maintenance of the Website of Hulhumale Development Unit (currently restricted) www.hdu.gov.mv

2002 Designing and maintenance of the Website of Web Foundation. www.web.org.mv

2000-2001 Designing and maintenance of the Website of Tennis Association of Maldives

2000-2001 Designing and programming of the first interactive CD-ROM on Male’, Republic of Maldives (samples available upon request)

2003 Designing and programming of the first interactive CD-ROM on Surfing in Male’, Maldives (samples available upon request)

Other professional work and experience

Organizational skills

2000 Experience in organizing and managing 3 national level tennis tournaments in the year 2000 in Maldives.

Photography

2001 Photography assignment for UNICEF Maldives to photograph the available fruits and vegetables in the Addo atoll region of Maldives.

Most of the photography work for the year 2000 diary published by Libaas Pvt Ltd.on Maldivian handicrafts

Most of the photography work for the year 2001 diary published by Libaas Pvt Ltd, Maldives on Historical mosques

Various government photography project experiences

Various other private photography project experiences.

Script writing

2002 Writing video documentary script on Cervical Cancer for a 15 minute educational video Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 27

Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Oral Cancer for a 15 minute educational video Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on TB for a 15 minute educational video Client: Chest Clinic Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Kidney Failure for a 15 minute educational video Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Sexually Transmitted Diseases for a 15 minute educational video Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Mental Health for a 15 minute educational video Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Pap Smear for a 15 minute educational video Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Hand Foot and Mouth Disease for a 15 minute educational video Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Food Safety for a 15 minute educational video Client: Indhira Gandhi Memorial Hospital/Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

2002 Writing video documentary script on Environmental Health for a 15 minute educational video Client: Ministry of Health Sub contracted by Image Village Male’, Maldives

Video and Film making

2001 One hour film on the first body boarding championship “National Varunulaa Challenge” held in Male’, August 2001. Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 28

Miscellaneous

November 2000 Manager Maldives Soft Tennis Team participating in the 4th Asian Soft Tennis Championship (Maldives won the 3rd place in the team consolation event) 1-5 November 2000 Saga City, Japan

May 2000 Manager Maldives Tennis Team participating in the Sri Lankan National Junior Hard Court Tennis Championship Colombo, Sri Lanka

January 2000 Manager Maldives Junior Tennis Team participating in the ITF under 18 Junior Ranking Tournament Colombo, Sri Lanka

October 1995 Manager Maldives Soft Tennis Team participating in the 10th World Soft Tennis Championship (Maldives was the champion in the team consolation event) Gifu City, Japan

October 1992 Player / Manager The 2nd Asian Soft Tennis Championship Oct 21-24 Jakarta,

Referees

Mr.Brent Powis Director WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury Sydney, Australia

Tel: 02 4570 1660 Fax: 02 4570 1660 Email: [email protected]

Mr. Navi Litidamu Lecturer and Department Head Department of Environmental Health Fiji School of Medicine Suva, Fiji

Mr. Ahmed Zahid Consultant, Environment Water Solutions Pvt. Ltd Male’ Maldives

Signed: ______Date: ______Resume of Abdul Aleem, Updated on 2017 May 20 29

EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll

27 Annex: Methodologies used

EIA for the construction and setup of a sewerage system in Baarah Island, Haa Alifu Atoll

BLANK PAGE

Annex: Methodologies for data collection

Annex: Methodology - Page 1 1 . 1 Introduction

The annex describes detail methodologies used to collect data on the existing environment for EIA studies in the Maldives. For EIA studies in the Maldives, various methodologies are used and the type and methods vary for different projects. Almost all projects will utilize some general data collection methodologies in combination of various other methods. The following section outlines the data collection methodologies that are used in Maldives and their description.

1 . 2 General Methodologies of Data Collection

In this method, the condition of the existing environment is analyzed using appropriate scientific methods. The environmental components of the study area are focused for terrestrial, marine and coastal environment depending on the specific projects. In general, for any project that requires the study of the marine environment, the marine environment of the island is studied including the coral reef and the lagoon. Focus is given on specific areas of the island’s reef which is expected to have the greatest impact as a result of the proposed project. Coastal environmental data collection involves mapping the shoreline, taking beach profiles from selected locations, identifying and mapping costal defense structures and assessing the coastal environment for erosion or accretion. Terrestrial data collection usually includes creating a terrestrial map of the island or a specific area.

1 . 3 Mapping and Location Identification

The island, lagoon, reef or specific areas of islands or a project site is mapped, including shore line, vegetation line, reef lines, existing mature trees, coastal defense structures or other significant topographic features. Mapping is undertaken using hand held differential GPS and available aerial photos. The location of data collection sites are marked using handheld GPS. These data collection points includes marine water sampling locations, marine survey locations, existing groynes and sea walls, mature trees, breakwaters, protected or archaeological sites, erosion prone areas, sand spits, beach rocks etc.

1 . 4 Marine Environment Surveys

Marine environmental surveys were conducted to collect data on key environmental components (i.e. the coral reef system and the lagoon), that will be impacted due to the project. Four methods are primarily used to collect data, namely:  Line Intercept transects (LIT’s)  Detail photo quadrate analysis,  Fish census and  Visual observations.

Purpose of the survey is to define and establish marine environmental baseline conditions for impact evaluation during and after a project. Surveys are based on standard marine environmental surveys so that they can be repeatedly carried out to monitor and record changes and assess possible impacts on the marine environment from the proposed work activities. Surveys include quantitative and qualitative methods. In addition, photos are taken along the reef survey sites and the length of the lagoon.

1 . 5 Line Intercept Transects (LIT)

Line Intercept Transect (LIT) surveys are carried out to assess the benthic types and species at the survey sites. This method uses life form categories to assess the benthic sessile community of reefs and it is possible to incorporate taxonomic data as well. LIT surveys can be used to evaluate the community structure of corals in terms of species composition and

Annex: Methodology - Page 2 diversity patterns in different zones on a reef. LIT method also provides a rapid estimate of percent cover of corals, algal cover, and cases of other prominent organisms as well as bare substratum.

Quantitative percent cover of the reef community can be obtained using this method and it can be repeated over time to obtain changes over a period of time. Disadvantages of this method include difficulty in standardizing the life form categories and the limitation of the data collected, to information on percent cover and relative abundance (English et al. 1997). LIT surveys produce valuable data even though they are time consuming and require considerable effort and skills to record notes underwater (Segal & Castro 2001). A line transect of 20m length is normally used, but transect lengths can vary depending on the surveyor.

1 . 6 Photo quadrate analysis

Photo transect coral reef survey method is used to quantify the data of coral reef benthic communities i.e. live corals and their types, other benthos, dead corals and other reef substrate. This method is used to support the LIT surveys or as an alternative to line transect. A series of photographs are taken along the transect line (usually 20 m each) using an underwater camera. These photographs are combined to form a photo-composite. Photo- composite of the mapped area of the reef are then analyzed using computer software. It provided a detail record of individual corals, sandy or rubble area and other benthos to a mapped area. The photographs not only allowed speedy collection of data in the field, but also provided a permanent record of the transect line, which is useful for long-term monitoring of growth, mortality and recruitment.

Figure 1: Typical photo quadrate analysis

1 . 7 Qualitative assessment

Qualitative assessment of the reef or lagoon is based on visual observation by snorkeling and then comparing the result with underwater photos and aerial photographs.

Annex: Methodology - Page 3 1 . 8 P e r m a n e n t Photo Quadrats

This method involves taking still photographs of a fixed quadrat that are analyzed in the lab. It is useful to determine temporal change in shallow macrobenthos communities. Permanent photo-quadrats can also complement LITs and are suitable for small-scale questions and to follow the fate of individual colonies. Detailed temporal change can be determined for individual corals for biological condition, growth, mortality and recruitment. Data can be used to estimate percent cover, species diversity, relative abundance, density and size. Percentage cover of target organisms can be determined in the lab by either point sample methods by placing a grid cover the quadrat or by digitizing the image (digitizing is more expensive, time-consuming, requires special software and expertise). The precision depends on the apparatus used and the ability to take photo from exactly the same spot as well as observer differences for analysis.

On each designated Impact Sites squares of 50x50cm side length are placed randomly along the coral patches in about 1,5m depth. Still photos are taken and analyzed using the software CPCe 3.4 (Kohler and Gill 2006) with an equally spaced grid overlaid in 10 columns and 10 rows (100 points) per 50x50cm quadrat. Substrate categories are recorded and described. Statistical analysis is then undertaken using PAST software (PAlaeontological Statistics ver. 1.90, Øyvind Hammer).

All quadrats at the survey sites are permanently marked with square plastic markers for further monitoring studies. In addition, when possible, sub-surface buoys are installed at each Site close to the quadrats.

1 . 9 Reef fish Visual Census

Under water counts of reef fishes or underwater visual census (UVC) method is used to assess the fish population at an Impact Site and a Control Site. Visual counts appear to give reasonably reliable results provided that they are applied to fish that are non-cryptic and either diurnally active or at least evident by day. In this method, the surveyor swims along the transect paths above the reef, counting fish that were observed within 1,5m either side of the transect and above up to the water column. The same transects line as for the Visual Quadrat survey is normally utilized to carry out the fish census. Fish are counted along the 20 m transect path (that is in a belt of 1.5 m on either side and up to the water surface). To count the fish, the surveyor swims slowly along, counting fishes that are seen within the defined band transect, 20m long by 3m wide (i.e. one with a total area of 60m²). All fish encountered are recorded at least up to family level, some up to genus and species level, noted on the underwater slate immediately after they are seen. Counting any fish more than once is avoided by training and experience. Speed at which the path swum is controlled so as to standardize the efficiency of search. If the surveyor swims too fast it is easy to miss fish, especially of smaller species, that may be temporarily obscured by corals or rock or be taking shelter. Experience shows that the slower the surveyor swims, more fish that is recorded up to a point. However, the highest number recorded by moving along very slowly may actually be an over estimate of fish density. Hence it is necessary to standardize swimming speed to a slow but not too slow pace. The standard speed of swimming practiced is at a mean rate of 8m a minute. For results, only the most abundant fish families are taken into account, each representing one of the following functional groups: herbivores (Acanthuridae, Scaridae), omnivores (selected Labridae), corallivores (Chaetodontodae) as well as habitat specialists (Pomacentridae).

1 . 1 0 Marine Water Quality

One of the main environmental components that is affected by implementing a number of projects in Maldives is the marine water quality. Water quality is assessed during the field trip by collecting samples and testing them at National Health Laboratory. Water quality is

Annex: Methodology - Page 4 assessed from multiple locations depending on the project. The locations, frequency and parameters to be monitored are given in the EIA report.

1 . 1 1 Coastal environment

1 . 1 2 Shoreline and vegetation line mapping

The island’s shore line and vegetation lines are mapped during low, high and mid tides using a handheld GPS assisted by aerial photos. The data is then entered in to a GIS database and maps are generated.

1 . 1 2 . 1 Coastal structures mapping

Similar to the island’s shore line and vegetation lines, all the coastal infrastructures such as groynes, sea walls, revetments, offshore and near shore breakwaters are mapped using a handheld GPS assisted by aerial photos. The data is then entered in to a GIS database and maps are generated.

1 . 1 2 . 2 Erosion and Accretion areas mapping

Areas where severe erosion and accretion occurring are mapped using a handheld GPS. The data is then entered in to a GIS database and maps are generated and compared with previous available maps and satellite photos.

1 . 1 2 . 3 Beach Profiles

Dumpy levels were also used to survey around selected locations around the island and beach profiles were generated from these data. The location along the which the beach profiles were taken was marked using a GPS for future monitoring. When selecting locations, a permanent structure or object such as a building corner, larger mature tree or any other similar benchmark were identified for future reference. The final beach profiles are corrected to MSL and graphs developed.

1 . 1 2 . 4 Drogues and currents

Nearshore currents in the lagoon or reef were measured by deploying a handheld GPS in a watertight casing with a fin attached at the bottom. The GPS is deployed for a period of minimum 15 minutes during which time its displacement from the original position are recorded as a line. After 15 minutes, it is removed and deployed at another location. Once the data is collected, currents in a particular area is calculated by measuring the distance it has travelled by 15 minutes.

1 . 1 3 Terrestrial environment

1 . 1 3 . 1 Terrestrial floral survey

The baseline terrestrial environment of the project location is studied in detail by counting trees existing in the area, and gathering information available from island office or from other available sources. The survey concentrates on identifying vegetation types, their abundance and occurrence in a given area. The methods used to assess the tree types and abundance are using line transects. A measuring tape is used to set up the transect line which is selected randomly from within the project boundary. The surveyor measures and records the type of trees and their average heights. Average heights are estimated and so there is a greater degree of error in estimating the tree heights. The results are then tabulated to calculate the

Annex: Methodology - Page 5 percentage of different trees. In addition, records from island office / resort or other sources are also used to cross check the figures.

1 . 1 3 . 2 Terrestrial faunal survey

In depth faunal survey is not assessed but the types of fauna encountered during the floral transect is identified and recorded. Focus in given on specific fauna such as turtles, fruit bats, sea birds and other sensitive birds. Birds and their habitation patterns are also observed and recorded during the survey.

1 . 1 3 . 3 Ground Water Assessment

Groundwater quality is assessed by collecting samples from given locations selected randomly or from available points within the island using YSI 6820 multi parameter handheld water quality meter. In addition, water quality is also tested at the National Health Laboratory.

1 . 1 4 Coastal Environment

Data collected on coastal environment includes beach profiles, existing coastal structures (sea walls, breakwaters, groyns etc.), beach composition, beach width, shore line and vegetation line. All beach profile locations are marked on GPS maps and their geographical coordinates are marked on a map. Beach profiles are taken as baseline data to make comparisons during monitoring programme so that any changes resulting from the coastal or any other component of a project can be assessed accurately. Beach profiles are measured using auto levels, GPS and a staff.

1 . 1 5 B a t h y m e t r y

Bathymetric survey are undertaken in the lagoon or reef using Echosounder attached to a boat. The levels are then corrected for mean sea level and represented in a map. Bathymetric maps provide accurate estimates of depths in a particular lagoon or a reef.

1 . 1 6 Aerial photos

Aerials photos provide useful information such as assisting the analysis of marine environment, identifying wave patterns and changes to shoreline and also vulnerable areas of the island for all kinds of projects. Aerial photos are purchased from DigitalGlobe.

1 . 1 7 Available long term weather data

Long term available weather data is obtained from the nearest weather station to a project in Maldives, which is based in Male’ International Airport (Male’ atoll), Hanimaadhoo (Haa Dhaal Atoll), Kaadehdhoo (Gaaf Dhaal atoll and island in Seenu atoll. These data sets are used to develop a regional model in ArcGIS to assess the vulnerable areas of the island or any other project during both monsoons, thus helping the EIA team to assess the vulnerable areas of the island for erosion and various other weather related issues.

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