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Une Entreprise De Démolition Préface UNE ENtrePRIse DE DÉMOLITION Préface La réalité n’est qu’absurdité. Frank Zappa Élu président des États-Unis le 4 novembre 1980, l’ultra-conser- vateur Ronald Reagan, ancien adepte de l’Église calviniste des Disciples du Christ, avait bénéficié du soutien de la Majorité Morale, un mouvement fondé par le télévangéliste Jerry Falwell et dont les principes politico-économico-religieux étaient prin- cipalement gouvernés par la dénonciation de l’homosexualité, de la pornographie et du communisme. Diffusant la doctrine de l’inerrance biblique, Falwell se présentait comme un interprète infaillible des Saintes Écritures. Ses thèses, voisines de celles de prédicateurs baptistes tels que Billy Graham, Oral Roberts, Jimmy Swaggart, Pat Robertson ou encore Jim Bakker, recom- mandaient une théologie de la prospérité transposant, en appels au portefeuille, l’épître de Luc : « Donnez et il vous sera donné. » Les concussionnaires de l’Église électronique prospéraient sur la crédulité en réclamant, au nom de Dieu, des dons aussi généreux que possible en échange d’une guérison assurée ou de la certitude de réussir sa vie et de faire fortune. En postulant que Dieu désirait la prospérité de ses adorateurs, Oral Roberts pouvait ainsi, certaines années, grossir son coffre- fort de 60 millions de dollars1. En 1981, « Praise The Lord », le 1. Selon les sources chiffrées de Jacques Gutwirth, L’Église électronique : la saga des télévangélistes, Paris, Bayard, 1998. 6 THEM OR US UNE ENTREPRISE DE DÉMOLITION 7 programme télévisé de Jim Bakker, suscitait 50 millions de dollars en frappant à deux doigts le clavier d’une machine IBM Selectric. de dons adressés par courrier à l’adresse indiquée sur l’écran. La loi Le livre s’ouvrait sur un avertissement désavouant à la fois fana- de la réciprocité édictée par Pat Robertson lui permit d’engranger tiques religieux et organisations ultra-conservatrices résolus la coquette somme de 159 millions de dollars en 1984. Très loin à user du bâillon, et de ciseaux, en vue de censurer les idées et derrière, Jerry Falwell affichait en 1986 un revenu annuel de de contrôler l’existence de tout un chacun. Il soulignait que ces 535 000 dollars et il serait passé pour un raté de la missiologie si groupes de pression agissaient en contradiction avec le premier son standing n’avait été à la hauteur de sa cupidité. À l’exemple amendement de la Constitution des États-Unis, lequel notifie que de Robertson, il possédait un jet privé, plusieurs limousines et le Congrès ne peut adopter de loi susceptible de limiter la liberté une maison dont on ne comptait plus les pièces tant elles étaient d’expression. Or le même amendement faisait preuve d’autant de nombreuses. Promettre la santé retrouvée aux cancéreux et aux tolérance à l’égard de la religion, lui permettant de s’établir quelle infirmes était un business lucratif qui justifiait de prêter au que fût la théologie qui la fonde. Si bien que l’on dénombrait, en Christ les meilleures intentions. La recette marchait du feu de 2015, 450 000 églises se partageant 224 millions de fidèles. Soit Dieu. « Study in the Word », l’émission quotidienne de Jimmy un jambalaya de cultes mêlant Église amish du vieil ordre, Église Swaggart rassemblait, au début des années 1980, 600 000 naïfs de Jésus-Christ des saints du dernier jour, Assemblées de Dieu et prêts à signer un chèque en attendant une récompense manifes- Témoins de Jéhovah, sans oublier la Scientologie dûment homo- tement imprévue dans le planning du Créateur qui avait façonné loguée dès lors qu’elle se parait du mot « Église ». l’univers en six jours. À l’avant-pointe du mouvement évangélique, la Majorité L’autre volet de l’affaire était celui de la revanche. Depuis que Morale, forte de 400 000 adhérents à l’automne 1980, déployait le summer of love avait ouvert le robinet des libertés, depuis que un programme qui restreignait le champ des libertés et encoura- le mouvement des droits civiques entendait mettre fin à la ségré- geait l’ignorance en appelant à bannir le divorce et l’avortement, à gation raciale, depuis que la contre-culture avait pris le parti du réserver la contraception aux femmes jugées trop faibles pour por- chaos — celui des jouisseurs et des artistes, des pornographes ter un enfant, à diriger les homosexuels vers des centres de soin, à et des rockeurs, des junkies et des homosexuels, tous candidats rétablir la peine de mort et à condamner la théorie darwinienne à l’Enfer et à ses éternels tourments —, le monde n’était plus de l’évolution au profit du créationnisme biblique expliquant que contrôlable. Engagée dans le retour à l’ordre, la Majorité Morale en- le monde est l’invention de Dieu. Avec Ronald Reagan, la revanche tonnait un sinistre gospel aux accents de chasse aux sorcières. Le en ordre de marche réglait son compte aux années 1960. Relayé waspisme yankee, succédant au maccarthysme des années 1950, par des fondamentalistes armés d’outils sophistiqués (chaînes portait haut le flambeau des valeurs blanches, racistes et ségré- de radio et de télévision, temples monumentaux, universités, gationnistes2. À l’automne 1983, Nicole Bernheim enregistrait complexes hospitaliers, parcs de loisirs et de vacances chrétiens, « des rumeurs selon lesquelles l’USIA, l’agence d’information imprimeries, maisons d’édition), le Président, élu avec 51 % des suf- du gouvernement, avait établi des listes noires de conférenciers frages, pouvait ainsi tourner la page de la contestation et ouvrir la jugés trop à gauche par l’administration Reagan pour être envoyés voie à un nouveau maccarthysme, celui du politiquement correct. parler à des auditoires étrangers3 ». Invité de l’émission « Crossfire » sur la chaîne CNN en mars 1986, Frank Zappa, accusant les collusions de l’administration Reagan ✴ avec les fanatiques religieux et les censeurs du PMRC, présageait l’ère d’un « fascisme théocratique », une conception organiciste C’est dans ce contexte annonçant la naissance du Parents Music évoquée par l’écrivain Tahar Djaout4, assassiné à Alger le 2 juin Resource Center (PMRC) au cours de l’année 1985, que Frank 1993. Une prophétie exposée en 1979 dans Joe’s Garage, cet opéra- Zappa rédigea Them or Us, depuis son bureau de Laurel Canyon, rock en trois actes qui s’inspirait de la récente révolution iranienne 2. WASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant) désigne les protestants blancs anglo- 4. Écrivain et responsable des pages culturelles de l’hebdomadaire Algérie- saxons regroupant les classes moyenne et supérieure de la société américaine. Actualité, Tahar Djaout fut victime d’un attentat attribué au Front islamique du 3. Nicole Bernheim, Les Années Reagan, Paris, Stock, 1984. salut (FIS). 8 THEM OR US UNE ENTREPRISE DE DÉMOLITION 9 à l’issue de laquelle l’ayatollah Khomeyni avait instauré une en fumée. Riche de 159 millions de dollars, dont 129 millions république islamiste dont la législation s’apparentait à la charia. provenaient de dons, Pat Robertson, le pasteur d’obédience cha- Il était désormais interdit aux femmes de chanter. On ne pouvait, rismatique et futur président de la Coalition chrétienne, était au risque d’être condamné, exhiber publiquement un instrument rappelé à la vérité de sa mission qui consistait à détrousser les de musique. Zappa transposait la menace en créant la figure du gobe-mouches pour financer son train de vie. Il possédait un jet Scrutateur Central (Central Scrutinizer), sosie de Big Brother, le privé et un parc de sept limousines. Les paroles de « Heavenly chef de parti d’Océania dans 1984 de George Orwell. S’appuyant Bank Account » avisaient les « mordus de Jésus » qu’ils risquaient à la fois sur l’allégorie du Grand Frère, représenté dans le roman gros en se fiant à ce siphonneur d’actions de grâce. « Entre se par le visage d’un homme à la ressemblance d’Adolf Hitler, et les mettre à genoux et courber l’échine », la différence était abyssale. règlements intégristes que l’Iran avait mis en vigueur, il imagi- Le 18 octobre 1984 paraissait Them or Us, un double album sur nait la survenue d’une loi de « criminalisation totale » visant à lequel « Ya Hozna » brocardait Dieu, origine prétendue de l’uni- interdire la musique. Dieu n’était pas absent de ce programme vers dont il était à la fois le principe de l’eau et du coin cuisine, car il était, selon Zappa, celui qui, agissant derrière le masque du l’auteur du jour et de la nuit, mais aussi, et Zappa l’expliquerait Scrutateur Central, appelait à l’« uniformisation », c’est-à-dire à dans un entretien avec Roger Dakotah8, celui qui avait inventé la fin du disparate et des singularités. les fanatiques religieux, oracles de la pluie et du beau temps. La Dès lors, la clameur de Zappa contre les fondamentalismes chanson antithéologique, combinant les langues anglaise et religieux allait hausser le ton. Enregistré en septembre 1981, You allemande, reprenait les mots de « Sofa #2 » tout en citant des Are What You Is détournait par son titre la réplique de Dieu faite extraits de « Lonely Little Girl » et de « Valley Girl ». L’insistance à Moïse (« Je suis celui qui suis ») lors de la fuite des Hébreux hors de ces diatribes qui ne plaisantaient pas justifiait l’avertissement d’Égypte. C’était l’épisode du Buisson ardent relaté dans le Livre de présenté en ouverture du livre Them or Us, celui-ci s’achevant sur l’Exode. La formule que Zappa avait modifiée donnait une consis- la dénonciation du chantage que faisaient planer les manipula- tance particulière à la figure du Vieux Zircon, le diable byzantin teurs de l’Église électronique : « Si l’Enfer existe, ce sont EUX qui présenté dans Them or Us5, capable, après l’exécution d’une danse, sont promis à ses flammes, pas NOUS.
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