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Outline of History of Notable Persons September 3, 2014

SOCI>History>Notable_Persons

Menes pharaoh Egypt -3100 to -3000 He was king in south Egypt and united north (Lower Egypt) and south (Upper Egypt), beginning the 1st Dynasty. He founded Memphis as capital in Lower Egypt. The pharaoh became like god.

An Duong [Duong, An] king Vietnam -3000 to -2000 He founded Au Viet dynasty.

Gilgamesh king Uruk, Iraq -2700 Uruk is in Iraq.

Imhotep architect/physician Saqqara, Egypt -2650 Pyramid of King Zoser [-2650: first step pyramid that used cut stones] He lived -2635 to -2595, multiplied using times-two table, and built pyramid. Egyptian Old Kingdom 3rd Dynasty pyramids had temples, palaces, and tombs {funerary district}. Palaces had fluted columns.

Cheops or Khufu pharaoh Egypt -2500 He founded IV Dynasty and built Great Pyramid at Giza.

Sargon I emperor Akkad -2400 to -2350 He began Akkadian or Old Assyrian Empire by conquering Sumer city-states in south Mesopotamia.

Gudea king Lagash, Iraq -2100 He and his son ruled Amorites or Gutians.

Sanskrit language -2000 Languages { language} began 4000 years ago in Pakistan.

Semiramis or Semiramide or Shamiram queen Babylonia/Assyria -2000 to -800 In legends, she associated with king Ninus, legendary founder of Nineveh. Perhaps, she was Shammuramat of Babylon, wife of Shamshi-Adad V [-811 to -808].

Hammurabi king/lawgiver Babylonia -1792 to -1750 [-1792: first law code] He lived -1792 to -1750. He started First Babylonian Empire. He conquered Sumer and Akkad. His capital was at Babylon. By myth, Sun god gave laws to Hammurabi. Code of Hammurabi first codified existing laws. 282 articles were about wages, fees, divorces, slaves, and practical affairs. Code had first law of maximum retaliation, limiting revenge to no more than original harm.

Ahmes mathematician Fayum, Egypt -1650 Rhind papyrus or Ahmes Papyrus [-1650] He lived -1680 to -1620, solved practical architecture problems, calculated astronomical events, and used simple interest, compound interest, principal, and rate. Multiplication is repeated doubling, and division is repeated halving.

Mursilis I king Babylon -1595 As Hittite king, he took Babylon.

Ahmose I pharaoh Thebes, Egypt -1554 He defeated Hyskos and started New Kingdom. He took Nubia and Canaan, Palestine.

Minos king Knossos, Crete -1500 Cretan civilization had boxing, bull leaping, hunting, musicians, dancers, and board games.

Abraham patriarch Palestine -1500 to -1200 The Bible tells that he started Judaism.

Hatsheput queen Egypt -1490 to -1458 She lived ? to -1458 and was of XVIII dynasty. She was Thutmose I's eldest daughter. Her half-brother Thutmose II married her and was pharaoh [-1495 to -1490], and then she was regent to Thutmose III. She became pharaoh [-1479 to -1458]. She built temple at Deir el-Bahari in Thebes.

Thotmes III king Egypt -1481 to -1446 After Queen Hatsheput had become pharaoh, Thotmes III conquered to Euphrates River and Levant, including south Canaan, Syria, and Palestine, but not Mitanni in east Syria and north Mesopotamia.

Amenhotep III pharaoh Egypt -1411 to -1375 In 18th Dynasty, empire was at maximum size. Thebes was capital. His statues are at Thebes and are Colossi of Memnon. Memnon was an Ethiopian hero of the Greeks.

Sin-leqi-unninni priest Sumer -1400 Epic of Gilgamesh [-1400: contains flood story] He revised previous version [-1600]. Gilgamesh was ruler of Uruk.

Parasara poet/philosopher Karnataka, -1391 to -575 Great Discourses on Astrology by Parasara [-1391 to -575: in the Rig-veda]; Institutes of Parasara [-1391 to -575: in the Rig-veda] In Vedas, he was 's father, was Kapila's student, received Vishnu Purana from Pulastya, taught , and wrote Dharmasastra about law.

Suppiluliumas I king Mesopotamia -1380 He became Hittite king.

Iknaton or Amenhotep IV or Akhnaton pharaoh el-Amarna, Egypt -1375 to -1358 Hymn to the Sun He tried to institute monotheism based on the god of the Sun {Aton}. Sun-god temple was at the new capital Amarna or Tel-el-Amarna, 300 miles south of Thebes. He changed Egyptian life drastically. The priests of Amon opposed him. He had bad economy and lost all foreign lands. His queen was Nefertiti or Nefretete.

Tutankhamon pharaoh Egypt -1355 He restored polytheistic religion. Thebes became capital again.

Lagadha astronomer India -1350 Vedic Text on Light [-1350: Vedic astronomy] He described Sun and motions.

Moses or Móshe leader/lawgiver Egypt/Canaan -1300 Ten Commandments [-1300: ten legal prohibitions] He lived -1392 to -1272, stated Mosaic Law, and codified criminal law. The Bible tells that he received the Ten Commandments and that he was Hebrew leader before Joshua.

Ramses II pharaoh Egypt -1292 to -1225 In 19th Dynasty, he fought Hittites. Empire went from fourth cataract of Nile River to Syria. Temples were at Karnak, Thebes, and Abu-Simbel.

Muwattalis king Syria -1285 As Hittite king, he lost to Ramses II but kept north Syria.

Ramses III pharaoh Egypt -1198 to -1167 In 20th Dynasty, he fought Syria and Libya, reunited kingdom, and lived in luxury with the nobles. Harem intrigue killed him.

Saul king Israel -1012 to -1006 He became first king of Israel, was first defeated by Philistines, and then defeated them.

David king/poet Israel -1012 to -990 Psalms [-1012 to -990] He defeated Philistines, conquered all of Canaan, and unified Hebrews. Jerusalem was capital. In the Bible, he fought the giant Goliath for Saul, became king of Israel after Saul, loved Bathsheba, and wrote Psalms.

Yaska philosopher Gandhara (Kandahar), India -1000 to 1 Vedic Grammar or Etymologies [-1000 to 1: commentary on Nighantu, the Rig-veda glossary] He was Scholiast. Vedas are spiritual knowledge, mythology, and Yajna (Ritual Mantras). means donor, luminous, and heaven resident {Dyusthan}. Devas are Agni in earth, Vayu or Indra in sky, and Surya (Sun) in heaven.

Solomon king Israel -967 to -935 Edomites became independent. He rebuilt Jerusalem.

Adadnirari II king Assyria -911 to -891 He started late Assyrian civilization.

Yajnavalkya philosopher/astronomer Mithila, Nepal -900 to -800 Upanishads or Near Down Sit or Sitting down near guru [-900 to -800: commentary on Veda theory is in Vedanta and has 108 conversations among masters and disciples]; Yajnavalkya [-900 to -800] He wrote most Upanishads. His disciples were Gargi Vacaknavi and Vidagdha Shakalya. Hindu texts can be about guru's teaching to disciple {upanishad, guru}. Upanishads are part of the Hindu Shruti (Revealed) scriptures and are about meditation and philosophy. Veda Brahmana or Aranyaka added older Upanishads. Recent Upanishads were separate. Manu, Brihaspati, Ayasya and Narada are Vedic sages in Upanishads. Yajnavalkya is in most Upanishads. He taught negating thoughts {neti-neti} to reach truth. Uddalaka Aruni, Shwetaketu, Shandilya, Aitareya, Pippalada, and Sanat Kumara are other sages in Upanishads. The oldest and longest conversation is Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad or Great and Secret Teachings of the Forest, about world and humans. Manukya Upanishad is about "silence" {manukya} and the syllable OM. The Upanishads include Questions, Lord, and By Whom? Upanishads use metaphors, such as metaphor of the chariot and metaphor of two birds on one tree. 95-year cycles synchronize Sun and Moon cycles. Yajna means sacrifice.

Lycurgus founder/lawgiver Sparta, Greece -885 to -825 Rhetras or Constitution of Sparta [-825: harsh and strict law] He lived -885 and -825, reformed constitution to create the harsh Spartan way, and founded military oligarchy with harsh laws.

Omri king Israel -878 to -871 Samaria was capital.

Ahab king Israel -871 to -852 He married the Phoenician Jezebel, so Baal became worshiped, not Yahweh. The prophet Elijah was against him.

Jehu king Israel -871 to -852 Elijah helped him, and he restored worship of Yahweh.

Ashurnasirpal III emperor Mesopotamia -850 He began New Assyrian Empire by conquering to Mediterranean.

Homer poet Chios, Greece -850 Iliad [-850]; Odyssey [-850] He lived -900 to -850 and described ancient Greek laws. George translated [1611 to 1616].

Athaliah king Judaea -845 to -839 Kingdom of Judah worshiped Baal, not Yahweh. He killed descendants of former kings.

Parsvanatha philosopher India -820 to -772 He lived -872 to -772 and was the 23rd Jainist saint.

Shalmaneser III emperor Mesopotamia -800 New Assyrian Empire took Syria and Palestine.

Baudhayana writer/Vedic priest/craftsman India -770 to -750 Discourses on Altar Construction [-770 to -750: about altar construction] He lived -800 to -740 and wrote book about altar construction {Sulbasutra}, which required pi and square root of two and constructed circles from rectangles and squares from circles.

Romulus founder Rome, Italy -753 to -716 By legend, he founded Rome.

Tiglath Pileser III emperor Mesopotamia -750 New Assyrian Empire took Babylonia, Media, and Syria.

Hezekiah king Judaea -725 to -697 He was king of Judah.

Sargon II emperor Assyria -722 to -705 New Assyrian Empire took Samaria [-722], Carcemish, Babylon, and west Kurdistan. He built Khorsabad as capital. He conquered Israel [-720].

Manava Vedic priest/craftsman India -720 Discourses on Altar Construction [-720: about altar construction] He lived -750 to -690 and constructed circles from rectangles and squares from circles.

Numa Pompilius king Rome, Italy -715 to -673 He was legendary peaceful king.

Sennacherib emperor Assyria -705 to -681 New Assyrian Empire destroyed Babylon [-689]. He also defeated Egypt [-690], Cyprus, Cilicia, and Syria and exacted tribute from Jerusalem. He built capital at Nineveh.

Hesiod poet Greece -700 Theogony or Genealogy of the Gods [-700]; Works and Days [-700: didactic ] He lived 730 to ? and was from Boeotia.

Necho I or Nekhao Memkheperre king Egypt -690 to -664 He lived -710 to -664.

Esar-Haddon emperor Mesopotamia/Egypt -680 to -669 New Assyrian Empire defeated Chaldeans and took control in Egypt [-673 to -670].

Ashurbanipal or Sardanapalus or Asnapper emperor Assyria -668 to -626 He took Elam [-646] and destroyed Thebes, Egypt. New Assyrian Empire was at height of learning, art, and power. He had famous library.

Zaleucus of Locri lawgiver Greece -664 law code [-664] He published first Greek law code.

Psamtik king Egypt -663 to -609 He lived -684 to -610, started Saite Dynasty, and took Syrtis and Cyrene in Libya and Salamis in Cyprus.

Nitocris queen Egypt -660 to -656 She lived -686 to -656.

Zoroaster or Zarathustra philosopher/lawgiver Persia -630 to -583 Avesta or Commentary [-630: 21 parts have five books or bathas. Yasma contains hymns, including Gathas. Yashts contains songs. Vesprat contains prayers. Videvdat or Vendidad contains myths and laws, including story of King Jam or . Khordeh Avesta contains prayers and praying]; Gathas or Hymns [-588: poems and songs] He lived -660 to -583, received knowledge on Mountain of Holy Conversations, and codified laws. He converted , a northeast- king. Someone killed him, but his son-in-law, Jamespa, preserved his sayings in the Avesta, Zoroastrian scripture. Zand is Avesta comments. Zarathushtra composed the 18 poems of Gathas, the oldest Avesta part, and Yasna Haptanghaiti or Seven-Chapter Sermon. By myth, the god Ahura Mazda gave him the law.

Nabopolassar king Babylonia -626 to -605 He was Chaldean, conquered Assyria at Nineveh [-612], and started New Babylonian Empire. His son, Nebuchadnezzar II, defeated Egyptians at Carchemish, Syria [-605].

Draco or Dracon lawgiver Athens, Greece -621 to -620 law code [-621] He gave more people right to vote, eliminated personal revenge, published a harsh criminal code prescribing death penalty for most crimes, and set property rights that favored upper class.

Tarquin or Tarquinius Priscus or Tarquin the Elder or Tarquin I king Rome, Italy -616 to -579 He was Etruscan.

Necho II king Egypt -609 to -561 He lived -630 to -561. Saite Dynasty rebuilt canal from Nile to Arabian Gulf. He defeated Assyrians [-609]. He lost to Babylonians [-588].

Jimmu Tenno or Kamuyamato Iwarebiko emperor Japan -607 He founded Japan and explored Inland Sea [-607] from Hyuga to Yamato.

Nebuchadnezzar or Nebuchadnezzar II king Babylonia -605 to -562 He lived -630 to -562. Second Babylonian Empire defeated Egypt under Necho [-588]. It then defeated revolt in Judah [-587 to -586] and took Jews into captivity in Babylon (Babylonian Captivity). It also conquered Elam and Achaemenids. He rebuilt temple to Marduk and enlarged Tower of Babel.

Brihaspati or Brhaspati or Charu philosopher India -600 Discourses on Lokayata [-600] Traditionally, founded Carvaka, Charvaka, Lokayata, Laukayatikas, or Lokayatikas School of materialism, a non-Vedic atheistic system. Sense gratification is good.

Kanada philosopher India -600 He founded Vaisesika and set rules for Hindu living under caste system. Castes were saint or sage {mahatma, caste}, priest {brahmin, caste}, noble {ksatriya, caste} {khathruja, caste}, merchant {vaisya, caste}, worker {sudra, caste}, and person with no caste {harajan, caste} {pariah, caste} {outcast, caste}, whom no one should touch {untouchable, caste}.

Aesop storyteller Greece -600 to -560 Aesop's Fables [-600 to -560: more than 500 stories about animals or people with morals]; Androcles and the Lion; and the Grapes; Lion And His Councilors; Goose That Laid A Golden Egg; Oak And The Reeds; Boy Who Cried Wolf; Wolf and the Lamb; Lion and the Hare; Lion and the Mouse; Stargazer or He lived -620 to -560.

Indrabhuti philosopher Uddiyah (Swat Valley), Pakistan -600 to -500 Establishing Deep Awareness [-600 to -500: about Buddhist School of the Great Delight]

Solon lawgiver Athens, Greece -594 ordinances [-594] He lived -638 to -558 and codified laws that protected peasant lands from merchants, opened assembly to all free men, gave power to assembly, and created Council of the Four Hundred as trial jury [-594]. Demiurgoi selected Solon to reform law and to be dictator and forced eupatrids to approve. Solon declared amnesty, abolished all Draco's laws except for murder, and codified Greek law. Athenians had to take oaths not to alter his laws for 100 years, and his laws held for 50 years. He established plutocracy. He reordered social classes based on property and taxed them accordingly. Social classes, from highest to lowest, were eligible for fewer and fewer offices. He kept Council of Areopagus but reduced its powers. He gave assembly {ekklesia} power to elect the nine governors {archon}. He created council {boule, council} of 400 people, one hundred from each Attic tribe, to bring legislation before assembly. He devalued currency and reduced or eliminated all debts. He freed citizens enslaved through debt and bought back citizens sold to foreigners. He ended making debtors slaves. He limited land owned by one person. He allowed citizens to indict any person. He allowed citizens to be on juries. He allowed man who had no sons to make will. He held state responsible to educate sons of men killed in battle. He legalized prostitution. He closely regulated behavior of women and conduct in society.

Ezekiel priest Chaldea -592 Ezekiel [-592] The Bible says that he saw wheel in the air and was prophet.

Sappho poet Greece -590 to -570 Hymn to Aphrodite [-590 to -570: in Sapphic metric form, Fragment 1]; Anaktoria [-590 to -570: Fragment 16]; Tithonus [-590 to -570: Fragment 58] She lived -610 to -570 and was lyric poet.

Anaximander philosopher Miletus, Ionia -590 to -560 On Nature [-590 to -560] He lived -610 to -550 and was of Milesian School. Infinite, living intelligence {apeiron} transforms itself to make all things. Universe is always in motion.

Thales of Miletus philosopher/mathematician/physicist Miletus, Ionia -590 to -560 On the Solstice [-590 to -560]; On the Equinox [-590 to -560]; Nautical Star Guide [-590 to -560] He lived -624 to -547, described Babylonian geometry for calculating heights and distances, was first known Western philosopher and scientist, and began Milesian School (Ionian School). He founded Greek geometry, astronomy, and philosophy. He formalized empirical measuring techniques by making axioms and proving theorems. He studied static electricity. Epistemology Experience and thought are different. Experience can be illusory or ambiguous, because objects are too small, sense organs are faulty, or people perceive something that is not there. Thought can be opinion or fact. Metaphysics Water is common principle of universe.

Pherecydes of Syrus poet/philosopher Asia Minor -586 Hymn to Jupiter [-586]; Theology [-586] He was lyric and gnomic poet.

Hanno admiral Carthage, -580 to -550 He sailed along West African coast from Carthage. He founded settlement in [-550].

Servius Tullius [Tullius, Servius] king Rome, Italy -578 to -535 He built wall around city.

Phaidimos sculptor Athens, Greece -570 to -560 Calf-Bearer or Moschophoros [-570 to -560: Greek Archaic painted sculpture] It was on Acropolis.

Smilis sculptor Samos, Ionia -565 Hera [-565: Greek Archaic painted wood sculpture] Smilis was ' student. Perhaps, Isches of Ionia commissioned it. Samos is Pythagoreion in Asia Minor.

Pisistratus tyrant Athens, Greece -561 to -527 He lived -600 to -527. He seized power after unrest caused by nobles dissatisfied with Solon's laws [-561]. He ruled during prosperity and decreased upper-class power.

Croesus king Lydia -560 to -546 He lived -595 to -546. Lydia included Pisidia and Lycia in southwest Asia Minor and was at maximum power and wealth. He resisted Medes. He ruled until overthrown by Persia under Cyrus the Great.

Cyrus II or Cyrus the Great king Persia -557 to -529 He lived -600 to -529, founded Persian Empire, and captured Babylon [-539]. He freed Jews. His capital was at Pasargadae. He established Achaemenid Dynasty and Persian Empire and conquered Medea [-549], Lydia, Babylonia, and Egypt [-525]. He restored Jews to Palestine and rebuilt temple for third time. He respected local customs and governments and only wanted tribute. He tried to take Hindu Kush but Scythians killed him [-529].

Apastamba writer/Vedic priest/craftsman India -550 Discourses on Altar Construction [-570: about altar construction]; Discourses on Higher Thought [-550: Vedic-school social, ritual, and religious ] He lived -600 to -540 and solved general linear equation.

Kapila philosopher India/Nepal -550 Samkhya or Discourses on Samkhya [-550] He founded Samkhya.

Exekias painter Athens, Greece -550 to -525 Ship of [-530: Greek Archaic decorated pottery with black figures] He decorated amphora.

Purana Kassapa [Kassapa, Purana] philosopher India -550 to -500 He helped develop the Ajivikai system.

Akshapada or Gautama Rishi [Rishi, Gautama] or Dirghatapas philosopher India -550 to -450 Discourses on Nyaya [-550 to -450: about Nyaya] He started Nyaya and was logician.

Anaximenes philosopher Miletus, Ionia -540 to -510 He lived -570 to -500 and was of Milesian School. Universe is air at different densities.

Pythagoras philosopher Samos, Ionia/Crotona, Italy -540 to -500 He lived -569 to -475, founded Pythagorean School, and studied harmony in music. He developed Pythagorean theorem, quadratic equation, powers, and roots. Pythagorean symbol is pentagon with star inscribed, with pentagon inscribed, and so on. Diagonals split in golden ratio. Epistemology Soul or mind harmonizes body and has inherently moving elements, as do other body parts, such as blood. Souls transmigrate from body to body. Thought is deduction using logic and number. Knowledge is about mathematics and numbers. Truth known by mind is the same for all people, because they have the same mind elements, but opinion is individual, because bodies mix different elements. Perception is imperfect, because it is about the physical world, which is only a copy of the true world. Sensory knowledge comes when moving object elements enter body and meet moving body elements. Like, or opposite, moving elements join, or recognize, each other. Only like or opposite can perceive object. Metaphysics Universe has order through numbers, which express all relationships. Universe has ten opposites.

Thespis poet Greece -536 to -534 Games of Pelias or Phorbas [-536 to -534]; Priests [-536 to -534]; Youths [-536 to -534]; Pentheus [-536 to -534] He lived -560 to -525 and was first known tragic actor, who spoke his own verse as character in festival.

Siddhartha Gautama or Buddha religion founder India -534 to -483 He lived -563 to -483. He is also Buddha {Enlightened One} {Awakened One}, Arahat (conqueror or worthy one), Siddhartha (accomplisher of aim), Tathagata (arriver at truth), and Sakyamuni or Shakyamuni {silent sage of the Sakyas}. He had ten major disciples. He was wealthy during youth, but he left his easy life at 29 [-534] to see the world and encountered sick man, old pauper, and dead man. His Great Renunciation of luxury was at Kapilavastu [-534]. He began to search for the meaning of life and found enlightenment by understanding source of suffering. He had Great Struggle to find knowledge. According to , while under the Bo tree at Gaya or Uruvela, Kama-, god of desire and death, tempted him but did not affect him. He completely introverted. He stayed seven days and nights under the tree and then moved to new tree and stayed there seven days and nights. He experienced the Great Awakening and became the Buddha [- 538]. He felt state of nothingness with no individualness and total mystical knowledge {, Buddha}. He repeated this five more times. When he again saw the world, he realized that what he had experienced was beyond speech. He felt to talk about it was vain. According to Buddhism, Brahman, the Creator, implored him to teach all creation, awaken it from the dream of life, and show it the Path, though few can take it. He proclaimed his doctrine at and died at Kusinagara [-483]. He advocated ascetic life, with no rituals, no castes, and no gods. He did not claim to be god, but his followers worshipped him.

Pythagoras mathematician Greece -530 He lived -580 or -569 to -500 and invented gnomon and Pythagorean theorem. He used similar figures, proportions, Pythagorean triples, Golden Ratio, Golden Section, and Golden Rectangle, and triangular, square, perfect, amicable, and prime numbers.

Anacreon poet Greece -530 to -500 Accompt [-530 to -500]; Age [-530 to -500]; Beauty [-530 to -500]; Grasshopper [-530 to -500]; Picture [-530 to -500]; Spring [-530 to -500]; Vintage [-530 to -500]; Wish [-530 to -500] He lived -563 to -478 and wrote poetry about wine and women {anacreonic poetry, Anacreon}. Thomas Moore translated the Odes [1801].

Maskarin Gosala [Gosala, Maskarin] or Gosalikaputra or Makkhali Gosala [Gosala, Makkhali] or Gosala Mamkhaliputta philosopher India -530 to -500 He lived ? to -500 and developed the Ajivikai system, which is similar to Jainism and is non-Vedic. Ajivika are followers of Gosala [-485]. Ajivika ended [1300].

Xenophanes of Colophon philosopher Colophon, Greece -530 to -500 On Nature [-530 to -500] He lived -560 to -470. He believed in one god, which was not a person but was god-like and reasonable. People can only know their experience but can form opinions about other ideas.

Cambyses king Persia -529 to -521 He lived -558 to -521, was Cyrus's son, and took Egypt from Assyria [-525].

Hipparchus/Hippias tyrant Athens, Greece -527 to -510 Hippias lived -551 to -490. Hipparchus lived -550 to -514. Sons of Pisistratus, first Hipparchus then Hippias, brought prosperity and decreased upper-class power. Revolt deposed Hippias [-510].

Vardhamana Mahavira [Mahavira, Vardhamana] or Great Hero philosopher Gulbarga, Karnataka, India -526 to -480 He lived -550 to -480, founded Jainism [-526], is the 24th and last Jainist saint, is Jina or the Victor, and was in non- Aryan ksatriya caste. After 12 years of self-abuse, he attained enlightenment, omniscience, and release. He had 11 disciples.

Psiax painter Greece -525 Herakles Strangling the Lion [-525: Greek Archaic amphora with red figures and black background] He painted black figures and then red figures.

Darius I or Darius the Great king Persia -521 to -486 He lived -550 to -486. Achaemenid Dynasty of Persian Empire built Persepolis, fought Scythians, and conquered to northwest India and Danube River. Army, police, and satrap governors responsible only to king ruled the 20 provinces {satrapy}. He improved government and communication and tried to build highway from Ephesus to Susa. Ionian cities in Asia Minor revolted [-499] but lost. He attacked mainland Greece by navy but lost [-490], and then lost to Greek army at Marathon [-490].

Heraclitus philosopher Ephesus, Anatolia -510 to -490 On Nature [-510 to -490] He lived -540 to -480 and was Pre-Socratic. Epistemology People can look in themselves and into nature to find meaning and structure, because soul is like the moving element fire. Soul is ideal, eternal, and underlying intelligence in universe. He said that you never step into same river twice. Metaphysics Universe essence is change or becoming. Change is the element fire. All matter always changes. Justice or fate balancing conflicting movements or flows {flux, Heraclitus} causes apparent object permanence. All things come from opposites, being and not being. Nature and mind have structure or harmony, as opposites unite. Matter transformations have definite ways and orders, as law, reason, and destiny in universe. World goes through orderly state successions, back to original state.

Confucius or K'ung-Fu-Tsu or K'ung-tsze or K'ung Ch'iu or K'ung Chung-ni philosopher China -510 to -478 Analects [-500 to -450: Confucius' collected sayings, compiled by his disciples] He lived -551 to -478 and established Chinese-law foundations. Confucianism is about how to live practical and wise life. Do not do to people what you would not like them to do to you {golden rule, Confucius}. Maintain tradition and social order, such as loyalty to ruler and family, conformity to social behavior rules, and sympathy for others. Become educated, do one's duty, have virtue, have courage, obey, and be deferent. People should have self-discipline, not be selfish or seek profit, have filial piety, tell truth, have knowledge, be benevolent and humane, and have jen. People should have correct behavior {li, Confucius}, which leads to correct inner states. People that have proper behavior for their social station cause imitation by others, out of sense of correctness, and people, society, and government then follow correct way of living, because they have virtue. Good government requires wisdom and righteousness. Universe obliges people to be moral {Decree of Heaven} {t'ien ming}. All things in universe have fates {Destiny} {ming} that determine social position, wealth, health, and so on. People should accept fate and concentrate on living morally and benevolently {tao, Confucius} {Way of the Sages}.

Cleisthenes archon Greece -508 to -507 He lived -570 to -507. He became archon [-508], stabilized reforms of Solon, and added democratic reforms. He allowed more citizens to vote and reduced clan power. Ekklesia had power to decide major issues. Boule performed detailed government work. Major offices had elections. Lower offices rotated annually, chosen by lot. Officials were accountable for acts.

Isagoras archon Athens, Greece -508 to -507 He was rival archon to Cleisthenes.

Sun Tzu general Suzhou, China -500 Art of War [-500] He lived -544 to -496.

Subhuti monk India -500 to -470 He was Buddha's disciple.

Alcmaeon or Alcmaeon of Croton doctor Crotona, Italy -500 to -450 Dissections [-500]; On Nature [-500 to -450] He lived -535 to -440 and dissected animals. Body has opposing powers, hot/cold and wet/dry, which balance in health. Galen later used this idea.

Antisthenes philosopher Greece -500 to -400 He lived -444 to -371, founded Cynic school, and influenced Diogenes. Contradiction is impossible.

Aristippus of Cyrene philosopher Cyrene, Libya -500 to -400 He lived -435 to -356. His ideas were the basis of Hedonistic or Cyrenaic School.

Badarayana philosopher India -500 to -400 Brahmana or Brahma Sutras or Vedanta Sutras or Brahmanas or Brahmin Books [-500 to -400: last Vedanta books summarize Upanishads and describe Vedic-text uses in public and family sacrifices] Brahmanic-period [-900 to -500] Brahmanas or Brahmin Books, such as Shatapatha Brahmana, are in Hindu revealed texts {Sruti} {Shruti} and describe and interpret Rig-vedic rituals. Rig-veda has Aitareya-Brahmana (Shakala shaka) or Kaushitaki-Brahmana (Bashakala shaka). Samaveda has P Brahmana and Sadv Brahmana (Kauthuma) or Jayminiya Brahmana. Yajurveda has the Brahmanas in the samhitas about Krishna: Maitrayani samhita, Carakakatha samhita, Kapisthalakatha samhita, and Taittiriya samhita. Yajurveda has Taittiriya-Brahmana, Shatapatha-Brahmana (Shukla, Vajasaneyi Madhyandina), and Shatapatha-Brahmana (Shukla, Kanva). Atharvaveda has GopB (Paippalada). The prose myths and legends are about Brahman {highest reality}, explain theology, and state sacrifice meanings. Brahma Sutras have four chapters, each with four sections. Brahma Sutras are for understanding Sruti. By tradition, Vyasa wrote them.

Vyasa or Badarayana or Krishna Dvaipayana [Dvaipayana, Krishna] poet/philosopher India -500 to -300 Epic of the Bharata Dynasty [-500 to -300] In Vedas, he was born at end of Dvapara Yuga, was a legendary sage, incarnated Lord Krishna, wrote the Mahabharata for understanding, wrote the eighteen Puranas, established teaching through Upanishads or Upakhyanas, and arranged Vedas. He wrote the Bhagavata for Devarshi Narada. He established the three paths of Karma, Upasana, and Jnana. Dhritarashtra, Pandu, and Vidura are his sons. There have been twenty-nine Vyasas. Gurupurnima or Vyasa Purnima or Full Moon of Vyasa is Vyasa's birthday.

Valmiki or Ratnakar philosopher Uttar Pradesh, India -500 to -200 Path of Rama or Early Ramayana [-500 to -200: Vedanta part is about the hero Rama]; Yoga of the Sage Vasistha [-500 to -200: the sage Vasistha tells Rama about the Self] Vishnu is supreme god. Ikshvau is ancestor of Solar Dynasty.

Coriolanus leader Rome, Italy -491 Senate expelled him from Rome for to feed the people if Senate ended office of tribune [-491]. He joined Volscians and was about to sack Rome when his wife's tears stopped him. Volscians then killed him.

Douris sculptor Greece -490 Eros and Memnon [-490: Greek Archaic cup] Greek Archaics formed kylix drinking cups.

Panini linguist Gandhara (Kandahar), India -490 to -470 Eight Chapters [-490 to -470: 4000 sutras or grammar rules] He lived -520 to -460 and wrote Sanskrit grammar that had phonetic system and word analysis.

Pindar poet Greece -490 to -470 Epinicia or Victory Songs [-490 to -470: for chorus] He lived -518 to -438, was from Boeotia, and wrote odes for chorus {epinicia, Pindar}, which celebrated victories at Pythian, Olympic, Isthmian, and Nemean games.

Parmenides of Elea philosopher Elea, Italy/Velia, Italy -490 to -460 On Nature [-490 to -460: poem] He lived -515 to -450, was Eleatic, and wrote first reasoning from premises to conclusions. Epistemology Thinking exists and uses objects that exist. Truths can only be about things that exist. Truths name states. False statements name nothing and have no meaning. People can use same word at all times. Therefore, object must always exist, so nothing changes. Thought content is unchanging substance, because all thoughts are about something, and people can think about all beings. Non-Being cannot be thought about or exist. Plurality and empty are only appearance, not truth. Metaphysics Existence is eternal, unified, unchanging, perfect, real, material, homogeneous, and finite. Existence fills space. Space is not empty but is substance. Objects have substance, which persists or exists, and in which qualities and predicates inhere. Change is an illusion.

Aeschylus playwright Greece -490 to -458 Suppliants [-490]; [-472]; Seven against Thebes [-467]; Oresteia [-458: trilogy]; Agamemnon [-458: Oresteia first play]; Choephoros or Libation Bearers [-458: Oresteia second play]; Eumenides or Fates [-458: Oresteia third play] He lived -525 to -456 and wrote tragedies. Perhaps, his son Ion wrote Prometheus Bound.

Xerxes I or Xerxes the Great emperor Persia -485 to -465 He lived -519 to -465. Of Achaemenid Dynasty, he was Darius I's son. He defeated Egypt. He invaded Greece by building bridge over Hellespont channel. He won at Thermopylae [-480], sacked Athens [-480], lost his fleet at Salamis [-480], and went back to Persia. His army lost at Plataea and his fleet burned at Mycale on same day [-479].

Kritios sculptor Greece -480 Kritios Boy or Kritian Boy or Kritios Ephebe or Standing Youth [-480: Greek Classical marble statue in Severe Style with asymmetrical body in counterpoise from Acropolis] He taught . Greek Classical statues typically put weight on one leg in counterpoise.

Libon of Elis architect Olympia, Greece -470 to -456 Temple of Zeus [-470 to -456: large Greek Classical] Olympia is on Greece west coast.

Zeno of Elea philosopher Elea, Italy -470 to -450 Dialectics [-470 to -450] He lived -495 to -435, associated with Parmenides, and founded Eleatic School. He invented the dialectic and invented paradoxes about infinite numbers of steps and changes. The paradoxes arise because they divide continuous motion into infinite steps, but the infinite is not real. To go finite length, one must go through half, then half of that, and so on, through infinite number of steps or points {Dichotomy} {Racecourse}. If tortoise has head start, Achilles arrives at tortoise starting point only after tortoise has left, so Achilles can never catch up to tortoise {Achilles and the Tortoise}. Because no movement can happen through instant, at any instant, arrow is at fixed position, so arrow is at rest. At next instant, arrow is also at fixed position and at rest {The Arrow}. Assume one row stands still, second row moves left in one instant, and third row moves right in the same instant. Second and third rows move one distance unit and are two units apart. The second and third rows were one unit apart at "half-instant". Because instant is the smallest time, no relative motion can really happen {Stadium} {Moving Rows} {Row of Solids}. Metaphysics Real motion does not exist. The sum of an infinite number of infinitely small quantities can equal either zero or infinity, and so both a finite and infinite number. Finite and infinite numbers are unlike each other, so such sums are both like and unlike, which should be impossible. Things can divide or bind infinitely, and so size can be both zero and infinite. Zero and infinite are unlike, so objects are both like and unlike themselves, which should be impossible. The paradoxes show motion is impossible. No motion can happen, because motion must pass through an infinite number of points to get from one point to another. At any instant, motion is infinitely small. If space and time are divisible, motion is impossible and cannot start. Motion amount is relative, because measurement differs in different reference frames. Only one real thing exists.

Anaxagoras philosopher Ionia, /Athens, Greece -470 to -440 On Nature [-470 to -440] He lived -500 to -428 and was Socrates' teacher. Nature has uncountable numbers of unchangeable elements, which can divide into small particles that have same properties as elements. Objects have varying element proportions. Highest element is Mind or Reason, which can move itself and move other elements by collision. Mind is alive and includes reason, order, and purpose {teleology, Anaxagoras}, because all motions follow laws. Universal Mind exists and everything has purpose.

Pericles statesman/general Athens, Greece -466 to -448 Pericles' Funeral Oration [-429] He lived -495 to -429, built Acropolis, fostered Delian League, and negotiated peace with Persia. Art, literature, and democracy flourished. Athens needed to import corn and exported wine, oil, and pottery. Plague and Peloponnesian War caused his downfall [-448]. Athens had 25% slaves.

Artaxerxes I emperor Persia -464 to -424 He lived -483 to -424. Achaemenid Dynasty of Persian Empire became weak by wars with Greece, Egypt, and Bactria.

Diogenes of Apollonia philosopher Greece -460 On Cosmology [-460] He was Anaximenes' student. Air is spirit or reason and can account mechanically for animal adaptations.

Empedocles philosopher Agrigentum, Sicily -460 to -440 On Nature [-460 to -440]; Purifications [-460 to -440] He lived -492 to -432 and introduced the four elements. Reality has earth, water, air, and fire {four elements}. Elements can divide into infinitely small parts. Ways elements combine, not elements themselves, cause physical qualities. Elements are unchanging, but their movements cause world changes. Love or attraction opposes conflict, hate, strife, or repulsion. Tension causes motion, which has cycles. Circular motion {vortex, Empedocles} is element fundamental motion, because element collisions result in , which draw in more elements and increase size. Lighter elements go to edge, mechanically forming worlds and living things. There is no purpose. Animals change as living conditions change, and only the fittest survive.

Cincinnatus dictator Rome, Italy -460 to -439 He lived -519 to -430, was consul [-460], and was dictator [-458] [-439]. Senate appointed him dictator [-458]. He defeated enemy for Roman Republic and then went back to his farm.

Protagoras of Abdera philosopher Greece -460 to -430 Truth or Refutations [-460 to -430]; On the Gods [-460 to -430] He lived -490 to -420, founded Sophist School, wrote book about argumentation, and was skeptic. Older Sophists were Protagoras, Gorgias, Hippias, and Prodicus. Epistemology Perceptions differ from actual objects. People can know perception contents but cannot know objects. Perceptions depend on moving elements. Perception differences depend on moving-element speed and direction differences. People perceive objects in individual ways. Perceptions are true but only for that person at that time. It is impossible to prove errors and contradictions. Therefore, man is the measure of all things. Perceptions include feelings and desires, so ideas of good and worth are also individual. The only true knowledge is perception. People cannot know about gods. Ethics People have a sense of justice and a sense of respect for ethical behavior, which is like sense of reverence. These feelings cause people to form societies for self-preservation. Society helps people live in harsh world, and virtues help society. Ethics must be about action consequences and possible alternative actions. Politics Nature requires that things should develop, control, and express all possibilities and desires. People should follow only impulses and desires, to reach goals and express personality. However, strongest-group or strongest-party interests determine moral and political law. Ruling class invented gods. In democracy, laws protect the weak. In other government forms, laws protect ruling class. Moral and political laws are against law of nature for most people in society. Therefore, one should only obey law if it is advantageous.

Ezra scribe Babylon/Jerusalem, Palestine -459 Mosaic Law Additions [-459] During reign of Cyrus the Great, he compiled Mosaic-Law additions by borrowing from Code of Hammurabi. From Babylon, he went back to Jerusalem [-459], taking 5000 Jews with him.

Myron sculptor Athens, Greece -456 to -448 Timanthes [-456]; Discobolus or Discus Thrower [-450: Greek Classical bronze statue in Severe Style]; Lycinus [-448] Perhaps, he was Ageladas of Argos' student.

Decemviri or Ten Men lawgiver Rome, Italy -451 Code of the Twelve Tables [-451: modified Roman law] Twelve Tables included criminal, contract, tort, family, wills, succession, property, and sacred law. It had legal-action and court-procedure rules {procedural law}. It had laws {substantive law} about rights and justice. It included enforcement procedures, public punishments, and harsh liability penalties. It prohibited private revenge, allowed immediate seizure by wronged person of claimed object or person, and fixed tariffs for injuries. It distinguished willful from accidental homicide. It limited interest rates, gave debtors harsh penalties, defined debtor's liabilities, and gave grace period to debtors. It prohibited excessive funerals and excessive bequests.

Antiphon philosopher Greece -450 to -430 On Truth [-450 to -430]; On Concord [-450 to -430]; Statesman [-450 to -430]; On Interpretation of Dreams [-450 to - 430] He lived -480 to -411. Morality conflicts with self-interest.

Melissus of Samos philosopher Elea, Italy -450 to -430 On That Which Is Not and Nature or Non-being or Nature [-450 to -430] He lived -480 to -420 and was Eleatic. Melissus led Samian fleet and defeated Athenians [-442]. The senses are illusions. Reality is about space and time.

Polyclitus the Older or Polycleitus sculptor Greece -450 to -420 Doryphorus or Spear Bearer [-450: Greek-Classical marble copy of original Severe-Style bronze statue shows classical male-beauty standard]; Diadumenus or Man Tying on a Fillet or Man Tying on a Headband [-430]; Amazon [-450 to - 420: wearing exomis toga]; Hera [-450 to -420: gold and ivory] His technique {canon of Polykleitos} {Polykleitos canon} balances shoulder-and-hip tension and relaxation in chiastic balance. He worked in bronze.

Hippocrates of Chios mathematician Athens, Greece -450 to -410 He lived -470 to -410 and wrote first geometry text, first calculated curved area using rectilinear figures {quadrature, Hippocrates}, and first proved theorems using earlier theorems {pyramiding theorems}. He invented method of proving something by disproving its opposite {indirect proof, Hippocrates}.

Sophocles playwright Greece -450 to -406 Ajax [-450]; Antigone [-441]; Oedipus Rex or Oedipus Tyrannus [-429]; Electra [-425 to -410]; Trachiniae or Women of Trachis [-425 to -410]; Philoctetes [-409]; Oedipus at Colonus [-406] He lived -496 to -406 and wrote tragedies.

Herodotus historian Greece -449 to -430 Researches [-449]; Persian Wars [-430: about wars between 499 to 479] He lived -484 to -425.

Ictinus architect Athens, Greece -447 to -432 Parthenon [-447 to -432: large Doric marble temple on Acropolis] He worked with and on Parthenon.

Callicrates architect Athens, Greece -447 to -424 Parthenon [-447 to -432: large Doric marble temple on Acropolis]; Temple of Athena Nike [-427 to -424: small Greek Classical Ionic temple on Acropolis] He worked with and Phidias on Parthenon.

Nehemiah governor Jerusalem, Palestine/Shushan, Persia -445 to -413 Mosaic Law Additions [-430] He was governor of Judea under Persian Empire. During reign of Cyrus the Great, he compiled Mosaic-Law additions by borrowing from Code of Hammurabi.

Phidias sculptor Athens, Greece/Olympia, Greece -440 Athena [-440: Greek Classical ivory and gold statue for Parthenon]; Athena [-440: Greek Classical bronze statue for Acropolis]; Parthenon Pediments and Friezes [-440: Greek Classical marble]; Zeus [-430: Greek Classical ivory and gold statue for temple of Olympia] He worked with Callicrates and Ictinus on Parthenon.

Mo Tzu or Mo Ti philosopher Shangqui, China -440 to -400 Master Mo [440 to -400] He lived -470 to -391 and started Moism or Mohist School, which advocated simple ceremonies and equal treatment of all people.

Philolaus philosopher Thebes, Greece -440 to -400 Bacchae or Followers of [-440 to -400]; On setting [-440 to -400] He lived -480 to -405 and was Pythagorean. Cebes and Simmias were his students at Thebes. Epistemology People can know only finite things. Metaphysics Numbers are elements of being, because they are finite, eternal, and indestructible, and their fixed and orderly relations determine music, geometry, and heavenly motions. The series of numbers to infinity represents space. Material objects are space shaped into geometric Forms. All harmony and order depend on unity, the number 1. Opposites derive from odd and even numbers. Odd means limited, good, and perfect. Even means infinite, bad, and imperfect. Natural-world cycles are copies of number properties.

Socrates philosopher Athens, Greece -440 to -399 He lived -470 to -399 and emphasized moderation, friendship, and courage. He claimed he knew nothing. He criticized Sophists for word play, smugness, paradox, imitation, and failing to examine their ideas. Epistemology Knowledge need be only about practical life and relations with others. All other knowledge is unnecessary to live proper life. Truth is absolute. No one can know final truth or have real knowledge, and obtaining this insight is the beginning of knowledge {Socratic irony, Socrates}. Concept is the common part among perceptions or opinions about something. To reveal concept essence, clarify perceptions and opinions and make them consistent. Socrates did this using inductive argument. He questioned others, got them to agree on facts, drew out definitions, found contradictions and fallacies, found incomplete ideas and completed them, ended false beliefs, obtained understanding, and reached agreed conclusions {Socratic method, Socrates} {method of elenchus, Socrates} {method of refutation, Socrates}. Socratic method modified Sophist debating contests. Ethics Absolute good exists. The good is what is useful, profitable, or suited to the purpose in subject or activity. The good requires conformity to law even if law is unjust. People must suffer wrong rather than do wrong to overcome suffering. Knowledge teaches what is good and then proper action {virtue, Socrates} always follows, because doing good is the most advantageous for one's interests and purposes. "Knowledge is virtue." If one has knowledge, one automatically does the good, so no one does wrong intentionally {Socratic paradox}. Error causes doing wrong. Seeking knowledge, and especially self-knowledge, is an ethical duty, because it leads to virtue. Self-examination and questioning give self-knowledge. "Know thyself." People can make themselves be excellent and function well {arete}. Friendship is helping each other to be better. Fear of death is not wise, because death can be greater good, such as eternal dreamless sleep or new world for immortal soul. However, no soul or life exists after death. Inner voice warns people when not to do something, especially about things too hard for knowledge.

Euripedes playwright Greece -438 to -406 Alcestis [-438]; Medea [-431]; Heraclidae or Descendants of Heracles [-430]; Hippolytus [-428]; Andromache [-426]; Hecuba [-425]; Suppliants [-420]; Hercules Furens or Madness of Hercules [-420]; Electra [-417]; Trojan Women [- 415]; Helena [-412]; Ion [-412]; Phoenician Women [-409]; Orestes [-408]; Iphigenia in Aulis [-406]; Iphigenia in Tauris [-406]; Bacchae [-406] He lived -485 to -406 and wrote tragedies.

Mnesicles or Mnesikles architect Athens, Greece -437 to -405 Propylaea [-437 to -432: Greek Classical marble entry gate is west of Acropolis. Small Doric temple has two side rooms and Ionic columns.]; Erechtheum [-421 to -405: Greek Classical Ionic temple on Acropolis has Porch of the Maidens, with roof supported by six female statues] Plutarch mentions him.

Thucydides historian Greece -431 History of the Peloponnesian Wars [-431] He lived -460 to -410 and explained Peloponnesian Wars.

Leucippus philosopher Greece -430 Great World-System [-430]; On Mind [-430] He combined ideas of Parmenides and Empedocles. Infinite numbers of very small particles {atom, Leucippus}, differing in size, form, and other quantitative features, move in empty space. Atom types are eternal, indestructible, unchangeable, indivisible, homogeneous, and finite. Atom motion is eternal, deterministic, and without cause or purpose. Atom motions are change or becoming. Space exists but is not material. Objects are atom combinations. Quantitative atom differences cause qualitative differences.

Democritus of Abdera or Laughing Philosopher philosopher Greece -430 to -400 On numbers [-430 to -400]; On geometry [-430 to -400]; On tangencies [-430 to -400]; On mappings [-430 to -400]; On irrationals [-430 to -400] He lived -460 to -370, was materialist, and founded atomism, with Leucippus. Epistemology Objects have weight, texture, shape, and size {primary quality, }, which people can perceive. Objects have distance and identity {secondary quality, Democritus}, which people can understand. Atoms themselves are imperceptible. Qualitative features depend on atom quantitative properties. Perception happens when images, which are infinitely small object copies, travel to body and contact sense fire-atoms. Senses have special fire-atom motions and arrangements. People can only perceive images matching senses. People with different senses perceive different things. Perceptual states are violent, surprising, and unclear. Dreams are weak images. Belief in gods comes from images of gods. Thoughts are images of sizes and between atoms. Thought images are gentle in motion and hard to know. This gentle motion gives true happiness, because soul is calmest and in harmony with absolute images. Ethics Good is soul's pleasures. Happiness is inner peace. Metaphysics Atoms are unchanging and indivisible particles that constantly move in empty space under mechanical laws. Infinitely many atom types exist. Objects are groups of atoms in different proportions. , density, and hardness depend on atom sizes and spacings. All other physical properties depend on atom mixtures, arrangements, and motions. Atoms started with uncaused motions, but now atom motions and collisions determine everything that happens. Collisions are the only atom interactions and result only in motion changes. Mind Mind or soul has highest and most active atoms {fire-atom}.

Hippocrates doctor Cos, Greece -430 to -400 On Ancient [-430 to -400]; On Wounds of the Head [-430 to -400] He lived -460 to -377. The "father of medicine" wrote case histories, disease observations, and Hippocratic oath. He described trephining skull holes. Disease results from humor essence imbalance.

Gorgias of Leontini rhetorician Sicily/Athens, Greece -425 to -414 On the Negative or On What Is Not [-425]; Encomium on Helen or Defense of Helen [-414]; Defense of Palomides [- 425 to -414] He lived -483 to -376, was Sophist, and was Empedocles' pupil. Knowing and communicating object information is impossible, because thoughts and language are not the same as objects, and thoughts are not the same as language. Being is impossible, because the ideas of being and non-being contradict each other.

Aristophanes playwright Greece -423 to -411 Clouds [-423]; Wasps [-422]; Birds [-414]; Lysistrata [-411] He lived -448 to -380 and wrote comedies.

Paeonius or Paionios sculptor Mende, Thrace -420 to -400 Nike [-420 to -400: marble statue] Thrace is in northeast Greece, south Bulgaria, and northwest Turkey.

Heracleidas sculptor Catana, Sicily -415 to -403 of Catana [-415 to -403: Hellenistic tetradrachma coin] Catana was first Greek colony in Sicily [-734].

Dionysius the Elder tyrant Syracuse, Sicily -406 to -367 He lived -432 to -367 and fought Italian cities and Carthage. He encouraged arts.

Lysander admiral Sparta -405 He lived ? to -395, led Heraclidae, and defeated Athens at Aegospotami [-405].

Artaxerxes II emperor Persia -404 to -358 He lived -456 to -358. Of Achaemenid Dynasty, he defeated Cyrus the Younger in civil war and ruled Persian Empire. Persia and Sparta negotiated Treaty of Antalcidas [-386].

Xenophon historian Greece -401 Retreat of the Ten Thousand or Anabasis [-401] He lived -444 to -357.

Damocles courtier Syracuse, Sicily -400 Damocles, at banquet in his honor, had sword suspended over his head by hair by order of Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse.

Jaimini philosopher India -400 Purvamimamsa [-400: about Mimansa]; Upadesa Sutra or Instruction [-400]; Rudramsa Sutra or Portions of Rudra [-400]; Shasthamsa Sutra or Rule Parts [-400]; Saptamsa Sutra or Seven Parts [-400]; Varnada Lagna or Color Moments [-400]; Shakti Yoga [-400: about Shakti]; Raja Yoga or Prince [-400] In Vedas, he was Vyasa's student. He wrote Purvamimamsa, Upadesa, Rudramsa, Shasthamsa, and Saptamsa sutras; Varnada Lagna and other lagnas; and Shakti Yoga and Raja Yogas. He founded Mimamsa. Sanskrit is the true language and leads to truth. Language is not conventional or veil. Sanskrit sounds have meaning, so hymns and mantras are themselves magic.

Pancasika or Pancasikha writer India/Nepal -400 Samkhya-sutras or Discourses on Samkhya [1380 to 1450: about Samkhya]

Vatsyayana philosopher Bihar, India -400 Rulebook of Kama [-400: Hindu techniques for lovers and courtesans] He wrote about Hinduism.

Plato philosopher Greece -400 to -348 Hippias Minor [-400: dialog of Socrates and Hippias]; Alcibiades [-400: dialog of Socrates and Alcibiades]; Apology [- 399: Socrates' defense against charges of treason]; Euthyphro [-380: Are morals good because commanded by God, or does God command them because they are good? Euthyphro was an expert on religion.]; Crito [-380: dialog of Socrates and Crito about ethical ideas and virtue]; Hippias Major [-380: dialog of Socrates and Hippias about aesthetics and law]; Charmides or Temperance [-380: dialog of Socrates and Charmides]; Laches or Equity [-380: dialog of Socrates and Laches]; Lysis or Friendship [-380: dialog of Socrates and Lysis]; Protagoras [-380: dialog of Socrates and Protagoras]; Gorgias [-380: dialog of Socrates and Gorgias]; Meno [-380: dialog of Socrates and Meno about a-priori knowledge]; Phaedo [-360: dialog of Socrates and Phaedo about immortality and the Forms, which people can recollect]; Symposium [-360: love]; Phaedrus [-360: dialog of Socrates and Phaedrus about love]; Ion [-380: dialog of Socrates and Ion about]; Menexenus [-380: dialog of Socrates and Menexenus]; Euthydemus [-380: dialog of Socrates and Euthydemus]; Cratylus [-360: Dialog of Socrates and Cratylus is about language. Words are conventions, but concepts are true or false in reality. Language should be able to convey concepts. Language or thought corresponds to reality.]; Republic [-360: justice and three soul types in ideal government]; Parmenides [-370: Dialog of Socrates and Parmenides includes dialectic on the One. Forms are both universals and essences.]; Theaetetus [-360: dialog of Socrates and Theaetetus about perception and objects]; Sophist [-360: dialog of Socrates and Sophists about being and not being and differences between subjects or names and predicates or properties]; Politics or Statesman [-360: law and rulers]; Philebus [-360: Dialog of Socrates and Philebus discusses pleasure and knowledge. The weak are targets of humor.]; Timaeus [-360: dialog of Socrates and Timaeus about metaphysics]; Critias [-360: dialog of Socrates and Critias]; Laws [-348: ideal state, best government, and laws] He lived -427 to -347, founded the Academy [-387], wrote about Socrates, studied grammar, solved law problems, and helped draft laws. Aesthetics Aesthetics is about the beautiful and the good. The beautiful is good. Beautiful things approximate their Idea or true Form closely. Art imitates nature {mimesis, Plato}. Epistemology Minds can be aware of the ideal forms {Idea, Plato} of objects or object groups. Whenever one term can apply to a group of particular things, the corresponding Idea exists in mind. True, clear, and stable knowledge is about Ideas. Mind does not create the Ideas. Ideas are innate. People can discover or remember the Ideas in themselves {anamnesis, Ideas}, using intellect, not senses. Unlike Ideas, opinion and perception are confused, unclear, imitative, and changeable. An analogy {cave analogy} is prisoners in a cave, who see only shadows on the wall, perceptions instead of reality. Material motions cause thoughts and perceptions. Things can be unlearnable, because people need them to learn {Meno's puzzle}. Hypotheses or making categories and distinctions can define things. Education Education is important for everyone because knowledge leads to excellence and virtue. Education builds character. Knowledge is about Ideas, and so curriculum is unchanging. All children should receive practical knowledge. Social classes receive education suited to purposes. People learn virtue and should be happy, because they reach the greatest virtue they can have. Education is also to make good state. Society selects some boys and girls to become soldiers. Future soldiers should learn arts and physical education and live together in school community in which they share everything. From future soldiers, society selects some to become rulers. Future rulers should learn philosophy. Educators have special duty and should not try to be like or coddle pupils. Ethics Personal virtues are industry, achievement, knowledge, honor, autonomy, courage, temperance, and piety. Other- directed virtues are justice, benevolence, and fidelity. People can acquire virtues by becoming aware of the Ideas. However, people can refuse to acquire knowledge and virtue and so reject freedom, responsibility, and control. The three parts of mind {psyche, Plato} should be in harmony. Reason should be for wisdom, spirit for courage and striving, and appetite for moderation and control. Psyche harmony makes life good, virtuous, happy, and prosperous. The psyche's duty is to be just and upright. Joy in the beautiful, pleasure in good artistic Idea-of-the-Good imitations, understanding of math, practical skill, general knowledge, and well-ordered life are proper Reason uses. Highest life state is to contemplate the Ideas, indifferent to material world. Lover of Ideas goes to heaven. Others reincarnate. "Is the pious loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because they love it?" {Euthyphro problem, Plato}. Either piety has no reason or has reason, but authority does not apply in either case. The true and the beautiful are good. World is good, because God created it. Linguistics Nouns are proposition subjects. Only Ideas can be sentence subjects. Verb is about proposition action or quality. Verb and adjective are similar. Metaphysics Reality is Ideas. Ideas are both universal categories and object essences {third man argument, Plato}. Ideas are eternal, a priori, unchanging, absolute, and immaterial, with absolute and unqualified properties. Ideas include Good, Bad, Beautiful, Ugly, and such ideas as Tableness. Ideas, such as Infinite, have opposites, such as Measurable, so Ideas form a hierarchy. The highest or greatest Idea is Good, which is purpose of reality for both material and ideal worlds and comes from love of ideal beauty. Objects in nature have Ideas {ideal form} as essence and are like Idea copies or imitations. Objects share in or have part of Idea. Things cannot have opposite properties simultaneously. Objects are empty space shaped by Ideal geometrical figures. Empty space has no substance and no definition. Material things are both non-being, such as space, and being, such as Idea. Objects are thus contradictions and not real. World-soul causes all motions and changes, which have relations and are unity. The world creator {demiurge} was pure good, which molded already existing matter to bring order out of chaos. Mind Psyche is in body, is same as personality, and is changeable but is also unitary, indivisible, and eternal, because it is both material and Idea. Psyche receives images of Ideas before birth. The presence of Ideas in psyche causes people to seek Ideas and love wisdom. Psyche has appetitive, emotional, and rational parts. Rational part is ability to know Ideas. Emotional part is spirit or will, which wants to find Ideas. Appetitive part is desires. Psyche thus perceives, wills, and knows. Psyche causes movement and life. Psyche can separate from body. Politics States are about principle of justice. Justice results when classes do work with virtue. All state principles and actions should be ethical. States express the Idea of people as a whole and so are about people and their relations. States have best order with three classes, corresponding to the three psyche parts: rulers with rational psyche, soldiers with emotional psyche, and merchants and laborers with appetitive psyche. Philosopher-kings from ruler class should lead states. Rulers or guardians should have training in goodness, truth, and beauty and so have wisdom. Military and public officials should have training for administration, war, and police work and so use spirit and do their duty. To exercise self-control, merchants should perform commerce, and common people should work, produce, and obey leaders. People showing that they have souls dominated by one psyche part or another can change classes. Upper classes should give up all property, have communal family life, and serve state. All people should suppress private emotions and desires and live out Idea of the Good.

Lao Tze or Lao Zi or Lao Tse or Lao Tzu philosopher Luoyang, China -400 to -300 Tao De Jing or Tao Te Ching or I-Ching or The Way and Its Powers [-400 to -300: 81 chapters of ethical principles] He founded Taoism. All things reverse direction. People should minimize their wants to minimize losses and gain more.

Brennus king Rome, Italy -390 As chief of Senones, Adriatic coast Gauls, he defeated Rome in Battle of the Allia [-390] and took Rome.

Platonic School or Old Academy philosophic school Athens, Greece -389 to -260 Plato founded school that included Speusippus, Xenocrates, Polemo, Crates, Philippus, Heracleides, and Crantor.

Eudoxus of Cnidus astronomer/mathematician Cnidus, Greece -380 to -355 He lived -408 to -355. He studied limits, used infinite polygons to find curved-figure areas and volumes {exhaustion method, }, and developed explicit axioms. Proportion is magnitude or length. He showed how to prove that two different integer ratios, which make real numbers, are equal or not equal. Proportions are magnitude or length ratios. To compare ratios, find integer pairs such that product of first integer and numerators and product of second integer and denominators makes numerators greater than denominators. If successful, first ratio is greater than second, because new ratio, first/second, is less than first ratio and greater than second ratio. If unsuccessful, find integer pairs such that product of first integer and numerators and product of second integer and denominators makes numerators less than denominators. If successful, first ratio is less than second, because new ratio, first/second, is greater than first ratio and less than second ratio. If not successful, ratios are equal. You can thus approach any real number and so can work with irrational-number square roots of positive integers. Planetary are nested spheres. He measured year length.

Diogenes of Sinope philosopher Sinope, Greece -370 to -330 He lived -404 to -323 and was Cynic. He lived simply, with only cloak and sack, and lived in a tub before enslavement. He attacked vice, corruption, and folly. He kept looking for one virtuous man, while holding up his lantern. He told to get out of his light.

Gaius Licinius [Licinius, Gaius]/Lucius Sextus [Sextus, Lucius] law Rome, Italy -367 Licinian-Sextian Law [-367] Laws required at least one consul to be plebian.

Bryaxis sculptor Halicarnassus, Greece -362 to -351 Apollo [-362: in grove of Daphne near Antioch]; Mausoleum of Mausolus [-359 to -351: Hellenistic marble statue was individual] He worked with Scopas, Leochares, and Timotheus on Mausoleum.

Cratylus philosopher Greece -360 He said, "You cannot step twice into the same river".

Scopas sculptor Halicarnassus, Greece -359 to -330 Battle of Greeks and Amazons [-359 to -351: Hellenistic east frieze of Mausoleum at Halicarnassus]; Meleager [-50: copy]; Apollo Citharoedus [-340 to -330]; Ludovisi Ares or Ludovisi Mars [-340] He lived -400 to -350 and came from Paros in Cyclades islands.

Artaxerxes III or Arses emperor Persia -358 to -338 He lived ? to -338. Of Achaemenid Dynasty, he massacred his family to rule Persian Empire. He defeated Egypt.

Philip II king Macedon -358 to -336 He lived -382 to -336 and took Thrace's gold. He invented phalanx infantry formation using ten rows, with long pikes between preceding soldiers. He used armored cavalry charges and catapults. He conquered Athens at Chaeronea [-338]. He took Thebes [-335] and enslaved the people after rebellion. He died while preparing to attack Persia. His son was Alexander the Great.

Demosthenes orator Greece -351 to -330 Philippics or Tirades [-351: orations]; Olynthiacs or Political Speeches [-349: orations]; On the Peace [-346: oration]; On the False Legation [-343: oration]; On the Crown [-330: oration] He lived -384 to -322.

Demetrios of Alopeka sculptor Alopeka, Greece -350 Pellichus [-350: realistic marble statue] Alopeka is on Asia-Minor coast.

Lieh Tzu writer Luoyang, China -350 Pure Classic of the Perfect Virtue of Simplicity and Vacuity [-350: about Lieh Tzu] Lieh Tzu lived -400 to -300. Work is Taoist.

Polyclitus the Younger or Polykleitos architect Epidaurus, Greece -350 Tholos or Theater of Epidaurus [-350: Greek Classical theater has concentric seat rows, aisles with stairs, and bottom orchestra area] He lived -365 to -320. Tholos is at Asclepios sanctuary.

Aristotle philosopher Stagira, Greece -350 to -330 Eudemian Ethics [-350 to -330]; History of Animals [-350 to -330]; Logic [-350 to -330: includes Categories, On Interpretation, Prior Analytics, Posterior Analytics, and Sophistical Refutations]; Metaphysics [-350 to -330]; Meteorology [-350 to -330]; Nicomachean Ethics [-350 to -330]; On Dreams [-350 to -330]; On Generation and Corruption or On Coming-to-Be and Passing Away [-350 to -330]; On [-350 to -330]; On Sensation [-350 to - 330]; On Sleep [-350 to -330]; On the Heavens [-350 to -330]; On the Parts of Animals [-350 to -330]; On the Soul or Concerning Psyche [-350 to -330]; On Psychology [-350 to -330]; Physics [-350 to -330]; Poetics [-350 to -330: Laughter and the ludicrous depend on deformity, defect, and ugliness but not on anything destructive or painful]; Politics [-350 to -330]; Rhetoric [-350 to -330]; Topics [-350 to -330: good arguments] He lived -384 to -322, studied under Plato, and was Realist. He tutored Alexander the Great. He founded Peripatetic School at Lyceum [-335]. He was the Stagirite or Peripatetic Philosopher. In logic, he studied grammar, developed logic of terms, and defined the syllogisms. He studied deduction methods and invented non-contradiction, excluded-middle, and bivalence laws. He considered modus ponens, modus tollens, tautology, permutation, and summation. He studied Sophist fallacies, existence, definition, statement, axiom, postulate, premise, conclusion, hypothesis, theorem, converse, inverse, contrapositive, corollary, lemma, necessary condition, and sufficient condition. In mathematics, he used method of exhaustion, rather than infinitesimals, to find limits. He used parallelogram of forces. In , he studied nature, performed animal dissections for research, and studied evolution from simple to complex life. Aesthetics Art imitates nature and portrays particular objects as universals, emphasizing object Forms. Thus, art is knowledge that gives pleasure. Art is productive thought. Art has classes depending on materials used or objects imitated. Art's purpose is to excite passions, to remove them and so purify soul. Tragic drama imitates life and excites fear and sympathy, which it then relieves {catharsis, Aristotle}. Catharsis is good for virtue, because it results in lower emotions, allowing more reason. Formal literary elements, involving one location, one time, and one theme {Unities, Aristotle}, make good play. Artists impose Form on matter, causing material change with purpose, to cause art development. Epistemology Philosophy must consider opinions of the people or of wise people {doxa}. True knowledge is about object Forms, not objects. Sensation is passive thought. Reason is creative thought. Thoughts are both objects and essences. Contents and thought processes are separate and have categories. Quantity can be universal or particular. Quality can be positive or negative. Opposition or contradiction and conversion or entailment can happen. Concepts used in judgments come from general concepts by adding distinguishing characteristic or difference {definition, Aristotle}. Knowledge fields have most general concepts, found by moving from examples to general concept {abstraction from specific to general}, opposite to definition. For example, logic has contradiction principle. The ten basic-concept categories are quantity, quality, relation, space, time, action, passion or passivity or affection, position, state or condition, and substance. The four cause types are matter or physical or bodily cause {material cause, Aristotle}, form or essence or idea {formal cause, Aristotle}, immediately preceding cause or motion {essential cause}, and end or purpose {final cause, Aristotle}. Something extra {accident, cause or effect} can happen along with causes and effects. Brain senses shapes, sizes, and motions {primary quality} directly. Brain perceives other sense qualities {secondary quality}, which are not fundamental to object {accident, sensation}, indirectly. Sense apparatus moves and changes as it receives object, causing body physical change {phantasm, sensation}. Physical motions caused by sensations are imagination-faculty objects, so imagination depends on sensation. Imaginations are thought-objects, so thought depends on imagination. Mental faculty compares and associates shapes, sizes, and motions from all senses {common faculty, Aristotle}. Human desires and beliefs, which are thoughts, cause all human actions. If proposition is possible, the proposition is true at least once {principle of plenitude} {plenitude principle}. The highest thought level is to behold the pure Forms and reach blessed feeling without will or action. Ethics Ethics is making proper choice when one is free to choose and knows consequences. External circumstances can hinder or help reason and self-realization. Bad reasoning, bad purposes, weak will, compulsions, passions, or wrong choices can cause people's actions to be irrational {akrasia}. To make proper choices, one needs to know which act or thought is lawful or right, act consequences, means, ends, desire effects, motive effects, and self. Without this knowledge, people do not know what they are doing and cannot control their actions. Successful and virtuous activity based on reason leads to happy, good life and well-being. Happiness is life's goal or purpose, because it expresses people's true nature. Virtue is the way to attain happiness. Freedom depends on knowledge and on absence of external forces or mental pressures. People are responsible for their actions when they have alternatives from which to choose, they know situation, and they face no external constraints on choice. Then consciousness is action's sufficient cause and other factors, such as motivation, do not lessen responsibility. Punishment can only be for actions for which people are responsible {justice, Aristotle}. Goods {good-in-itself} {intrinsic good} can be for their own sake, such as intelligence, senses, and health. Goods {extrinsic good} can be for consequences. Action {praxis} is doing something, as opposed to making something. Action {animal soul, Aristotle} should improve habits and character. Exerting self-control against desires trains will to act using reason. Moderation {Golden Mean, Aristotle} {doctrine of the mean} balances appetite/emotion and reason. Using rational mind to follow the Golden Mean is good. People want happiness based on virtue {eudaimonia, philosophy}, the objectively good life. Pleasure is necessary for, but not the same as, happiness. Friendship is good, because it is common striving for the good and beautiful. Law Law flows from order of nature {natural law, Aristotle}. Law has Forms. People should judge human laws by how well they conform to natural law. Usury is bad. Landowning and private property are good. Strong family is good. Linguistics Spoken or written words are mental-state signs. Verbs indicate time {tense}. Verbs and adjectives are similar. Nouns can be about named things {proper noun, Aristotle} or types {common noun, Aristotle}. Logic Formal logic is process to prove knowledge true and to understand reasoning. Things or groups have names and distinguishing characteristics. Defined things can be sentence subjects. Subjects can have different quantities: "all", "some", "no", "one", or "only one". Sentence subjects can have properties {predicate, Aristotle}. Predicates {essential predicate} can be true of all category objects. Predicates {predicable predicate} can be true of only some category objects and so be non-essential. Predicates {property predicate} can be non-essential but true of all category objects {proprium}. Statements have subjects and predicates. Statements can be true or false {contradiction law}. Subjects and predicates cannot have truth-values. Statements {proposition, Aristotle} can have form that makes them necessary or impossible {apodeitic}. Reasoning from particulars to generalities {induction, Aristotle} is proof method. Reasoning from generalities to particulars {deduction, Aristotle} is proof method. Deduction depends on having one or more general statements {premise, Aristotle} about basic concepts. People must accept such premises as true but cannot prove them. Induction and dialectic to analyze opinions and perception can find such premises. After analysis, such premises should be immediately apparent and certain to everyone. Other premises come from general premises. Premises can use different sentence types: categorical, conditional or hypothetical, alternative, and disjunctive. All deductions are either syllogisms or inferences from single premises. The conclusion must be less general than the premises. People can prove statement {conclusion, Aristotle} relating subject to predicate {judgment} if two premises relate third concept to subject and to predicate {syllogism, Aristotle}. If people know that premises are true or false, they can combine them by removing third concept to prove conclusion {excluded middle law}. The third concept can be in first- premise subject and second-premise predicate {first figure}, in both subjects {second figure}, or in both predicates {third figure}. Syllogisms can use sentences with different subject quantities and premise types and can use three moods. Syllogism moods include categorical syllogism, conditional syllogism or hypothetical syllogism, alternative syllogism, and disjunctive syllogism. Syllogisms {categorical syllogism, Aristotle} can use all subject quantities. Main moods {Barbara mood} can use universal affirmative in all three statements. Main moods {Celarent mood} can have universal negative premise, universal positive premise, and universal negative conclusion. All other moods can transform into Barbara or Celarent mood {reduction of moods} {mood reduction}. Reductio ad absurdum proves some moods. Negative individual instances {ekthesis} are counterexamples that prove the positive conclusion, and this method proves some moods. Syllogisms {perfect syllogism} with complete sentences need nothing more to be valid arguments. Syllogisms {imperfect syllogism} with assumed premises or premise parts require more information to be valid. Metaphysics Only individual physical objects are real. Objects have essential invariable Forms {Form, Aristotle}, about purposes. Forms are common properties or predicates of different same-class objects. Object Form determines state and relations to other objects, makes unified whole, and places object in class. Forms are not universals and cannot exist by themselves. If Forms are universals, it is necessary to explain how Forms relate to individuals {third man argument} and how object relates to itself. Geometric forms, shapes, and sizes are physical-object aspects and do not have independent existence. Ability to define objects does not prove existence. To show existence, something must construct object. Matter has potential or possibility that becomes physical particular object when combined with Form {hylomorphism}. Forms follow laws. Forms are only potential until realized in matter. Object Form stays the same, but matter can change. Matter and objects are potentially infinite, but this differs from actually infinite. Motion results from union of form and matter. Lower-thing forms make higher-thing matter, making a hierarchy of objects, classes, classes of classes, and so on. Forms have values. Forms can be Ends, causing other Forms. The class hierarchy leads to highest Form, which never combines with matter. Highest Form is prime mover and has no cause and indirectly causes all motion and change. It is unmoving, because only matter can move. It is perfect, eternal, unchangeable, indivisible, mental, spiritual, and independent. It is real, with no possibilities. It is the most general concept, thought about thought, and pure self- consciousness. It has no goal or purpose except itself and is sufficient in itself. Organisms grow and develop {development, Aristotle} as Form realizes itself in matter through time, also causing purpose changes. Objects have inessential features {accident, object} that arise by chance and do not relate to Form. Accidents have mechanical causes and have no laws. Accidents in matter can oppose expression of Form in object. Stars and have circular motion and are ether. The four elements are earth, fire, water, and air. The material world has the four elements. Elements have quality pairs: warm or cold and dry or moist. Mind Mind forms concepts automatically {passive intellect} and can reason using concepts {active intellect}. Active intellect can be non-physical, independent, and eternal. Mind {psyche, Aristotle} animates body to cause motion and so causes sensation, imagination, and thought. Soul or mind is the Form for individual body. Souls {vegetative soul} can be for body mechanical and chemical changes, like reproduction, growth, and repair. Plants have only this soul. Souls {animal soul} {appetitive soul} can allow motion, feelings, and sensation. Spontaneous motion arises from desire, which is to gain pleasure and avoid pain. Desire and sensation both depend on object sensed, so seeking or avoiding automatically happens. Animal souls can unite all sense perceptions into collective perceptions about objects as wholes. This forms images and , allows body-state knowledge, and allows number, position, and motion perception. From the matter of the first two souls, souls {reason} {rational soul} {nous} can arise and make desires into will and perception images into knowledge. Only such souls are eternal, divine, and impersonal and can know reality. Reason is pure contemplation. Reason is the same in all people, so reason unites people into a class. Politics Justice or equality is the basis of states. Justice can depend on need, effort, deservingness, history, achievement, or contribution. Justice {corrective justice} {diorthotic justice} {remedial justice} {rectificatory justice} can compensate for contract breach or tort. Justice {distributive justice} {dianemetic justice} can take and disburse goods and services among parties. Justice assigns punishments, which whole society administers for crimes, with no individual revenge. The state should organize to allow natural laws to work. A society goal is the good life for all citizens, including stability and community. Constitution's highest goal is community well-being. A state purpose is to train citizens ethically, emphasizing morals. Citizens, as opposed to subjects of kings or tyrants, have civic duties, requiring sacrificing private life, and rights, allowing them roles in public and private life. Kingdoms have one authority. Aristocracies have several authorities. Polities have many authorities. Tyrannies have one ruler. Oligarchies have several rulers. Democracies have many rulers. Rule by one person can be good {monarchy, Aristotle} or bad {despotism, Aristotle}. Rule by few can be good if based on culture and character {aristocracy, Aristotle}. Rule by few can be bad if based on property or birth {oligarchy, Aristotle}. Rule by all can be good if based on laws and order {republic, Aristotle}. Rule by all can be bad {mob-rule} if based on demagoguery {democracy, Aristotle}. Because things held in common have no value, communism is bad. Democracy is better than oligarchy, because more people contribute to decisions. Struggle of oligarchy with democracy causes revolution. States arise from first family and then village. States should be self-sufficient. Small states are better. Lending money and trading are bad. Excess, more than want or need, causes tyranny and crime.

Hui Shih or Hui Shi philosopher China -350 to -330 He lived -380 to -300, belonged to Mingjia School of Names, studied rhetoric, and invented paradoxes. Ming-chia or Mingjia School of Names had dialecticians in Warring States period [-475 to -221].

Praxiteles sculptor Cnidus, Greece -350 to -320 Aphrodite of the Cnidians or Aphrodite of Knidos [-350: Hellenistic marble statue with surface that looks like flesh]; Demeter [-340 to -330: Hellenistic seated marble statue in Knidos]; Hermes with Bacchus [-330: Hellenistic marble statue]; Apollo Belvedere [-320: Hellenistic marble statue] He lived -400 to -340.

Chuang Chou or Chuang Tzu or Chuang Tse or Zhuangzi philosopher Henan, China -350 to -300 Zhuangzi or Chuang Tzu or Master Zhuang or Book of Chuang Tzu [-350 to -300] He explained and popularized Taoism Tao-Teh-King. If people have judgments based on differing perspectives, no method is available to conclude which judgment is correct. Therefore, truth is elusive. People should not have expectations or perspectives. Distinctions among ideas are not important. Emotions about life and ideas should minimize.

Speusippus philosopher Athens, Greece -347 to -335 He lived -405 to -335, was Plato's nephew, and was second Old-Academy leader [-347 to -335]. Definition uses relations to other things.

Lysippus sculptor Sicyon, Greece -340 to -330 Alexander the Great [-340]; Apoxyomenos or Scraper [-330: Realistic Hellenistic bronze statue, with small head and slender body] He led Argos and Sicyon school. Sicyon is between Corinth and Achaea.

Paeonius/Demetrios architect Ephesus, Turkey -340 to -250 Temple of Artemis [-340 to -250: large temple] Artemis is Diana. Chersiphron and his son, Metagenes, built first temple [-550], but it burned [-356]. The replacement temple burned [262] and invaders destroyed it [401].

Xenocrates philosopher Athens, Greece -339 to -314 He lived -396 to -314 and led Old Academy [-339 to -314]. He divided philosophy into logic, physics, and ethics.

Alexander the Great king Macedon -336 to -323 He lived -356 to -323 and conquered whole . He died of typhoid fever in Babylon.

Darius III king Persia -334 to -330 He lived -380 to -330 and lost to Alexander the Great at Granicus, Issus, and Gaugamela, ending Achaemenid Dynasty and Persian Empire.

Pyrrho of Elis philosopher Greece/Rome, Italy -330 to -300 He lived -365 to -270 and was the first Skeptic. His student was Timon of Phlius [-320 to -230]. Epistemology Knowledge cannot be certain, so people must suspend judgment and action {epoché}. Philosophy can find true nature of things and people's relations to objects, so people can know all action gains or losses. People cannot know true nature of things, only their feelings. People cannot know gain or loss and cannot choose correct action. People thus cannot really have passion or error. People should not worry {ataraxia, Pyrrho}, because beliefs are just as true as opposite beliefs, with no need to judge.

Mencius or Meng Tzu or Meng Ko philosopher Linzi, China -330 to -290 Meng Tzu He lived -372 to -289 and was Confucian. People innately have compassion, are courteous, are good, love parents, respect older people, care about other people, and have sense of right and wrong. They innately can have shame and can be benevolent, dutiful, ritualistic, and wise. Ethical sense develops naturally, and society only needs to assist development.

Chandragupta I or Chandragupta Maurya king Ganges Valley, India -325 to -293 He lived -340 to -293, acquired Magadha kingdom [-325], defeated Nanda dynasty [-321], married clan princess to form Gupta or Maurya dynasty [-321 to -293], and defeated Seleucus I [-305].

Ptolemy I or Ptolemy Soter king Egypt -323 to -285 He lived -367 to -282 and was general for Alexander the Great of Macedonia. He moved capital to Alexandria [-305]. He built library [-305]. He ruled with his son [-285 to -282].

Seleucus I king Syria/Babylonia/Persia -323 to -281 He lived -358 to -281, was one of Alexander's generals, and began Seleucid Dynasty. He received Babylonia after Alexander the Great's death. He fought to Indus River in India. He won at Ipsus against Antigonus I of Macedon and later defeated Lysimachus of Macedon in Wars of the Diadochi.

Chandragupta Maurya king India/Punjab/ -322 to -296 He lived -325 to -296 and founded Mauryan Empire when he conquered Magadha Kingdom, had strong central government, and had strong army. He defeated invasion by Seleucus [-305]. Maurya Empire conquered part of south India.

Theophrastus philosopher Athens, Greece -322 to -287 Metaphysics [-300] He lived -371 to -287, led Lyceum after Aristotle [-322 to -287], and studied cosmology and botany. The conclusion cannot be stronger than the weakest premise.

Hipparchia philosopher Thrace, Greece -320 She lived -340 to ?. Her husband was Crates the Cynic.

Crates the Cynic philosopher Greece -320 to -316 His wife was Hipparchia. Luxury, pride, and ill will are bad.

Kautiliya or Chanakya or Vishnugupta writer Taxila, Pakistan -320 to -300 Scriptural Texts on Government [-320 to -300: about government]; Scriptural Texts on Leading [-320 to -300]; Guide of Chanakya [-320 to -300] He lived -350 to -275.

Menander playwright Greece -317 Dyskolos or The Grouch [-317: comedy] He lived -342 to -291.

Gnaeus Flavius [Flavius, Gnaeus] lawyer Rome, Italy -312 to -304 Civil Law [-312 to -304] He published the oral court-action forms, which priests {pontifex} had kept secret before, but which were already public knowledge.

Appius Claudius Caecus [Caecus, Appius Claudius] leader Rome, Italy -312 to -285 legis actiones or Legal Actions [-300] He lived -340 to -273, was censor [-312 to -308], was consul [307] [296], and was dictator [-292] [-285]. He illegally remained in office as censor five years. With his power to fill vacancies in Senate, he appointed plebians to Senate. He also allowed plebians to be priests. He reapportioned tribes to give plebians control of Tribal Assembly. His clerk published the legis actiones law methods. He built Appian Way and main Roman aqueduct.

Epicurus philosopher Samos, Ionia/Athens, Greece -310 to -280 On Nature [-310 to -280]; Letter to Herodotus [-310 to -280]; Letter to Pythocles [-310 to -280]; Letter to Menoeceus [- 310 to -280]; Principal Sayings [-310 to -280]; Vatican Fragments [-310 to -280] He lived -341 to -270 and founded Epicurean School at the Garden [-306]. Ethics Soul pleasures contemplate thoughts and expect bodily pleasures. They are more valuable than bodily pleasures alone. The ideal pleasure is freedom from distraction, which people can achieve by philosophy study and mind control, to achieve a happy life. Fear of supernatural is distraction. Natural and physical mind and soul explanations remove fear of supernatural. Prudence and self-control are good. The private life is best. Belief in determinism disallows criticism of people that do not believe in determinism, because both beliefs have predetermination {Epicurean objection}. Metaphysics Reality is only different atoms forming and disintegrating into different groups by motions in empty space. Atoms and universe are eternal. Mind Body and mind unify in special atoms. No afterlife exists. Will Chance, and will's free choice, show that nature has uncaused events. Will's free choice is the only explanation of good and evil, because God is surely able to remove evil from the world.

Zeno of Citium philosopher Citium, Cyprus/Athens, Greece -310 to -280 Commonwealth or Republic [-310 to -280] He lived -334 to -262 and founded Stoicism [-310]. People either have reason and virtue or do not {absolutism}. Politics and laws should be the same for all.

Philo the Dialectician philosopher Greece -300 He opposed the Master Argument. Ability to state a predicate makes it possible. A statement implies another if first statement is false or second statement is true {material implication, }.

Euclid mathematician Alexandria, Egypt -300 to -280 Elements [-300 to -280] He lived -325 to -265 developed Euclid's theorem and Euclid's algorithm. He studied perpendicular, parallel, superposition, arc, and prime numbers. He used exhaustion method, rather than infinitesimals, to study curves. He systematized plane geometry, number proportions and ratios, prime numbers, and solid geometry. Book 1 is about congruence, parallel lines, Pythagorean theorem, simple constructions, constructions with equal areas, and parallelograms {rectilinear figure, Euclid}. Sum of two triangle-side lengths is greater than or equal to third-side length. Book 2 is about geometric algebra, using areas and volumes to find products and quadratic equations, and adding line segments to add. Book 3 is about circles, chords, tangents, secants, central angles, and inscribed angles. Book 4 is about figures inscribed in, or circumscribed around, circles. Book 5 is about proportion by magnitudes, commensurable magnitudes, and incommensurable magnitudes. Book 6 is about similar figures, using proportions. Book 7 is about number theory, Euclidean algorithm, and numbers as line segments. Book 8 is about geometric progressions. Book 9 is about square and cubic numbers, plane and solid numbers, geometric progressions, and the theorem that number of primes is infinite. Book 10 classifies incommensurable magnitudes. Book 11 is about convex solids and generation of solids. Book 12 is about curved-surface areas and volumes, using exhaustion method and indirect proof. Book 13 is about regular polyhedrons in spheres and regular polygons in circles.

Herophilus anatomist Alexandria, Egypt -300 to -280 He lived -335 to -280, dissected human body, and compared to other animal bodies. He described brain, brain ventricles, heart, heart valves, nervous system, sense and motor nerves, cornea, sclera, choroid, retina, and lens. He founded medical school at Alexandria.

Eubulides of Miletus philosopher Megara, Greece -300 to -250 He developed liar paradox and masked man paradox {Eubulides paradox, Eubulides}. "This statement is false."

Vishnu Sarma writer Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India -300 to -200 Five Treatises of Bidpai or Fables of Bidpai [-300 to -200: fables about how to succeed in life] He wrote animal fables.

Bindusara king India -296 to -272 He lived -320 to -272. Maurya Empire extended to Madras.

Diodorus Cronus philosopher Greece -294 to -284 He lived -315 to -284, was of Megarian school, and worked on logic. Nothing is possible that neither is nor will be true {Master Argument} [-294 to -284]. The possible either is true or will be true. Possibility is impossible, because only actual is certainly possible. A possible that does not become real proves itself impossible. Only actual or impossible can happen. Impossible cannot result from possible. All past truths are necessary.

Kung-sun Lung or Gongsun Long lawyer Chang'an (Xian), China -290 to -270 Meaning and Things [-290 to -270] He lived -320 to -250, belonged to Ming-chia School of Names, studied rhetoric, and invented paradoxes, such as "A white horse is not a horse".

Strato of Lampsacus philosopher Athens, Greece -287 to -270 He lived -335 to -268 and was Lyceum leader after Theophrastus [-287 to -270]. Falling objects accelerate. Objects have different weights because they have different-size voids {doctrine of the void} {void doctrine}. There are no gods or supernatural forces, and world is mechanistic.

Ptolemy II king Egypt -282 to -246 He lived -309 to -246. Ptolemaic, Macedonian, Lagid, or XXXI Dynasty built library at Alexandria and fought Syria.

Erasistratus anatomist Alexandria, Egypt -280 to -250 He lived -304 to -250, dissected animals and humans, and described brain, brain ventricles, heart, heart valves, nervous system, sense and motor nerves, cornea, sclera, choroid, retina, and lens.

Antigonus II king Greece -276 to -239 He lived -319 to -239, conquered Macedon [-276], and united Greece.

Asoka or king India/Afghanistan -273 to -232 He lived -290 to -232 and ruled Maurya Empire at greatest extent, because he conquered all India, Afghanistan, Baluchistan, Ceylon, Nepal, and Kashmir. He defeated Kalinya Empire [-265] and then warred no more. He then promoted religious tolerance, non-violence, and personal dignity. He became Buddhist [-255] and established Buddhism as state religion. He built 80,000 and many monasteries. He tried to restore discipline to the monks. He emphasized charity, self-command, and self-control. Buddhist missionaries went to Burma and Ceylon [-240]. He started the idea of heavenly salvation for good behavior {svarga} in Buddhism. After he died, Buddhism died out in north India. He increased trade, planted banyan trees, and built roads, reservoirs, wells, and inns. Literature had Mahabharata, including Bhagavadgita, and Ramayana.

Hermarchus philosopher Greece -270 to -250 Against Empedocles [-270 to -250]; On the mathematicians [-270 to -250]; Against Plato [-270 to -250]; Against Aristotle [-270 to -250] He was second Epicurean-School leader [-270 to -250].

Xun Zi or Hsün Tzu or Hsün K'uang philosopher Chang'an (Xian), China -270 to -240 Master Xun He lived -298 to -238 and was Confucian. People are naturally selfish, envious, hateful, and desirous, and so cause conflict, violence, crime, and wanton behavior. People develop desires that society must regulate. Society imposes order and so helps people gain more satisfaction overall.

Arcesilaus of Pitane philosopher Greece -268 to -240 He lived -315 to -240, was skeptic, and led Middle Academy [-268 to -240].

Archimedes physicist/mathematician/inventor Syracuse, Sicily -264 to -212 Archimedes' screw He lived -287 to -212 and invented Archimedes' theorem, Archimedes spiral, Archimedes axiom, and Archimedes real- number property. He used exhaustion method to find pi and sphere and conic areas and volumes. He used completeness axiom. He found Archimedes buoyancy law {Archimedes' principle, Archimedes} {Archimedes principle, Archimedes}. He put a screw {Archimedes' screw} {Archimedes screw} inside a cylinder, to lift water.

Aristarchus of Samos astronomer Alexandria, Egypt/Samos, Ionia -260 He lived -310 to -250, invented heliocentric theory [-260], calculated Earth-to-Sun distance to Earth-to-Moon distance ratio from angle at half moon, found Moon distance and size from Earth shadow on Moon during lunar eclipse, and stated causes of night and day and seasons.

Theocritus writer Greece -250 Fifteenth Idyll [-250] He lived -300 to -250.

Polystratus philosopher Greece -250 to -240 He lived ? to -240 and was third Epicurean-School leader [-250 to -240].

Eratosthenes mathematician Egypt -250 to -200 He lived -276 to -194 and found circumference of Earth.

Arsaces I king Persia -247 to -211 From central Asia, he led Parni branch of Dahae and founded Parthian kingdom in east Persia, which became Parthian Empire.

Ptolemy III king Egypt -246 to -221 He lived -280 to -221. Ptolemaic, Macedonian, Lagid, or XXXI Dynasty fought Syria and controlled Asia Minor and Greek coast.

Chrysippus philosopher Athens, Greece -240 to -207 He lived -280 to -207, was third Stoic leader, and invented formal propositional logic.

Han Fei lawyer Chang'an (Xian), China -234 Hanfeizi or Master Han Fei [-234] He lived ? to -233, was Legalist, and studied prestige, laws, and punishments by rulers.

Apollonius of Perga or Appolonios or Great Geometer mathematician/philosopher Greece -230 to -200 Conics or Conic Sections [-230 to -200] He lived -262 to -185 and was Neo-Pythagorean and mystic. He invented a systematic theory of , ellipses, and hyperbolas, based on eccentricity, directrix, and focus. He studied right circular cones, oblique circular cones, hyperbolas, parabolas, ellipses, conjugate diameters, tangents, asymptotes, foci, conic intersections, maximum and minimum conic lengths, conic normals, similar and congruent conics, and conic segments. Two conic tangents meet at poles, and sides are polars. Given three points, lines, or circles, construct a circle tangent to or including the points, lines, or circles {Apollonian problem}. Ethics Simple life is best. Mind Mind and body are separate realities.

Hasdrubal general Carthage, Tunisia -226 to -221 He lived -260 to -207, was son-in-law of Hamilcar Barca, founded city of New Carthage in [-226], and governed Spain [-228 to -221], but later someone killed him.

Antiochus the Great king Syria/Israel -223 to -187 He lived -242 to -187, was Seleucid, and took Judea [-198].

Zheng or Cheng or Shih Hwang-ti or Qin Shi Huang-di king China -221 to -206 He founded Qin or Ch'in or Ts'in dynasty. As king of Ch'in in Senshi Province, he subdued six other kingdoms and united China. Shih Hwang-ti or Shi Huang-di means first emperor. Hsien Yang was capital. He built first Great Wall of China, 1500 miles long, in north and northwest. He centralized government, set up bureaucracy, forced nobles to live at capital, and redistributed land to peasants. He stopped crime and enforced laws with strong army. He unified measures and currency. He standardized Chinese characters. His tomb was near Lin Tung. His death started civil war.

Ptolemy IV king Egypt -221 to -205 He lived -243 to -205 and was of Ptolemaic, Macedonian, Lagid, or XXXI Dynasty.

Hannibal general Carthage, Tunisia -218 to -200 He lived -247 to -182 and led Carthage army in Second Punic War. He ruled in Carthage after the peace.

Fabius the Cunctator or Fabius the Delayer consul Rome, Italy -217 He lived -275 to -203. As Roman Republic fought against Hannibal in Second Punic War, he did not commit to battle, and Rome replaced him before Rome's defeat at Cannae.

Marcus Porcius Cato Censorius [Cato Censorius, Marcus Porcius] lawgiver Rome, Italy -214 to -185 On military things [-214 to -185]; Essay on Conduct [-214 to -185]; On filial piety [-214 to -185]; On Agriculture [-214 to -185: agriculture law] He lived -234 to -149 and was Tribune [-214] and Censor [-185]. His son was Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus, who wrote De iuris disciplina.

Scipio Africanus Major consul Rome, Italy -209 to -202 He lived -236 to -183. Roman Republic conquered Spain and defeated Hannibal of Carthage at Battle of Zama [-202]. He tried to prevent revenge on Hannibal, but Cato the Elder rigged trial against Scipio.

Titus Maccius Plautus [Plautus, Titus Maccius] playwright Rome, Italy -205 Swaggering Soldier [-205: comedy] He lived -254 to -184.

Sextus Papirius [Papirius, Sextus] lawyer Rome, Italy -200 Pontifical Law or Law of Sacrificial Rites or Law of Papirius [-200: Roman traditional laws] He collected Roman traditional laws {leges regiae}.

Bharata or Bharata Muni writer India -200 to 200 Scriptural Texts on Dancing [-200 to 200: about dancing, singing, mime, and drama] Natyasastras tell how to play heroes and other characters and how to interpret emotions in all situation types. Experiencing art equals tasting object essence {rasa theory, Bharata}. Abhinaya (toward Drama) is about dramaturgy. Bharata Natyam, Khathakali, and Kudiattam Yaksagana are India dance forms that follow Bharata's technique and his concept of Abhinaya. Rasananda is ultimate bliss. The older Shilpa Shastras describe how to perform the Agama or liturgical texts and include Vishnudharmotara Purana, Samaranganasutradhara, Sukranitisara, and Shilpa Ratna.

Patanjali linguist/philosopher Tamil, India -200 to 200 Great Commentary [-200 to 200: about Panini's grammar]; Discourses on Yoga [-200 to 200: about Raja Yoga or Ashtanga Yoga, including Kaivalya Pada as fourth book] He wrote about Patanjali Yoga or Raja Yoga or Ashtanga Yoga, one of the Six Schools, Shad-Darsananas, or Classical Systems of Philosophy. Raja Yoga is meditation. Hiranyagarbha started Raja Yoga. Bhakti Yoga is devotions, prayers, rituals, and worship. Jnana Yoga is using reason to become free of seeing differences. Karma Yoga is service to others.

Carneades philosopher Greece -180 to -150 He lived -214 to -129 and was skeptic. No premise is immediately certain, so people cannot know premise truth, so it is impossible to prove deductions. Knowledge is persuasive only, to show what is plausible {to pithanon}. What is origin of the bad? Why did God give people freedom to choose badly? Why does God allow bad choice to continue?

Antiochus IV king Syria/Persia -175 to -164 He lived -215 to -164. Seleucids tried to stop Maccabees in Judaea. Rome blocked Seleucid invasion of Egypt.

Mithradates I emperor Persia -171 to -138 He lived -200 to -138 and was Parthian emperor. He conquered from Caspian Sea to Persian Gulf to border of India [- 160 to -140].

Katyayana or Varttika-kara or Vararuchi or Vararuci mathematician/grammarian/Vedic priest India -170 to -150 Discourses on Altar Construction [-170: about geometry and altar construction]; Critical Gloss [-170 to -150: about Panini's grammar] He lived -200 to -140. He was in Aindra grammarian school and lived in northwest India.

Terence playwright Rome, Italy -162 to -160 Eunuchus [-161]; Phormio [-161]; Adelphi [-160] He lived -192 to -158 and was of Scipionic Circle.

Manius Manilius [Manilius, Manius] lawyer Rome, Italy -155 to -148 Roman Sales Contracts [-150] He was Proconsul [-155 to -154] and Consul [-148] and invented Roman sales contracts.

Milinda or king Sagala/Bactria -155 to -130 Questions of King Milinda or Menander [-130] He was Greek king of Sagala in Bactria [-155 to -130]. persuaded him to become Buddhist.

Huai-nan-tzu or Huainanzi or Liu An [An, Liu] or Huai-nan writer Chang'an (Xian), China -150 to -130 Huai Nan Tzu or Book of Huai Nan Tzu [-150 to -130] He lived -179 to -122, was a Taoist philosopher, and was Kao-tsu's grandson and emperor's cousin. Kao-tsu or Liu Pang founded Western Han dynasty.

Panaetius philosopher Rome, Italy -150 to -130 On Duty [-150 to -130]; On Providence [-150 to -130]; On Cheerfulness [-150 to -130]; On Philosophical Schools [- 150 to -130] He lived -185 to -108 and was Stoic and Syncretist. Scipio the Younger was his pupil. People should become more active and virtuous, depending on personality.

Scipio Africanus Minor or Scipio Africanus the Younger consul Rome, Italy -146 to -121 He lived -185 to -129. Roman Republic fought Third Punic War and sacked Carthage. He quelled rebellion in Spain. He tried to nullify the Gracchi's reforms.

Marcus Iunius Brutus [Brutus, Marcus Iunius] lawyer Rome, Italy -142 Civil Law [-142] He was Praetor [-142].

Publius Mucius Scaevola [Scaevola, Publius Mucius] lawyer Rome, Italy -141 to -130 Complete Annals [-130] He lived ? to -113 and was Tribune [-141] and Consul [-133].

Wu-ti or Liu Ch'e emperor China -141 to -87 He lived -156 to -87, took Central Asia's Tarim Basin, south Manchuria, and southeast China, and founded Early Han or Former Han or Western Han. Silk Road began.

Tung Chung-shu philosopher Chang'an (Xian), China -140 to -120 Luxuriant Gems of the Spring and Autumn Annals [-140 to -120] He lived -179 to -104 and was Confucian. Confucianism became China's political system and religion [136] {Mandate of Heaven}. Human life and universe both have good and bad, active and passive, and yin and yang and so have cycles.

Hipparchus astronomer Greece -134 He lived -190 to -120 and measured relative star brightness, equinox precession [-150], and Moon size from lunar- eclipse parallax [-130].

Hyrcanus I king Judea -134 to -104 He lived ? to -104 and left Pharisees to become Sadducee [-120].

Caius Gracchus [Gracchus, Caius]/Tiberius Gracchus [Gracchus, Tiberius]/Gracchi tribune Rome, Italy -133 to -121 Caius lived -154 to -121. Tiberius lived -163 to -133. The Gracchi of Roman Republic were sons of Cornelia. Tiberius Gracchus passed Sempronian law, which redistributed public lands to more people. Someone murdered him in riot over his renomination. Caius Gracchus then started social reforms and blocked Senate and consuls. Someone murdered him in riots protesting intent of Senate to repeal his measures. They redistributed land and had other land reforms. State began to feed the poor. State did not enforce army service until man was 17 years old. Equites and patricians were judges.

Nagasena monk Bactria/India -130 Questions of King Milinda or Menander [-130] He persuaded Milinda or Menander, Greek king of Sagala in Bactria [-155 to -130], to become Theravada Buddhist.

Dionysius Thrax [Thrax, Dionysius] linguist Thrace, Greece/Alexandria, Egypt -120 Art of Grammar [-120] He lived -170 to -90, was Stoic, and wrote comprehensive grammar.

Antiochus of Ascalon philosopher Athens, Greece -110 to -70 Sosus [-90 to -79: against Sosus, Stoic philosopher]; Canons [-110 to -70]; On death [-110 to -70] He lived -130 to -68, was at New Academy, was pupil of Philo of Larissa [-110], and began Middle Platonists. He tried to go back to Plato's original teachings, using Stoic and eclectic ideas against skepticism.

Quintus Mucius Scaevola [Scaevola, Quintus Mucius] or Augur lawyer Rome, Italy -106 to -95 Civil Law [-106 to -95: 18 volumes]; Single Book [-106 to -95: legal terms and basic principles] He lived ? to -88, was Publius Mucius Scaevola's son, systematized Roman law, and taught Cicero. He was tribune [- 106], aedile [-104], and consul [-95], when, with Licinius Crassus, Lex Licinia Mucia denied Roman citizenship to some people in Italy, later causing Social War. He was governor of Asia, publishing edict for provincial administration. He was pontifex maximus.

Gaius Marius [Marius, Gaius] tribune Rome, Italy -100 He lived -155 to -86 and tried more reform.

Aenesidemus of Knossos philosopher Greece -100 to -50 Pyrrhonian thoughts or Pyrrhonian statements [-100 to -50]; On wisdom [-100 to -50]; On the search (for truth) [-100 to -50]; Against wisdom [-100 to -50]; Outline of Pyrrhonism [-100 to -50] He founded Pyrrhonian Skepticism and was against Academy Platonists. He developed ten skepticism modes {trope, Aenesidemus}. Perception does not optimize. People differ in character and what they think is good. Objects present visual and other perceptions, and none is defining. Perceptions differ under different moods. Perceptions differ in different contexts. Nothing can separate from everything else, so properties are not definite. Properties differ depending on quantity, such as for medicine. Perception has viewpoint, so knowledge is relative. Value depends on frequency, so rare things and events are more valuable. Customs, education, and beliefs influence perception and judgment.

Ananda/Kasyapa//Mahakashyapa/Sariputra writer India -100 to -25 Abhidhamma Pitaka or Higher Teaching Basket or Special Teachings Basket [-100 to -25: Tripitaka third basket has seven books that classify psychology, metaphysics, philosophy, and logic]

Ananda writer Rajagaha (Rajgir), Bihar, India -100 to -25 Sutra Pitaka or Sutta Pitaka or Basket of Teachings or Collection of the King or Discourses of Shakyamuni [-100 to - 25: Buddha's discourses to followers]; Nikayas or Discourses of the Buddha [-100 to -25: Nikayas include Digha Nikaya or Long Collection, Majjhima Nikaya or Middle-length Collection, Samyutta Nikaya or Collection of Groups or Collection of Kindred Sayings with five vaggas and 56 samyuttas, Anguttara Nikaya or Collection of Discourses, and Khuddaka Nikaya or Smaller Collection]; Psalms of the Elders, Brethren, and Sisters or Lives and Psalms of the Buddha's Disciples or Psalms of the Early Buddhists [-100 to -25: in the Khuddaka Nikaya in the Fifth Group of Sutrapitaka in Canon. Sisters are Theri-Bhikkhunis]; Sayings of the Buddha [-100 to -25: in the Khuddaka Nikaya of Sutrapitaka in Pali Canon] He wrote Tripitaka second basket, Sutta Pitaka, Sutrapitaka, or Basket of Discourses, which has the Five Nikayas. Longer Nikaya and Shorter Nikaya are first two parts and are Buddha's dialogues. Third Nikaya is Anguttara or Progressive Addition, which states doctrines by units, then pairs, threes, fours, then to tens. Fourth Nikaya is Satlyutta or Clusters, which states Logia or doctrines by subject. Sutrapitaka contains the Girimananda Sutra (Discourse to the Venerable Girimananda), Mahanidana Sutra (Great Discourse on Origination), Mangala Sutra (Discourse on Blessings), Metta Sutra (Discourse on Loving-Kindness), Ratana Sutra (Discourse on Precious Jewels), Samannaphala Sutra (Discourse on the Fruits of Recluseship), and Theranama Sutra (Discourse on Knowing the Better Way to Live Alone). Fifth Nikaya is in Sutrapitaka or third basket.

Ananda/Kasyapa/Katyayana/Mahakashyapa/Sariputra/Upali writer India -100 to -25 Three Baskets or Pali Canon [-100 to -25: Buddha teachings, commentaries, and conduct rules are in Pali, a south-India literary language] Three Baskets {tripitaka} {tipitaka} are Pitaka, Sutra Pitaka, and Pitaka. Buddhist oral teachings are Theravada Buddhism scripture. Other schools are and . Vinaya Pitaka is practices and ethical code for monks and nuns. Sutra Pitaka has Buddha's life, dialogues, and teachings {agamas} {nikayas}. Anguttara Nikaya is in Sutra Pitaka fourth division. Abhidharma Pitaka (Toward Higher Thought or Toward Reality) systematically investigates mind and matter. Tripitaka parts include Cullavagga, Dipavamsa, Mahavagga, Mahavamsa, Niddesa, Parivara, Patisambhida, and Sataka.

Upali writer Kapilavastu, Nepal -100 to -25 Vinaya Pitaka or Basket of Monastic Discipline [-100 to -25] He wrote Tripitaka first basket, which has rules for the monastic community.

Guhadeva philosopher India -100 to 1 Spiritual Theological Dictionary [-100 to 1] He wrote about Upanishads.

Dramida philosopher India -100 to 600 He wrote about Upanishads.

Kapardi philosopher India -100 to 600 He wrote about Upanishads.

Tanka philosopher India -100 to 600 He wrote about Upanishads.

Cornelius Sulla [Sulla, Cornelius] general Rome, Italy -88 to -81 Leges Corneliae [-88 to -81] He lived -138 to -78. As ex-consul, he took Rome [-88], passed new laws (Leges Corneliae) to block reforms, and increased Senate to 600 members [-81].

Philodemus of Gadara philosopher/poet Herculaneum, Italy -80 On Rhetoric [-80] He lived -110 to -35 and was Epicurean.

Cicero or Marcus Tullius Cicero [Cicero, Marcus Tullius] or Tully lawyer/orator Rome, Italy -80 to -43 On oratory [-55]; On the republic [-54 to -52]; On laws [-52]; For Milone [-52]; On ends [-45]; On the nature of the gods [-45]; On divination [-45]; On duties [-44]; Philippics [-44 to -43]; Letters to Relations [-67 to -43]; On His Consulship [-80 to -43]; On His Life and Times [-80 to -43] He lived -106 to -43 and defended Sextus Roscius against the state [-80]. He defended people of Sicily against the governor [-51]. He was praetor [-66] and consul [-63]. He first emphasized intention, as well as actual act. He first distinguished between damages and penalties. Natural law is universal, because it depends on reason, which is inherent in all people equally. Actual laws depend on history and natural law. Epistemology Ideas can be innate in reason, which people need only remember. Psychology People have right to take part in conversations. Conversation with monarchs should be mainly information, flattery, or respectful silence. People should use witticisms only in conversations with equals.

Pompey the Great consul Rome, Italy -76 to -48 He lived -106 to -48. Roman Republic conquered Spain. Senate and equite knights stopped revolt of Spartacus [-61]. Pompey cleared Mediterranean Sea of pirates, defeated Pontus, formed First Triumvirate [-60], and led Senate against Caesar, who defeated him at Pharsala during civil war. Senate passed agrarian laws that kept land from plebians.

Hyrcanus II king Judea -76 to -40 He lived ? to -30 and was Judea high priest [-76 to -40]. Rome took Judea, and Hyrcanus II, a Maccabee, was puppet ruler [-63 to -40].

Andronicus of Rhodes philosopher Rhodes, Greece -70 He was Peripatetic and edited Aristotle's works into logic, physics, and ethics categories [-70].

Lucretius or Titus Lucretius Carus [Lucretius Carus, Titus] philosopher/biologist/poet Rome, Italy -70 to -55 On the Nature of Things [-70 to -55: six books] He lived -99 to -55 and was Epicurean. Universe is atomistic and governed by natural laws. People are matter only. Plants and animals evolve.

Servius Sulpicius Rufus [Rufus, Servius Sulpicius] lawyer Rome, Italy -65 to -51 Commentary on the Praetorian Edict [-65 to -51]; Commentary on the Twelve Tables [-65 to -51] He lived ? to -43 and used dialectical method in law. He was Praetor [-65] and Consul [-51].

Cato the Younger or Marcus Porcius Cato [Cato, Marcus Porcius] philosopher Rome, Italy -63 to -46 He lived -95 to -46, was Cato the Elder's great-grandson, was Stoic, and was famous for honesty.

Julius Caesar consul/historian/biographer Rome, Italy -59 to -44 Gallic Wars [-45] He lived -100 to -44. Julius Caesar became consul [-59]. He conquered Gaul [-58 to -50]. He defied Senate's order to disband army and crossed Rubicon River [-49], starting civil war [-49 to -45]. He marched to Rome. He then defeated Pompey in Pharsala, Greece [-48]. He went to Greece and met Cleopatra. He went to Pontus and defeated Egypt, where he said "I came, I saw, I conquered." After he won the civil war, he became dictator of Rome, organized Roman Empire, ended anarchy, started social reforms, and began Julian calendar. Marcus Brutus assassinated him on 15 {Ides of March} [-44], followed by more civil war. He limited number of lawyers {jurisconsult} allowed to give opinions and gave them imperial authority. Only emperor set new laws. The people disliked his new laws {Julian law}. Men had to marry if younger than 60. Women had to marry if younger than 50. People that had children had reduced taxes and got jobs. Adultery was punishable. Weddings had to be modest. Extravagance was bad. His great-nephew Octavian later became Caesar Augustus (Augustus Caesar).

Gaius Valerius [Catullus, Gaius Valerius] poet Rome, Italy -54 Lesbia [-54: lyric poem] He lived -84 to -54 and wrote poems about personal life {carmina, Catullus}.

Cleopatra queen Egypt -51 to -30 She lived -69 to -30. She was of Ptolemaic Dynasty. Julius Caesar and Marc Anthony loved her. After she and Marc Anthony lost at Actium, she killed herself using asp.

Gaius Amafinius [Amafinius, Gaius] or Gaius Amafanius [Amafanius, Gaius] philosopher Rome, Italy -50 He was Epicurean.

Aulus Ofilius [Ofilius, Aulus] lawyer Rome, Italy -50 Praetorian Edict commentary [-50] He was Rufus' student.

Publilio Siro [Siro, Publilio] philosopher Naples, Italy -50 He lived -85 to -43 and was Epicurean.

Marcus Tullius Cicero [Cicero, Marcus Tullius] or Tully consul Rome, Italy -50 Tuscany Disputations [-50] He lived -106 to -43. Through alliance with Pompey, as consul he destroyed Catiline conspiracy against Roman Republic. Philosophy is about soul {cultura animi}.

Marcus Terentius Varro [Varro, Marcus Terentius] or Varro Reatinus linguist Rome, Italy -50 On the Latin Language [-50: 25 books]; Agricultural Topics [-50: 3 books] He lived -116 to -27.

Quintus Aelius Tubero [Tubero, Quintus Aelius] lawyer Rome, Italy -46 He tried to prosecute Quintus Ligarius [-46] for co-operation with Juba.

Lepidus patrician Rome, Italy -43 to -36 He lived ? to -19, was praetor [-49], was consul [-46], and was Triumvirate member [-43 to -36].

Virgil or Publius Vergilius Maro [Maro, Publius Vergilius] poet Rome, Italy -42 to -19 Eclogues or Bucolics [-42]; Georgics [-30]; Aeneid [-19] He lived -70 to -19.

Publius Alfenus Varus [Varus, Publius Alfenus] lawyer Rome, Italy -41 to -39 Digests [-40: 40 books] He was Consul Suffectus [-39] and Rufus' student. He confiscated land for veterans, and he aided Virgil [-41].

Hagesandros or Agesander/Athenodoros/Polydoros of Rhodes sculptor Rome, Italy -40 to 20 Laocöon Group [-40 to 20: Hellenistic marble statue shows Laocöon and his sons' tragic deaths] Rhodes is island near Crete.

Herod the Great king Judea -37 to -4 He lived -73 to -4, was Hyrcanus's half-Jewish minister, and ruled for Rome. He built Masada [-30] by Dead Sea as fortress towering 1300 feet. He murdered rabbis. According to the Bible, he massacred children [-4].

Horace or Quintus Horatius Flaccus [Flaccus, Quintus Horatius] poet Rome, Italy -32 to -29 Ars Poetica or Art of Poetry [-30: book] He lived -65 to -8.

Gaius Trebatius Testa [Testa, Gaius Trebatius] lawyer Rome, Italy -30 to 1 Topics [-30 to 1: on ius civile and divine law] He advised Augustus about informal codicil.

Livy or Titus Livius [Livius, Titus] historian Padua, Italy/Rome, Italy -29 to -9 From the Founding of the City [-29 to -9: history of Rome from -753 to -9] He lived -59 to 17.

Augustus or Octavian emperor Rome, Italy -27 to 14 He lived -63 to 14 and was Julius Caesar's great nephew. Octavian controlled Persia, Syria, Egypt, Asia Minor, Greece, Italy, Gaul, Lusitania or Portugal, and Spain and so consolidated Roman Empire [-31]. He became first emperor of Rome as Augustus [-27]. He imposed Pax Romana, had good administration, and encouraged arts.

Ovid or Publius Ovidius Naso [Ovidius Naso, Publius] poet Rome, Italy -20 to 2 Amores [-20]; Metamorphoses [-10]; Ars Amatoria or Art of Love [2] He lived -43 to 17.

Marcus Antistus Labeo [Labeo, Marcus Antistus] lawyer Rome, Italy -20 to 10 Pithana [-20 to 10: about Hittite king of Kussar in -1700]; Later Works [-20 to 10] He lived -50 to 22 and provided the ideas of Proculian School of Roman law.

Hillel I or Hillel the Elder lawgiver Jerusalem, Israel -20 to 20 Prozbul or Document That Gives Supervision of a Loan to a Jewish Court [-20 to 20] He lived ? to 20, codified the Mishnah based on rules {seven rules, Hillel}, and founded Beit Hillel or House of Hillel school. Do not do to people what you would not like them to do to you {golden rule, Hillel}.

Joseph Palestine -4 He was Mary's husband.

Mary of Nazareth mother Palestine -4 She was ' mother.

Herod Antipas or Herod Antipatros tetrarch Judaea -4 to 40 He lived -20 to 40. According to the Bible, he executed and brought his head on a platter when Salome asked for it. He was 's son.

Aryasura philosopher India 1 to 100 Aspiration [1 to 100]; Meditation on Compassion [1 to 100]; Garland of Birth Stories or Garland of Tales from the Earlier Lives of the Buddha [1 to 100]

Hermes Trismegistos or Hermes the Thrice Great alchemist Chenoboskion, Egypt/Nag Hammadi, Egypt/Alexandria, Egypt 1 to 100 Emerald Tablet [1 to 100: translated by Ficino in 1463] He began Alchemy and Hermetism or Hermetic philosophy. Chenoboskion is on Nile River west bank in Upper Egypt. Nature has interconvertible and mixable elements: earth or solid, fire or energy, air or gas, water or liquid. Metals relate to body parts. Gold represents longevity. Sulfur, as fire and spirit, and , as water and soul, make minerals and metals. Gold has value, because it does not rust and does not change with heat, alkali, or acid. All metals can grow into gold. Philosophers Stone, Elixir of Life, or Red Tincture can change base metal into gold. Epistemology Using reason can make people like gods, by removing misconceptions {twelve madnesses} and perceiving the order of nature. Metaphysics God is beyond human conception.

Kamandaki or Kumandaki or Kamandaka writer Dhaka, India 1 to 100 Elements of Polity [about government]

Gaius Ateius Capito [Capito, Gaius Ateius] lawyer Rome, Italy 5 On public judgments [5] He lived ? to 22, was consul [5], and provided the ideas of Sabinian or Cassian School.

Wang Mang emperor China 9 to 23 He lived -45 to -23, seized power in Han dynasty when regent, and started Hsin court.

Philo Judaeus or Philo of Alexandria philosopher Alexandria, Egypt 10 to 40 Exposition of the Law [10 to 40]; Allegorical Commentary on Genesis [10 to 40: his main work]; Question and Solutions [10 to 40]; On the Liberty of the Wise [10 to 40]; On the Incorruptibility of the World [10 to 40]; On Providence [10 to 40]; Alexander or On Whether Brute Animals Possess Reason or On Animals [10 to 40]; Contemplative Life [10 to 40] He lived -20 to 50, was Neo-Platonist, commented on Bible, and unified Jewish and Greek philosophy. Epistemology Religious-writing literal meaning is for senses. Philosophical meaning is for mind. To understand, people must be passive in reason, senses, and activity, so divine spirit can enter. People can achieve ecstasy {mysticism}, in which miracles and prophecies are possible. In this state, people know, not just desire to know. People can prepare for this state, and be worthy of it, through love, truth, faith, prayer, and suppression of will and senses. However, this state is gift from God. People must renounce self and merge with God to know logos and so God. Logos is immanent, and people can know it. God is transcendent, and people cannot know it. Metaphysics God is perfect. Matter is imperfect. Life principle, divine reason, or spirit of God {logos, spirit} is intelligent, immanent, transcendent, and divine. Logos is powers and attributes of God and is how God acts on nature. Logos makes and unifies all matter. Logos is Thought. Logos is immanent in all things, while God is transcendent. Intelligence {logos spermatikos} generates everything. Intermediate connecting forces are angels and servants of God and link God and material world. Angels have personality and connect to God by logos. Angels are also material.

Augustus or Octavian emperor/lawgiver Rome, Italy 14 Julian laws [14: new family laws] He lived -63 to 14. Julian laws were new family laws.

Sempronius Proculus [Proculus, Sempronius] lawyer Rome, Italy 14 to 37 Letters [14 to 37: 11 books for teaching] He lived -12 to 66, was Labeo's student, and founded Proculian School, which gave Roman-law interpretations for next 200 years.

Massurius Sabinus [Sabinus, Massurius] lawyer Rome, Italy 14 to 37 Commentary on the Ius Civile [14 to 37: three books] He was Capito's student and founded Sabinian or Cassian School, which gave Roman-law interpretations for next 200 years.

Tiberius emperor Rome, Italy 14 to 37 He lived -42 to 37 and reformed finances of Roman Empire. Senate and Assembly lost all power.

Tacfarinas general /Numidia 17 to 24 He led Berber tribal revolt in Maghreb (Numidia) against Rome [17 to 24].

Strabo historian/geographer/philosopher Greece 18 Geography [18] He lived -63 to 24.

Shammai lawgiver Jerusalem, Palestine 20 to 30 18 ordinances [20: rescinded in 70] He lived ? to 30 and founded Beit Shammai or House of Shammai school, which favored mild restrictions.

John the Baptist philosopher Palestine 25 to 29 He lived -28 to 30, preached the 's coming [25], and baptized Jesus.

Jesus or Savior or Christ or Messiah or Immanuel or God With Us religion founder Palestine 26 to 29 Agrapha or Unwritten Sayings [30: Jesus' traditional sayings] He lived -4 to 29 and was probably born in Nazareth. His name was Joshua or Savior, common Hebrew name. Jesus is Greek for the Hebrew name Joshua. Messiah means Anointed or Savior in Hebrew. Christ is Greek for Anointed. Immanuel means "God with us" in Hebrew. His ideas and life are Christianity's basis. According to the Bible, he was born to Joseph and Mary of Nazareth in a stable when they traveled to to pay taxes, and he lay in the stable feeding trough {manger, Bible}. However, he was more likely born in animal quarters in a relative's house in Nazareth. His father and he were carpenters. According to the Bible, at age 12 he argued with Hebrew elders about scriptures. At age 30, he began preaching the Messiah's coming and that the weak and poor will triumph if they are righteous, on Judgment Day. He had 12 disciples, Peter, John, Judas Iscariot, and others. According to the Bible, he conjured enough food for crowd from several loaves and fishes, turned water into wine, and raised Lazarus from the dead. He preached Sermon on the Mount and Beatitudes. He told parables about the Talents, the Prodigal Son, and the Good Samaritan. He said, "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" {golden rule, Jesus}. At age 33, he came to Jerusalem. Crowds greeted him on Palm Sunday. He denigrated the Scribes and Pharisees. He broke with Judaism and drove out moneychangers at the Temple. He rested on the Mount of Olives with Mary and Martha, Simon the Leper's sisters. Sanhedrin priest council condemned him to death for blasphemy. Judas betrayed him for 30 pieces of silver. Pontius Pilate had him arrested in Garden of Gethsemane. He had his Last Supper on Thursday. The people did not choose to let him go free when Pilate let the people choose. The hostile crowd chose Barabbas. Romans crucified him on Good Friday, between two thieves. He carried his cross to Golgotha, the site. He spoke seven sayings while on the cross, such as "Father forgive them for they know not what they do." and "My God, why hast thou forsaken me?" Soldier speared him to make sure he was dead. Joseph and Nicodemus took him to tomb. He was not there when Mary Magdalene came on Easter Sunday to embalm his body, the Resurrection after three days. According to the Bible, forty days after Resurrection, he ascended into heaven {Ascension, Bible} after revisiting the disciples. He advocated Jewish law but opposed harsh interpretations. He used Essene ideas. Christian laws have same ideas, but different emphases, than Jewish laws.

Pontius Pilate governor Judea 26 to 36 He lived ? to 36 and was Roman Judea governor [26 to 36]. A Jewish sect {Zealot} wanted a nation. Jews in Syria and Palestine were against each other, their neighbors, and Rome. According to the Bible, he had Jesus arrested, condemned, and crucified [29].

Doubting Thomas writer Greece/Israel 26 to 72 He was Jesus' disciple and went to India [52 to 72]. Someone killed him.

Gaius Cassius Longinus [Longinus, Gaius Cassius] lawyer Rome, Italy 27 Commentary on the Ius Civile [27] He was Capito's student.

Barabbas criminal Palestine 29 The people freed convicted criminal, instead of Jesus, when Pilate let them choose.

Joseph of Arimathea/Nicodemus biblical person Palestine 29 They received Jesus' body from the cross.

Judas Iscariot apostle Palestine 29 He lived ? to 33 and was Jesus' disciple but betrayed Jesus to the authorities with a kiss.

Mary Magdalene biblical person Palestine 29 She found Jesus' tomb empty.

Mary/Martha biblical person Palestine 29 They gave care to Jesus and were Simon the Leper's sisters.

Peter the Apostle or Simon Peter apostle Palestine 29 to 64 He lived ? to 64. Jesus said of his disciple Peter, "Upon this rock, I will build my church."

John the Apostle apostle Palestine 29 to 80 He was the most mystical of Jesus' disciples. He probably did not write Gospel of John.

Steven biblical person Greece/Israel 34 He was one of the first seven church deacons and became a martyr [34].

Saul or Paul evangelist/apostle Antioch/Rome, Italy 35 to 67 Thessalonians [52: I and II]; Galatians [56]; Corinthians [56: I and II]; Romans [57]; Philippians [61]; Philemon [61]; Colossians [61]; Ephesians [61]; Timothy I [66]; Titus [66]; Timothy II [67] He lived 10 to 63, was born and educated in Tarsus, wrote in Greek, founded Christian ideas and organization, visited churches in Asia Minor and Greece, and died in Rome [67]. Saul became the apostle Paul after his conversion [35] by a light ray. He visited Jerusalem [37], stayed at Tarsus [37 to 43], stayed at Antioch [43 to 44], visited Jerusalem [44 or 45], took his first mission [45 to 49], visited Jerusalem [49 or 50], took his second mission [50 to 53], visited Jerusalem [53], took his third mission [53 to 57], visited Jerusalem [57], faced arrest [57], went to Rome [59], was captive at Rome [60 to 62], and took a mission [62 to 66]. Someone killed him [67]. He said Jesus was God and wrote about soul versus body.

Caligula or Caius Julius Caesar Germanicus emperor Rome, Italy 37 to 41 He lived 12 to 41 and led Roman Empire.

Phaedrus poet Rome, Italy 40 Fables [40: including Lupus ad Canem or The Dog and the Wolf, Soror ad Fratrem or The Brother and Sister, Socrates ad Amicos] He lived -15 to 50 and translated Aesop's Fables into poetry.

Lucius Seneca the Younger [Seneca the Younger, Lucius] leader/playwright Rome, Italy 40 to 62 Agamemnon [40 to 60: tragic play]; Oedipus [40 to 60: tragic play]; Phaedra [40 to 60: tragic play]; Thyestes [40 to 60: tragic play]; Moral Letters to Lucilius [40 to 60: essays on ethics]; Natural Questions [40 to 60: essays]; Dialogues [40 to 60: essays on anger, providence, impassivity, and soul]; On the elements [40 to 60: essay]; Medea [41: tragic play] He lived -2 to 65 and ruled Roman Empire while tutoring emperor Nero [54 to 62]. His father was Seneca the elder [- 60 to 37].

Claudius or Claudius Nero Germanicus emperor Britain 41 to 54 He lived -10 to 54 and invaded Britain [43].

Apollonius of Tyana or Balinas philosopher Greece/Rome, Italy 50 to 80 He lived ? to 98 and was Neo-Pythagorean and mystic.

Agrippa philosopher Rome 50 to 90 Five Modes or Five Tropes [50 to 90] He lived ? to 92 and was Skeptic. Syllogisms are circular reasoning, because first particular fact justifies premise and then general premise proves particular fact. Assumptions, dissenting opinions, infinite regress and incompleteness, alternative relations, and circular reasoning {five tropes} make suspending judgment best. Reasoning requires multiple things to explain.

Thomas writer Greece/Israel 50 to 140 Gospel of Thomas

Nero emperor Rome, Italy 54 to 68 He lived 37 to 68, killed his mother, wife, cousin, and many Christians, and defeated many revolts against Roman Empire.

Boudicca queen Britain 60 to 61 She lived 26 to 62, was Iceni queen, and rebelled against Rome [60].

Hero of Alexandria mathematician/physicist/inventor Alexandria, Egypt 60 to 62 Pneumatics [60]; Automata [62]; Mechanics [60 to 70]; Metrics [60 to 70]; Sighting Tube [60 to 70] He lived 10 to 70, invented Hero's formula, and studied geodesy, mechanics, and pneumatics. He maintained constant water-clock water supply, using float and needle valve, as in carburetors. He invented steam engine {aeolipile} [62].

Philemon writer Greece/Israel 61 to 63 He received epistle from Paul, his friend.

Percius poet Rome, Italy 62 Satires [62] He lived 34 to 62.

Petronius Arbiter or Titus Petronius Arbiter [Petronius Arbiter, Titus] novelist Rome, Italy 62 to 65 Satyricon [62 to 65] He lived 27 to 66.

Lucan or Marcus Annaeus Lucanus [Lucanus, Marcus Annaeus] historian Rome, Italy 65 Pharsalia or Civil War [65] He lived 39 to 65.

Mark writer Alexandria, Egypt 65 to 75 Gospel of Mark [Bible gospel] It is oldest gospel of the Bible.

Luke writer Troas, Anatolia 65 to 100 Gospel of Luke [Bible gospel]

Vespasian or Titus Flavius Vespasianus [Vespasianus, Titus Flavius] emperor Rome, Italy 69 to 79 He lived 9 to 79 and began Flavian line of Roman Empire. He constructed Forum [75] and began Colosseum. His son Titus finished Colosseum [80].

James writer Greece/Israel 70 to 100

Matthew writer Antioch 70 to 100 [Bible gospel]

Peter writer Greece/Israel 70 to 160 Gospel of Peter

Pliny the Elder or Caius Plinius Caecilius [Caecilius, Caius Plinius] essayist/biologist Rome, Italy 77 Natural History [77] He lived 23 to 79.

Vitruvius architect Rome, Italy 80 On Architecture [80: book] He lived -90 to -20.

Flavius Josephus [Josephus, Flavius] writer/historian Rome, Italy 80 to 93 Jewish War [80 to 90: seven books about Israel from 66 to 73]; Jewish Antiquities [93: twenty books about Jewish history] He lived 37 to 101.

Peter writer Greece/Israel 80 to 110 1 Peter

Mestrius Plutarch [Plutarch, Mestrius] historian/biographer Greece 80 to 110 Parallel Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans [100 to 110]; Morals [80 to 90: including On Eating Flesh, On the Fortune or the Virtue of Alexander the Great, On the Worship of Isis and Osiris, On the Malice of Herodotus, On the Decline of the Oracles, On the Delays of the Divine Vengeance, On Peace of Mind] He lived 46 to 120.

Barnabas writer Greece/Israel 80 to 120 Epistle of Barnabas

Epictetus writer Rome, Italy/Greece 80 to 135 Discourses [135]; Manual [80 to 120] He lived 55 to 135, was Stoic, and wrote about ethics. Philosophy should be about morals and mind. Body, status, and wealth are not important. People should control their emotions {apatheia}, so they can choose actions consistent with duty and citizenship. People should not let life affect them so that they cannot act.

Martial or Marcus Valerius Martialis [Martialis, Marcus Valerius] writer Rome, Italy 86 to 103 Epigrams [86 to 103] He lived 40 to 110.

Clement I pope Rome, Italy 88 to 97 1 Clement; 2 Clement He lived ? to 97 and built papacy power and Holy See of Rome.

John writer Greece/Israel 90 to 95 Apocalypse of John

John writer Greece/Israel 90 to 120 Gospel of John [Bible gospel]; 1 John; 2 John; 3 John

Jude writer Greece/Israel 90 to 120 Epistle of Jude

Akiba or Akiva or Akiba ben Joseph or Akiva ben Yosef or Akiva ben Yoseph rabbi Yavne, Israel 90 to 130 Way of the Chariot [90] He lived 50 to 135, wrote about meditation and mysticism, was a Mishnah scholar {Tannaim}, and was main oral source for Mishnah and midrash halakha. He visualized God's bright robe {chalub}. He linked traditional practices to biblical texts. God foresees everything, but people have free choice, though God knows the choice.

Lucius Neratius Priscus [Priscus, Lucius Neratius] lawyer Rome, Italy 97 Rules [97]; Book about Plautio [97] He lived ? to 117, was of later Proculian School, and was Consul Suffectus [97].

Trajan emperor Rome, Italy 98 to 117 He lived 53 to 117, took Parthia and Dacia for Roman Empire, and built Roman Forum and Column of Trajan. Roman Empire was at greatest extent.

Suetonius or Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus [Tranquillus, Gaius Suetonius] historian Rome, Italy 98 to 117 Lives of the Caesars or The Twelve Caesars [98 to 117] He lived 75 to 160 and wrote about Roman Empire.

Jnanasri philosopher India 100 He was later Sautranika. Words are always general, never particular, and serve to negate {exclusion theory of meaning}.

Ssu-ma Ch'ien historian Chang'an (Xian), China 100 Historical Records [100] He lived -145 to -90 and wrote dynasty histories.

Juvenal or Decimus Junius Juvenalis [Juvenalis, Decimus Junius] essayist Rome, Italy 100 to 127 Satires [100 to 127: Satires 1 through 16] He lived 55 to 127.

Aspasius philosopher Athens, Greece 100 to 150 Commentary on the Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle [100 to 150]; Reader of Natural Passions [100 to 150] He was Peripatetic.

Peter writer Greece/Israel 100 to 150 Apocalypse of Peter

Peter writer Greece/Israel 100 to 160 2 Peter

Aristocles of Messene philosopher Messene, Greece 100 to 200 Testimony [100 to 200] He was Peripatetic.

Asvagosha or Asvaghosha philosopher India 100 to 200 Treatise on the Buddha Vehicle [100 to 200: play]; Discourses on the Teachings [100 to 200: play]; Life of the Buddha [100 to 200: play]; Discourse on the Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana [100 to 200: about Mahayana Buddhism]

Mary the Jewess or Maria the Jewess alchemist Alexandria, Egypt 100 to 200 hot ash box [100 to 200: for steady heat]; dung box [100 to 200: for prolonged heat]; double boiler or bain-marie [100 to 200]; kerotakis [100 to 200: still]; tribikos [100 to 200: top of still] Perhaps, she wrote, "One becomes two, two becomes three, and out of the third comes the one as the fourth."

Pausanias historian Greece 100 to 200 Description of Greece [100 to 200] He studied legends, customs, and arts.

Puspandanta/Bhutabalin mathematician India 100 to 200 Approaching the Parts [100 to 200: decimal number system] It has decimal logarithms.

Anthony saint Egypt 100 to 300 He lived 251 to 356 and was Roman Catholic saint.

Elchasai writer Greece/Israel 101 to 220 Book of Elchasai

Cai Lun or Ts'ai Lun inventor China 105 paper [105] He lived 50 to 121.

Ignatius of Antioch or Theophorus writer Antioch, Asia Minor 105 to 115 Letter to Ephesus [105 to 115]; Letter to Magnesia [105 to 115]; Letter to Tralles [105 to 115]; Letter to Rome [105 to 115]; Letter to Philadelphia [105 to 115]; Letter to Smyrna [105 to 115]; Letter to Polycarp [105 to 115] He lived 50 to 117 [98 to 117].

Tacitus or Publius Tacitus [Tacitus, Publius] or Gaius Cornelius Tacitus [Tacitus, Gaius Cornelius] historian Rome, Italy/Germany 105 to 115 Histories [105: Roman Empire from Tiberius to Domitian]; Annals [115: Roman Empire from Tiberius to Domitian] He lived 56 to 117.

Publius Iuventius Celsus [Celsus, Publius Iuventius] lawyer/philosopher Rome, Italy 106 to 129 Digests [106 to 129: 39 books] He was of later Proculian School, was Middle Platonist, was praetor [106 or 107] and consul [129].

Gaius Octavius Iavolenus Priscus [Priscus, Gaius Octavius Iavolenus] lawyer Rome, Italy 110 Letters [110: 16 books, standard Roman law text for next 300 years] He lived 43 to ?, was Consul Suffectus [97], and taught Emperor Julian about Roman law.

Papias writer Greece/Israel 110 to 140 Expositions of the Sayings of Jesus [110 to 140] He was bishop of Hierapolis.

Polycarp writer Greece 110 to 140 Epistle of St. Polycarp to the Philippians [110 to 140] He lived 69 to 155.

Matthias writer Greece/Israel 110 to 160 Traditions of Matthias

Pliny the Younger or Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus [Plinius Caecilius Secundus, Gaius] essayist Rome, Italy 111 to 113 Letters [111 to 113: letters to Trajan and Tacitus, the historian, including Letter Concerning the Christian Problem] He lived 62 to 115.

Apollodorus of Damascus sculptor/architect Greece/Rome, Italy 113 Column of Trajan [113: Roman spiral reliefs with little depth and weak background, similar to Assyrian style, in Trajan's Forum] He lived 50 to 130.

Hadrian emperor/lawgiver Rome, Italy 117 to 138 Perpetual Edict [131: codified Roman praetorian laws] He lived 76 to 138 and was emperor [117 to 138]. Roman Empire was at greatest extent. He built walls in Germany and Britain. He set Roman east boundary at Euphrates River. He ordered Perpetual Edict.

Sextus Pomponius [Pomponius, Sextus] lawyer Rome, Italy 117 to 161 Handbook [117 to 161: introduction to law]; Commentary on the Edict [117 to 161]; Commentary about Quintus Mucius [117 to 161] He compiled laws and wrote history of Roman law.

Zhang Heng [Heng, Zhang] inventor China 120 seismograph [120] He lived 78 to 139.

Basilides writer Greece/Israel 120 to 140 He was first Alexandrian Gnostic.

Kaniska or Kanishka king India/Pakistan/Afghanistan 120 to 162 He was king of Kushan and ruled north India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and central Asia. He converted to Buddhism. Kushana kingdom was in Gandhara, Punjab, and Sind.

James writer Greece/Israel 120 to 180 2nd Apocalypse of James

John writer Greece/Israel 120 to 180 Apocryphon of John

Mary of Magdala writer Greece/Israel 120 to 180 Gospel of Mary of Magdala

Quadratus of Athens writer Greece 124 to 125 Apology [124] He was bishop of Athens and first Christian apologist.

Heracleon writer Italy 125 He was of Valentinian School.

Aristides writer Athens, Greece 126 Apology of Aristides [126]

Salvius Julianus [Julianus, Salvius] or Julian lawyer Rome, Italy 130 to 131 Digests [130: codified Roman praetorian and equity law in 90 volumes]; Perpetual Edict [131] He was Sabinian School leader. Hadrian appointed him to codify Roman law. He prepared Hadrian's edict (Perpetual Edict), settling the praetorian law, including law of equity.

Appian of Alexandria historian Alexandria, Egypt 130 to 150 Punic Wars [130 to 150]; Roman Civil Wars [130 to 150] He lived 95 to 165.

Justin Martyr writer/priest Syria/Rome, Italy 130 to 160 Apology [130 to 160]; Dialogue with the Jew Tryphon [130 to 160] He lived 100 to 165 and became Roman Catholic saint. Knowledge requires special from God, because senses and demons make reason and nature obscure.

Judas writer Greece/Israel 130 to 170 Gospel of Judas

Mathetes writer Greece/Israel 130 to 200 Epistle of Mathetes to Diognetus

Bar Kokhba rabbi Israel 132 to 135 He led rebellion against Rome [132 to 135].

Valentinus philosopher Rome, Italy 135 to 160 Gospel of Truth [135 to 160] He lived 100 to 153, was Gnostic, and founded Valentinians. Metaphysics The indefinite state joined with silence or thought to make spirit or reason, which then joined with truth or Ideas. Then reason joined with life to make the ideal man, who joined with Church. The Wisdom longs for original indefinite state, and this sinful desire enters the Void to make material world. In , Sophia or Wisdom disorders the divine world {pleroma}, and God banishes it. Jesus Christ has the knowledge {} to restore the divine world to include people. Now rules the world. Jesus the Savior will return. The Demiurge, Yahweh of Old Testament, who created the physical world, rules the world outside the pleroma.

Marcion writer Greece/Israel 138 to 144 He lived 110 to ? and started Marcionites. They rejected Old Testament.

Antonius Pius emperor Rome, Italy 138 to 161 He lived 86 to 161 and began Antonine Dynasty of Roman Empire. He was Stoic and noted for good administration.

Isidore writer Greece/Israel 140 to 160

Fronto writer Greece/Israel 140 to 170

Wei Po Yang [Yang, Wei Po] alchemist Luoyang, China 142 Commentary on the I Ching [142] He lived 100 to 150. Principles similar to alchemy arose in China from Taoism. Nature has interconvertible and mixable elements: water, fire, wood, gold, and earth.

Aristo of Pella writer Pella, Asia Minor 150 Disputation of Jason and Papiscus [150]

Ptolemy mathematician Alexandria, Egypt 150 Almagest or Great Book [150] He lived 87 to 150, invented maps with longitude and latitude, discovered Ptolemy's theorem, and invented epicycles to describe planetary motions.

Lucian of Samosata or Lucianos or Lucianus or Lucinus philosopher/writer Rome, Italy/Turkey/Greece 150 to 170 Alexander the False Prophet or Alexander the Oracle-Monger [150 to 170]; Passing of Peregrinus [150 to 170]; Dream [150 to 170]; Doubly Indicted [150 to 170]; Fisher [150 to 170]; Apology [150 to 170]; Phalaris or Cruelty [150 to 170: Phalaris ruled Agrigentum, Sicily, cruelly from -570 to -554]; Slander [150 to 170]; True Story [150 to 170]; Dialogues of the Gods [170: satire]; Dialogues of the Dead [170: satire] He lived 125 to 180 and was Skeptic.

Alexander of Aphrodisias or Expositor philosopher Rome, Italy 150 to 200 On Fate [150 to 200]; On the Soul [150 to 200]; Commentary on Analytica Priora of Aristotle [150 to 200]; Commentary on Topica of Aristotle [150 to 200]; Commentary on Meteorologica of Aristotle [150 to 200]; Commentary on De Sensu of Aristotle [150 to 200]; Commentary on Metaphysica of Aristotle [150 to 200] He was Peripatetic Commentator on Aristotle.

Apollonius Dyscolus [Dyscolus, Apollonius] linguist Greece 150 to 200 Syntax [150 to 200] He lived 100 to 200 and wrote about Greek syntax, starting systematic grammar study.

Nagarjuna philosopher Nalanda, Bihar, India 150 to 200 Guidebook for the School of the [150 to 200] He founded Madhyamika, Sunyavada, or Voidist School of Mahayana Buddhism. He used the dialectic to break fixed conceptions and to prove that all signs are meaningless, that all is and is not, and that all statements are refutable {Doctrine of the Void}. Epistemology To have true knowledge, people should detach from everything and be aware of Emptiness. Using logic to prove contradictions forces coming to the concept of emptiness, neither being nor non-being. Therefore, all things are empty. They come into being for moments but are dependent. In emptiness, there is no contradiction and no strife. Knowledge depends on external-object reality, but their reality comes from ability to know, so everything depends on varying perspectives and is not certain. Cause and effect are both meaningless. Pain and pleasure are both meaningless. Ethics The highest goal is the Void, but Void is neither void nor not-void, because it is indescribable, with no goal, no burden, and no conflict. Middle Way is balanced moderate life. People should not attach {non-attachment} to the 75 dharmas. Metaphysics Only one Void exists, so no metaphysics is true. Only relations exist. Things only have momentary existence. Being or substance is always ordering and forming {, }, with no permanent order or form.

Numenius of Apamea philosopher Rome, Italy 150 to 200 Book of Threes [150 to 200] He was Middle Platonist.

Thomas the Contender writer Greece/Israel 150 to 225 Book of Thomas the Contender

Esra writer Greece/Israel 150 to 250 Fifth and Sixth Books of Esra

Tatian writer Rome, Italy 160 to 170 Address to the Greeks [160 to 170] He lived 110 to 180.

Apelles writer Alexandria, Egypt 160 to 180 Syllogisms [160 to 180]

Julius Cassianus [Cassianus, Julius] writer Alexandria, Egypt 160 to 180 Exegeses [160 to 180]; Concerning Abstinence or Eunuchry [160 to 180]

Minucius Felix writer Greece 160 to 230 Octavius

Apuleius or Lucius Apuleius of Madura [Apuleius of Madura, Lucius] writer Rome, Italy 161 to 170 Apologies [161]; Golden Ass or The Metamorphoses or Transformations of Lucius [170] He lived 124 to 170.

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus emperor/writer Rome, Italy 161 to 180 Meditations [167] He lived 121 to 180 and was second Antonine ruler of Roman Empire. He was Stoic and noted for good administration. People can try to understand universe order and goodness, accept consequences for themselves, and sympathize with and live harmoniously with others.

Dionysius of Corinth writer Greece 165 to 175

Hegesippus historian Rome, Italy 165 to 175 Notes on Church History [165 to 175] He opposed Gnostics and Marcion.

Melito of Sardis writer Asia Minor 165 to 175

Quintus Cervidius Scaevola [Scaevola, Quintus Cervidius] lawyer Rome, Italy 165 to 200 Digests [170] He taught his student Papinian about Roman law.

Diatessaron writer Greece/Israel 170 to 175

Ulpius Marcellus [Marcellus, Ulpius] judge Asia Minor/Rome, Italy 170 to 180 He lived 138 to 180 and studied Roman law. He was not Lucius Ulpius Marcellus.

Peter writer Greece/Israel 170 to 220 Letter of Peter to Philip

Athenagoras of Athens writer Greece 175 to 180 Plea for Christians [177]; On the Resurrection of the Dead [175 to 180]

Rhodon writer Greece/Israel 175 to 185

Theophilus of Caesarea writer Asia Minor 175 to 185

Galen doctor Pergamon, Asia Minor/Greece 175 to 190 On the Elements According to Hippocrates [175 to 190]; On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Human Body [175 to 190: Body parts are as good as they can be for the purpose] He lived 131 to 201 and probably developed the fourth syllogism figure. He diagnosed disease by pulse, dissected animals, and observed living and dead nerves, blood, and organs. Blood flows back and forth through body. Following Erasistratus [-280], body has three spirit types {pneuma, Galen}: natural spirit from liver, vital spirit from left heart ventricle, and animal spirit from brain. The four temperaments {temperaments, Galen} are choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic, and sanguine.

Claudius Apollinaris [Apollinaris, Claudius] writer Hierapolis 177 Apologies [177] He was bishop of Hierapolis.

Celsus writer Alexandria, Egypt 178 True Word or True Discourse [178] He was Platonist.

Irenaeus of Lyons writer Lyon, France 178 to 185 Against Heresies [178 to 185] He was Greek, was bishop of Lugdunum (Lyon) in France, and is a Father of the Church.

Theophilus of Antioch writer Asia Minor 180 to 185 He was bishop of Antioch.

Bardesanes writer Edessa, Assyria 180 to 220 Light and Darkness [180 to 220]; Spiritual Nature of Truth [180 to 220]; Movable and the Immovable [180 to 220] He lived 154 to 223. Concerning Fate or Book of the Laws of the Countries is about him.

Philip writer Greece/Israel 180 to 250 Gospel of Philip

Clement of Alexandria or Titus Flavius Clemens [Clemens, Titus Flavius] philosopher Alexandria, Egypt 182 to 202 Hortatory Discourse to the Greeks [182 to 202] He lived ? to 215 and was Christian. God created the world so all wills can overcome sin, face punishment, and have redemption. God does not oppose his creation but is separate from it. Evil is an action by people, not substance, and so God did not create it. Evil is rebellion against God's will. Evil is love of God's creation, rather than God. Evil spirits are wills that do evil but are not human.

Maximus of Jerusalem writer Israel 185 to 195

Polycrates of Ephesus writer Greece 185 to 195

Judah ha-Nasi or Judah haNasi or Jehudah ha-Nasi or Yehudah ha-Nasi or Jehudah Hanassi or Jehudah the Prince or Rabeinu HaKadosh lawgiver Judea 188 to 217 Mishnah [188 to 217] He lived 135 to 217, codified Mishnah or Oral Tradition, and was Sanhedrin president.

Judah haNasi or Judah ha-Nasi/Rav Muna [Muna, Rav]/Rav Yossi [Yossi, Rav]/Rav Ashi [Ashi, Rav]/Ravina I/Ravina II or Rabina or Abina writer Babylon/Palestine 188 to 479 or Shas [188 to 479] Talmud or Shas is Mishnah with Gemara. Mishnah or Repetition has Hebrew texts from rabbis and records Jewish oral law [200]. Judah haNasi or Judah the Prince or Rabbi compiled it in Aramaic. It does not cite written law. Gemara records comments on Mishnah by Palestine and Babylon rabbis [200 to 500]. Rabbis compared written and oral law. Yerushalmi Gemaras differ from Bavli Gemaras, so there is Jerusalem Talmud (Palestinian Talmud) and Babylonian Talmud. Rav Muna and Rav Yossi wrote Yerushalmi Gemara in Israel [350]. P'nei Moshe and Korban ha-Eidah are comments. Rav Ashi and Ravina wrote the Babylonian Talmud [250 to 550] in Babylon [550]. Savoraim or Rabbanan Savoraei were post-Talmudic rabbis, who worked for next 250 years, making final version [700]. Rashi or Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac [1040 to 1105] commented. Tosafot, Additions, or Supplements are additional comments compiled by French and German rabbis. Talmud also has analyses by Maharshal or Solomon Luria, Maharam or Meir Lublin, and Maharsha or Samuel Edels. The Rosh by Asher ben Jehiel and The Rif by Isaac Alfasi are legal commentaries in Talmud. Additions to Mosaic Law resulted from scripture searches {midrash, search} for meaning, using four methods {Talmud, method}. One is for simple meaning {peshat, meaning}. One is for hidden meaning {remes, meaning}, of seemingly unmeaningful words. One is for the homily, prophecy, and sermon meaning {derush}. One is for metaphysical meanings, theosophy, and religious mysteries {sod, meaning}. Midrash is about Hebrew-Bible legal and non-legal texts, using peshat or direct meaning, remez or hint, derash or exegesis, and sod or mystic. Tannaitic texts are the following. Mekhilta de Rabbi is about Exodus [300 to 500]. Mekhilta de Rabbi Simeon ben Yohai is about Exodus [300 to 400]. Sifra is about Leviticus and is by Rabbi Akiva [250]. Sifre is about Numbers and Deuteronomy and is by Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Ishmael [250]. Sifre Zutta or Small Sifre is about Numbers [300 to 330]. Talmudic texts are the following. Midrash Qohelet is about Ecclesiastes [800 to 850]. Midrash Esther is about Esther [940]. Pesiqta is about Pentateuchal and Prophetic lessons [700 to 750]. Pirqe Rabbi Eliezer is about events in Pentateuch [700 to 800]. Tanchuma or Yelammedenu is about Pentateuch [800 to 900]. Midrash Shemuel is about Books of Kings. Midrash Tehillim is about Psalms. Midrash Mishle is about Proverbs. Yalqut Shimeoni is about scripture. Seder Olam Rabbah or Seder Olam is by Rabbi Yose ben Halafta and goes from universe creation to Jerusalem Second-Temple construction. Yalkut Shimoni is collection about scriptures by Shimon ha-Darshan [1200 to 1300]. Tanna Devei Eliyahu is about commandments and prayer and includes Seder Eliyahu Rabbah and Seder Eliyahu Zuta. Midrash Rabbah has Rabboth or Great Commentaries about the Bible, Bereshith Rabba or Genesis Rabbah [500 to 600], Shemot Rabba or Exodus Rabbah [1000 to 1200], Vayyiqra Rabba, Leviticus Rabba [650], Bamidbar Rabba or Numbers Rabba [1100 to 1200], Devarim Rabba or Deuteronomy Rabba [900 to 1000], Shir Hashirim Rabba or Song of Songs Rabbah [800 to 850], Ruth Rabba [800 to 850], and Eicha Rabba or Lamentations Rabbah [600 to 700].

Victor I writer Rome, Italy 189 to 199 High questions about resurrection and other such matters [189 to 199]

Pantaenus writer Greece/Israel 190 to 210

Aemilius Papinianus [Papinianus, Aemilius] or Papinian lawyer Rome, Italy 193 to 211 Questions [193 to 211: law principles in 37 books]; Answers [193 to 211: 19 books]; Definitions [193 to 211: 2 books]; On Adultery [193 to 211] He lived ? to 212, was Scaevola's student, and looked for the principle and moral rule in law. He became Master of Petitions (Magister Libellorum) [193 to 211], whom commoners petitioned to be equites or to gain other duties. He later became General of the Guard (Praefectus Praetorii), assistant to emperor Severus.

Septimius Severus [Severus, Septimius] emperor Rome, Italy 193 to 211 He lived 146 to 211 and was Libyan general. He built chain of forts and long ditches in . He was member of equestrian class, with army and administrative experience in Roman Empire. Emperor became absolute master, without preserving legal forms. The prefect became head of civil administration and judges in Rome. He devalued currency, gave power to army, set high taxes, and caused high inflation, which led to civil war, which he won, and to foreign wars, which he won with some losses.

Abercius writer Greece/Israel 193 to 216 Inscription [193 to 216] He was bishop of Hieropolis.

Tertullian of Carthage or Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus [Tertullianus, Quintus Septimius Florens] philosopher/writer Rome, Italy 197 to 220 On the body of Christ [197]; To the martyrs [197]; To the nations [197]; Apologetic [197]; Book of proscribed heresies [200]; On the halo [211]; On flight from persecution [212]; On penance [220] He lived 160 to 225 and was Christian Apologist. He said, "I believe what is absurd" {credo quia absurdum est} because it showed the work of God. Epistemology People cannot know revelation by thinking, and revelation has no connection with philosophy. Only faith can give religious belief {fideism}, not reason.

Isvara Krishna or Ishvara Krishna philosopher India 200 Verses on Samkhya [200: about Samkhya]

Julius Paulus or Paul lawyer Rome, Italy 200 Opinions [200] He wrote commentary on Perpetual Edict and analyzed Roman law logically.

Sextus Empiricus philosopher Rome, Italy 200 Outlines of Pyrrhonism [200]; Against the Dogmatists [200]; Against the Professors [200] He was Skeptic.

Apollonius of Ephesus writer Greece/Israel 200 to 210

Mara Bar Serapion [Serapion, Mara Bar] or Serapion of Antioch writer Antioch, Asia Minor 200 to 210 Testimony [200 to 210]; Letter from a Near Eastern Jail [200 to 210: to his son about wisdom]; Comments on the Gospel of Peter [200 to 210] He was Patriarch of Antioch [191 to 211].

Caius writer Greece/Israel 200 to 220

Philostratus or Lucius Flavius Philostratus [Philostratus, Lucius Flavius] writer Athens, Greece 200 to 220 Life of the Sophists [200 to 220]; Life of Apollonius of Tyana [200 to 220] He lived 170 to 247.

Diogenes Laertius philosopher Rome, Italy 200 to 250 Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers [200 to 250] He was Stoic.

Jeu writer Greece/Israel 200 to 250 Books of Jeu

Martia or Martia Proba or Martia the Just queen London, England 200 to 300 Martian Statutes or Laws of Martia She recorded Celtic laws. Later, Alfred and Edward the Confessor used these laws.

Peter writer Greece/Israel 200 to 300 Coptic Apocalypse of Peter

Olympiodorus alchemist Greece 200 to 400 He lived 410 to 485.

Pseudo-Plutarch historian/biographer Greece 200 to 400 Lives of the Ten Orators [100: about ancient Athens and based on Caecilius of Calacte's works]; Doctrines of the Philosophers [100]; On Music [100] Later Plutarch-of-Delphi Moralia editions included unknown authors, called Pseudo-Plutarch.

Caracella emperor Rome, Italy 211 to 217 All freeborn people in empire received Roman citizenship.

Domitius Ulpianus [Ulpianus, Domitius] or Ulpian lawyer Rome, Italy 211 to 222 Commentaries on Sabinus [211 to 222: 50 books about ius civile]; Commentaries on the Edicts [222: 83 books about edicts]; On the Office of Proconsul [211 to 222: 10 books about criminal law] He lived ? to 228, was prefect [222], and wrote a Perpetual-Edict commentary and a Roman-law summary.

Hippolytus of Rome writer Rome, Italy 212 to 236 Refutation of All Heresies [215]; Apostolic Tradition [215] He lived 160 to 236 and was bishop of Rome.

Origen or Origenes Adamantius philosopher Alexandria, Egypt 212 to 248 Old Testament in Six Versions [212 to 248: compared Old-Testament translations]; Old Testament in Four Versions [212 to 248: compared Old-Testament translations of]; Love of the Holy [212 to 248]; First Principles [212 to 215]; On Prayer [230 to 235]; On Martyrdom [212 to 248]; Against Celsus [248] He lived 185 to 254, was founder of Christian philosophy, and was Latin Father. God's power, wisdom, and goodness created universe out of nothing, and universe's beauty and perfection reveals its origin. God constantly creates the logos, which supports the free spirits surrounding God with love, harmony, and knowledge. God sends spirits that fall out of these states to the actual world for punishment. World will vanish when all spirits are pure and in harmony with God.

Manes or founder Persia 216 to 277 He lived 216 to 276 and proclaimed himself intercessor {Paraclete} with God. He emphasized , prayer, and understanding of God. He combined Christianity and Zoroastrianism gnostically, so spirit is Light, and matter is Dark {}. Sassanid Shah Sapor I supported him. After Sapor I died, Zoroastrianism Magi persuaded next shah to reject Manichaeism.

Ammonius Saccas or Sack-bearer philosopher Alexandria, Egypt 220 to 250 He lived 185 to 250 and was Neo-Platonist.

Ardashir I king Persia 224 to 241 He started Sassanid or Sassanian Dynasty when people of Fars revolted against Parthians. He, noble soldier, killed last Parthian king [226]. He reunited Persia. Sasan was his ancestor.

Sapor I or Shapur I king Persia 241 to 272 He lived 224 to 272 and was Ardashir's son. He defeated and captured Roman Emperor Valerian [260], captured Armenia, and invaded Syria and Cappadocia. He started to build at .

Wang Pi philosopher Luoyang, China 245 Commentary on the Lao Tzu [245] He lived 226 to 249.

Cyrillus lawyer Beirut, 250 He formed official law school to study classical authors' Roman-law opinions.

Diophantus mathematician Greece 250 Arithmetic [250] He lived 200 to 284 and studied number theory, algebra symbols, and determinate and indeterminate equations.

Plotinus philosopher Egypt/Rome, Italy 250 Enneads or Six Enneads [250: Enneads are nine dieties of Egyptian mythology] He lived 204 to 270, was Platonist, studied under Ammonius Saccas, and emphasized monism and rationalism. Metaphysics God is the good, perfect, supreme, unified, and free being. God, the Good, has no consciousness, no form, and no activity. God is the basis of Reason, Mind, and Being but is beyond them. God has no human traits. Mind or divine spirit of God {divine consciousness} is self-acting and self-created and sustains material world. All things are imperfect copies or imitations of the good and perfect {emanation system} {system of emanation}. God overflows into the world, which reflects him as rational Mind {Nous} in matter and as Soul {Psyche, soul} in living things. The light of God makes all Ideas: being, rest, motion or change, identity, and difference. Ideas are God, soul, or spirit thought contents, because both are immaterial. Mind makes actual world, affecting Soul to make it form matter based on Ideas. Matter is Void, not material or spiritual but negation and non-being, with only possibility. Matter is absolute desire and is evil. However, evil does not actually exist, because it is non-being. Material world mixes Void and light of God, and so mixes good and evil. Things in the world are in spheres around God. Farthest sphere is matter. Nearest sphere is divine Mind or reason. Mind Individual souls are Ideas and eternal. Souls can concentrate on either desire or reason. Contemplating Beauty moves toward spirit. The final step unites soul with spirit. All matter and souls try to reunite with God. Human souls form self-consciousness and body from Mind and Ideas. Self-consciousness results when mind actively thinks about itself or its states. Mind actively synthesizes and unifies perceptions, feelings, and thoughts, and does not just passively receive images from outside. Mind acts by taking conscious notice and doing something with perceptions. Body sensation is separate from consciousness of object or feeling.

Hsiang Hsiu philosopher Luoyang, China 250 to 280 Commentary on Chuang Tzu [250 to 280: about the Chuang Tzu] He lived 221 to 300 and was Neo-Taoist.

Kuo Hsiang philosopher Luoyang, China 250 to 300 Commentary on Chuang Tzu [250 to 300] He lived ? to 312, was Neo-Taoist, and used Hsiang Hsiu's text.

Zosimos of Panoplis alchemist Greece 250 to 350 Keys of Wisdom or Keys of the Craft [250 to 350] He was Gnostic, and he mentioned Mary the Jewess.

Cormac MacArt [MacArt, Cormac] or Cormac Ulfhada Mac Airt king Ireland 254 to 277 He codified many laws and led the five kings of Ulster, Leinster, Connaught, Meath, and Munster. His capital was at .

Porphyry or Porphyrus Malchus [Malchus, Porphyrus] philosopher Rome, Italy 260 to 280 Isagoge or Introduction [270 to 280: about Aristotle's Categories and logic]; Plotinus' Enneads [270 to 280: arranger]; Against the Christians [270 to 280] He lived 232 to 304, was Commentator on Aristotle, and was Plotinus' student. A chain of being goes from lowest forms to highest {Porphyry Tree} {Tree of Porphyry}.

Wu Ti or Shih Tsu or Ssu-ma Yen or Emperor emperor China 265 to 290 He lived 236 to 290, united China after Han dynasty ended, and started Western Chin dynasty [265 to 317].

Aurelian or Restorer of the Roman Empire emperor Rome, Italy 270 to 275 He lived 214 to 275 and was from Illyria. He fought at Palmyra and defeated barbarians in Britain, Gaul, Spain, Egypt, Syria, and Mesopotamia. He reestablished Roman rule throughout empire. Someone murdered him at invasion of Persia.

Arcadius Charisius [Charisius, Arcadius] lawyer Rome, Italy 280 to 300 Digests [280 to 300] He wrote about Roman law.

Iamblichus philosopher Alexandria, Egypt 280 to 310 On the Mysteries of Egypt [280 to 310] He lived 250 to 326 and was Syrian Neo-Platonist.

Arnobius philosopher Rome, Italy 284 to 305 Against the Heathens [284 to 305] He was Christian apologist. People must have faith in revelation. People cannot know God, because knowledge comes only through senses.

Diocletian emperor Rome, Italy 284 to 305 He lived 245 to 305, was from Illyria, regained Britain, and defeated Persians and barbarians. He ruined Roman Empire economy by heavier taxes. He reorganized the army of 500,000 men and used conscription. He created smaller dioceses to replace larger provinces. He created four prefectures [285], called the Tetrarchy. They were Italy and Africa, Gaul and Spain, Greece and north, and Egypt and Asia. He divided empire along line from Danube to Dalmatia, with himself in eastern half {Eastern Empire}, which was richer and more populous. Maximian, general in Gaul, controlled west half [295]. Constantius and Galerius ruled subsections [292]. He persecuted Christians [303] for failure to worship emperor. Senate became only honorary.

Gregorius or Gregorianus lawyer Rome, Italy 285 to 292 Codex Gregorianus [292: collected imperial Roman-law opinions] He was magister libellorum under Diocletian [285 to 290].

Hermogenianus lawyer Rome, Italy 295 Codex Hermogenianus [295: collected imperial Roman-law opinions] It associates with slightly earlier Codex Gregorianus.

Mithradates II king Persia 300 He lived 256 to 190 and was of Sassanid or Sassanian Dynasty.

Ossian or Oisin poet Ireland 300 Finn Mac Cumhail or Fionn mac Cumhail or Finn MacCool [300: about his father]; Cuchulain [300] Legendary poet wrote in Gaelic.

Vasubandhu philosopher Gandhara (Khandahar), India 300 to 400 Compendium toward the Supreme Thought [300 to 400]; Comments on the Abhidharmakosha or Comments on the Compendium toward the Supreme Thought [300 to 400]; On the World as Mere Representation [300 to 400] He developed Yogacara (Vijnanavada) School of Mahayana Buddhism, was 's half-brother, and worked on logic.

George saint England 303 Golden Legend He lived 280 to 303 and was Catholic patron saint of England and of soldiers. By legend, he slew a dragon.

Theodotus writer Constantinople 303 Excerpts of Theodotus [303]

Constantine the Great emperor Rome, Italy 306 to 337 He lived 274 to 337 and was Constantius' son. Army proclaimed him emperor of West Roman Empire [306], and civil war followed. Before battle [312], he added Christian symbol to shields. He became western emperor [312]. Later, he judged disputes between churches and built churches. He removed sun god from coins [320]. Sunday became holiday [321]. He reunited empire [324] and became emperor of east and west. He moved capital to Byzantium and called it Constantinople [330]. He had himself baptized when he died. Christian centers were in Rome, Africa, Egypt, Syria, and Asia Minor.

Shapur II or Shapur the Great king Persia 309 to 379 He lived 309 to 379 and fought Roman Empire [337 to 363]. Sassanid or Sassanian Dynasty defeated Constantius II and Julian the Apostate of east Roman Empire [363]. There was high prosperity.

Ge Hong or Ko Hung alchemist Mt. Luofu, China 310 to 330 Master Who Embraces Simplicity [310 to 330] He lived 283 to 343 and was Taoist.

Arius of Alexandria doctrine Alexandria, Egypt 313 He lived 256 to 336, became a priest [313], and said Jesus was not eternal and was lower than God.

Edict of Milan edict Milan, Italy 313 Constantine the Great established Christianity in Roman Empire by ensuring religious tolerance.

Eusebius of Caesarea or Pamphili doctrine Caesarea, Palestine 314 to 339 Eusebian Canons He lived 275 to 339, was Pamphilius' student [240 to 309], was bishop of Caesarea [314 to 339] in Palestine, and cross- referenced the Gospels. He was never pope [309 to 310]. Caesarea is on coast between Haifa and Tel Aviv.

Ezana of Axum king Eritrea 330 to 356 He lived 330 to 356, was ruler of Axum, and became Christian.

Constantine II or Flavius Claudius Constantinus emperor Rome, Italy 337 to 340 He lived 317 to 340. Roman Empire stayed united.

Julius I pope Rome, Italy 337 to 352 He lived ? to 352 and increased Holy-See power.

Constantius II or Flavius Julius Constantius emperor Rome, Italy 337 to 361 Roman Empire stayed united.

Pappus of Alexandria mathematician Alexandria, Egypt 340 Mathematical Collection or The Collection [340] He lived 260 to 350 and proved Pappus' theorem {Guldinus theorem}.

Nicholas bishop Myra, Asia Minor 342 to 352 He lived ? to 352 and became Catholic patron saint of children.

Athanasius theologian Alexandria, Egypt 348 to 357 Defense Against the Arians [348]; Discourses Against the Arians [357] He lived 297 to 373, was bishop of Alexandria [328 to 373], was a Doctor of the Church, and was for orthodoxy during Arian crisis. He wrote orthodox Catholic doctrine of Trinity and Incarnation. Jesus had body and same substance as god {homoousion}, whereas Arians said Jesus was not like god.

Asanga or Aryasanga philosopher Puruspura (Peshawar), India 350 Stages of the Yogacara [350]; Mahayana Buddhism Manual [350]; Compendium toward Higher Teaching or Compendium toward Religion [350] He lived 300 to ?, developed Yogacara (Vijnanavada) School of Mahayana Buddhism, and was 's brother. Perhaps, Maitreyanatha wrote some.

Aturpat philosopher Persia 350 Dinkart or Denkart or Acts [350: Zand-Avesta part] Aturpat was Hemet's son.

Rav Muna [Muna, Rav]/Rav Yossi [Yossi, Rav] lawgiver Jerusalem, Palestine 350 Jerusalem Talmud [350] They were Jewish rabbis {rav} {rab} and judged cases.

Julian the Apostate or Flavius Claudius Julianus [Julianus, Flavius Claudius] philosopher Pergamon, Asia Minor 350 to 363 He lived 332 to 363, was Eastern Roman Empire emperor [361 to 363], and was Neo-Platonist.

Gregory of Nazianzen philosopher Constantinople 350 to 380 Homily 15 [350 to 380]; Five Theological Orations [350 to 380] He lived 323 to 389 and was Apologist. Later Byzantine writers referenced him.

Meghavarna king Sri Lanka 352 to 379 He sent embassy to Gupta court [360], which built religious monument for them.

Aelius Donatus [Donatus, Aelius] linguist Rome, Italy 353 to 354 Major Arts [353 to 354]; Minor Arts [353 to 354: about the eight speech parts] He taught St. Jerome.

Basil of Caesarea philosopher Caesarea, Cappadocia 360 to 379 Hexameron or On the Six Days of the Creation [360 to 379] He lived 330 to 379 and was Apologist. Later Byzantine writers referenced him.

Gregory of Nyassa philosopher Cappadocia 370 to 390 Life of St. Macrina [370 to 390]; Variety of Salvation [370 to 390]; On the Baptism of Christ [370 to 390]; Baptismal Renovation [370 to 390] He lived 335 to 395 and was Apologist. Later Byzantine writers referenced him.

Ambrose bishop/architect Milan, Italy 375 to 397 On the faith to Gratianum Augustum [375]; On ministerial offices [375 to 390]; On penance [375 to 390]; On the mysteries [375 to 390]; Saint Ambrose Basilica [380 to 397] He lived 340 to 397, was bishop of Milan [374 to 397], was a Doctor of the Church, and became a Roman Catholic saint. Church is independent of state.

Gildo prince North Africa 375 to 398 As Berber prince and general, he first helped Romans defeat his brother Firmus [375] but then rebelled against Roman emperor Honorius [386 to 398].

Chandragupta II or Vikramaditya or Chandragupta Vikramaditya king Ganges Valley, India 375 to 415 He was of Gupta dynasty. Gupta Empire covered north India.

Rab Ashi [Ashi, Rab] or Rav Ashi [Ashi, Rav] lawgiver Babylon 375 to 427 Gemara of Babylonian Talmud [375 to 427] He lived 352 to 427, led academy at Sura, and started compiling the Gemara of Babylonian Talmud.

Theodosius I or Theodosius the Great emperor Constantinople, Turkey 379 to 395 He lived 346 to 395. East Roman Empire negotiated peace with Visigoths. He invaded Italy and reunited East and West Roman Empires, for last time. People in west left cities for farms, army had mercenaries, and government raised taxes. He put down rebellion in Salonica. He ended Trinity doctrine of Arius, by force and by first Council of Constantinople, and forbade paganism.

Ammonius philosopher Alexandria, Egypt 380 to 410 On the Harmony of Moses and Jesus [380 to 410] He lived 347 to 419, refounded Alexandrian School, and was Proclus' student.

Kalidasa poet/playwright India 380 to 420 Meghaduta or Cloud Messenger [400: poem]; Sakuntala or Fatal Ring [400: play]; Abhiknana Shakuntala or Recollection of Shakuntala [400]; Ritu Samhara or Account of Seasons or Cycle of Seasons [400] He lived 353 to 420.

John Chrysostom [Chrysostom, John] philosopher Rome, Italy 381 to 403 Treatise on the Priesthood [381] He lived 347 to 407, was Patriarch of Constantinople [398 to 403], was Doctor of the Church and Greek Father, and was Apologist. Later Byzantine writers referenced him.

Jerome theologian Rome, Italy 382 to 405 Vulgate Bible or Latin Bible [382 to 405: It uses Western Canon books, similar to Septuagint]; Four Gospels [384: revised Latin version]; Roman Psalter [384: revised Latin version]; Job [384]; Epistles of St. Paul [385: revised Latin version]; Gallican Psalter [386 to 391]; Old Testament [390 to 405: from Hebrew to Latin]; New Testament [398: completed] He lived 340 to 420 and was a Doctor of the Church.

Hippo Regius monastery monastery Bona, Algeria 388 to 390 Monastery founded by Augustine was west of Carthage.

Tao Yuanming or T'ao Ch'ien or Tao Qian poet China 390 to 410 Peach Blossom Shangri-la or Peach Blossom Country or Peach Blossom Spring or Tao Hua Yuan Ji [390 to 410]; Returning to Live in the Country [390 to 410]; Moving House [390 to 410] He lived 365 to 427.

Simeon Stylites saint Egypt 390 to 459 He lived 390 to 459, was ascetic, and sat on a pillar.

Alaric I king Italy/Spain/Gaul 395 to 410 He lived 370 to 410 and conquered Italy, Spain, and south Gaul, as Visigoths fled from Huns to Roman lands.

Augustine priest Africa 396 to 427 Confessions [400: autobiography]; City of God [426: about Christian society and against any other culture's value]; Reconsiderations [427: sermons and letters]; On the Beautiful and the Fitting [400 to 427]; On Music [400 to 427]; Literal Meaning of Genesis [400 to 427] He lived 354 to 430, was Bishop of Hippo Regius (now Annaba, Algeria) [396 to 430], favored monasticism, and argued against pagans, Manichees, Pelagius, and Donatists. He was Neo-Platonist, from Plotinus' ideas, and Apologist. He united Patristic and Greek philosophy, using the psychological principle of internality. Epistemology People can infallibly know that they exist, because they can think rightly or wrongly. Sensations postulate perceivers. If people doubt perception content, it proves there is doubter. To be in error, people must exist. People cannot doubt existence of perception about which they have doubt {method of doubt, Augustine}. Therefore, people know that they have consciousness. Knowing, willing, remembering, living, motivation, thinking, and judging are actions included in doubting and so must exist, too. People can know their inner experiences: feelings, thoughts, and perceptions. Mental-state self-observation and analysis can lead to truth. People can doubt that perception contents are real, because they use criteria that they have in themselves: logical laws, standards of good and beautiful, and other truths not derivable from sensation. These criteria are the same for all people and are universally valid. The criteria exist, though they are not material. They are the Ideas of God, in whom they unite. Reason perceives these Ideas, so man has reason. People cannot know how Ideas unite in God and cannot know all Ideas. People cannot know if they are moving, are at certain place, or are single or multiple. Senses and reason can know matter and spirit, which unite in self-consciousness. Becoming conscious of sensation is an act of will, as is realizing an inner state. Will directs memory, imagination, and judgment or reasoning. To judge or reason, mind receives illumination or revelation from God, because cause must be more active than effect. Truth is gift of God by grace. Language reflects mind's workings. Time is subjective, because past is in memory and future is in expectation, which both are in the present. Ethics Faith is more important than good deeds. Because there is original sin, man should seek the grace of God and union with God. Will directs people to be good in general and worthy of grace. Will is free to choose, independently of understanding or knowledge. The only cause of will's choice is itself. Will determines its purposes. Will strives after happiness, and only beholding the truth of God satisfies it. People should lead strict lives to fight evil and help God. People should have faith that reward will be peace in eternity, when person's will suppresses into will of God. People are responsible for acts done by will. God has foreknowledge of acts but does not cause them or force choice. It is like God remembers them. Evil is spirit's wrong action, so even intending or desiring to sin is evil. Sin of Adam corrupted all human will, so people are guilty, because will turns toward evil. No one is capable of good on his or her own. This is people's punishment for original sin. Only by the grace of God can people be good or have redemption. No one is worthy and no one can complain. Good only comes from God. The will of God determines which people do good and which evil. Souls have predestination. Metaphysics God is highest Being, highest Truth, highest Beauty, and infinite personality. God is omniscient about Ideas. God is omnipotent, because God is all Being. God is completely good, because God is complete attainment of will. God is not in time. Categories used to describe finite nature cannot apply to God, who is indescribable. Reality has objects, souls, and God. Objects are in space and time. Souls are only in time. God is outside time and space. Universe depends on Ideas, life, and God's will. God makes all things, including time and space. World is matter and spirit. God makes only good things. Decay causes bad things. Mind God causes people to have understanding or enlightenment. Consciousness is unified personality or soul and has one basic activity, which is self-consciousness. Soul has three parts. People's ideas are memories of Ideas. Life is making judgments based on Ideas. Will is motive or force behind life and striving for happiness in God. Faith, which is assent by will, must precede knowledge, because will prepares self for illumination.

Fa-hien historian Qingzhou, Shandong, China 399 Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms [399 to 414] He was Chinese Buddhist historian who traveled through India and Ceylon [399 to 414].

Plutarch the Younger or Plutarch of Athens philosopher Athens, Greece 400 to 430 He lived 350 to 433, founded School of Athens [400 to 529], and was Neo-Platonist. Matter is principle equal to God.

Innocent I pope Rome, Italy 401 to 417 He lived ? to 417 and increased Holy-See power.

Theodosius II emperor/lawgiver Byzantium 408 to 450 Codex Theodosianus [429 to 438: Legal code based on Roman law systematized all imperial laws since time of Constantine, in 16 books] He lived 401 to 450, was emperor [408 to 450], was Arcadius's and Aelia Eudoxia's son, and built protective walls around Constantinople [412]. He issued Law of Citations [438]. Theodosius I lived 346 to 395 and was emperor [379 to 395].

Seng-chao philosopher Chang'an (Xian), China 410 to 414 Treatise on the Immutability of Essence or Things Do Not Alter [410]; Treatise on Non-substantiality [410]; Treatise on Incomprehensible Wisdom [410]; Treatise on the Inexpressible State of Nirvana [410]; Book of Chao [410: collected works] He lived 384 to 414, was Kuramajiva's student, and started and led Hua-yen School [410 to 414], a precursor. He was of Maadhyamikas School, School, San-lun tsung, or School of the Three Treatises. The schools used Nagarjuna's Madhyamika-sastra (Spiritual Texts on the Middle Way) and Dvadasadvara or Twelve Gates and Aryadeva's Sata-sastra or Treatise in One Hundred Verses. Another influence was Yogacara.

Pelagius philosopher/priest Constantinople, Turkey 410 to 418 On faith in the trinity [410: in three books]; Eclogues on Divine Scripture [410: one book]; Commentaries on the Letters of Saint Paul [410] He lived 354 to 420 and was Christian. People have free will and can choose salvation. Heaven is reward for virtue. Will is completely free. There is no original sin, and people can be perfect without God's grace {Pelagianism, Pelagius}. There is no grace of God. Alternatively, people can just freely will and believe {semi-Pelagianism}.

Cyril of Alexandria bishop Alexandria, Egypt 412 to 444 On Adoration in Spirit and in Truth [412 to 444]; Commentaries on Pentateuch [412 to 444] He lived ? to 444, was bishop of Alexandria [412 to 444], was a Doctor of the Church, and opposed Nestorius. Jesus united divine and human in one person {orthodox doctrine}.

Tao-sheng philosopher Chang'an (Xian), China 414 to 434 Comments on Nirvana-sutra [414 to 434] He lived 360 to 434, was Kuramajiva's student, and headed Hua-yen School after Seng-chao [414 to 434].

Rabina or Ravina or Ravina I lawgiver Babylonia 421 Gemara of Babylonian Talmud [421] He lived ? to 421 and helped compile the Gemara of the Babylonian Talmud.

Nestorius bishop Near East 428 to 451 He lived 386 to 451 and was Patriarch of Constantinople [428 to 431]. Jesus was two separate persons, one divine and one human {Nestorian controversy, Nestorius}. There was no Virgin Birth. Council of Ephesus [431] rejected this heresy and exiled him, so he started Nestorian churches.

Attila or Attila the Hun or Scourge of God king Hungary 433 to 453 He lived 406 to 453 and led Huns during conquests. Ostrogoths lost to Huns under Attila and went westward [433]. Huns got tribute from Byzantine Empire and from tribes in central and east Europe. After he died, Huns settled in Hungary and Austria.

St. Patrick missionary/bishop Britain/Ireland 433 to 457 Senchus Mor or Great Custom or Code of Patrick He lived 385 to 461. He brought Christianity to Ireland [433] and built many churches. He used the shamrock to explain the Doctrine of the Trinity. He set up commission to compile Irish law [441]. He converted Ireland to Christianity [457] and is Catholic patron saint of Ireland.

Leo I or Leo the Great pope Rome, Italy 440 to 461 He lived ? to 461 and increased Holy-See power.

Proclus philosopher Greece 440 to 470 Elements of Theology [440 to 470]; Platonic Theology [440 to 470]; Commentary on Euclid [440 to 470]; Hypothesis [440 to 470] He lived 410 to 485, was non-Christian Neoplatonist, and led revived Academy. Epistemology The idea of God is the simplest concept, because God is the most general premise. Metaphysics Nature is divisions of the idea of God into lower classes. Particular things retain idea of class but also differentiate from class, by methods of abiding, procession, and return {triad, class methods}. Particular tries to return to class, and actual world tries to reunite with God.

Aun king Uppsala, Sweden 450 to 480 He was buried at Old Uppsala in mounds. He is in Beowulf and Ynglinga Saga of Iceland.

Bidpai or Bidpay or Pilpai poet Persia 450 to 500 Pancha or Panchatantra or Pancatantra or Fables of Bidpai [450 to 500: Sanskrit animal fables, translated into Pahlavi in 550 and later by in 930] Bidpai means wise man or court scholar in Sanskrit.

Adils or Eadgils king Uppsala, Sweden 460 to 505 He lived 450 to 505, was Ottar Vendilkraka's son, and was buried at Old Uppsala in mounds. He is in Beowulf and Ynglinga Saga of Iceland.

Gundobad king Lyon, Burgundy 473 to 516 Roman law of Burgundians [501 to 515] He lived ? to 516, was king of Burgundy [473 to 516], was Patrician of Western Roman Empire [472 to 473], and issued short, unsystematic set of Roman laws [501 to 515].

Theodoric the Great king Ravenna, Italy 474 to 526 Edict of Theodoric [508: short and unsystematic book of Roman laws] He lived 454 to 526, was Ostrogoth king [474 to 526], and defeated Vandals under Odoacer several times in Italy [481] [484], starting Ostrogoth kingdom [493]. He believed in Arianism, which was contrary to Catholic orthodoxy, and had trouble with the pope.

Rabina or Ravina or Ravina II lawgiver Babylonia 475 Gemara of Babylonian Talmud [475] He lived ? to 499, led academy at Sura, and finished compiling the Gemara of the Babylonian Talmud.

Clovis I or Chlodowech or Chlodwig king Belgium/France/Germany 481 to 511 He lived 466 to 511, was Salian Frank king [465 to 511], and united Franks, founding Merovingian Dynasty and Frankish Kingdom [481]. Capital was at Lutetia (). Using stirrups for horses, he defeated Romans, Alemanni, Burgundians, and Visigoths and ruled down to Loire River. Franks became Christian. He married Catholic princess of Burgundy and became Christian later. At his death, his sons got parts of his lands.

Alaric II king Rome, Italy 484 to 507 Roman Law of Visigoths or Alaric's Breviary [506] He lived ? to 507 and issued short, unsystematic set of Roman laws [506]. Clovis defeated Alaric II at Battle of Campus Vogladenis [507].

Mazdak leader Persia 494 to 524 He lived ? to 524 or 528 and advocated class equality and sharing of all goods, including wives. His sect [494 to 524] was Gnostic.

Aryabhata or Aryabhatiya or Aryabhatta mathematician Kusumapura (Patna), Bihar, India 499 Works of Aryabhatta [499]; Principles of Aryabhatta [499: about astronomical calculations] He lived 476 to 550, used positional notation, found circle chord lengths, and calculated sine tables.

Arthur king England 500 The legendary king lived at Camelot and founded Knights of the Round Table.

Priscian or Priscianus Caesariensis linguist/teacher Constantinople 500 Foundations of Grammar [500: 18 books about Latin grammar] He was Greek and from Caesarea (Cherchell, Algeria).

Pseudo-Dionysius or Dionysius the Areopagite philosopher Athens, Greece 500 He was mystic.

Severus theologian Antioch, Turkey 500 Lover of Truth [509 to 511]; Against John Grammaticum [519]; Sermons of Severus at Antioch [512 to 518] He lived ? to 538, was Patriarch of Antioch [512 to 518], and was Monophysite.

Dignaga philosopher Kanchi, Tamil, India 500 to 530 Wheel of Reason [500 to 530]; Treatise on the Objects of Cognition or Compendium on Valid Perception [500 to 530]; Treatise on Systems of Cognition [500 to 530]; Treatise on the Correct Principles of Logic [500 to 530] He lived 480 to 540 and was of Mahayana-Buddhism Yogacara School. He replaced older logic {trairuupia} with implication {vyaapti}.

Boethius philosopher Rome, Italy 510 to 520 Consolation of Philosophy [510 to 520] He lived 480 to 526, served under King Theodoric, was Neo-Platonist, and stressed Stoic morality. He wrote textbooks on four subjects {quadrivium}: geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, and music. Events can be necessary or only conditionally necessary. God will punish vice. God is omnipotent and eternal. Eternity is simultaneous knowledge of all life.

Egil or Ongentheow king Uppsala, Sweden 515 to 530 He was Aun's son and was buried at Old Uppsala in mounds. He is in Beowulf and Ynglinga Saga of Iceland.

Bodhidharma or Daruma or Ta-mo monk India/China 520 to 527 By legend, was 28th in line of transmission from Buddha's disciple Kasyapa, founded Chan or Zen in China as mixture of Mahayana Buddhism and Taoism, and was first Patriarch of Zen. His story is in Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp [527]. Chan says that all people have Buddha nature, but thought and feeling obscure it.

John Philoponus [Philoponus, John] philosopher Alexandria, Egypt 520 to 550 New Definition of Prime Matter [520 to 550] He lived 490 to 570 and was Commentator on Aristotle. Motion requires force. World began finite time ago, because motion through infinite interval {traversal of the infinite} cannot finish.

Simplicius philosopher Rome, Italy 520 to 550 On the Heavens of Aristotle [520 to 550]; Commentary on Physics of Aristotle [520 to 550]; On the Animals of Aristotle [520 to 550] He lived 490 to 560 and was Commentator on Aristotle.

Kaleb king Aksum/Yemen 520 to 570 As king of Aksum or Axum [520 to 570], he conquered Yemen [525] in south Arabia and built churches.

Rabbana Jose lawgiver Babylonia 525 Gemara of Babylonian Talmud [525] He lived ? to 525 and finished compiling the Babylonian Talmud (Talmud Bavli).

Justinian I emperor/lawgiver Constantinople, Turkey 527 to 565 Code of Justinian [533: codified Roman law]; New Laws [534: statutes about administration and Church, with private- law principles]; Digest or Pandects [529 to 565: excerpts from commentaries on Sabinus, Perpetual Edict, and Responsa and Quaestiones of Papinian, in 50 books] He lived 482 to 565, was Illyrian, and was emperor of Byzantine Empire [527 to 565]. His generals Belisarius and Narses conquered Vandal Kingdom in Africa and Italy. Ravenna, Italy, became capital. They subdued Ostrogoths and took south part, up to Cordoba, of Visigothic Kingdom in Spain. He fought Khosru I of Sassanid Empire in east and controlled Egypt and Levant. Burgundian Kingdom was in south France. Frankish Kingdom was in north France. Celts were in Britain. Lombards were north of Greece. Slavs were north of Lombards. He codified Roman law. He closed the Academy. Emperor became spiritual leader of Orthodox Church, together with bishops. He supported Orthodox Christians. He called second Council of Constantinople to unify church. He built Hagia Sophia or St. Sophia Church in Constantinople. He persecuted Jews, Coptic Christians of Egypt, and Nestorian Christians in east Syria. Theodora was empress. She ended Nika riot over taxes and church doctrine. In art, Christ had a ring {nimbus, light ring} of light, like sun god, around his head. He fixed interest at 8% for business loans and 4% to 12% for other loans with average interest of 6% and set maximum interest equal to principal.

Hui-k'o philosopher China 527 to 580 He lived 487 to 593 and was second Patriarch of Zen Buddhism.

Benedict of Nursia monk Monte Cassino, Italy 529 to 530 Rule of St. Benedict [530: monasticism rules] He lived 480 to 547 and organized first monastic system, Benedictines, at monastery south of Rome. Monks had to work, study, and pray {Benedict's Rule}. He became Roman Catholic saint. Benedictine Order had copies in many places, and some had women.

Tribonianus lawyer Constantinople, Turkey 529 to 534 Body of Civil Law [534: edited Roman-law commentaries]; Institutes [534: Roman-law introduction based on Gaius' opinions, in four books]; Code of Justinian [534: imperial constitution and laws, in 12 books] He lived ? to 545 and headed commission of 17 professors of the two official Eastern law schools to edit the many Roman-law commentaries. He was Justinian's quaestor sacri palatii. After five years, with nine others under appointment from Justinian, he codified law [529 to 534], based on Roman law.

Stephanus/Dorotheus of Beyrouth/ of Beyrouth/Isidorus/Anthemius/Theodorus/Anatolius/Enantiophanes/Theophilus/Thalelaeus lawyer Constantinople, Turkey 534 to 550 They copied, translated, or commented on Code of Justinian, but emperor banned them from pointing out Roman-law contradictions.

Hatim Tai king Arabia 550 to 600 He was famous for generosity.

Columba monk Scotland 563 to 597 He lived 521 to 597, came from Ireland to Scotland, set up a Christian monastery on Iona island [563], and became a Roman Catholic saint.

Bhartrhari or Bhartruhari philosopher/linguist India 570 to 651 Teachings of Saints [600 to 700] He lived 570 to 651 and studied semantics.

Varahamihira or Varaha or Mihira mathematician Ujjain, Mahdya Pradesh, India 575 Five Astronomical Canons [575] He lived 505 to 587 and used positional notation.

Seng-t'san philosopher Mt. Huang Mei, China 580 to 606 Verses on the Faith Mind [gatha] He lived ? to 606 and was third Patriarch of Zen Buddhism [580 to 606].

Sui Wendi or Wen-di or Yang Jian emperor China 581 to 589 He united China and founded Sui Dynasty [581 to 604].

Gregory I or Gregory the Great pope Rome, Italy 590 to 604 He lived 540 to 604, encouraged monasticism, established clergy laws, developed Gregorian or plain song, and held off Lombards. He refused to recognize Patriarch of Constantinople and so split eastern from western Church.

Chosroes II or Khosrow II or Khosrow Parviz [Parviz, Khosrow] king Persia 590 to 628 Of Sassanid or Sassanian Dynasty, he was 's grandson and succeeded his father Hormizd or Hormoz [590], but Chubin forced him to flee to Byzantine Empire. Emperor Maurice of Byzantine Empire helped him regain throne, but got Armenia in return for his help. After Phocas murdered Maurice, Chosroes II took Armenia, Cappadocia, Syria, and Jerusalem [615]. He defeated White Huns. He took Egypt [616]. He next reached Constantinople [617]. Heraclius I of Byzantine Empire entered Assyria and Mesopotamia [627] and then his son murdered Chosroes II and became king as Kavadh II Shiruya.

Augustine missionary England 597 to 604 He lived ? to 604. King Ethelbert of Kent became Christian.

Barbad or Borbad composer/poet Persia 600 Kin-e or Vengeance of Iraj [600: epic song]; Takhte Ardeshir or Throne of Ardeshir [600: epic song]; Baq-e- Sahryar or Sovereign's Garden [600]; Haft Ganj or Seven Treasures [600]; Mah Abr Kuhan or Moon, Cloud, Mountains [600] He lived 586 to 636, during the Sassanid Empire, in Khosrow Perviz's court [590 to 628]. He created a musical system with seven khosravani modes. Bamshad was another Sassanid surud song composer.

Barbod or Baarbod musician Persia 600 Royal Khosravani or Royal Modes [600] He lived during the Sassanid Empire and created music with seven royal modes.

Nakisa or Nakissa musician Persia 600 Royal Khosravani or Royal Modes [600] He lived 549 to 623 during the Sassanid Empire and created music with seven royal modes. personal law law Germany 600 German tribe members were always under tribe's law {personal law}. If two people from different tribes disputed, they used laws of tribe of person with dominant interest.

Ramtin or Raamtin musician Persia 600 He lived 547 to 620 during the Sassanid Empire and created music with seven royal modes.

Masoretes scribe Jerusalem, Palestine/Tiberias, Palestine 600 to 1100 Masoretic Text [600 to 1100: arranged books based on notes by Hebrew scholars] Hebrew scholars and rabbis {Masoretes} {Masorets} in Tiberias compiled Hebrew-Bible critical notes. Karaite ben Asher family preserves Masoretic Text. Masoretes invented the current Hebrew vowel-notation system.

Harsha or Harshavardhana king India 606 to 647 He lived 590 to 647, defeated White Huns, and restored Hinduism.

Saicho or Dengyo Daishi monk China/Japan 608 From the rational T'ien-t'ai School in China, he went to Japan and founded [806] the School in Japan.

Mohammad religion founder Mecca, /Medina, Saudi Arabia 610 to 632 Koran [630]; Sayings He lived 570 to 632, was born in Mecca, was merchant-traveler, was epileptic, and founded Islam. He is also Mahomet, Mahmoud, Mehemet, or . He meditated in the mountains [610] and one day became inspired on Mount Hira. He had vision that the Angel instructed him to preach new faith centered on one true God, Allah. He proclaimed that there was one god and that he was the and last prophet. He taught that believers in Allah submitted to God {Muslim, Mohammad}. He had a vision of going to Mi'raj heaven on al-Borak, a winged animal. Tribal leaders opposed him. He fled to Medina [622] after losing battle in Mecca, flight called the Hegira. He gained rule in Medina but then suffered another defeat and escaped to cave. People did not find him in cave because he did not destroy spider's web. He conquered until he won Hejaz, region near Medina. He went to Mecca [630] and overthrew Caaba or Kaaba, the old sanctuary. He saved the black stone, called Hajaru'l-Aswad. Mecca became religious center. He later conquered Damascus. He died at Mecca [632] at his favorite wife Ayesha's house, after preaching from Mount Arafat.

Heraclius I emperor Constantinople, Turkey 610 to 641 He lived 575 to 641, led Byzantine Empire, was Armenian, defended Constantinople by defeating Avars on west [626], and took back Syria, Palestine, and Egypt from Persia [628].

Gisu Navagar [Navagar, Gisu] musician Persia 620 He lived 589 to 640.

Tai-tsung or Tai Tsung or Taitsung emperor China 627 to 649 He was of Tang Dynasty.

Brahmagupta mathematician Bhillamala (Bhinmal), , India 628 to 665 Opening of the Universe or Improved System of Brahma [628]; Time Sweetmeat [665]; zero; negative numbers He lived 598 to 668 and used decimal number system, negative numbers, and zero. He invented Brahmagupta's theorem.

Tao-hsin philosopher China 629 to 651 He lived 580 to 651 and was fourth Patriarch of Zen Buddhism.

Ayesha wife Saudi Arabia 630 She lived 642 to 699 and was Mohammad's favorite wife and Abu Bekr's daughter.

Fatima wife Saudi Arabia 630 She lived 615 to 632, was Mohammad's daughter, and married Ali.

Isidore of Seville linguist Seville, Spain 630 Etymologies or Origins [630] He lived 560 to 636 and translated.

Dharmakirti or Serlingpa philosopher Nalanda, Bihar, India 630 to 700 Commentary on Valid Perception [630: comments on Compendium on Valid Perception by Dignaga of 450] He was Dignaga's student and listed cognition types and how they relate to their objects.

Abu Bakr or Abu Bekr caliph Arabia 632 to 634 He lived 573 to 634, was uncle of Ali, was one of the first converts to Islam, became first caliph [632], and subjugated all Arabia to start Moslem Empire [634].

Omar or Umar caliph Arabia/Syria/Iraq/Egypt 634 to 644 Omar lived 581 to 644, was second caliph, set up administration, set up tax system, and started kadi office. Capital was Medina. He conquered Syria, Palestine, Middle East, Mesopotamia, and Persia [637] but not Byzantine Empire. He conquered Egypt [640 to 641]. He took north Africa [644]. He took [664].

Dagobert I king France 639 He lived 605 to 639, united Merovingian Frankish kingdoms, and controlled Bretons and Basques.

Othman or Uthman caliph Arabia/Syria/Iraq/Egypt 644 to 656 He lived 574 to 656 and was third caliph of Moslem Empire.

Martin I pope Rome, Italy 649 to 655 He lived ? to 655 and built church and papacy power.

Recceswinth king Toledo, Spain 649 to 672 Visigothic Code [654] He codified law, based on Alaric's code [654].

Wonhyo or Daisa Wonhyo of Shilla [Wonhyo of Shilla, Daisa] philosopher Gyeongsan, Korea 650 to 680 Exposition on the Diamond Scripture [650 to 680]; Commentary and Supplementary Notes on the Awakening of Faith in Mahayana [650 to 680]; Treatise on Ten Approaches to the Reconciliation of Doctrinal Controversy [650 to 680]; Arouse the Mind to Practice [650 to 680] He lived 617 to 686, in Sil Lah period, united Buddhist-sect teachings, and added Tao and Confucian ideas. He was one of the Ten Sages of the Ancient Korean Kingdom. He followed the way of the flow of the wind {poong-ryu-do}, using the idea of nothingness {mu, Buddhism} to eliminate dualities and achieve unity.

Hung-jan philosopher China 651 to 675 He lived 601 to 675 and was fifth Patriarch of Zen Buddhism. His student Faju [638 to 689] started Northern School.

Sun Ssu-miao alchemist Chang'an (Xian), China 652 Great Secrets of Alchemy or Thousand Golden Remedies [652] He lived 581 to 673.

Ali or Ali ibn Abi Talib caliph Medina, Saudi Arabia 656 to 661 He lived 598 to 661, was cousin and son-in-law of Mohammed, was Abu Bakr's nephew and Mohammad's cousin, was one of the first converts to Islam, and was fourth caliph. He married Fatima, Mohammad's daughter. In Sunni Islam, he was fourth and last Khulafa-i-Rashidun or Rightly Guided Caliphs. In Shi'a Islam, he was the first imam and true caliph. His sons did not become caliph.

Muawiya I or Mu'awiyya I caliph Arabia/Syria/Iraq/Egypt 661 to 683 He lived 600 to 683 and started Omayyed Dynasty of caliphs. He assassinated Ali [661] and deposed Hassan and Hussein, sons of Ali. He then united most of Islam using diplomacy. He moved capital from Medina to Damascus. After he died, his son Muawiya II was caliph several months [683 to 684].

Caedmon poet England 670 Hymn [poem] He lived ? to 680 and wrote hymns.

Callinicus of Heliopolis or Kallinikos inventor/architect Syria/Constantinople, Byzantium 673 Greek fire [673] Byzantine army used flammable liquid {Greek fire}, first in battle of Cyzicus [673] during reign of Constantine Pogonatus [648 to 685].

Hui-neng or Hui Neng or Eno philosopher Mt. Huang Mei, China 675 to 713 Platform Sutra or Sutra Spoken by the Sixth Patriarch on the High Seat of the Treasure of the Law [675 to 713] He lived 637 to 713 and was sixth and last Patriarch of Zen Buddhism [675 to 713].

O No Yasumaro [Yasumaro, O No] writer Japan 680 to 712 Records of Ancient Matters [680: Shinto beliefs and customs] Emperor Temmu commissioned it.

Abdul-Malik caliph Arabia/Syria/Iraq/Egypt 684 to 705 He lived 646 to 705, was fifth Omayyed caliph, was Sunni, and united Islam.

Empress Iwa no Hime/Princess Oku/Empress Jitoh/Princess Nukada/Yosami/Lady Ohtomo no Sakanoe no Iratsume/Lady Kii/Kasa no Iratsume writer Japan 687 to 759 Collection of 10,000 Leaves [687 to 759: Shinto beliefs, rituals, and customs] Shinto is Way of the Spirits {Kami-no-michi}.

Yung-chia Hsuan-chueh or Yung-chia Hsuan-chio or Yung Chia Hsuan Chueh or Yongia Xuanjue or Hsuan- chueh Hsing-ssu philosopher Mt. Huang Mei, China 690 to 710 Song of Enlightenment [690 to 710] He lived 655 to 713 and was Hui-neng's disciple. Zen-Buddhism Soto School depends on his teachings.

Ch'ing-yuan philosopher China 690 to 720 He lived 660 to 740, was Hui-neng's disciple, and taught Shih-t'ou Hsi-ch'ien.

Shen-hui philosopher China 700 to 730 He lived 670 to 762, was Hui-neng's disciple, started Southern School, and opposed Northern-School creation.

Laksminkara princess India/Ceylon 700 to 750 She was Tantric Buddhist. In Nepalese Buddhism, one can gain transcendence through erotic behavior {mahasukha}.

Wasil of Ata theologian Basra, Iraq 700 to 750 He lived ? to 748 and founded Mu'tazila school. Second leader was Amr of Ubayd [? to 761]. Baghdad schools opposed it.

Bharuci philosopher India 700 to 800 Comments on Manava-dharma-shastra [700 to 800]; Comments on Vishnu-dharma-shastra [700 to 800] He wrote about Upanishads.

Gaudapada philosopher Kerala, India 700 to 800 Commentary on the Mandukya Upanishad [700 to 800] He first expounded Advaita Vedanta and was Govinda's teacher. Govinda taught Sankara.

Govinda Bhagavatpada philosopher India 700 to 800 He was Gaudapada's pupil and studied Vedanta.

Mandana Misra or Suresvaracharya philosopher/linguist Mithila, Nepal 700 to 800 Treatise on Brahma [700 to 800: about Advaita]

Prabhakara Misra philosopher India 700 to 900 He founded the later Prabhakara School of Mimamsa and taught Salikanatha, who wrote Prakaranapancika. The first Mimansa school was the Kumarila School.

Aurillac philosophic school Aurillac, France 700 to 1100 School included Gerhart of Aurillac.

Arabian Philosophy philosophic school Near East/Spain 700 to 1300 School included , Mutakallimoun [-700 to -800], Mutazilites (Wazil), Averroës (Ibn Rashd), al-Kindi, Askari, al-Farabi, al-Gazel, , al-Ash'ari, Abubacer, of Dinant, Amalrich of Bena, Joachim of Fiore (Joachim Floris), Athir al-Din Abhari, and Dabiran Qazvini. Epistemology Material-world knowledge is individual. Ethics God knows everything but does not cause or force human behavior. Metaphysics God is the only substance. Things are in God. Individuals are part of the whole and can passively receive universals, truth, and reason from God. All matter thus unifies. Matter holds its Form inside itself. Matter has eternal motion, without outside force.

Nanyue Huaizhang or Nan-yueh Huai-jang or Nan-Yueh Huai-jang [Huai-jang, Nan-Yueh] or Nan Yueh Huai Jang philosopher China 710 to 730 He lived 677 to 744, was Hui-neng's disciple, and started . Zen-Buddhism depends on his teachings.

Charles Martel [Martel, Charles] king France 714 to 741 He lived 688 to 741, was Frankish king [714 to 741] from Austrasia east of Rhine River, united former Merovingian kingdoms of Franks, won Battle of Tours [733], and founded Carolingian line. He helped Boniface convert Germany to Christianity. He was grandfather of Charlemagne.

Leo III or Leo the Isaurian emperor Anatolia 717 to 741 He was from Anatolia, allied Byzantine Empire with Khazars in south , and controlled Anatolia.

Toneri or Prince Toneri/O No Yasumaro [Yasumaro, O No] writer Heijo-kyo (Nara), Japan 720 Nihonshoki or Nihongi or Chronicles of Japan [720: Japan history] Earlier history book Kojiki, Furukotofumi, or Records of Ancient Matters [680] is in Chinese.

Kumarila or Kumarilla-bhatta philosopher Prayag, Uttar Pradesh, India 720 to 740 Comments on Jaimini's Mimamsa-sutras or Profound-Thought Sutras [720 to 740] He lived 686 to 745, studied Mimamsa, and wrote about realism.

Wang-wei or Poet Buddha painter/poet China 720 to 750 landscape paintings [720 to 750] Zen Buddhist lived 698 to 759, in T'ang Dynasty. He affected later Southern school of Chinese landscape art.

Abd-al-Rahman I ruler Spain 721 to 732 He was governor of Spain [721 to 732], fought Battle of Toulouse [721], and invaded France again, but lost at Tours (Poitiers) to Charles Martel of Franks [732].

Bede theologian/historian Jarrow, England 730 Ecclesiastical History of England [730] He lived 673 to 735 and was historian and theologian.

John Damascenes [Damascenes, John] philosopher Greece 730 Fount of Knowing [730] He lived 700 to 751 and founded Damascene School.

Leo the Isaurian or Leo the Syrian king Rome, Italy 730 Ecloga or Selections [730] He lived 685 to 741 and issued short unsystematic law set in Greek [730] and new decrees in maritime law and feudalism.

Li Bai or Li Bo or or Li Taibai poet China 730 to 750 Night Thoughts or Thoughts on a Still Night [730 to 750: romantic]; Hearing a Flute on a Spring Night in Luoyang [730 to 750]; Seeing a Friend Off [730 to 750]; Staying the Night at a Mountain Temple [730 to 750] He lived 701 to 762 and was Taoist.

Wu Tao-tzu or Wu Daozi [Daozi, Wu] painter China 730 to 750 mural [730 to 750: commissioned by Emperor Xuanzong] Zen Buddhist lived 700 to 760, in T'ang Dynasty.

Shih-t'ou or Sekito Kisen [Kisen, Sekito] philosopher Hengshan (Nanyue), China 730 to 760 Song of the Grass Roof Hermitage [730 to 760] He lived 700 to 790 and was Hsuan-chueh Hsing-ssu's disciple.

Du Fu or Tu Fu poet China 740 to 760 Seeing Li Bai in a Dream [740 to 760: realistic] He lived 712 to 770.

Constantine V emperor Constantinople, Turkey 741 to 775 He lived 718 to 775. Byzantine Empire controlled Balkans.

Padma Sambhava writer/missionary India/Tibet 750 to 760 Tibetan Book of the Dead or Thodol or Bardo Thotrol [1300 to 1400] He lived 717 to 762 and was Tantric Buddhist missionary.

Ma-tsu or Baso or Ma Jo philosopher China 750 to 780 He lived 709 to 788 and was Nan-yueh Huai-jang's disciple.

Pai-chang or Po-chang philosopher China 750 to 780 He lived 720 to 814, was Chao-chou's disciple, and founded first Zen community. Chao-chou was previous Zen- Buddhist leader.

Pepin the Short king France 751 to 768 He lived 714 to 768 and started Carolingian Dynasty of Franks when he became Frank king by election [751]. He deposed last Merovingian king, defended Rome from Lombards twice, and gave his acquisitions in Italy, including Ravenna, to the pope, creating Papal States [756]. The pope gave him the title Patrician of Rome. He then fought Saxons, who were pagan, and drove Moorish Kingdom behind Pyrenees. He was father of Charlemagne.

Abdu-r-Rahman I or Abdurrahman I or Abdur Rahman I emir Spain 756 to 788 He lived ? to 788, went to Spain after escaping from Abu Muslem, and became emir of Cordoba. North Spain also contained Kingdoms of Leon, Castile, Navarre, Aragon, and Barcelona.

Cynewulf king/poet Northumbria, England/Mercia, England 757 to 786 Christ II [760 to 780: religious poem]; Elene [760 to 780: religious poem]; Fates of the Apostles [760 to 780: religious poem]; Juliana [760 to 780: religious poem] He was king of West Saxons or Wessex [757 to 786]. He wrote in Old English. al- caliph Baghdad, Iraq 762 to 775 He lived 716 to 775 and was second Abbasid caliph of Moslem Empire. Abbasid family was at al-Humaymah.

Abu Hanifeh Ne'man Ben Sabbet [Hanifeh Ne'man Ben Sabbet, Abu] or al-A'zam Abu Hanifah [Hanifah, al- A'zam Abu] or Abu Hanifa [Hanifa, Abu] or Great Imam lawyer Persia 767 Greater Understanding [767: Islamic law] He started Islamic law study.

Barmakids or Barmecides vizier Baghdad, Iraq 771 to 806 From Persia, they were viziers for Harun-al-Rashid until murdered.

Charlemagne king France/Germany 771 to 813 He lived 742 to 813. Of Carolingian Dynasty of Franks, he united Franks again [771]. He defeated Spanish Moors and set up Spanish March, from along Pyrenees down to Ebro River and Catalonia. He took Austria [788], defeated Saxons, converted them, and restored Leo III to Holy See after defeating Lombards. He got Carinthia and Bohemia from Avars, Wends, and Slavs. He set up the Dane Mark or Dane March at Elbe River in north Germany to stop Danes. He became emperor of Western Empire of Rome [800], when Pope Leo III, who had regained Rome by Charlemagne's conquests, crowned him. Western Empire of Rome had France, Germany, and Italy. Capital was at Aachen. Charlemagne presided at synods and ruled the bishops. Alcuin of York was his teacher, founded palace school at Aachen, ran library, and taught at Tours. Einhard wrote life of Charlemagne. It used Carolingian alphabet to copy Bibles and books. Charlemagne set weights and measures to one silver pound equal to 240 pennies {denarii}. Charlemagne and Catholic Church developed new warfare rules. He established royal court {aula regis}, which was superior to popular courts. He also issued decrees {capitulary} on the poor, general welfare, and education, with his council's consent. He sent envoys {missi, envoy} to all empire parts to force law obeyance and inspect. He contacted Byzantine and Islamic Empires. Art was for religious purposes, not just personal glory.

Offa king England/Wales 778 to 797 He was king of Mercia in central England, fought south Wales [778], and built dike [784] between England and Wales.

Nan-chuan or philosopher China 780 to 800 He lived 748 to 834 and was Ma-tsu's disciple.

Abu Navass [Navass, Abu] or Abu Nawas [Nawas, Abu] or Father of Curls poet Persia 780 to 800 or Collected Poems [780 to 800]; What Has Become of Your Youth [780 to 800]; Love in Bloom [780 to 800]; Boy Is Worth More Than a Girl [780 to 800] He lived 756 to 815 and wrote drinking songs {khamriyyat, Navass} and funny love lyrics {mudhakkarat, Navass} {mujuniyyat, Navass}.

Godescalc painter Aachen, Germany 783 Gospel Book of Charlemagne or Godescalc Evangelistary or Godescalc Gospel Lectionary [783: Medieval illuminated book] Charlemagne commissioned it after he marched to meet Pope Adrian I.

Harun al-Rashid or Haroun al-Raschid caliph Baghdad, Iraq 786 to 809 He lived 764 to 809 and was fifth Abbasid caliph of Moslem Empire. He was in the Arabian Nights. Barmacides, from Persia, were his viziers. After he died, his son al-Amin became caliph [809 to 813].

Idris ibn Abdallah or Moulay Idris ruler Morocco 788 to 793 He lived ? to 793, was Arab chief, took Morocco, and started [789 to 926]. He preceded Idris II [809], who lived 793 to 828.

Sibuyeh or Sibawayh linguist Shiraz, Persia 790 Doctrine [790: grammar] He lived 760 to 793.

Irene of Athens empress Byzantium 797 to 802 She lived 752 to 803.

Geber or Jabir ibn Haiyan [Haiyan, Jabir ibn] or Jabir ibn Hayyan [Hayyan, Jabir ibn] alchemist Iraq 800 He lived ? to 803.

Bo Juyi [Juyi, Bo] or Bai Juyi [Juyi, Bai] or Po Chu-i poet China 800 to 820 Song of Everlasting Sorrow or Song of Eternal Regret [800 to 820: about Yang Guifei or Yang Yuhuan, one of the Four Beauties and consort of Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty]; Song of the Pipa Player [800 to 820] He lived 772 to 846. Pipa is Chinese lute. The army killed Yang Guifei and her cousin Yang Guozhong, because it thought Yangs caused the Rebellion of Anshi. The Four Beauties are Xi Shi [-700 to -600] of Spring and Autumn Period, Wang Zhaojun [-100 to 1] of Western Han Dynasty, Diao Chan [200 to 300] of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and Yang Guifei [719 to 756] of Tang Dynasty.

Zhang Ji poet China 800 to 820 Night Mooring near Maple Bridge or Mooring by Fengqiao at Night or Overnight Stay at Feng Qiao [800 to 820] He lived 766 to 830.

Han Yu philosopher/poet Chang'an (Xian), China 800 to 824 Laments [poems] He lived 768 to 824, was neo-Confucian, followed Mencius, and was against Buddhism. He wrote in old style prose {gu wen}, as did Meng Jiao [751 to 814].

Kukai or Kobo Daishi [Daishi, Kobo] philosopher Japan 800 to 830 He lived 774 to 835 and introduced Tantric Buddhism to Japan as Shingon or True Word School. All people can attain enlightenment, by meditation, mantras {shingon}, and hand movements. Enlightenment requires ten stages. The final stage is identity with the Buddha {Mahavairocana}. He was a calligrapher. Perhaps, he invented Japan's hiragana script.

Li Ao philosopher Chang'an (Xian), China 800 to 840 Record of Coming to the South [800 to 840]; Master Li Ao [800 to 840] He lived 772 to 841, followed Mencius, and was against Buddhism.

Hung-po or Huang-po philosopher China 800 to 850 Chun Chou Record [800 to 850] He lived ? to 850 and was Pai-chang's disciple.

Padmasambhava or Padmakara or Padma Raja philosopher Tibet 800 to 900 He brought Mahayana Buddhism to Tibet, and there he is second Buddha.

Egbert or Ecgbehrt or Ecgbert king England 802 to 839 He lived 770 to 839, was king of Wessex [802 to 839], defeated Mercia at Battle of Ellendun [825], and united England.

Jayavarma II king Cambodia 802 to 850 He lived 792 to 850 and declared independence of Java [802], founding Khmer Empire.

Sankara or Shankara or Iamkara or Jagadguru Sankaracharya [Sankaracharya, Jagadguru] or Jagat Guru Adi Sankaracharya [Sankaracharya, Jagat Guru Adi] philosopher Kerala, India 810 to 820 Crown Jewel of Discrimination [810 to 820]; Spiritual Theosophical Dictionary [810 to 820]; Thousand Teachings [810 to 820]; Commentaries on the Brahma Sutras, Bhagavadgita, and Upanishads [810 to 820] He lived 788 to 820, was Govinda's pupil, and founded Advaita Vedanta or Non-dualist School. He founded the Dashanamis, who renounce world to meditate. A phrase {That art Thou} is in Vedas and means that individuals are part of consciousness. Selves and the Self are one, with no God. World, language, and sense qualities that people experience are real but are illusory and produce ignorance. People must suppress desires to gain real knowledge. Only the Brahman is ultimate reality.

Chao-chou or Joshu philosopher Gu_ny_nyuàn Temple, China 810 to 840 Chao-Chou's Dog or Joshu's Dog [810 to 840] He lived 778 to 897 and was Nan-chuan's disciple.

Mamun or al-Mamun or al-Ma'mun caliph Baghdad, Iraq 813 to 833 He lived 786 to 833, was Harun-al-Rashid's son, and was Abbasid caliph of Moslem Empire, succeeding his brother al- Amin [813]. He established Bayt al-Hikmah (House of Wisdom) library and academy. Baghdad had 500,000 people. Empire was at height of art and science. Decimal system came from India.

Louis I or Louis the Pious emperor France 814 to 840 He lived 778 to 840, was Charlemagne's son, and was Frank. He negotiated at Lugenfeld (Field of Lies) [833] and faced incursions by Norse. His sons were Lothair I, Charles II the Bald, and Louis the German, who rebelled often.

Louis the German king Germany 817 to 876 He lived 804 to 876, was Louis I the Pious' son, got Germany [817], and was East Frank king [817 to 876].

Atur-Farnbag or Adur-Farnbag or Farnbag philosopher Persia 820 Letters [820: written in Pahlavi]; Dinkart or Denkart or Acts [820: Zand-Avesta part] He was Farukhzat's son.

Vacaspati Misra philosopher Mithila, Nepal 820 to 841 Analysis of Worship [820 to 840]; Analysis of Grammar or Analysis of Lotus Flowers [820 to 840] He lived ? to 841, wrote commentaries on the six Hindu systems, and established Nyasa.

Mohammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi [al-Khwarizmi, Mohammad ibn Musa] or Algorizm or Muhammad Bin Musa al-Khwarizmi [al-Khwarizmi, Muhammad Bin Musa] mathematician Baghdad, Iraq 825 Arithmetic [825]; Algebra [839]; world map [830] He lived 770 to 840, used Hindu numbers and fractions, and studied algebra. Adelard of Bath and Gerard of [1100 to 1150] translated his works and so transferred Indian and Islamic philosophy to Europe.

Du Mu poet China 830 to 850 Poems for Parting [830 to 850] He lived 803 to 852.

Abu Tammam Habib ibn Aus [Tammam Habib ibn Aus, Abu] poet Arabia 840 Hamasa or Valor [840: ancient-verse anthology] He lived 805 to 845.

Li Shangyin poet China 840 to 850 Han Monument [840 to 850]; Cicada [840 to 850]; Wind and Rain [840 to 850]; Falling Petals [840 to 850]; Thoughts in the Cold [840 to 850] He lived 813 to 858 and wrote in five-character regular verse.

Lothair I or Lothar I king Lotharingia, Germany/Italy 840 to 855 He lived 795 to 855, was Louis I the Pious' son, and got Lotharingia and Italy [817 to 855], and led Holy Roman Empire [840 to 855].

Yaaqub ibn Ishaq al-Kindi [al-Kindi, Yaaqub ibn Ishaq] philosopher Iraq 840 to 860 On First Philosophy [840 to 860] He lived 803 to 873, was first Arabic philosopher at the Academy, was neo-Platonist, and used logic to prove religious truths. Universe is whole knowledge system {architectonic}. All humanity has one active intellect.

Gottschalk of Orbais or Godescalc or Gottescalc or Godescalchus philosopher Germany/Orbais, Marne, France 840 to 860 On the threefold godhead or On the trinity [840 to 860]; On predestination [840 to 860]; On 'IN' proposition explanations [840 to 860] He lived 803 to 867. There is predestination.

Hincmar bishop Rheims, France 840 to 870 On City Law [840 to 870]; Divorce of Lothair [840 to 870]; Annals [861 to 882] He lived 806 to 882 and was archbishop of Reims [845 to 882]. There is no predestination.

Charles the Bald or Charles II king France 843 to 877 He lived 823 to 877, was Louis I the Pious' son, got south and west France [843 to 877], held Council of Pistes [864], and led Holy Roman Empire [875 to 877]. al-Mutawakkil caliph Samarra, Iraq 847 to 861 Great Mosque of Samarra [847 to 852: Open rectangle plan has spiral minaret and columns to support wooden roof] He lived 821 to 861, was Abbasid ruler [847 to 861], and built many palaces. Samarra is north of Baghdad on Tigris River.

Mahavira or Mahaviracharya mathematician India 850 Ganita Sara Sangraha or Compendium of the Essence of Mathematics [850] He lived 800 to 870 and used zero, positional notation, decimal system, and negative, irrational, and rational numbers.

Lin-chi Yi-Sen or Lin-chi I-hsuan or Rinzai or Rinzai Gigen [Gigen, Rinzai] philosopher China 850 to 867 He lived 830 to 867, was Hung-po's disciple, and led to Rinzai School. He started the shout "Ho" or "Kwatz". al- poet Arabia 850 to 880 Hamasa or Valor [850 to 880: ancient-verse anthology] He lived 820 to 897.

Boris I king Bulgaria 852 to 889 He lived ? to 907 and was khan [852 to 889]. Bulgaria became Christian [865].

Nicholas I pope Italy 858 to 867 He lived 820 to 867 and increased papal authority. Roman aristocrats controlled papacy.

John Scotus Erigena [Scotus Erigena, John] or John Scotus Eriugena [Scotus Eriugena, John] philosopher Dublin, Ireland/France 858 to 870 Translation of Pseudo-Dionysius [858]; On the Division of Nature [865 to 870] He lived 810 to 877 and was neo-Platonist. Epistemology Reason and faith are both sources of truth. Ethics Sin is to think something is good or right if it is not. Metaphysics Universals are essential reality and produce and have within themselves all particular objects. Reality has four parts: uncreated and creating, created and creating, created and not creating, and uncreated and not creating. Material world is lowest reality, created but not creating. Higher concepts are higher forms of reality. The only universal concept is God, who has no particular qualities, eternally produces all things, and has them within itself. God is the purpose of all things. Logos unites all things to God. There is no predestination.

Seiwa emperor Japan 858 to 876 He became Japanese emperor at age nine or ten. He removed his opponents [866] and became regent {sessho}.

Ibn Khurdadbih [Khurdadbih, Ibn] or Ibn Khurradadhbih [Khurradadhbih, Ibn] or Postmaster of Baghdad geographer Baghdad, Iraq 860 Book of Roads and Kingdoms [860]; Listening Etiquette [860]; Book of Entertainment and Music [860] He lived 820 to 893 and studied under the musician Ishaq al-Mawsili or Isaac of Mosul [767 to 850].

Ali ibn Rabn Tabari [Tabari, Ali ibn Rabn] or Ali Bin Rabn Tabari [Tabari, Ali Bin Rabn] physician Persia/Baghdad, Iraq 860 Paradise of Wisdom [860: about Indian and Greek medicine] He lived 838 to 923.

Rurik leader Russia 860 to 879 He lived 830 to 879. Swedish Viking traders under Rurik built settlements at Novgorod and Kiev [860 to 879]. He attacked Byzantine Empire [860] in Rus'-Byzantine War. He started Rurik Dynasty that ruled Russia [862 to 1054].

Methodius leader Czech Republic/Slovakia 863 He lived 815 to 885. Czechs and Slovaks became Orthodox.

Cyril priest/linguist Czech Republic/Slovakia 863 to 869 He lived 826 to 869 and invented Cyrillic alphabet with Methodius. Czechs and Slovaks became Orthodox.

Harold I or Harold Luva king Norway 866 to 874 He was Viking in southeast Norway and became first king of Norway at Hafrs Fjord [872], uniting small kingdoms and causing some losers to go to Iceland and other losers, under Rollo, to go to Normandy.

Alfred the Great king England 866 to 899 Doom Book or Code of Alfred or Legal Code of Aelfred the Great [890]; Anglo-Saxon Chronicle [890] He lived 849 to 899 and was West Saxon king [866 to 889]. He defeated Danes [871], captured London, and limited Danes to the Danelaw: East Anglia, Midlands, York, Lincoln, Nottingham, Derby, Leicester, and Stamford. Northumbria in Scotland, Wales in west Britain, Mercia in middle-south Britain, and Wessex in southwest England were free. He recaptured some of the Danelaw from Danes [886], becoming king of all England. He codified laws, emphasized Christianity, and started navy, schools, and writing. He set up fortified sites {burgh} and shires. He commissioned Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, history of England.

Basil I emperor Constantinople, Turkey 867 to 886 He lived 826 or 835 to 886 and started Macedonian Dynasty [867 to 1056]. Byzantine Empire fought Bulgars. He repaired finances and codified law.

Basilius Macedo or Basilius the Macedonian or Basilius I emperor Constantinople 867 to 886 Imperial Law [888] He lived ? to 886, was Byzantine emperor [867 to 886], started Macedonian dynasty [867 to 1081], and issued law condensations [888] and new decrees in maritime law and feudalism.

Ahmad ibn Tulun prince Egypt 868 to 884 He lived 835 to 884, was Egyptian noble from Turkey, rebelled from , and started Tulunid dynasty [868 to 905] in Egypt.

Thabit or Tabit ibn Qorra or al-Sabi Thabit ibn Qurra al-Harrani [Thabit ibn Qurra al-Harrani, al-Sabi] mathematician Baghdad, Iraq 870 Conics [870] He lived 836 to 901.

Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari [al-Tabari, Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir] or Umar Ben Alfarkhan Altabary [Altabary, Umar Ben Alfarkhan] or Almuhib Altabary [Altabary, Almuhib] philosopher/historian/theologian Persia 870 to 900 Comments on Ptolemy He lived 838 to 923.

Oleg leader Russia 879 to 913 He lived 850 to 913, followed Rurik, and united Viking Russian settlements by capturing Kiev [882].

Manuskihar or Manuschihar or Manushchihar writer Sirkan, Persia 881 Epistles [881] Sirkan is in Baluchestan in southeast Iran.

Leo the Wise king Constantinople 886 to 912 Imperial Law [888] He lived 862 to 912, was Basilius' son, and restated Roman law in 60 books, abridging all previous work and eliminating obsolete law.

Simeon I king Bulgaria 888 to 927 He lived 864 to 927, was king of Bulgaria [888 to 927], took Serbia [925], and was first tsar of Bulgarian Empire [925 to 927].

Edward the Elder king Wessex, England 899 to 925 Edward recaptured all the Danelaw from Danes.

Gorm the Old king 899 to 936 He lived 855 to 936 and regained independence from Sweden [899]. Jelling was capital. He was father of Harold I. al-Battani or al-Batin or Albategnius or Albategni or Albatenius mathematician Baghdad, Iraq 900 Book of Astronomical Tables [900: about astronomical calculations] He lived 868 to 929 and found ecliptic angle and solar-year length.

Hallaj or Husayn ibn Mansur al-Hallaj [al-Hallaj, Husayn ibn Mansur] or Mansoor al-Hallaj [al-Hallaj, Mansoor] poet Persia 900 Diwan al-Hallaj or Collected Poems [900] He lived 858 to 922.

Isaac Ben Solomon Israeli [Israeli, Isaac Ben Solomon] or Isaac Israeli [Israeli, Isaac] or Isaac the Elder or Abu Ya-'qub Ishaq Ibn Sulayman al-Isra'ili [al-Isra'ili, Abu Ya-'qub Ishaq Ibn Sulayman] poet Spain 900 Book of Elements [900]; Book of Five Substances [900] He lived 865 to 955.

Mohammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi [al-Razi, Mohammad ibn Zakariya] or Rhazes or Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi [al-Razi, Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya] or Ibn Zakaria [Zakaria, Ibn] or Zakariya philosopher/physician/alchemist Baghdad, Iraq/Rey (Tehran), Persia 900 to 920 Philosophical Way of Life [900 to 920]; Encyclopedic Book of Medicine [900 to 920]; Secrets [900]; Secret of Secrets [900] He lived 864 to 930, classified chemicals, distilled alcohol, and synthesized sulfuric acid.

Abu Nassr Farabi [Farabi, Abu Nassr] or al-Farabi philosopher Turkey/Baghdad, Iraq 900 to 930 Utterances Used in Logic [900 to 930]; Book of Letters [900 to 930]; Attainment of Happiness [900 to 930]; Political Regime [900 to 930]; Ideas of the Inhabitants of the Virtuous City [900 to 930]; On the Perfect State [900 to 930]; Commentary and Short Treatise on Aristotle's De Interpretatione [900 to 930] He lived 872 to 950, was neo-Platonist, and was Second Teacher. He wrote about prophecy and knowledge and analyzed language with new linguistics. He wrote about politics as metaphysics, which Shi'a politicians used in sixteenth century. Metaphysics In Islamic philosophy, God is the only ultimate reality and unity. Only such knowledge is necessary. God's omniscience of facts does not necessitate determinism, because facts are not necessary. Determinism is not about existence but about essence.

Ibn Muqla [Muqla, Ibn] calligrapher Middle East 900 to 940 Naskh script [900 to 940: first systematic cursive Arabic calligraphy style] He lived ? to 940 and perfected Naskh.

Ibn al-Faqih [al-Faqih, Ibn] or Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadhani [al-Faqih al-Hamadhani, Ibn] geographer Baghdad, Iraq 902 to 903 City of Peace or Baghdad [902]; Summary of Regions [903: geography summary] Hamadan is in west Iran and is where Mede capital Ecbatana was.

Wenceslaus king/duke Bohemia 907 to 929 He was Duke of Bohemia [907 to 929], promoted Christianity, and negotiated peace with Henry I of Saxony [929]. He is Roman Catholic patron saint of Bohemia.

Ubaydullah leader Tunisia/Africa 909 to 934 He founded Fatimid dynasty in Tunisia [909]. He conquered from Morocco to edge of Egypt [914].

Kino Tsurayuki [Tsurayuki, Kino] poet Japan 910 to 935 Preface to Kokinwakashû [910 to 935: introduces his ancient and modern verse collection and describes Japanese poetics]; Tosa nikki or Tosa Diary [935] Zen Buddhist lived 872 to 945 and wrote tanka.

Conrad of Franconia or Conrad I king Franconia, Germany 911 to 918 He lived 890 to 918 and was Duke of Franconia [906 to 918]. East Franks chose him leader against Magyars [911].

Charles III or Charles the Simple king France 911 to 922 He lived 879 to 929, was king [893 to 922], and gave Norsemen Duchy of Normandy [911] to keep peace and to become Christians.

Rollo or Rolf or Rolph the Ganger duke Normandy 911 to 932 He lived 860 to 932. Charles III of France gave Viking Rollo Duchy of Normandy [911 to 932] to keep peace and become Christians.

Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari [al-Ash'ari, Abu al-Hasan] philosopher Baghdad, Iraq 912 Treatise on Principles of Religion [912] He lived 873 to 935, was of Arabian Philosophy, founded Ash'ari school of Sunni Islam, and was against rationalism.

Abd-al-Rahman III caliph Cordoba, Spain 912 to 961 He lived 891 to 961, was Omayyad, started Cordova Caliphate, and supported arts and industry. Artisans invented paper.

Tabari or Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari [al-Tabari, Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Jarir] historian Persia/Baghdad, Iraq 914 Annals of Apostles and Kings [914] He lived 839 to 923.

Henry I or Henry the king Saxony 919 to 936 He lived 876 to 936, was father of Otto I, and was first Saxon king [919]. He defeated Wends, took Lotharingia, and defeated Magyars. Denmark became vassals.

Saadiah Gaon [Gaon, Saadiah] philosopher Sura, Babylonia/Baghdad, Iraq 920 Book of Critically Chosen Beliefs and Convictions or The Book of Beliefs and Opinions [920]; Book of Theodicy [920] He lived 882 to 942, led Talmudic Academy, was systematic, and studied language. God knows all but does not force or cause people's actions.

Ahmad ibn Fadlan [Fadlan, Ahmad ibn] or Ahmad ibn al-'Abbas ibn Rashid ibn Hammad ibn Fadlan geographer Baghdad, Iraq 922 Soul [922] He wrote about traveling from Baghdad to Volga River to see Bulgar king [921 to 922].

Athelstan or Athelstan the Glorious king England 925 to 939 He lived 895 to 939, was Alfred the Great's grandson, was king of England [925 to 939], and defeated Scots, Irish, and Danes at Battle of Brunanburg [937] in north England.

Boleslav I or Boleslaus the Cruel king Poland/Bohemia 929 to 967 He lived 915 to 967 or 972, killed Wenceslaus [929], and was duke of Bohemia [929 to 967].

Abu Abullah Rudaki [Rudaki, Abu Abullah] or Abu 'Abd Allah Ja'far ibn Muhammad [Muhammad, Abu 'Abd Allah Ja'far ibn] poet Arabia 930 to 940 Kalila wa Dimna or Pancha Tantra or Fables of Bidpai [930: translator]; Lament in Old Age [940: poem] He lived 858 to 941 and wrote bayt.

Otto I or Otto the Great king Saxony 936 to 973 He lived 912 to 973. Of Brandenburg Dynasty or Ottonian Dynasty of Saxon emperors, he was Henry the Fowler's son, became Saxon king [636], united France and Germany, and took Italy [951]. The pope crowned him Holy Roman emperor [962]. He fought France, conquered Lombardy, and aided Pope John XII.

Hywel Dda or Howell Oda or Howell the Good prince Wales 942 Law of Hywel Dda [942] He was king of Deheubarth, took Gwynedd, and ruled Wales [942]. He codified law in south Wales [942].

Balami or Abu-Ali Mohammad Balami [Balami, Abu-Ali Mohammad] historian Bokhara 946 to 973 Annals [966: translated and shortened version of Tabari plus fables] He was vizier at Bokhara [946 to 973]. al-Mutanabbi poet Iraq 948 to 957 To Sayfu d-Dawla [948 to 957: ode] He lived 915 to 965.

Ibn Rustah [Rustah, Ibn] or Ahmad ibn Rustah [Rustah, Ahmad ibn] geographer , Iran 950 Journey to Croatia [950]; Book of Precious Records [950] He described Isfahan's twenty districts {rostaq}, gates, and walls and wrote about Sana'a (Yemen), Novgorod, Burka, Croatia, and Caucasia.

Sivaditya Misra philosopher India 950 Treatises on Seven Steps [950] He combined the six Hindu systems.

Mas'udi or Abu al-Husayn 'ali Ibn al-Husayn al-Mas'udi [al-Mas'udi, Abu al-Husayn 'ali Ibn al-Husayn] historian Baghdad, Iraq 956 Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems [956] He lived ? to 957 and wrote world history.

Istakhri or al-Istakhri or Abul Qasim Ubaidullah ibn Abdullah ibn Khurdad-bih [Khurdad-bih, Abul Qasim Ubaidullah ibn Abdullah ibn] or Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Farisi al-Istakhri [al-Istakhri, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Farisi] or Ibrahim Ibn Muhammad al-Istakhri [al-Istakhri, Ibrahim Ibn Muhammad] geographer Persia/Baghdad, Iraq 957 Configuration of the Land or Book of Roads and Kingdoms [957]; Civilizations [957] He wrote about windmills.

Firdausi or or Abu Ol-Qasem Mansur [Mansur, Abu Ol-Qasem] poet Persia 960 to 1025 Book of Kings or Shah-Nameh or Shah Nama [1010] He lived 932 to 1025.

Mieszko I king Poland 963 to 992 He lived 935 to 992 and was Piast duke of Poland [963]. He preceded Boleslav I, who started independent kingdom.

Sviatoslav I duke Kiev, Ukraine 964 to 972 He lived 945 to 972, was Grand Prince of Kiev [964 to 972], defeated Khazars, and marched to Caucasus and Balkans, taking Belorussia.

Gawhar general Egypt 969 He invaded Egypt [969]. The Fatimid ruler al-Muiz built Cairo as Fatimid Empire capital.

Ibn Hawqal [Hawqal, Ibn] geographer Baghdad, Iraq 969 to 977 World Map [977] He described Kiev [977] and defeat of Volga Bulgars and Khazars [969] by Rus.

Abul Wafa Muhammad al-Buzjani [al-Buzjani, Abul Wafa Muhammad] or al-Buzjani mathematician Baghdad, Iraq 970 to 980 Book on What Is Necessary from the Science of Arithmetic for Scribes and Businessmen [970 to 980]; Book on What Is Necessary from Geometric Constructions for the Artisan [970 to 980] He lived 940 to 997, used secant and cosecant, and constructed using straightedges and circles.

Eric the Red discoverer Iceland/Greenland, Denmark 970 to 986 Norse navigator colonized Greenland.

Abhinavagupta philosopher Kashmir, Pakistan 975 to 1025 Light on the [975 to 1025]; Shakti of Vairocana or Divine Power of the Great Illuminator [975 to 1025: about the Dhvanyaloka and the arts]; Commentary on Bharata Muni's Natyasastra [975 to 1025: about Natyasastra or Spiritual Texts on Dancing of Bharati and the arts] He derived metaphysics and epistemology from Tantric Buddhism and developed Kashmir Shaivism. Female energy resides in the body, and people need to become aware of this knowing, wishing, and acting power. Aesthetics He invented an aesthetics theory {theory of rasa} {rasa theory, Abhinavagupta}.

Basil II emperor Byzantium/Bulgaria 976 to 1025 He lived 957 to 1025 and became sole emperor [976]. He was Bulgaroctonus or Slayer of Bulgars. He confiscated great landowner estates and gave jobs to his followers. He fought Bulgar kingdom in Bulgaria under Tsar Samuel [990 to 1014] and won Battle of Balathista [1014]. He defeated Italy and Normandy [1018]. Byzantium controlled from Italy to Euphrates River in Iraq.

Sabuktagin king Iran/Afghanistan/India 977 to 997 He started Ghaznavid dynasty, was son-in-law of Albtakin, and helped Samanians.

Vladimir I prince/duke Kiev, Ukraine 978 to 1015 He lived 950 to 1015, was Oleg's grandson, and became Grand Prince of Kiev [978 to 1015]. He chose Eastern Orthodox Church and Byzantine Christianity over Islam as official religion [989] and so is saint.

Hai Gaon [Gaon, Hai] rabbi Babylonia 980 to 1010 Talmud Commentary [980 to 1010] He lived 939 to 1038, expanded Akiva's work, and explored higher consciousness.

Udayana philosopher Darbhanga, Bihar, India 984 Flower-Offerings of Arguments [984: arguments for God's existence]; Intention to Associate with Purity [984]; Radiant Vali [984] He wrote about Hinduism and invented proofs of gods. All things have cause and must have been made, requiring maker. To make things, atoms must bond, requiring conscious agent {argument from atomic combinations, Udayana}. Earth is stationary and not falling, as Earthly things fall, requiring holder. People have skills, requiring first teacher. People can understand writing and can write, requiring absolute knowledge.

Harold Bluetooth king Denmark 985 He lived 911 to 986 and was Gorm the Old's son.

Rajaraja Chola I king India 985 to 1014 He became Chola Empire king and defeated Chera of Kerala in south India.

Svend I or Sweyn or Sweyn Forkbeard or Swegen or Swein king England/Norway/Denmark 986 to 1014 He lived 960 to 1014, was Harold Bluetooth's son, was king of Denmark [986 to 1014], took England [1013], allied with Sweden, and defeated King Olaf I of Norway, dividing Norway [999 to 1014].

Hugh Capet [Capet, Hugh] king France 987 to 996 He lived 938 to 996, deposed Carolingian line, and became king of France [987], starting Capetian line.

Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi [al-Kalabadhi, Abu Bakr] or Abu Bakr-e-Kalabadi [Bakr-e-Kalabadi, Abu] philosopher Persia/Baghdad, Iraq 995 Doctrine of the Sufis [995] He lived ? to 995.

Abu Rayhan al-Biruni [al-Biruni, Abu Rayhan] or Abu Reyhan al-Biruni [al-Biruni, Abu Reyhan] or Biruni geographer/astronomer/scientist/linguist/mathematician Ghazni 995 to 1040 Definition [995 to 997]; Chronology of Ancient Nations [1000]; Shadows [1021]; Book of India [1030 to 1040]; Masudic Canon [1000 to 1040: astronomy and trigonometry]; Book of Pharmacy or Book of Medicinals [1000 to 1040: Arab and Indian medicine]; Book of Precious Stones [1000 to 1040: minerals]; Elements of Astrology [1000 to 1040: mathematics and astronomy] He lived 973 to 1048, wrote grammar, and calculated latitude and longitude. He measured land in three dimensions {geodesy} {geodetics}.

Sei Shonagon [Shonagon, Sei] essayist Japan 996 Pillow Book [996: about court life in Heian Japan] She lived 966 to 1017.

Mahmud or Ghazna or Mohammed of Ghazna king Persia/India 997 to 1030 He lived 971 to 1030 and was Sabuktagin's son. He took all Samanian lands [999] and conquered into India. After his death 1030, Seljuk Turks threatened his empire and it gradually declined.

Stephen I king Hungary 997 to 1038 He lived 969 to 1038, was first of Arpad dynasty, accepted Christianity, and was first king of Hungary. Magyars became Christians. Nobles {magnate, Hungary} grew more powerful.

Otto III king Holy Roman Empire 998 to 1002 He lived 980 to 1002, was king in Germany [983 to 1002], was Holy Roman emperor [998 to 1002], deposed the pope, set up German pope, and then set up French pope.

Baba Taher or or Oryan poet Persia 1000 Dubayti or Two-Sentence Poems [1000: in two-bayt form] He lived 934 to 1019. Poetic forms {bayt} can have two sentences.

Fujiwara Kinto [Kinto, Fujiwara] or Fujiwara no Kinto [Kinto, Fujiwara no] poet Japan 1000 to 1040 Selected Poems of the Thirty-six Immortal Poets or Collection of Clear Songs [1000 to 1040: anthology of Chinese and Japanese poems]; Swooping Hawk [1000 to 1040] Zen Buddhist lived 966 to 1041 and wrote Japanese waka poems.

Bahya ibn Paquda [Paquda, Bahya ibn] or Bahya ibn Pakuda [Pakuda, Bahya ibn] or Bahya ben Joseph ibn Paquda [Paquda, Bahya ben Joseph ibn] or Bechaya or Our Rabbi Behaya philosopher Saragossa, Aragon, Spain 1000 to 1050 Guide to the Duties of the Heart or Duties of the Heart [1040: first Jewish ethics system, written in Arabic] He was pietist.

Leif Ericson [Ericson, Leif] discoverer Iceland/North America 1000 to 1050 He was from Iceland, was navigator and explorer, and discovered northeast America and called it Vinland. Afterward, other Icelanders visited Baffin, Labrador, and Newfoundland in Canada, up to 1350. He was son of Eric the Red, who had reached Greenland. From Viking settlement in Godthafjord, he landed in Newfoundland.

Xuedou Zhongxian or Hsue Tou Ch'ung Hsien or Setcho/Yuanwu Keqin philosopher Bianjing (Kaifeng), China 1000 to 1050 Blue Cliff Record [1000 to 1050: 1000 , with notes by Yüan-wu K'o-ch'in or Engo] He lived 980 to 1052.

Gaunilo of Marmoutiers or Guanilo or Gaunilon philosopher Paris, France 1000 to 1100 In Defense of the Fool or On Behalf of the Fool [1000 to 1100] People can imagine perfect island, but no such thing exists. Actual things are better than concepts, because concepts have no actuality. Concepts are lower reality. Therefore, people must reject Anselm's argument for God's existence.

Nimbarka or Niyamanandacharya or Aruna Rishi [Rishi, Aruna] or Haripriyacharya philosopher Andhra Pradesh, India 1000 to 1100 Vedanta [1000 to 1100: commentary on the Brahma Sutras]; Parijat Tree [1000 to 1100: commentary on the Brahma Sutras]; Abode [1000 to 1100: commentary on the Brahma Sutras]; Commentary on the Bhagavad Gita [1000 to 1100]; Light on Behavior [1000 to 1100: on Karma Kanda]; Mystical Creation Power [1000 to 1100: poem on the Gopala ]; Sections on Order and Shelter [1000 to 1100: poem on the Mukunda Mantra]; Surrender to God at Chintaman Temple [1000 to 1100]; Seeking with the Supreme [1000 to 1100: hymn]; Ten Nectarine Verses [1000 to 1100: poem]; Hymns on Lord Krishna [1000 to 1100] From Dvaitadvaita School, he derived a Difference and Non-Difference philosophy {Bhedabheda}. He began a Vaisnavism sect {Sanaka-sampradaya}. All things differ but unify in God.

Venkatamadhava philosopher India 1000 to 1100 On Accent and Meaning Change [1000 to 1100]; Bhasya or Spiritual Theological Dictionary [1000 to 1100: commentary on Rig-veda]

Narayan writer Dhaka, India 1000 to 1400 Instruction in the Advantageous [1000 to 1400: fables about how to succeed in life]

Brian Boru [Boru, Brian] king Ireland 1002 to 1014 He lived 941 to 1014, was king of Munster [997], and became High King of Ireland [1002]. He defeated Vikings and dissident nobles at Battle of Clontarf [1014], but someone killed him afterward.

Murasaki Shikibu [Shikibu, ] novelist Kyoto, Japan 1008 to 1015 Tale of Genji [1008 to 1015: about Heian Japan court life] She lived 973 to 1015 or 1025 and was at court. al-Karkhi or al-Karaji mathematician Baghdad, Iraq 1010 Glorious on Algebra [1010] He lived 953 to 1029 and invented completing the square.

Avicenna or Ibn Sina [Sina, Ibn] or Abu Ali Seena [Seena, Abu Ali] or Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Abd-Allah ibn Sina [Sina, Abu Ali al-Husayn ibn Abd-Allah ibn] or Supreme Master philosopher/physician/alchemist Bokhara 1010 to 1030 Book of Salvation [1010 to 1030: philosophy]; Book of Directives and Remarks [1010 to 1030: philosophy]; Canon of Medicine [1010 to 1030]; Book of Healing [1010 to 1030]; Virtuous City [1010 to 1030] He lived 981 to 1037, developed Islamic philosophy based on Aristotle, studied the intellectually intelligible, and studied statement time types. His students were Gorgani and Bahmanyar, in Muslim Peripatetic School. Epistemology Prophecy is knowledge about mystical experiences. Metaphysics Necessary being and possible {contingent} being both exist. One being, God, has identical essence and existence and so is necessary {existence, Avicenna} {Avicennan proof of existence}. All other existences come from Necessary Being by a hierarchy of existences, in which higher things determine lower-thing essences. Vacuum is impossible.

Rajendra Chola I king India 1014 to 1052 He became Chola Empire king. His merchant fleets traded, and his navy controlled trade between Arabia and China.

Olaf II Haraldsson king Norway 1015 to 1028 He lived 995 to 1030, established Christianity, and fled when King Canute's followers revolted [1028].

Canute I or Canute the Great or Cnut king Denmark/England/Norway/Sweden 1016 to 1035 He lived 994 to 1035, was Sweyn's son, was Viking king, and united Denmark, England, and Norway [1016]. He codified laws and brought peace and Christianity.

Yaroslav the Wise prince Kiev, Russia 1019 to 1054 He lived 978 to 1054. As ruler of Kiev [1019 to 1054], he united Russian principalities.

Guido d'Arezzo [d'Arezzo, Guido] composer Italy 1020 to 1050 He lived 995 to 1050, wrote masses and Gregorian chants, and invented clef.

Hananel ben Hushiel or Chananel ben Chushiel or Chananel ben Kushiel or Hananel ben Kushiel rabbi , Tunisia 1020 to 1053 Talmud Commentary [1020 to 1053]; Torah Commentary [1020 to 1053]; Ritual Law Decisions [1020 to 1053] al-Zahir caliph Egypt 1021 to 1036 He was Fatimid.

Ibn al-Bawwab [al-Bawwab, Ibn] calligrapher Middle East 1022 Naskh [1022: cursive Arabic calligraphy] He lived ? to 1022.

Ibn Hazm or al-Andalusi or Ahmad ibn Sa`id ibn Hazm [Hazm, Ahmad ibn Sa`id ibn] philosopher Córdoba, Spain 1022 to 1060 Necklace of the [1022]; On Sects [1030 to 1060]; On Mannerism and Behavior [1030 to 1060: about ethics]; Detailed Critical Examination [1030 to 1060: about philosophical systems] He lived 994 to 1064 and began and troubadour style. He studied comparative religion, listing sects, heterodoxies, and denominations. He wrote first systematic critical Old-and-New-Testament studies.

Henry III or Henry the Black or Henry the Pious emperor Holy Roman Empire 1028 to 1056 He lived 1017 to 1056 and was of Salian dynasty. Holy Roman Empire was at greatest extent. He supported reform by Benedictine Cluniac monastic order, which wanted a government-free church, and helped elect a German reform pope. In 1046, he deposed three popes and nominated popes. al-Hazen or Alhazen or Ibn al-Haytham [al-Haytham, Ibn] or Abu Ali al-Hassan mathematician/physicist Baghdad, Iraq/Egypt 1030 Treasury of Optics [1030] He lived 965 to 1039 and studied perspective, projection, vanishing points, and cubic equations.

Mas'ud king Iran/Afghanistan/India 1031 to 1041 Of Ghaznavid Dynasty, he was Mahmud's son. He lost to Seljuk Turks, but family still ruled east Afghanistan and west India.

Magnus I king Norway 1035 to 1047 He lived 1024 to 1047 and became king when Canute died [1035]. He was king of Denmark [1042 to 1047].

Fernando I or Ferdinand I or Ferdinand the Great king Spain 1035 to 1065 He lived 1017 to 1065. King of Castile [1035 to 1065] and Leon [1037] subjugated Moors in Seville, Toledo, Saragossa, and Badajoz [1065] and controlled Spain.

Tughril Beg sultan Persia/Iraq 1038 to 1063 He lived 990 to 1063 and led Seljuk Turks from central Asia [1038] to Persia [1040 to 1044] and Baghdad [1055], where he became sultan.

Lady Godiva [Godiva, Lady] or Godgyfu or Godgifu activist Coventry, England 1040 She rode through Coventry naked to get her husband Leofric to lower taxes. "Peeping Tom" looked.

MacBeth king Scotland 1040 to 1057 He lived 1020 to 1057, defeated Duncan [1040], killed him to take over kingdom, and then lost part of kingdom to Malcolm [1054].

Chou Tun-i or Zhou Dunyi [Dunyi, Zhou] or Chou Lien-hsi or Zhou Lianxi [Lianxi, Zhou] philosopher China 1040 to 1070 Penetrating Writing on the Classic Work on Change [1040 to 1070] He lived 1017 to 1073 and combined Neo-Taoism and Confucianism to make ideas used in later Neo-Confucianism.

Shao Yung philosopher Luoyang, China 1040 to 1070 Supreme Principle Governing the World [1040 to 1070] He lived 1011 to 1077 and was neo-Confucian.

Edward III or Edward the Confessor king England 1042 to 1066 He lived 1003 to 1066, reduced taxes, and struggled with Godwin. He chose Godwin's son as heir, leading to Norman Conquest of England [1066].

Anawrahta or Aniruddha king Pagan, Burma 1044 to 1077 He built large empire with strong army and unified Burma. Pagan was capital.

Solomon Ibn Gabirol [Gabirol, Solomon Ibn] or Avicebron philosopher/poet Spain 1045 to 1050 Mekor Hayyim or Fons Vitae or Well of Life [1045 to 1050: poem]; Tikkun Middot ha-Nefesh or On the Improvement of the Moral Qualities [1045: essay]; Choice of Pearls [1045 to 1050: sayings]; Kingly Crown [1050: poem] He lived 1020 to 1070 and wrote in Kabbalah mystic style.

Nasir Khosrow [Khosrow, Nasir] or Nasser Khosrow ebn-e Haress al-Qobadiani al-Balkhi al-Marvazi [Khosrow ebn-e Haress al-Qobadiani al-Balkhi al-Marvazi, Nasser] or Abu Mo'in Hamid al-Din Nasir ibn Khusraw [Khusraw, Abu Mo'in Hamid al-Din Nasir ibn] poet Persia/Tajikestan 1046 to 1052 Book of Travels or Safarnama [1046 to 1052]; Ruby of Badakhshan [1047]; Diwan or Collected Poems [1046 to 1052] He lived 1004 to 1072.

Berengar of Tours or Bérenger or Berengarius priest Tours, France 1049 Eucharist [1049: reply to Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury] He lived 1000 to 1088 and was Nominalist. He believed that the bread and wine cannot change into Jesus' body and blood, because their qualities stayed the same. servientes Regis ad Legem lawyer London, United Kingdom 1050 Law profession {servientes Regis ad Legem} began.

Chang Tsai philosopher Chang'an (Xian), China 1050 to 1070 Western Inscription [1050 to 1070]; Great Harmony [1050 to 1070] He lived 1020 to 1077 and was neo-Confucian.

Michael Psellos [Psellos, Michael] philosopher Byzantium 1050 to 1080 Manifold Teaching [1050 to 1080]; Synopsis of Hermogenes [1050 to 1080]; Sermon on the Crucifixion [1050 to 1080]; Chronography [1050 to 1080]; On Demonic Energies [1050 to 1080] He lived 1018 to 1096 and was Platonist.

Nezam-ol Molk or Nezamol Molk-e-Bakravi [Molk-e-Bakravi, Nezamol] grand vizier Persia/Baghdad, Iraq 1050 to 1090 Book of Government or Rules for Kings [1050 to 1090] He lived 1018 to 1092, was minister for thirty years to first Qaznavids then Seljuk ruler Malek Shah, and founded Nezamiyeh School of Baghdad.

Fakhroddin Gorgani [Gorgani, Fakhroddin] or Fakhr al-Din As'ad Gurgani [Gurgani, Fakhr al-Din As'ad] poet Persia 1054 Vis and Rahmin [1054: original Pahlavi translated into Farsi]

Henry IV emperor Germany/Austria 1056 to 1105 He lived 1050 to 1106, was king of Germany [1056 to 1105], and established Holy Roman Empire rule over duchies [1084]. He and Pope Gregory VIII clashed over bishop and abbot investiture [1075]. He appointed his own bishops in defiance of Pope Gregory VII. Threatened with revolt, he humbled himself in the snow before the pope, but civil war started anyway. He invaded Italy, forced Pope Gregory VII from Rome, and named Guibert of Ravenna pope. Guibert crowned him emperor [1084]. His son Henry V forced him to abdicate [1105].

Robert Guiscard [Guiscard, Robert] leader Albania 1059 to 1085 Robert Guiscard lived 1016 to 1085 and controlled Albania as Duke of Apulia and Calabria. Illyria and Epirus were in Albania mountain regions.

Ramanuja philosopher Tamil, India 1060 Commentary on the Brahma Sutra [1060] He lived 1017 to 1137 and started Visistadvaita Vedanta or Qualified Non-Dualism or Vishishta Advaita or Non- dualism of the Differentiated. He led south-India Shri Vaishnavism. Vaishnavas worship Vishnu as embodiment of Brahman. People are separate from God and want to experience and love God. People can feel god-like in dependence on God. People should live actively in the world without trying to control anything or get something. People perform acts to please gods, which are Brahman manifestations. God, matter, and souls all exist in unity. Matter comes from creative powers of God.

Ch'eng Hao or Ming-tao philosopher Henan, China 1060 to 1080 Ten Matters Calling for Reform [1060 to 1080]; Remonstrance Against the New Laws [1060 to 1080] He lived 1032 to 1085, was brother to Ch'eng I, and was idealist neo-Confucian.

Alp Arslan sultan Iraq 1063 to 1072 He lived 1029 to 1072 and was nephew of Tughril Beg and Seljuk Turk. He invaded Asia Minor [1065] and Armenia and defeated Byzantine army at Battle of Manzikert [1071].

Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar [Bivar, Rodrigo Diaz de] or El Cid Campeador or Lord Champion [Champion, Lord] or Ruy Díaz de Vivar [Vivar, Ruy Díaz de] warrior Castile 1065 to 1099 He lived 1043 to 1099. He served under Alfonso VI until 1081, when he sided with Muslims. Later, he captured Valencia from Muslims. Cid is same as Arabic "sayyid", "seid", or "lord". Campeador means "champion".

Harold king England 1066 He lived 1022 to 1066. Witan assembly elected him king [1066], with Pope's sanction. He lost and died at Battle of Hastings [1066].

William I or William the Conqueror king London, England 1066 to 1087 Domesday Book [1086: census of England for taxation purposes, for William the Conqueror] He lived 1027 to 1087, was Duke of Normandy, and conquered England, led by Harold, at Battle of Hastings [1066] during Norman Conquest. He built many castles, brought in priests from France, started separate ecclesiastical courts, surveyed England, and demanded loyalty first to king then to nobles. Norman kings followed. He sent representatives to preside over county courts, rather than use clergy. He held all land parcels directly or indirectly.

Su Dongpo or Su Shi or Su Shih poet China 1070 to 1090 Chibifu or The Red Cliffs [1070 to 1090]; Shui diao ge tou or Remembering Su Zhe on the Mid-Autumn Festival or Mid-Autumn Moon [1070 to 1090] He lived 1037 to 1101, founded the Haofang School, and wrote poetic satires {fu}, late-Han and early-Tang dynasty classical poetry {shi}, and formal lyrical poems {ci}.

Anselm bishop Canterbury, England 1070 to 1093 Monologues [1070 to 1093]; Discourse [1070 to 1093]; On Truth [1070 to 1093]; On the Fall of the Devil [1070 to 1093]; Why Did God Become Man? [1070 to 1093] He lived 1033 to 1109, was Benedictine, was archbishop, upheld church's power to appoint bishops [1093], and is Father of Scholasticism. He said, "I believe so I may understand" {credo ut intelligam}. Epistemology Understanding needs faith. People can conceive of highest being. Ethics All things should be their best. People strive for their benefit and for justice. Metaphysics God exists, as shown by the following argument {ontological argument, Anselm}. Mind can conceive of existence that is greater than anything else conceivable, and this must actually be the greatest thing in reality, because existence is necessary to be good and highest. Highest being that causes all other being through its essence must exist, because cause must be greater than effect. Highest being can only exist by its essence as necessity, because it is being itself. All good things must come from and through supreme, self-existing, necessary, perfect, universal, single, and whole being. Things are similar to the supreme but in different degrees. God created everything, which is in God. Amount of being is amount of Good.

Ch'eng I or Ch'eng Yi or Cheng Yi [Yi, Cheng] philosopher Luoyang, China 1070 to 1100 Memorial to the Emperor Renzong [1070 to 1100] He lived 1033 to 1107, was brother to Ch'eng Hao, was rational Neo-Confucian, and started new Confucianism, Ch'eng-Chu School. All things have unchanging pattern and changing matter. People need to live properly and have education to discern the pure patterns in impure matter.

Jallaluddin Malekshah [Malekshah, Jallaluddin] sultan Iraq 1072 to 1092 He followed Alp Arsalen as sultan. Nezam-ol Molk or Nezamiya was vizier of Malekshah. Seljuk Turks or Sultanate of Rum controlled Middle East. Seljuk control of Holy Land was reason for Crusades.

Alfonso VI or Alfonso the Brave king Castile 1072 to 1109 He lived 1040 to 1109, was king of León [1065 to 1109], was king of Castile [1072 to 1109], and attacked Muslim kingdoms in Spain.

Gregory VII or Hildebrand pope Rome, Italy 1073 to 1083 He lived 1020 to 1085 and allied with Normans of Italy. His reforms lost support and Henry IV of Germany led opposition. Henry IV took Rome [1083] and set up anti-pope. Robert Guiscard and Normans in Italy rescued Gregory VII but then lost Rome again. As pope, he started reform {Hildebrandine reform}, which ended simony, lay bishop investiture, celibacy-vow violations, and priest marriage. He transferred pope's election to College of Cardinals.

Ladislaus I king Croatia/Hungary 1077 to 1095 He lived 1040 to 1095 and got Croatia and Hungary [1077] after Boleslaus III of Poland died.

Matilda of Tuscany queen Tuscany 1077 to 1115 She lived 1046 to 1115, was countess of Tuscany [1077 to 1115], and gave her land to the pope [1115].

Roscellinus or Roscelin or Roscellinus Compendiensis or Rucelinus priest France 1080 to 1092 He lived 1050 to 1122 and founded Nominalism and Scholasticism. He believed that the Trinity was three distinct objects, not one. Council at Reims [1092] condemned the heresy.

Omar Khayyam [Khayyam, Omar] poet/mathematician Persia/Iraq 1080 to 1123 Rubaiyat [1080] He lived 1048 to 1123 and invented new Persian calendar.

Qabus or Shams al-Ma'ali Qabus ibn Wushmgir ibn al-Ziyar [Qabus ibn Wushmgir ibn al-Ziyar, Shams al- Ma'ali] or Onsor ol-Ma'ali Keykavus [Keykavus, Onsor ol-Ma'ali] or Unsur al-Mo'ali Qabus ibn Iskander ibn Qabus ibn Wushmgir ibn al-Ziyar [Qabus ibn Wushmgir ibn al-Ziyar, Unsur al-Mo'ali Qabus ibn Iskander ibn] prince Gorgan, Golestan, Persia 1082 Counsels of Nushirwan the Just to his Son or Book of Counsel or Book of Advice or Mirror for Princes [1082] He was Prince of Gurgan or Gorgan [1049 to 1090].

Guibert of Ravenna pope Rome, Italy 1084 to 1100 He lived 1025 to 1100. Henry IV of Holy Roman Empire installed Guibert of Ravenna as pope, after making Pope Gregory VII flee Rome.

Urban II pope Rome, Italy 1088 to 1099 He lived 1035 to 1099. As pope, he started First Crusade and continued Pope Gregory VII's church reforms.

Irnerius lawyer Bologna, Italy 1088 to 1120 Comments on the Corpus Juris [1088 to 1120] He lived 1055 to 1130 and founded law school at Bologna [1088]. He studied Justinian Code, Institutes, and Digest and taught Martinus, Bulgarus, Iacobus, and .

Hassan Sabbah [Sabbah, Hassan] or Old Man of the Mountain leader Iran 1090 Batinis or Ismaili sect believed that Imam Jaffar's sons were the only true Imams. Imam Jaffar's first son was Ismail. Hassan's followers were the Assassins.

Abu al-Gazel [al-Gazel, Abu] or Abu Algazel [Algazel, Abu] or Abu al-Ghazali [al-Ghazali, Abu] philosopher Tus, Khorasan 1090 to 1100 Revival of Religious Sciences [1090]; Deliverance from Error [1090 to 1100]; Intentions of the Philosophers [1090 to 1100]; Incoherence of the Philosophers [1090 to 1100] He lived 1058 to 1111 and was main Sufi philosopher. He identified twenty false philosophical claims, later discussed by Averroës.

Mohammad al-Ghazzali [al-Ghazzali, Mohammad] historian/philosopher Iran 1090 to 1111 Book of Counsel for Kings [1111: Persia history]; Revival of the Sciences of Religion [1090 to 1111] He lived 1058 to 1111 and developed method of criticizing hypotheses and assumptions. Intellect cannot attain ultimate truth.

Henry of Burgundy king Burgundy/Portugal/Coimbra, Spain 1093 to 1112 He lived 1066 to 1112, was duke of Burgundy, and became Count of Portugal [1093]. al-Hariri poet Arabia 1100 Maqamat or Assemblies [1100: entertaining dialogues] He lived 1054 to 1122.

Li Ching-zhao or Li Ch'ing-zhao or Li Qingzhao or Li Ch'ing-chao poet China 1100 Dream Season [1100]; Cilun or Tz'u-lun or Lun ci or On lyrics or Discourse on Lyric [1120 to 1150: book]; Double Nine [1100]; Wuling Spring or Spring Ends [1100]; Autumn Evening Beside the Lake [1100]; Two Springs [1100]; Sorrow of Departure or Cutting a Flowering Plum Branch [1100]; Autumn Love or A Weary Song to a Slow Sad Tune [1100]; Quail Sky [1100]; Clear Peace Happiness [1100]; Fading Plum Blossoms or Perfumed Garden [1100]; 's Headdress [1100] She lived 1084 to 1151.

Ari Thorgilsson the Learned [Thorgilsson the Learned, Ari] poet Iceland 1100 to 1140 Islendingabok or Book of Icelanders [1100 to 1140: about Iceland society and wars]; Landnamabok or Book of Settlements [1100 to 1140: about Iceland society and wars] He lived 1067 to 1148.

Judah Halevi [Halevi, Judah] poet Spain 1100 to 1141 Kuzari [1100: Khazar king converts to Judaism] He lived 1075 to 1141. Rosenzweig, who also translated the Old Testament into German from Hebrew, translated his work into German [1886 to 1929].

Jacobus de Boragine or Iacobus lawyer Bologna, Italy 1100 to 1200 He was one of the Four Doctors, who recreated Roman law.

Shi Nai'an [Nai'an, Shi] or Shi Naian [Naian, Shi]/Luo Guanzhong or Luo Daobun or Lo Kuan-chung novelist China 1100 to 1200 Water Margin or Outlaws of the Marsh or All Men Are Brothers or Shui Hu Chuan [1100 to 1200: about outlaws of Mount Liang] Nai'an lived 1296 to 1370. Guanzhong lived 1330 to 1400.

Henry V emperor Holy Roman Empire 1105 to 1125 He lived 1086 to 1125, deposed his father, was Germany king [1099 to 1125], was Holy Roman emperor [1111 to 1125], was of Salian Dynasty, captured the pope and cardinals, and forced them to allow him to appoint his own bishops.

Renier of Huy or Reiner von Huy [Huy, Reiner von] sculptor Liège, Belgium 1107 to 1118 Baptismal Font [1107 to 1118: in gold, commissioned by Abbot Hellinus for St Bartholomew Cathedral] He molded Romanesque metal work.

William of Champeaux or Guillaume de Champeaux [Champeaux, Guillaume de] philosopher Champeaux, France 1109 to 1121 He lived 1070 to 1121, was Scholastic Realist, was Abelard's teacher, founded monastic school of St. Victor [1109], and was bishop of Châlons-en-Champagne [1113 to 1121].

William IX, Duke of Aquitaine composer Aquitaine 1110 to 1127 He lived 1087 to 1127 and composed troubadour love poetry and music.

Suryavarman II or Paramavishnuloka king Cambodia 1113 to 1150 He started building temples at Angkor .

Bhaskara or Bhaskara II or Bhaskaracharya mathematician Ujjain, Mahdya Pradesh, India 1114 to 1140 Sun Spheres and Light [1114: spheres, planets, and decimal number system]; Diadem of an Astronomical System [1140] He lived 1114 to 1185, followed Brahmagupta, and used combinations and permutations.

Bernard of Clairvaux priest/abbot/architect Clairvaux, France 1115 to 1153 Apology [1120 to 1140]; Cistercian Abbey [1115 to 1153: Romanesque church in Cistercian style] He lived 1091 to 1153. Faith, authority, and tradition are more important than knowledge, reason, and science. His abbey was an important reformed Cistercian monastery.

Gislebertus d'Autun sculptor Autun, France 1120 to 1135 Last Judgement [1120 to 1135: expressive, active, and fantastic reliefs on Autun-Cathedral West Portal]; Eve [1120 to 1135: on Autun-Cathedral North Portal] He lived ? to 1150.

Pierre Abelard [Abelard, Pierre] or Peter Abelard [Abelard, Peter] priest/scholar Cluny, France 1120 to 1140 Aye and Nay [1120]; Dialectics [1121 to 1125: logic]; Story of My Misfortunes [1132: including Letter of Heloise and Abelard]; Introduction to Theology [1136 to 1140] He lived 1079 to 1142, was nominalist Scholastic, founded University of Paris, and loved Héloïse. He studied under Roscelin and William of Champeaux. Epistemology Antecedent and consequent can logically relate {relevance logic, Abelard} by sharing word or variable or by being dependent. Ideal forms {universal, Abelard} have basis in particulars, as features shared by many things, but they exist only in thought and speech. Use in thought or judgment defines universal. Universal acquires meaning from perception and sense experience and is not just convention. Universals are real insofar as they express similarities or essential object characteristics to which people respond to make concepts or dispositions {conceptualism, Abelard}. Body sense qualities are confused ideas, held in imagination or perception. Reason uses sense qualities to build intuitions {full perception} of objects and then concepts and judgments. Then reason can form opinions, have faith, have knowledge, and know universals. Necessity about things {de re}, as used in sentences, differs from necessity about words {de dicto}, as used in predicates. Revelation does not give truth or knowledge. Ethics Goodness and perfection are separate from reality and being. Thoughts, feelings, and desires do not cause evil. Good and evil are not actions in themselves but decisions of will. Consent to do bad thing is evil, not act itself, because will is action cause. If will has decided to do evil, it is evil, even if no act happens. Conscience allows will to know God's will, so if will goes against conscience, it has done evil. Moral natural law {God's will} is the same for all people, but sin obscures it. Some people know it better than others. Law Human convention makes some laws {positive law, Abelard} {jus positivum}. Metaphysics Higher than universals are God's ideas, which create world. Universals can exist before world as God's ideas, in world as quality similarities and after world as mental concepts, ideas derived from Avicenna.

Bulgarus lawyer Bologna, Italy 1120 to 1158 On Regulations [1120 to 1158] He lived ? to 1166 and was one of the Four Doctors, at University of Bologna law school or School of the Gloss- writers, who recreated Roman law. He was at diet of Roncaglia [1158].

David I king Scotland 1124 to 1153 He lived 1082 to 1153 and started feudal system.

Lothair II or Lothar II emperor Holy Roman Empire 1125 to 1137 He lived 1070 to 1137, was king of Germany [1125 to 1137], and was Holy Roman emperor [1133 to 1137] after election by nobles, who elected all later emperors.

Abol-Maid Sana'i [Sana'i, Abol-Maid] or Hakim Sana'i [Sana'i, Hakim] poet/teacher Ghazni, Afghanistan/Persia 1130 to 1131 Tadhkirat al-Awliyd or Book of Saints [1130]; Hadiqa or Hadiqat al-Haqiqa or Walled Garden of Truth or Garden of Truth or Garden of Mystical Truth [1131: first ] He lived 1092 to 1167, wrote masnavi and , and was Sufi. Lust, greed, and emotional excitement stand between humans and divine knowledge. Love and social conscience are religion foundations.

Ibn Bajja or Avempace or Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn al-Say'igh [al-Say'igh, Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn] poet/musician/scientist/mathematician Saragossa, Aragon/Fes, Morocco 1130 to 1138 Commentary on the Meteorology of Aristotle [1130 to 1138]; On the Soul [1130 to 1138]; Hermit's Guide [1130 to 1138] He lived 1106 to 1138, invented a separate-substances theory, and emphasized the solitary life. al-Idrisi or Dreses or ash-Sharif al-Idrisi [al-Idrisi, ash-Sharif] or al-Sharif al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi [al-Qurtubi, al- Sharif al-Idrisi] geographer Palermo, Sicily 1130 to 1150 Roger's Book [1130 to 1150]; Delight of Him Who Desires to Journey through the Climates [1130 to 1150]; Pleasure of Men and Delight of Souls [1130 to 1150]; Book on the Collection of Attributes of Medicinal Plants [1130 to 1150: about plants for drugs] He lived 1099 to 1166, drew a world map [1130], and was at King Roger II's court [1145 to 1166], where he built a silver globe.

Martinus Gosia lawyer Bologna, Italy 1130 to 1160 Structure of the Institutes [1130 to 1160] He lived 1100 to 1166 and was one of the Four Doctors, who recreated Roman law. Martinus led a school about equity of the purse {aequitas bursalis}.

Suger or Abbot Suger [Suger, Abbot] abbot/architect St. Denis, France 1132 to 1144 Abbey Church of St. Denis [1137 to 1144: Gothic church] He lived 1081 to 1151 and built St. Denis Abbey, first Gothic church. He started Gothic art and said that art is necessary to see truth and beauty. He counseled Louis VI and Louis VII and was their historian. St. Denis is in Ile-de- France, near Paris.

Adelard of Bath philosopher Bath, England 1137 Natural Questions [1137] He lived 1075 to 1160. Common qualities found in existing individual objects are universals but are not real, only conventions {indifferentism}.

Eleanor of Aquitaine queen France/England 1137 to 1204 She lived 1122 to 1204 and was queen to Louis VII of France [1137 to 1152]. Later, she got annulment, became queen of Henry II of Burgundy and England [1152 to 1189], set up her court at Poitiers, helped her sons revolt against Henry II, and got her son Richard I kingship of England [1189 to 1199], then her son John [1199 to 1216].

Alfonso I king Lisbon, Portugal 1139 to 1185 He lived 1110 to 1185, was Henry of Burgundy's son, and was first king of Portugal [1139 to 1185], becoming independent of Castile. He took Lisbon [1147], Cadiz, and Murcia from Caliphate. He favored art and learning.

Gratian lawyer Bologna, Italy 1140 Decrees [1140] He was Benedictine monk and codified canon law at Bologna University.

John of Salisbury philosopher Salisbury, England 1140 to 1170 Polycraticus or The Statesman's Book [1140 to 1170: about government]; Metalogic [1140 to 1170: philosophy] He lived 1115 to 1180. Epistemology Sensation and perception involve judgment. Passions unite new sensations with remembered ones. Pleasure and pain result from these unions. The fundamental mental state is imagination or perception. From perceptions come opinions. Knowledge comes from opinion comparisons. Will added to knowledge causes belief. When will has faith, people attain final state, of contemplation. Mind All soul's activities have unity.

Peter Lombard [Lombard, Peter] or Master of Sentences philosopher/theologian Paris, France 1145 to 1160 Book of Sentences [1145 to 1160: compares many sources on theological points] He lived 1100 to 1160, was Sententiary or Summist, became professor [1145], and was bishop of Paris [1159].

Abd-al-Mumin caliph Morocco/Spain/Algeria/Tripoli 1147 to 1163 He lived 1094 to 1163, took Marrakech [1147], conquered Algeria, Tripoli, and part of Spain [1163], and started the Almohads.

Abraham Ibn Ezra [Ibn Ezra, Abraham] or Abenezra poet/philosopher Spain 1148 Beginning of Wisdom [1148] He lived 1092 to 1167.

Conrad III emperor Germany 1148 to 1152 He lived 1093 to 1152, was king of Germany [1138 to 1152], and was first Hohenstaufen emperor of Holy Roman Empire [1148]. In Second Crusade, he sailed to Antioch to establish Principality of Antioch and sailed to Tyre to hold it. He struggled with papacy.

Eric IX or Erik the Lawgiver or Erik the Saint king Sweden 1150 to 1160 He lived 1120 to 1160, established Christianity in north Sweden, and conquered Finland [1157].

Auhadu'd-Dín Mohammad [Anvari, Auhadu'd-Dín Mohammad] poet Persia 1150 to 1170 Divan-e Anvari or Collected Poems of Anvari [1150 to 1170] He lived 1126 to 1190.

Ibn Tufayl or Abubacer or Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Malik Ibn Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Tufayl [Ibn Tufayl, Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Malik Ibn Muhammad Ibn Muhammad] philosopher/physician Granada, Spain/Córdoba, Spain 1150 to 1180 Living Son of the Vigilant [1150 to 1180] He lived 1110 to 1185.

Frederick I or Frederick Barbarossa or Frederick Red Beard emperor Germany/Austria 1152 to 1190 He lived 1123 to 1190 and was duke of Swabia as Frederick III [1147 to 1190]. As Hohenstaufen emperor of Holy Roman Empire [1152 to 1190], he elevated Henry the Lion in Saxony and Bavaria but then humiliated him and ended last duchies of Germany [1152]. As king of Germany, he then proclaimed general peace. As emperor, he started calling Germany Holy Roman Empire. He fought Pope Alexander III and Lombard League but lost at Legnano and accepted Peace of Constance [1183], guaranteeing Lombard-city freedom. He led Third Crusade [1189] against Saladin, but he drowned.

Taira no Kiyomori [Kiyomori, Taira no] leader Japan 1153 to 1181 He lived 1118 to 1181, led Taira clan [1153 to 1181], and defeated Fujiwara clan, but Taira lost to Minamoto clan at Battle of Dan No Ura [1185].

Henry II king England 1154 to 1189 He lived 1133 to 1189, was king [1154 to 1189], founded English jury and court system, and was first of Plantagenet Dynasty. He was Duke of Burgundy and married Eleanor of Aquitaine. He invaded England and defeated barons. He struggled with Thomas à Becket over whose courts tried clergymen. He convened Great Council [1164], which proclaimed Constitutions of Clarendon, which gave more power to king's courts to try clergymen. His knights murdered Thomas à Becket, and people's reaction forced him to do penance. After he had Thomas à Becket killed, he rescinded Constitutions of Clarendon. He took north England and Wales. Pope Adrian IV awarded him Ireland, and he invaded it [1167]. He struggled with his son. He invaded Ireland again [1172]. Richard I, Eleanor's son, and Philip II of France defeated him [1185].

Waldemar I or Waldemar the Great king Denmark 1157 to 1182 He lived 1131 to 1182, defeated Sweyn [1157] at Viborg, and ruled north Scandinavia.

Alexander III pope Rome, Italy 1159 to 1181 He lived 1105 to 1181. As pope, he excommunicated Frederick Barbarossa [1176].

Chu Hsi or Zhu Xi founder/philosopher China 1160 to 1190 Analects [1160 to 1190: Confucius' collected sayings]; Master Mencius [1160 to 1190]; Great Learning [1160 to 1190]; Doctrine of the Mean [1160 to 1190] He lived 1130 to 1200, wrote the Four Books, and started neo-Confucian Ch'eng-Chu School, which blended Ch'eng-I ideas, Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. All things have unchanging pattern and changing matter. Principles {li, Chu Hsi} {t'ai ch'i} interact with matter and energy {ch'i, matter}. People need to live properly and have education to discern the pure patterns in impure matter. The Four Beginnings are feeling shame, deferring to others, sharing other's feelings, and perceiving. The Four Virtues are being wise, loving humanity, acting correctly, and following ritual. The Seven Emotions are hate, love, happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and wanting. The Four Books are Lun-yü, Ta Hsüeh, Chung Yung, and Meng-tzu.

Zhu Xi or Chu Hsi writer China 1160 to 1190 He lived 1130 to 1200 and encouraged footbinding and small feet.

Honen or Honen Bo Genku philosopher Japan 1160 to 1212 He lived 1133 to 1212, broke with royal court's Tendai Buddhism and military's Shingon or Tantric Buddhism, and introduced based on Shan-tao or Zendo [1176]. Honen, Dogen, , and Honen's disciple Shinran developed popular Buddhism {Kamakura Buddhism}. Honen developed Jodo-shu, and his disciple Shinran derived Jodoshin-shu.

Thomas à Becket [Becket, Thomas à] archbishop Canterbury, England 1162 to 1170 He lived 1118 to 1170 and was Archbishop of Canterbury [1162 to 1170]. He opposed Henry II on jurisdiction over clergy and refused to ratify Constitutions of Clarendon [1164], which gave more power to king's courts. He fled to Europe. On his return, someone murdered him in Canterbury Cathedral by order of King Henry II. Reactions to his death caused Henry II to rescind Constitutions of Clarendon.

Leonin or Leoninus composer Paris, France 1163 to 1190 Magnus Liber Organi or Great Book of the Organ [1163 to 1190: for masses] He lived 1135 to 1201 and worked at Notre Dame Cathedral. He added second descant part above the Gregorian chant and so composed organum polyphonic music. He developed chant-note rhythm and time notation.

Maurice de Sully architect Paris, France 1163 to 1250 Notre-Dame Cathedral [1163 to 1250: Gothic] He lived 1120 to 1196.

Chrétien de Troyes [Troyes, Chrétien de] poet Troyes, France 1164 to 1180 King Arthur [1164]; Erec et Enide [1170]; Cliges [1176]; Lancelot [1178 to 1180]; Yvain [1178 to 1180]; Perceval or The Story of the Grail [1180] He lived 1135 to 1190.

Hugo de Porta Ravennate or Hugolinus de Porta Ravennate or Ugo de Alberico [Alberico, Ugo de] lawyer Bologna, Italy 1165 to 1194 Summation on Fighting [1165 to 1194] He lived ? to 1194 and was one of the Four Doctors, who recreated Roman law.

Nezami or Elyas Yusof Nezami Ganjavi [Nezami Ganjavi, Elyas Yusof] poet Persia 1166 to 1199 Khamseh or Five Books [1166 to 1191: mathnavi poems]; Makhzanul-Assrar or Treasure of Mysteries [1166: in Khamseh]; Khosrow and [1176: in Khamseh]; Leili and Majnoon [1189: in Khamseh]; Eskandarnameh or Book of Alexander [1191: in Khamseh]; or Seven Figures [1199: in Khamseh] He lived 1141 to 1202.

Moses Maimonides [Maimonides, Moses] or Moses ben Maimon [Maimon, Moses ben] or Rambam philosopher Spain/Cairo, Egypt 1168 to 1190 Commentary on the Mishnah [1168]; Guide of the Perplexed [1180 to 1190]; Book of the Commandments [1185] He lived 1135 to 1204 and developed Jewish philosophy. People have free choice because the knowledge that God has is not understandable by humans, though God knows the future.

Lu Xiangshan or Lu Hsiang-shan or Lu Jiuyuan or Tzu-ching or Ts'un-chai philosopher China 1170 to 1190 He lived 1138 to 1193, was Neo-Confucian, and blended Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism in Lu-Wang School.

Myoan [Eisai, Myoan] or Eisai Zenji philosopher Japan 1170 to 1210 He lived 1141 to 1215 and introduced Zen to Japan, as Rinzai School, building on Ch'an Buddhism in China. He began tea ceremony and brought green tea from China to Japan.

Saladin or Salah al-Din ruler Egypt/Syria 1173 to 1193 He lived 1138 to 1193, took Jerusalem [1173] and Damascus, and started Ayyubid dynasty [1173 to 1250]. With Saracens, he conquered Tunisia, Yemen, and Syria. He defeated Crusade at Hattin [1187]. He held Jerusalem through Third Crusade. He met Richard I of England.

Andreas Capellanus [Capellanus, Andreas] or Andreas [Capella, Andreas] essayist Europe 1174 to 1186 Art of Courtly Love [1174 to 1186: essay] He lived 1140 to 1200. Capellanus means Chaplain. At the Countess' request, he described courtly love and its speaking and acting rules in Eleanor of Aquitaine's court. Her daughter was Countess Maria of Troyes [1170 to 1174].

Guichard of Lyons archbishop/architect Lyon, France 1175 to 1550 St. Jean Cathedral [1175 to 1550: Gothic] Lyon is Lugdunum or Lyons.

Waldo or Peter Waldes [Waldes, Peter] missionary/reformer Lyon, France 1176 He lived ? to 1217, sold all his goods, arranged for his family [1176], began to preach, and started Waldenses, Vaudois, Valdesii, Vallenses, the Poor, Leonistae, Poor Men of Lyons, Sandaliati, Insabbatati, Sabbatati, or Sabotiers, which emphasized strict morals and the Bible and opposed Catholic-Church worldliness. They congregated in west Piedmont in north Italy by 1200 to 1210 and exist now.

Averroës or Ibn Rushd [Rushd, Ibn] philosopher/physician Córdoba, Andalusia, Spain 1180 to 1190 Incoherence of the Incoherence [1180]; Decisive Treatise on the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy [1190] He lived 1126 to 1198, commented on Aristotle's works, which had just become available in Europe, and developed non-theological Arabian philosophy {Averroism}, which influenced later European philosophers. People can use religious truth, and philosophers can use rational truth {double truth, Ibn Rushd}. Only intellect is immortal. Intellect is impersonal.

Shihab al-Din Yahya Sohravardi [Sohravardi, Shihab al-Din Yahya] or Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash ibn Amirak Abu'l-Futuh al-Suhrawardi [al-Suhrawardi, Shihab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash ibn Amirak Abu'l-Futuh] or Shihaboddin Yahya [Yahya, Shihaboddin] or al-Maqtul or Slain philosopher Aleppo 1180 to 1190 Intimations [1180 to 1190] He lived 1154 to 1191 and founded Islamic, non-Aristotelian Illuminationist School. Epistemology Essential light inside objects and subjects allows perception and knowledge {illumination philosophy} {philosophy of illumination}. Universal statements true now can be invalid in the future. People can know object essence by special faculty {knowledge by presence}. Sensations and reasons connect in middle world, which allows prophecy and magic {mundus imaginalis}. Politics Enlightened politics has rule by people with knowledge, power, and sense of justice.

Afkham Darbandi Farid al-Din Attar [Attar, Afkham Darbandi Farid al-Din] poet Persia 1180 to 1200 Book of Saints or Recapitulation of the Saints [1180 to 1200]; Book of Travail [1180 to 1200]; Pand Namah or Book of Counsel [1180 to 1200]; Book of Secrets [1180 to 1200]; Mantiq al-Tayr or Conference of the Birds or Bird Discourse or Parliament [1188]; Divan or Collected Poems [1190] He lived 1145 to 1221. Collective human souls are God or the divine.

Accursius Azo of Bologna [Azo of Bologna, Accursius] lawyer Bologna, Italy 1180 to 1210 Summary of Codes [1180 to 1210: systematized all law parts]; Distinctions [1180 to 1210: explained law-principle ramifications]; Lectures on Codes [1180 to 1210] He lived 1150 to 1230 and was Glossator.

Benedetto Antelami [Antelami, Benedetto] sculptor Italy 1180 to 1216 King David [1180 to 1190: Romanesque and classical relief in Fidenza Cathedral]; King David [1210 to 1216: Romanesque and classical relief in Borgo San Donnino Cathedral] He lived 1150 to 1230 and was of Parma School.

Philip II or Philip Augustus king France 1180 to 1223 He lived 1165 to 1223. Of Capetian Dynasty, he joined Third Crusade to take back Jerusalem [1191] but retreated to Egypt. He conquered Angevins in west. He increased king's power over nobles, created law court and advisory council, and warred on England to regain his lands. France became the greatest European power at Bouvines [1214], doubling kingdom's size. He fought the Albigenses religious sect, which controlled south France. He ended serfdom, built cathedrals and cities, and presided over prosperity.

Nicholas of Verdun painter Austria 1181 Klosterneuburg Abbey Altar [1181: Romanesque and early Gothic engraved and enameled plaques about courtly love] He lived 1262 to 1316.

Sverre king Norway 1184 to 1202 He lived 1151 to 1202 and established power over nobles [1201].

Yoritomo or Minamoto Yoritomo [Yoritomo, Minamoto] or Minamoto no Yoritomo [Yoritomo, Minamoto no] shogun Japan 1185 to 1192 He lived 1147 to 1199, led Minamoto clan, and established military government in emperor's name at Kamakura [1185]. He won the long civil war and became first shogun [1192], by emperor's decree. He set up feudal system.

Mohammad of Ghur or Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad ibn Sam [Muhammad ibn Sam, Mu'izz ad-Din] king India 1186 to 1206 He defeated last Ghaznavid and founded Muslim empire in north India.

Bernard of Pavia lawyer Rome, Italy 1187 to 1191 Digest of Early Papal Documents or First Ancient Compilation [1187 to 1191] He wrote about papal decretals from Gregory IX [1150 to 1227] to Clement III [1187 to 1191].

Maestro Mateo architect Compostela, Spain 1188 to 1211 Santiago de Compostela Cathedral or Saint James of Compostela Cathedral [1188 to 1211: Romanesque church has Portico de la Gloria] Church was north Spain destination for medieval Way of Saint James (Camino de Santiago) pilgrimage. Santiago is Saint James.

Richard I or Richard the Lionhearted king England 1189 to 1199 He lived 1157 to 1199 and fought his father Henry II to gain crown. He went on Third Crusade [1189] and his brother John became king. Leopold II imprisoned him and then gave him to Henry VI. Ransom released him, and he fought Philip of France. He returned to England and regained his crown.

Ranulf de Glanville [Glanville, Ranulf de] judge London, England 1190 Treatise on the Laws and Customs of England [1190] He lived ? to 1190, was Chief Justiciar of England under Richard I [1172], and wrote about written appeals {writ, appeal} to crown courts.

Ma Yuan painter China 1190 to 1225 Scholar by a Waterfall [1190 to 1225] Zen Buddhist lived 1155 to 1235 in Sung Dynasty. He founded Ma-Hsia school of landscape painting, with Hsia Kuei.

Baldwin VI of Hainaut [Hainaut, Baldwin VI of] or Baldwin IX of Flanders duchy Flanders 1191 to 1195 He lived 1150 to 1195. The count of Hainaut took Flanders, but Ghent, Bruges, and Ypres remained independent.

Henri de Sully [Sully, Henri de] archbishop/architect Bourges, France 1195 to 1220 Cathedral of St. Etienne of Bourges [1195 to 1220: Gothic] He lived 1103 to 1195 and was archbishop of Bourges [1183 to 1995].

Innocent III pope Rome, Italy 1198 to 1216 He lived 1161 to 1216. As pope, he tried to make church supreme over all rulers. He first gave Holy Roman Empire to Otto IV, then Philip of Swabia, then Otto IV, and then Frederick II. He struggled with Frederick II for power. He put King John of England under interdict until he submitted and declared Magna Carta invalid. Philip II of France resisted but then followed divorce law. Innocent III reorganized papal territories and gained Tuscany but did not get north Italy cities. He encouraged Fourth Crusade and recognized Latin Empire of Constantinople set up by Fourth Crusade, but Osmanli Turks helped Byzantines regain Constantinople. He authorized Franciscan Order, who had mission to the poor, started by Francis of Assisi.

Ottocar I king Bohemia 1198 to 1230 He lived ? to 1230, was duke [1197 to 1198], and was king [1198 to 1230].

John I king England 1199 to 1215 He lived 1167 to 1216 and became king while Richard I was on Third Crusade. He had Richard held captive abroad. He lost Brittany to Philip II of France. Barons forced him to sign Magna Carta [1215]. He exiled all Catholic monks. The pope interdicted and excommunicated all of England. England had war threats. King John became vassal to Pope.

Marie de France [France, Marie de] poet France 1200 Lay of the Werewolf [1200: Breton lay] She lived 1174 to 1204.

Perotin or Perotinus composer Paris, France 1200 Magnus Liber Organi or Great Book of the Organ [1200: for masses] He lived 1160 to 1203, was Leonin's student, and worked at Notre Dame Cathedral. He added two more voices {triplum voice} {quadruplum voice} above chant and renamed descant {duplum voice}.

Liang K'ai painter China 1200 to 1210 Sixth Patriarch (Hui Neng) Chopping the Bamboo [1200 to 1210]; Immortal in Splashed Ink [1200 to 1210] Zen Buddhist lived in Sung Dynasty.

Bieris de Romans [Romans, Bieris de] or Bieiris de Romans [Romans, Bieiris de] poet France 1200 to 1220 Na Maria, pretz e fina valors or Na Maria, you are a prize [1200 to 1220] She was a troubadour.

Shinran philosopher Inada, Kanto, Japan 1200 to 1230 Record in Lament of Divergences [1200 to 1230: compiled by his disciple Yuiembo] He lived 1173 to 1262, was Honen's student, founded Pure-Land sect, and said Amida has all power.

Francis of Assisi monk Assisi, Italy 1200 to 1300 Praise of the Creatures [1221 to 1226]; Canticle of Brother Sun [1221 to 1226]; Testament of Saint Francis [1226] He lived 1182 to 1226, founded Franciscan monastic order, and advocated the simple life. Little Flowers of St. Francis tell his stories. It is said that he preached to birds and tamed wolf by his gentleness.

Kokkoka writer India 1200 to 1300 Mystical Love or Secrets of Love [1200 to 1300: about love and emotions]

Fibonacci or Leonardo of Pisa mathematician Pisa, Italy 1202 Book of Calculation [1202] He lived 1170 to 1250 and invented Fibonacci numbers and studied number theory.

Waldemar II king Denmark 1202 to 1241 He lived 1170 to 1241 and ruled north Scandinavia.

Genghis or Jenghiz or Chinghis or Temuchin or Lord Absolute khan China 1206 to 1227 He lived 1163 to 1227. He became Mongol king {Great Khan} to begin Mongol Empire. He captured Zhongdu (Peking or Beijing) and defeated Ch'in Empire of China [1215]. He conquered Transoxania, Turkestan, Afghanistan, south Russia, and southeast Europe [1227]. He placed conquered peoples in army, used Turkish alphabet for Mongol language, and used Chinese tax system to collect tribute.

St. Francis or Giovanni Bernardore [Bernardore, Giovanni] or Francesco monk Assisi, Italy 1209 He lived 1182 to 1226 and founded Franciscan religious order.

Ritter Eike von Repgow [Repgow, Ritter Eike von] lawyer Saxony 1209 to 1233 Mirror of the Saxons [1209 to 1233: north-Germany Saxon law] German common law was not Saxon but Roman law.

Petrus Collivacinus of Benevento [Collivacinus of Benevento, Petrus] lawyer Rome, Italy 1210 Third Compilation [1210] He wrote about papal decretals from the first twelve years of Innocent III [1198 to 1210].

Gottfried von Strassburg [von Strassburg, Gottfried] poet Strasbourg, France 1210 Tristan [1210] He lived ? to 1210.

John of Wales or Johannes de Walesio [Walesio, Johannes de] or Walensis or Galensis lawyer Rome, Italy 1210 to 1216 Third Compilation [1210 to 1216] He wrote about papal decretals from Clement III and Celestine III [1191 to 1198].

Hsia Kuei or Xia Gui painter China 1210 to 1230 Twelve River Views [1210 to 1230] Zen Buddhist lived 1180 to 1230 in Sung Dynasty. He founded Ma-Hsia school of landscape painting, with Ma Yuan.

Snorri Sturluson [Sturluson, ] poet Iceland 1210 to 1240 Heimskringla or Disc of the World [1210 to 1240: about Norway kings from 870 to 1177]; Prose Edda or Younger Edda [1220: about Scandinavian mythology] He lived 1178 to 1241.

Stephen Langton [Langton, Stephen] archbishop Canterbury, England 1215 He lived 1155 to 1228 and led baron and prelate revolt against King John [1215], as Archbishop of Canterbury [1207 to 1228].

Frederick II emperor Germany/Austria 1215 to 1250 He lived 1194 to 1250. Of Hohenstaufen Dynasty of Holy Roman Empire, he became king {anti-king} in opposition to Otto IV [1210]. He peacefully got Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem [1228] by treaty. He fought Pope Gregory IX, Pope Innocent III, and Pope Innocent IV [1239 to 1250] and conquered Italy. His court was in Sicily. Law, currency, and commerce reforms, and arts and science expansion, made his era the Proto-Renaissance. After he died [1250], the pope became ruler of Italy.

Dominic or Domingo de Guzmán [Guzmán, Domingo de] monk Spain 1216 He lived 1170 to 1221 and founded Dominican monastic order [1216].

Honorarius III pope Rome, Italy 1216 to 1227 He lived ? to 1227. As pope, he authorized Dominican order for scholarship and preaching and revised Franciscan order.

Henry III king England 1216 to 1272 Provisions of Oxford [1258] He lived 1207 to 1272, was John's son, and was king [1227 to 1272]. Regency [1216 to 1227] lost in invasions of Gascony and Brittany and spent much money. As Plantagenet, he became king [1227]. Barons' War under Simon de Montfort defeated him at Lewes [1263]. Barons called Parliament but then lost to Edward I.

Haakon IV king Norway 1217 to 1263 He lived 1204 to 1263 and reformed legal system and got Iceland and Greenland [1223].

Ivan Asen II king Bulgaria 1218 to 1241 Trnovo was capital.

Alexander of Hales philosopher France 1220 to 1245 He lived 1178 to 1245, was Scholastic, and taught Bonaventura.

Robert Grosseteste [Grosseteste, Robert] philosopher Oxford, England 1220 to 1253 Six Days of Creation [1220 to 1240]; On lines, angles, and figures [1230] He lived 1175 to 1253, was Bishop of Lincoln [1240 to 1253], was Augustinian, and translated Aristotle.

Robert de Luzarches/Thomas de Cormont/Renaud de Cormont architect Amiens, France 1220 to 1269 Amiens Cathedral Notre-Dame [1220 to 1269: Gothic, tallest in France] Luzarches lived ? to 1223. Thomas de Cormont lived ? to 1228.

Louis IX king France 1226 to 1270 He lived 1215 to 1270, was Capetian, stopped invasion by England, stopped warring nobles of France, led Seventh Crusade to Egypt, was captive at El Mansura [1250], and crusaded against Tunis. He improved taxation, gave right of appeal to all, streamlined administration, and built Gothic cathedrals. He became Roman Catholic saint.

Honorius III lawyer Rome, Italy 1227 Decretals [1227] He wrote about other papal decretals.

Ogodei khan China 1227 to 1241 He was Genghis Khan's son and became khan at his death.

Franciscus Accursius [Accursius, Franciscus] or Francesco Accorso [Accorso, Francesco] lawyer Bologna, Italy 1230 Great Gloss [1230: described all Glossator commentaries on Justinian books] He lived 1182 to 1260, was Azo's student, and was Glossator.

Sumanguru king Ghana 1230 to 1235 He lived 1190 to 1255, took Kumbi in Ghana, and then lost to Mali and Malinke under Sundiata Keita [1235]. He was last Susu or Sosso king of Kante dynasty.

Ibn Arabi or Ibn al-Arabi mystic Damascus, Syria 1230 to 1240 Managements or Phases of Wisdom [1230]; Meccan [1230 to 1240: mystical allegory]; Interpreter of Desires [1230 to 1240: mystical allegory] He lived 1164 to 1240 and followed Sufi principles and unity of divine being {pantheism, Arabi}.

Dogen Kigen or Dogen Zenji or Eihei Dogen Zenji [Dogen Zenji, Eihei] or Koso Joyo Daishi [Daishi, Koso Joyo] philosopher China/Japan 1231 to 1253 Treasury of the True Dharma Eye [1231 to 1253] He lived 1200 to 1253, came from China, and started Zen-Buddhism Eiheiji or Soto School. "Enlightenment and practice are one." All things already have enlightenment. All things have their times.

Tejahapala/Vastupala architect Mount Abu, India 1232 Delwara Temple or Dilwara Temple or Luna Vasahi [1232: Jaina temple] Delwara Temple is in Gujarat. Tejahapala and Vastupala were brothers.

Alexander Nevski [Nevski, Alexander] grand duke Russia 1236 to 1263 He lived 1220 to 1263, led Novgorod [1236], and was Grand Prince of Vladimir [1252].

Guillaume de Lorris [Lorris, Guillaume de] or Guillaume de Loris [Loris, Guillaume de] poet France 1237 Roman de la Rose or Story of the Rose [1237] He lived 1215 to 1278.

Albertus Magnus or Albert the Great philosopher Bollstadt, Germany 1240 to 1270 On plants [1240 to 1270]; Summary of Theology [1240 to 1270] He lived 1193 to 1280, was Dominican, and taught Aquinas. Church mysteries cannot be rational. Faith depends on revelation about topics for which philosophy has no answers. Faith and revelation are above reason but not contrary to reason. Theology and philosophy share same principles, which soul knows.

Molavi or Jalal al-Din Mohammad al- [al-Rumi, Jalal al-Din Mohammad] or Jalalu'ddin Rumi [Rumi, Jalalu'ddin] or Mawlana Jalaluddin Rumi [Rumi, Mawlana Jalaluddin] or Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi [Balkhi, Jalal ad-Din Muhammad] or Mawlawi or Mawlana or Mevlana poet/philosopher , Afghanistan/Konya, Turkey 1240 to 1270 Divan or Diwan-e Shams-e Tabriz-i or The Works of Shams of Tabriz [1270: poems]; Spiritual Couplets or Qur'an-e Farsi or Masnavi-e-Ma'navi or Mathnawi-i-maanawi or Poem of Inner Meaning [1270: poems totaling 24,000 verses]; Ruba'iyat [1270: poems]; Fihi Ma Fih or Discourses of Rumi [1240 to 1270: Rumi's speeches, as transcribed by his son Sultan Valad and other disciples]; Majalis-i Sab-a or Sermons [1240 to 1270: lectures] He lived 1207 to 1273, wrote in Farsi, and was Sufi. His father was Bahauddin Walad, professor who wrote Maarif, or mystic visions. Sayyid Burhaneddin, his father's friend and from Balkh, taught him after his father died, when he was 24 through 33. Rumi became Sufi-community sheikh at Konya. At age 37, he met Shams of Tabriz, Iran, mystic, who left after two days but was brought back and then disappeared. EPISTEMOLOGY: Knowledge of objective truth, or God, develops through love and self-knowledge. Physical and emotional stimuli prevent people from higher perceptions. Addiction to vice or virtue is idolatry and prevents higher perception {veiling}. Teaching people to hate evil and to covet sanctity teaches hatred and covetousness, not goodness or holiness. Conventional religious systems are secondary, imitative, and limited. However, teacher can help people reach higher perceptions, because ordinary people cannot evaluate the mystical masters. Sufi knowledge involves escaping from familiar dimensions.

Innocent IV pope Lyon, France 1243 to 1254 He lived 1195 to 1254. As pope, he deposed Frederick II of Holy Roman Empire at synod. He led fourth Lateran Council [1251] on church laws.

Thomas Aquinas [Aquinas, Thomas] theologian Cologne, Germany/Rome, Italy 1243 to 1273 Commentaries on the Theological "Sentences" of [1243]; Summation against Gentiles [1264]; Summary of Theology [1273: in two parts, Prima Pars about God as First Cause and Secunda Pars about ethics and people's relations to God. The second part has Prima Secundae about people's purpose and Secunda Secundae about moral choices] He lived 1224 to 1274, was Dominican and Aristotelian, and unified Catholic dogma with Aristotle's ideas and logic {Thomism}. Epistemology Faith and reason are not contradictory. Both can gain knowledge. Forms present in someone's mind are concepts and differ from forms present in external things. People can link objects to mind concepts, to make rational judgments. Concepts that exist in mind are true. People can know essences and concepts are universals. Falsity applies only to poor correspondence between thing and mental representation. Physical organs or organisms have no self-conscious awareness and cannot form or use concepts. External objects produce sense impressions {phantasm, Aquinas}, in body, that refer to non-perceptual entity {common sense, Aquinas}, which stores and combines sense impressions {cogitative power} to make object-characteristic concepts {image, Aquinas}. Soul becomes conscious of image presence. Memory stores object mental concepts and uses them for sensory recognition. Mind does not know objects, only object mental concepts. Understanding involves abstracting intelligible essence or form from sensory impression {agent intellect}. Human mind builds from constituent forms of objects that caused sensory impressions. There are no innate ideas. Mind's thoughts and wills are about things, which have intelligible forms or essences. Animal instincts apprehend things and events as beneficial or harmful. People can know God through reason, revelation, and intuition. Revealed theology explains doctrines of Trinity, Incarnation, and Last Judgment, which people must accept by faith. Natural theology explains existence of God and soul's immortality, which reason can prove. Ethics People can freely have intentions, deliberate, act, and make choices, though God knows past, present, and future. God knows all but is outside time, allowing people free will. Will is power to strive towards the rationally good or desirable and requires intellect to determine the good and desirable. All things are attractive in some respects and unattractive in others, so wills can choose freely among all things. God created people, and their reason and purpose for being is to return to God. People have other purposes in accord with God's purposes and with natural law. People must act to gain happiness, though they do not necessarily know what to do. Pursuit of wisdom is the best life course, because wisdom is knowledge of universe purposes, which are the good and the true. People should contemplate God without will or desire. Happiness is contemplating God. Secondary causes cause evil, which is unintentional. Evil-act initiating causes are always good. Evil is not an essence. Prayer is good, but fate is inevitable. Divine law is to love God and people. Metaphysics Because traversals require beginning points and endpoints, traversal of the infinite cannot happen, and universe began a finite time ago. Universals are real and manifest themselves in individual objects, which are quantitative and exist in space and time. Individuals thus participate in higher reality but are separate from it. Same-species individuals have same essence. Five ways can prove God's existence by arguing from effect back to cause: prime mover, first cause, supreme being, perfection or highest good, and highest purpose. However, because people cannot know God's essence, except by analogy with people's essences and thoughts, one cannot argue from cause to effect. God's knowledge is what creates things. All things that exist, in world or mind, are true. The reason that anything exists is that necessary being, which cannot not exist, exists. Because God has no parts, God's essence and existence are the same. God has no qualities and is indefinable. God is eternal, unchanging, immaterial, pure activity, good, intellectual, and Truth itself. God knows all things, but some ideas do not actually exist. God knows singular and particular things, not-yet-existing things, all time, all infinities, all wills, all minds, all evil, and all good. God knows singular and particular things because God is their cause. God knows not-yet-existing things because God is their creator. God knows all time as if it is present time. God knows all good because evil is opposite of good. God has will that is pure-activity essence. God is object of God's will. God wills universe by reason but without causes or purposes except God, so God can perform miracles but cannot will contradictions. God's will depends only on itself and so is free. God wills Good because God is good and the only good. God acts rationally, so people can know the good through reason. God cannot sin, change past, make another God, stop itself from existing, or fail. God cannot be body, tire, forget, repent, be sad, or be angry. God has no hate. God is happy. God is its own happiness. Mind Living things have souls, which are their essences {substantial form}, but only human beings have spiritual soul. Body has nutrition, growth, and reproduction from one essence {vegetative principle}. Body has sense activity and locomotion from another essence {sensitive principle}. Body has reason and will from a third essence {intellectual principle}. Spiritual soul connects material and spiritual. Spiritual soul is lowest form with pure intelligence and highest form that can form matter and that realizes in matter. Spiritual soul permeates body and is immaterial, unchangeable, and immortal. Human intellect is in spiritual soul. Spiritual souls are individual, and God creates them at conception. Because soul is purely spiritual, it comes directly out of nothing. Law Laws come from God through natural law of morality and society. Natural law does not apply to property. Law must contribute to public good. Politics States contribute to God's plan, preparing for the community of believers after the redemption. States are subordinate to church, because states exist to help people reach virtue. Rulers have duties, with no natural right to rule.

Mu-Ch'i or Fa-Ch'ang painter China 1245 to 1270 Kwan-Yin triptych [1245: with Crane and Monkey]; Six Persimmons [1270] Zen Buddhist lived 1200 to 1274 in Sung Dynasty.

John I of Avesnes count Holland/Belgium/Luxembourg 1246 to 1257 He lived 1218 to 1257 and ruled Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg as count of Hainaut.

Bonaventura or of Bagnoregio philosopher Paris, France 1250 to 1270 Mind's Way to God [1250 to 1270]; Vision of the Poverello in the Desert of Mt. Alverna [1250 to 1270]; Commentaries on the Sentences in Four Books [1250 to 1270]; On the Mystery of the Trinity [1250 to 1270] He lived 1221 to 1274 and was Scholastic and Franciscan. He became Roman Catholic saint.

Peter of Spain or Petrus Hispanus Portugalensis [Portugalensis, Petrus Hispanus] philosopher Spain 1250 to 1270 Summary of Logic [1250 to 1270] He lived 1215 to 1277 and became Pope John XXI. *Negation can apply to sentences with quantities. NOT every a is b, so Every a is NOT b {equipollence, Peter of Spain}. Different propositions have contexts that determine term references {supposition theory, Peter of Spain}.

Baybars al-Bunduqdari sultan Egypt 1250 to 1277 He lived 1223 to 1277, was Turkish slave, and started Mameluke dynasty [1250 to 1517].

Sturla Thordarson [Thordarson, Sturla] poet Iceland 1250 to 1280 Islendinga Saga [1250 to 1280: part of Sturlunga Saga] He lived 1214 to 1284 and was nephew of Snorri Sturluson.

Ottocar II king Bohemia/Austria 1253 to 1278 He lived 1230 to 1278, was Premysl, was King of Bohemia [1253 to 1278], and was Duke of Austria [1253 to 1276]. As King of Bohemia, he took Austria from Brandenbergs of Saxony [1251].

Premysl or Otakar II or Ottokar II or Premysl Otakar [Otakar, Premysl] duke Bohemia 1253 to 1278 He lived 1230 to 1278 and was king of Bohemia [1253 to 1278]. Premysls or Przemysls were under Holy Roman Empire, ruled Bohemia, and acquired Silesia and Moravia.

Alfonso X or Alfonso the Wise or Alfonso el Sabio king Castile/Leon 1255 Songs to the Virgin Mary [1252 to 1284: songs]; Royal Lawbook [1255: local laws and information about Roman laws] He lived 1221 to 1284 and was king of Castile and Leon [1252 to 1284].

Saadi or Mosleh al-Din [Saadi Shirazi, Mosleh al-Din] poet Persia 1257 to 1270 or Scented Garden or Orchard [1257]; Golestan or Rose Garden [1270] He lived 1210 to 1290 and was Sufi.

Nicola Pisano [Pisano, Nicola] sculptor Pisa, Italy 1258 to 1278 Marble Pulpit of the Baptistry of Pisa [1258 to 1278: Gothic and classical style] He lived 1220 to 1284.

Jacopo de Voragine [Voragine, Jacopo de] or Jacobus de Voragine [Voragine, Jacobus de] historian/biographer Rome, Italy 1260 to 1275 Golden Legend [1260 to 1275] He lived 1229 to 1298 and wrote about saints.

Siger of Brabant or Sigerus or Sighier or Sigieri or Sygerius philosopher Brabant, 1260 to 1277 On the soul [1260 to 1277]; On animal intellect [1260 to 1277]; On the eternity of the world [1260 to 1277] He lived 1240 to 1281 and led Latin Averroism.

Kublai or Khubilai khan China 1260 to 1294 He lived 1215 to 1294. Nobles elected him Great Khan [1260]. He defeated Sung Dynasty [1279] and founded Yuan Dynasty in China. He failed to conquer Japan, Indonesia, and southeast Asia.

Michael VIII emperor Constantinople, Turkey 1261 to 1282 He lived 1225 to 1282, reunited Byzantine Empire as states of Nicaea, Trebizond, and Epirus, and started Palaeologan Dynasty [1261 to 1453].

Charles I or Stephen d'Anjou king Naples, Italy 1262 to 1285 He lived 1226 to 1285, was king of Sicily [1262 to 1282] and king of Naples [1282 to 1285], was of Angevin family, and led Guelphs to control of Italy by beating Ghibellines under Manfred [1266]. Sicilian Vespers revolt [1282], instigated by Peter III of Aragon, ended his rule in Silicy.

Magnus VI king Norway 1263 to 1280 He lived 1238 to 1280 and settled with Scotland [1266] and codified law [1274].

Athir al-Din Abhari [Abhari, Athir al-Din] philosopher Zanjan, Persia 1264 Commentary on the Isagoge [1264] He lived 1200 to 1265 and was of Arabian philosophy.

Roger Bacon [Bacon, Roger] philosopher England 1267 Opus Major [1267]; Opus Minor [1267]; Opus Tertium or Third Work [1267] He lived 1220 to 1292, opposed dogma, and was alchemist, natural scientist, and Franciscan. Science and faith are complementary. Visual perception depends on images {species, image} {image, species} that come from object through medium to eye.

Henri de Bracton [Bracton, Henri de] lawyer London, England 1268 On English Laws [1268: standardized English law for next 200 years] He lived 1210 to 1268 and relied on common-law precedents. He said that people can petition king, who must act justly.

Philip III king France 1270 to 1285 He lived 1245 to 1285 and was of Capetian Dynasty.

George Pachymeres [Pachymeres, George] philosopher Byzantium 1270 to 1300 Commentary on Boethius's De Differentiis Topicis [1270 to 1300]; Paraphrase of All of Dionysius Areopagitae [1270 to 1300] He lived 1242 to 1307 and was Platonist.

Giles of Rome philosopher Rome, Italy 1270 to 1302 Errors of the Philosophers [1270]; On Ecclesiastical Power [1302] He lived 1247 to 1316 and was Scholastic and Augustinian.

Madhvacharya or Madhavacharya or Madhvacarya philosopher India 1270 to 1317 He lived 1238 to 1317, was dualist during the Bhakti movement, tried to refute Carvaka philosophy, and started Vedanta Tattvavada, True Philosophy, Advaita, Dvaita, or Dualist School. He said that Vedanta, including Upanishads, Bhagavadgita, and Brahmasutras, revealed that individual self {atman} and ultimate reality {brahman} differ, rather than being the same {non-dualist}. Independent reality {svatantra} is Brahman, and dependent reality {paratantra} is souls {jivas} and objects {jada}. He said this was realistic based on people's perceptions {tattvavada}. God is not the world and is not self. The self is the same as other selves and is not the same as object. All objects differ and are not God or the Self.

Marco Polo explorer/historian/biographer Venice, Italy/China 1271 to 1295 Travels of Marco Polo [1295] Marco Polo lived 1251 to 1324. Niccolo and Maffeo Polo, two brothers from Venice, went to China [1271 to 1274] with Niccolo's son Marco, through Palestine, Persia, central Asia, and across Gobi desert in Mongolia. He visited Kublai Khan at Cambuluc [1275]. The Polos returned to Venice [1295].

Nasir-Eddin or Nasireddin or Nasir Tusi [Tusi, Nasir] or Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn al-Hasan Nasir al-Din al-Tusi [al-Tusi, Abu Jafar Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn al-Hasan Nasir al-Din] or Nasir al- Din al-Tusi [al-Tusi, Nasir al-Din] mathematician Alamut, Persia 1272 Ilkhanic Tables [1272] He lived 1201 to 1274 and used tangent and secant. He invented devices to resolve linear motion into sum of two circular motions {Tusi-couple, Nasir-Eddin}.

Edward I or English Justinian king/lawmaker England 1272 to 1307 Statute of Mortmain [1279: king controlled church land acquisitions]; Hundred Rolls [1279 to 1280: great landholders had to prove title to land]; First and Second Statutes of Westminster [1285 and 1290: codified statutes of England] He lived 1239 to 1307, was king [1272 to 1307], won Baron's War for his father, conquered Wales [1282 to 1284], and fought Scotland. He reformed laws. He reduced private and church courts and limited Church courts to church matters, in Circumspecte Agatis. He permitted attachments of feudal lands by merchants, in Statute of Merchants. He issued Statute of Mortmain decree, which prohibited land transfer to Church without king's consent [1300]. He reproclaimed Magna Charta. He formed Model Parliament [1295] of barons, clergy, and merchants and promised no taxes without its consent. Parliament had two knights from every shire and two burgesses from every town. He granted Parliament right to present petitions to king. He defeated Scottish armies and ruled Scotland directly [1296 to 1307] but died in 1307. Near end of his reign, judicial scandal caused court reform, and thereafter judges were people trained in law, not churchmen or courtiers.

Rudolf I emperor Austria 1273 to 1291 He lived 1218 to 1291. As duke of Austria, he became emperor and started Hapsburg dynasty. He was friendly with the pope and tried to check the robber barons. He defeated Ottocar II of Bohemia, gained Austria, and united Germany.

Jean de Meun [Meun, Jean de] or Jean de Meung [Meung, Jean de] poet France 1275 Roman de la Rose or Story of the Rose [1275] He lived 1240 to 1305 and wrote satires. al-Qazwini al-Katibi [al-Katibi, al-Qazwini] or Dabiran philosopher Persia/Baghdad, Iraq 1276 Sun Treatise [1276] He lived ? to 1276 and was of Shaf'i school of Arabian philosophy. He discussed logic, inheritance laws, and art of debate {munazara}.

Henry of Ghent or Henricus de Gandavo [Gandavo, Henricus de] or Doctor Solemnis philosopher Belgium 1277 to 1293 Various Questions [1277 to 1293]; Summary of Theology [1277 to 1293] He lived 1250 to 1293 and was Platonist, Augustinian, Avicennian, and Aristotelian.

Diniz or Dinis or Denis of Portugal king Portugal 1279 to 1325 He lived 1261 to 1325 and fought Knights Templar, founded university, and helped farmers.

Giovanni Cimabue [Cimabue, Giovanni] painter Assisi, Italy 1280 Crucifixion [1280: in church of St. Francis of Assisi]; St. Francis [1280: in church of St. Francis of Assisi]; Madonna Enthroned and Child [1280: in church of St. Francis of Assisi] He lived 1240 to 1302.

Moses de Léon mystic Avila, Spain 1280 to 1286 Book of Splendor [1280 to 1286: supposedly based on writings of Shimon Bar Yohai, Akiva's student] He lived 1240 to 1305 and was Jewish mystic.

Philip IV king France 1285 to 1314 He lived 1268 to 1314. Of Capetian Dynasty, he tried to extend clergy taxation and stop gold export, which angered Pope Boniface VIII. He arrested Bishop Saisset for rebellion, called first States-General, and captured the pope. He had Pope Clement V elected and moved him to , France. He got money by confiscating wealth of bankers in Lombardy, Jews in France, and Knights Templar. He lost at Guienne to Edward I of England and failed to control Flanders in Battle of the Spurs.

John Duns Scotus [Duns Scotus, John] or Doctor Subtilis philosopher Scotland/Oxford, England 1290 to 1300 Opus Oxoniense or Oxford Work [1290 to 1300]; Understanding and Experience [1290 to 1300]; Questions on the Metaphysics of Aristotle [1290 to 1300] He lived 1266 to 1308, was Scholastic and Franciscan, and developed Augustine's ideas in psychology {Scotism}. Epistemology Concepts develop from nature observation. Such concepts also apply to God. Evidence types are objects and event experiences, bodily actions, and principles, all of which people know directly. The first ideas and perceptions are confused and imperfect. Will makes some clear and perfect. Ideas that wills do not understand die out. In this way, wills control intellect. Philosophy is for material world and is theoretical. Theology is for practical life and is spiritual. Only revelation gives truth. Metaphysics Individual objects and properties are distinct. God is the efficient cause that keeps universe in being and keeps it from nothingness. Mind Will is independent of reason. The intelligent and immaterial soul links to material body by the life-force, which is the Form for body. Theology God impregnated Jesus's mother (Immaculate Conception).

Amir Khusrau [Khusrau, Amir] or Abul Hasan Yaminuddin Khusro [Khusro, Abul Hasan Yaminuddin] or Amir Khusro Dehlavi [Dehlavi, Amir Khusro] poet Delhi, India 1290 to 1310 Khamsa or Amulet [1290 to 1310] He lived 1253 to 1325 and wrote masnavi.

Giotto or Ambrogio Bondone [Bondone, Ambrogio] painter Padua, Italy/Florence, Italy 1290 to 1313 St. Francis of Assisi [1290 to 1300: frescoes]; Arena Chapel Murals [1305 to 1313: Byzantine and Gothic frescoes about life of Christ are in Padua]; Lamentation [1305 to 1313: in Arena Chapel]; Noli me Tangere or Do Not Touch Me [1305 to 1313: in Arena Chapel]; Wedding Procession [1305: in Arena Chapel]; Marriage at Cana [1305 to 1313: in Arena Chapel]; Madonna Enthroned [1305 to 1313: in Arena Chapel]; Christ Entering Jerusalem [1305 to 1313: in Arena Chapel]; Life of the Virgin [1303 to 1313: frescoes in Arena Chapel]; Santa Croce Frescoes or Holy Cross Frescoes [1310: in Florence] He lived 1267 to 1337, used linear perspective, and painted with tempera.

Johannes Eckhart von Hochheim [Eckhart von Hochheim, Johannes] philosopher Germany/Paris, France 1290 to 1320 Sermons [1290 to 1320]; Unutterable Things or Indescribable Things [1290 to 1320] He lived 1260 to 1337 and based his Mysticism on ideas of Realism. Metaphysics Being and Knowledge are the same. God is beyond being and knowledge. God has three parts: generating essence, creation itself, and part beyond all things and creating. God creates by expressing Ideas in itself, out of nothing. God does not create by will, because will is in time. Mind Soul is like the part of God beyond creating and essence and is timeless. Body is in time. Human mind approaches God by reducing plurality to unity. Soul then reaches purity, withdraws from world, and ceases to be self.

Dante Alighieri poet Florence, Italy 1292 to 1321 New Life [1292: poem about love]; De Vulgari Eloquentia or Of Vulgar Eloquence [1300: essay]; [1319 to 1321: poem trilogy dedicated to Beatrice]; [1319: Divine Comedy first poem]; [1319: Divine Comedy second poem]; [1321: Divine Comedy third poem] He lived 1265 to 1321, was White Guelf, and wrote Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and European language studies.

Boniface VIII pope Rome, Italy 1294 to 1303 He lived 1235 to 1303. As pope, he struggled with Philip IV of France over taxes and interfered in Florence.

Wang Shifu writer China 1295 to 1307 Romance of the Western Chamber or Story of the Western Wing or Hsi Hsiang Chi [1295 to 1307] He lived 1250 to 1300.

Giovanni Pisano [Pisano, Giovanni] sculptor Pisa, Italy/Pistoia, Italy 1297 to 1310 San Andrea Pulpit [1297 to 1301: Early Gothic marble sculpture in San Andrea Cathedral in Pistoia]; Pisa Pulpit [1302 to 1310: Early Gothic marble sculpture in Pisa Cathedral] He lived 1250 to 1314.

Arnolfo di Cambio [Cambio, Arnolfo di] architect Florence, Italy 1298 Palazzo della Signoria or Palazzo Vecchio or Vecchio Palace [1298: fortress-like Gothic palace with high square tower] He lived 1245 to 1302. It was Piazza della Signoria or Leaders' Plaza. Signoria were leaders of Florence.

Osman I or Othman I emperor Turkey 1299 to 1326 He lived 1259 to 1326 and started Osmanli or Ottoman principality {beg} in northeast Turkey. He began Islamic law and government. As leader of Ottoman Turks or Osmanli Turks, he founded by taking Bursa [1317 to 1326], capital of Mongols in Asia Minor, using artillery. Bursa became Ottoman capital.

Muso Kokushi [Kokushi, Muso] or Muso Soseki [Soseki, Muso] painter Japan 1300 to 1350 gardens [1300 to 1350]; Dream Conversations [1300 to 1350: book] Zen Buddhist lived 1275 to 1351 and used fine brush style {sumi style, Kokushi}. He designed gardens.

Clement V pope Avignon, France 1305 to 1314 He lived 1264 to 1314. As pope, he dissolved Knights Templar and formulated canon law. Philip IV of France controlled him.

Edward II king England 1307 to 1327 He lived 1284 to 1327.

Duccio di Buoninsegna painter Italy 1308 to 1311 Maesta Altar [1308 to 1311: back is Byzantine and Gothic]; Jesus Opens the Eyes of a Man Born Blind [1311] He lived 1260 to 1318.

John of Luxembourg king Bohemia 1310 to 1346 He lived 1310 to 1346, became Bohemia king, and became overlord of Silesia dukes [1335].

Mansa Musa [Musa, Mansa] king Mali 1312 to 1337 He lived 1280 to 1337, was Muslim, and had a tolerant legal system.

Robert Bruce [Bruce, Robert] king Scotland 1314 to 1329 He lived 1274 to 1329, defeated English at Bannockburn in central Scotland [1314], and became king of Scotland.

Louis IV or Ludwig the Bavarian king Bavaria 1314 to 1347 He lived 1282 to 1347 and defeated Frederick the Fair at Muhlberg [1322]. He struggled against Pope Clement VII.

Magnus VII or Magnus Ericsson king Norway/Sweden 1319 to 1363 He lived 1316 to 1377. Nobles elected him king. He united Sweden [1319 to 1363] and Norway [1319 to 1343] and allied with Waldemar IV, king of Denmark, but Hanseatic League defeated him. His son was Haakon VI. Albert of Mecklenburg replaced Magnus VII and Haakon VI.

Gersonides or Levi ben Gershon [Gershon, Levi ben] or Ralbag philosopher Spain/Avignon, France 1320 to 1340 Wars of the Lord [1320 to 1340] He lived 1288 to 1344 and developed Jewish philosophy.

Philippe de Vitry [Vitry, Philippe de] composer Meaux, France 1320 to 1350 Ars Nova or New Art [1320 to 1350: book] Bishop of Meaux lived 1291 to 1361 and developed four prolation time signatures.

Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlug [Tughlug, Ghiyas-ud-din] or Ghiyasuddin Tughluk [Tughluk, Ghiyasuddin] sultan India 1321 to 1325 Nobles elected Tughlug, Turkish general, sultan, and he founded Tughluq dynasty. His son Mohammed murdered him.

Mohammed bin Tughluq sultan India 1325 to 1351 He killed his father and expanded Tughluq Empire, but he caused provincial revolts.

Waldemar III king Denmark 1326 to 1329 He lived 1314 to 1364 and was Duke of Schleswig [1330 to 1364].

William of Occam or William Ockham philosopher London, England 1327 Summary of Logic [1327] He lived 1285 to 1349, was Franciscan and nominalist, studied legal and property rights, and argued with Pope John XXII. He opposed William of Sherwood, Peter of Spain, and Walter Burleigh. He developed syllogisms with inferences, worked on modal logic, and studied logic of terms {supposition theory, Occam}. Epistemology Logic concepts are about meaning, not about mental states, and are natural objects or idea signs. Words are signs used by convention. Words have two uses: one is to represent object and the other is to have meaning. Rational soul knows immaterial world. Sensitive soul perceives material world. Sense knowledge is an object sign and is sensitive-soul state or action. Sensations do not involve copying objects. Cause's powers, not God's will, cause causation, so he opposed Henry of Ghent. People should use as few concepts as necessary to explain idea {Ockham's razor, Occam}. Ethics Divine will is obligatory for all actions. Law Right is freedom and ability to act. Command or contract can make law.

Brother Ugolino [Ugolino, Brother] writer Naples, Italy 1327 to 1342 Little Flowers of St. Francis or Fioretti [1327 to 1342: Latin original] He lived 1262 to 1348. He wrote original Latin version, which is lost. Somebody wrote the Italian version in Tuscany [1400]. Stories about Francis of Assisi say he preached to birds and tamed wolf by his gentleness.

Thomas Bradwardine [Bradwardine, Thomas] philosopher London, England 1328 to 1344 Treatise on the Continuum [1328 to 1335]; Treatise on the Proportion [1328]; On speculative arithmetic [1328 to 1344]; On speculative geometry [1328 to 1344]; On God's cause against Pelagius and the causes of virtue [1344] He lived 1290 to 1349 and was against Pelagians, who believed that people's will was morally correct.

Philip VI king France 1328 to 1346 He lived 1293 to 1350, deposed Capetian kings of France, and became first Valois king by Salic law. He got control of Flanders, began Hundred Years War, and ended its first phase with his defeat at Crecy.

Andrea Pisano [Pisano, Andrea] sculptor Florence, Italy 1330 to 1336 South Door of the Florence Baptistry [1330 to 1336] He lived 1290 to 1349.

Guillaume de [Machaut, Guillaume de] composer France 1330 to 1346 He lived 1300 to 1346 and developed minstrels.

Johann Tauler [Tauler, Johann] philosopher Constance, Germany 1330 to 1350 Sermons for Festivals or Inner Way [1330 to 1350] He lived 1300 to 1361 and was mystic.

Heinrich Seuse [Seuse, Heinrich] or Henry Suso [Suso, Henry] philosopher Constance, Germany 1330 to 1360 Clock of Wisdom [1330 to 1360] He lived 1300 to 1366 and was mystic.

Edward III king England 1330 to 1377 He lived 1327 to 1377 and was king [1327 to 1377]. He gained power [1330] but failed to subdue Scotland. He entered Hundred Years War [1337 to 1359] with his son Edward the Black Prince, which ended with Treaty of London. He had money troubles with Parliament. He caused economic crash by defaulting on payments to Bardi and Peruzzi families of Florence [1339]. Through his mother, he claimed he was king of France. He agreed to get consent of Parliament for all laws [1350]. Statute of Laborers [1351] tried to make all work have wage ceiling and set fixed prices. Wat Taylor rebellion was series of revolts against it. Finally, king ended Statute and promised end to serfdom. He saw Black Death cause demands for social change. He had trouble with church and John Wyclif. He ended Brehon Laws of Ireland. He appointed judges {Justices of the Peace} to preside over national courts in shires [1361]. The Good Parliament [1376] elected Speaker to represent Commons and spoke against high taxes.

Stephen Dushan [Dushan, Stephen] or Stefan Dusan [Dusan, Stefan] king Serbia 1331 to 1355 He lived 1308 to 1355, took Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Thessaly from Byzantine Empire, controlled Montenegro, and attacked Constantinople.

Vidyaraya or Madhavacarya or Madhava Vidyaranya minister Mysore, Karnataka, India 1331 to 1380 Compendium of Speculations [1380: written in Telugu]; Five Servants [1380: Advaita] He lived 1268 to 1380, headed [1331] Smarta Order, and was minister for King Bukka of Vijayanagara Empire. Sankaracharya founded the Smarta Order. The sixteen philosophy systems are in order of knowledge: Carvaka, Buddha, Arhata or Jaina, purna-prajna, Nakulisa-Pasupata, Saiva, Pratyabhijna, Rasesvara, Vaiseshika or Aulukya, Akshapada or Nyaya, Jaiminiya, Paniniya, Sankhya, Patanjala or Yoga, Vedanta or System of Sankaracharya, and Advaita Vedanta or System of Sankara.

Nicholas of Autrecourt philosopher Autrecourt, France 1335 to 1347 Universal Treatise [1335]; Could the vision of any natural thing be naturally intensified? [1336 to 1339] He lived 1300 to 1369, was Terminist, and commented on Sentences of Abelard. The church condemned him [1347]. Because cause and effect differ and do not relate, effect must transform cause.

Richard II king England 1337 to 1399 He lived 1312 to 1400, defeated peasants after revolt, and had to deal with barons under Earl of Gloucester. He married Charles IV of France's daughter [1396]. He banished his cousin Henry of Bolingbroke for accusing Duke of Norfolk of treason. Later, Henry of Bolingbroke, who became Henry IV, forced him to abdicate.

Petrarch or Francesco Petrarcha [Petrarcha, Francesco] poet Arezzo, Tuscany/France 1340 to 1372 Trionfi or Triumphs [1340: poem]; Canzoniere or Songbook [1340: Petrarchan sonnets]; On Remedies for Fortune, Fair and Foul [1365: essay]; On His Own Ignorance [1372: essay] He lived 1304 to 1374, was Stoic, had ethics based on emotion, and wrote language studies.

Waldemar IV king Denmark 1340 to 1375 He lived 1320 to 1375 and fought Hanseatic League but lost. He reunited Denmark and allied with Magnus VII, king of Norway and Sweden, but he lost to Hanseatic League. He took Norway by beating Albert of Mecklenburg, Swedish king.

Gregory of Rimini philosopher Rimini, Italy 1342 Commentary on the Sentences of Peter of Lombard [1342] He lived 1300 to 1358 and was Sententiary or Summist.

Pietro Lorenzetti [Lorenzetti, Pietro] painter Italy 1342 Birth of the Virgin [1342: Byzantine and Gothic] He lived 1280 to 1348.

Marsiglio or Marsilius of Padua philosopher Padua, Italy 1342 Defender of the Peace [1324] He lived 1280 to 1342 and was Terminist. He argued in favor of city-states, against factions and pope.

Louis I or Louis the Great king Hungary 1342 to 1382 He lived 1326 to 1382, got Dalmatia, defeated Ottoman Empire, mastered nearby lands, and ruled Poland [1370 to 1382], displacing Piasts.

Taddeo Gaddi [Gaddi, Taddeo] architect Florence, Italy 1345 Ponte Vecchio or Vecchio Bridge [1345: bridge] He lived 1300 to 1366 [rebuilt 1564].

Jean Buridan [Buridan, Jean] philosopher Paris, France 1345 to 1360 Sophisms on Meaning and Truth [1345 to 1350]; Summaries of Dialectics [1345 to 1350] He lived 1295 to 1360, was Terminist, invented theory of consequences, and studied syllogisms, inertia, and impetus. Epistemology Hungry donkey is between two haystacks that appear identical but starves because it cannot decide rationally which one to eat first {Buridan's ass}. Different propositions can have different contexts for same terms, and this affects term references {supposition theory}. Sentence inferences depend on suppositions. Supposition {personal supposition} can be about number of term or object, such as just one {discrete supposition} or at least one {determinate supposition}. Determinate supposition can be All or Some. Suppositions {material supposition} can be about speech or writing. Suppositions {formal supposition} can be about universals or ideas.

Giovanni [Boccaccio, Giovanni] poet/storyteller Florence, Italy 1348 to 1353 Decameron [1348 to 1353: stories] He lived 1313 to 1375.

Bartolus de Saxoferrato lawyer Perugia, Italy 1350 Theory of Statutes [1350: general law rules that reconciled conflicting legal systems] He lived 1313 to 1357 and was Commentator. Laws of place in which action happened govern actions {territoriality, Bartolus de Saxoferrato}.

Hafez or Hafiz or Khajeh Shamseddin Mohammad Hafiz-e Shirazi [Shirazi, Khajeh Shamseddin Mohammad Hafiz-e] poet Persia 1350 to 1370 Divan-e Hafiz or Divan Ghazaliat or Collected Poems [1350 to 1370] He lived 1324 to 1389.

Sayana philosopher Vijayanagara, Karnataka, India 1350 to 1370 Spiritual Theological Dictionary of Sayana [1350 to 1370: commentary on Rig-veda] He lived 1315 to 1387 and was court minister.

Firoz Shah [Firoz, Shah] or Shah Firoz sultan India 1351 to 1388 He lived 1310 to 1388 and ruled Tughluq Empire [1351 to 1388].

Yi Song-gye or T'aejo general Korea 1354 to 1358 He lived 1335 to 1408, revolted against Mongols, and returned Korea to Koryo dynasty of China [1354]. He ended Koryo dynasty [1392] and founded Yi dynasty or Choson dynasty [1392 to 1910]. Capital was at Kyon-Song (Seoul).

Charles IV emperor Holy Roman Empire 1355 to 1378 He lived 1316 to 1378, was king of Germany and Bohemia [1346 to 1378], and wrote Golden Bull [1356], which lasted until 1806. It established seven prince-electors as diet legislative upper house. They elected emperor. Brandenburg, Bohemia, and Saxony were the important electors. Other princes were in diet middle house. City representatives were in diet lower assembly.

Edward the Black Prince prince France 1356 He lived 1330 to 1376 and defeated France at Poitiers [1356] and captured the French king, John II.

Luo Guanzhong or Lo Kuan-chung novelist China 1360 Romance of the Three Kingdoms [1360: about war adventures] He lived 1330 to 1400.

Petrus Baldus de Ubaldis [Baldus de Ubaldis, Petrus] lawyer Perugia, Italy 1360 to 1390 Commentary on the Book of Fees [1360 to 1390] He lived 1327 to 1406, was of the Baldeschi, and was Commentator.

Francesco Landini [Landini, Francesco] composer Italy 1360 to 1397 Landini cadence He lived 1330 to 1397, wrote madrigals, ballato, and cacia, and began the Landini cadence.

Charles V or Charles the Wise king France 1364 to 1380 He lived 1338 to 1380 and put down Jacquerie Revolt of peasants against nobles and army. He gave rights to assembly {States-General} but revoked those rights to stop the power of Étienne Marcel and Charles the Bad. He appointed Du Guesclin as constable of France, who drove England out of France [1734]. He increased taxes and developed standing army. He favored learning under his ministers, Marmousets.

William Langland [Langland, William] novelist England 1365 Vision of William concerning Piers the Plowman [1365] He lived 1332 to 1387.

Simone da Orsenigo [Orsenigo, Simone da]/Nicola di Bonaventura [Bonaventura, Nicola di]/Giovannino de' Grassi [Grassi, Giovannino de']/Giacomo da Campione [Campione, Giacomo da]/Filippino degli Ugoni [Ugoni, Filippino degli]/Giovanni Solari [Solari, Giovanni]/Guinforte Solari [Solari, Guinforte]/Pier Antonio Solari [Solari, Pier Antonio]/Giovanni Antonio Amadeo [Amadeo, Giovanni Antonio]/Pellegrino Pellegrini [Pellegrini, Pellegrino] or Tibaldi architect Milan, Italy 1366 to 1485 Milan Cathedral [1366 to 1485: French Gothic] Guinforte Solari lived 1465 to 1481. Amadeo lived 1447 to 1522. Pellegrini lived 1527 to 1596.

Ferdinand I king Portugal 1367 to 1383 He lived 1345 to 1383 and fought Castile [1369].

Tamerlane or Timur Leng [Leng, Timur] or Timur Lang [Lang, Timur] or Timur the Lame emperor Persia/India/Samarkand, Kazakhstan/Levant 1369 to 1405 He lived 1336 to 1405. Descendant of Genghis Khan, he first ruled Samarkand. Using horsemen, he conquered Persia [1379], Iraq, Syria, and Afghanistan and established Timurid Empire. He invaded south Russia [1395]. He invaded India [1397] and Tughluq Empire, sacked Delhi [1398], and killed most people. He died on way to China [1405].

Ibn Khaldun historian/sociologist/economist Tunis, Tunisia 1370 Prolegomenon or Introduction or Muqaddima[1370] He lived 1332 to 1406, was Sufi and politician, and was "father of science of history". History analyzes development of culture through social, political, and economic patterns and causes {unran}.

Geoffrey [Chaucer, Geoffrey] poet England 1370 to 1387 Book of the Dutchess [1370]; Troilus and Criseyde [1385]; Canterbury Tales [1387] He lived 1343 to 1400.

Acamapichtli king Mexico City, Mexico/Tenochtitlán, Mexico 1376 to 1396 He lived 1356 to 1396 and was first Aztec emperor {tlatoani} (one who speaks) at Tenochtitlán. Aztecs used Nahuatl language.

Margaret queen Denmark 1380 She lived 1353 to 1412 and was queen of Denmark [1388 to 1412], Sweden [1375 to 1412], and Norway [1389 to 1412].

Mir Ali calligrapher/painter Tabriz, Iran 1380 to 1400 Nasta'liq [1380 to 1400: Arabic calligraphy style] He lived ? to 1416 and painted miniatures.

Madhava of Sangamagramma mathematician Kerala, India 1380 to 1410 Rig-veda comments [1380 to 1410] He lived 1350 to 1425, founded Kerala School of mathematics, developed infinite series, and started mathematical analysis.

Charles VI or Charles the Mad or Charles the Well-Beloved king France 1380 to 1411 He lived 1368 to 1422.

Platonism/Neo-Platonism philosophic school Europe 1380 to 1600 School included George Plethon, Basilius Bessarion, Marsilio Ficino, Francesco Patrizzi, Guillaume Postel, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, Florentine Academy, Amaury Bouchard, Fevre de la Boderie, Baldassore , Leon Hebreo, Pontus de Tyard, and Ronsard.

John Wycliffe [Wycliffe, John] or John Wyclif [Wyclif, John] philosopher London, England 1382 to 1384 Summary of Theology [1382]; Summary of Being [1384] He lived 1320 to 1384 and was realist about universals.

Claus Sluter [Sluter, Claus] sculptor , France 1385 to 1406 Chartreuse de Champnol Portal [1385 to 1393: Gothic International style]; Moses Well [1395 to 1406: Gothic International style] He lived 1350 to 1406.

John I or John the Great king Portugal 1385 to 1433 He lived 1357 to 1433. As master of Knights of Aviz, he cooperated in revolt against Spain and, with Pereira of Portugal, defeated Castile at Aljubarota. He defeated Moors, allied with England, and began colonization and exploration. He started Aviz Dynasty.

Ladislaus II or Jagiello king Poland/Lithuania 1386 to 1434 He lived 1350 to 1434, was grand duke of Lithuania [1378 to 1401], became Ladislaus II king of Poland [1386 to 1434], and founded Jagiello Dynasty and Polish-Lithuanian kingdom, strongest in east Europe.

Bajazet I or Bayazit I or Bayazid I emperor Anatolia 1389 to 1403 He lived 1360 to 1403. Ottoman Empire took east Anatolia [1396].

Hatun Tupac [Tupac, Hatun] or Viracocha Inca emperor Cuzco Valley, Peru 1390 to 1400 He lived 1347 to 1400 and was eighth Inca ruler. As previous rulers had done, he used the name Sapa Inca (the unique Inca), but he also changed his name to supreme god's name, Viracocha Inca. He took neighboring lands and allied with other rulers. He gave army, government, and religious jobs to his family or his associates. People entering his presence bowed, wore no shoes, and carried packs on their backs. Inca myth said he traveled to Pacific and never returned.

Cho Densu [Densu, Cho] or Kichizan Mincho [Mincho, Kichizan] or Myo-cho painter Japan 1390 to 1420 Indian Saints [1390 to 1420] Zen Buddhist lived 1352 to 1431 and painted in sumi style.

George Plethon [Plethon, George] or Pletho or George of Trebizond philosopher Byzantium/Florence, Italy 1390 to 1438 On Differences [1390 to 1438: differences between Plato and Aristotle about God]; Summary of the Doctrines of Zoroaster and Plato [1390 to 1438]; Address to Theodore II Palaiologos [1390 to 1438] He lived 1355 to 1452 and was neo-Platonist. Byzantine emperor John VIII Palaeologus, Plethon, Plethon's student Johannes Bessarion, and George Scholarios attended Council of Ferrara [1438] to try to unify east and west churches. He taught about Plato in Florence [1438].

Henry IV king England 1399 to 1413 He lived 1367 to 1413, invaded England in Richard II's absence, and then put down Scotland, Wales, and Percy rebellions. He founded Lancaster Dynasty, whose symbol was the white rose. Lancaster Dynasty was Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI.

Zafar Khan Muzaffar or Hassan Gangu governor India 1401 to 1411 He was governor [1391], became independent of Delhi Sultanate [1401], and founded Gujarat Dynasty.

Witowt king Lithuania 1401 to 1430 He lived 1350 to 1430 and ruled Lithuania at height.

Lorenzo [Ghiberti, Lorenzo] architect/sculptor Florence, Italy 1401 to 1435 Florence Baptistery Dome [1401 to 1422: Gothic International style]; Gates of Paradise [1435: on Florence-Baptistry bronze doors] He lived 1378 to 1455.

Yongle Dadian encyclopedia China 1403 to 1409 encyclopedia [1403 to 1409] Encyclopedia had 20,000 chapters.

Yong Le or Yongle or Yong-le or Zhu Di emperor China 1403 to 1424 He lived 1360 to 1424 and was first Ming emperor. Nanking was first Ming capital.

Zheng He admiral China 1405 to 1433 He lived 1371 to 1433, was Chinese Muslim, and voyaged seven times to west to collect tribute for Ming dynasty. He traded gold, porcelain, silks, and spices. He reached Africa.

Louis de France duke Orleans, France 1407 He lived 1372 to 1407. As Duke of Orleans, he caused civil war between south-France Armagnacs and east-France Burgundians [1407]. He started Valois-Orleans kings [1411].

Jamshid al-Kashi [al-Kashi, Jamshid] mathematician Samarkand, Kazakhstan 1407 to 1427 Stairway of Heaven [1407]; Compendium of the Science of Astronomy [1411]; Key to Arithmetic [1427] He lived 1390 to 1450 and used base-ten number system, decimals, and negative powers.

Hasdai ibn Crescas [Crescas, Hasdai ibn] philosopher Barcelona, Spain 1410 Light of the Lord [1410] He lived 1340 to 1412 and developed Jewish philosophy. Belief in God's commandments implies belief in God. Empty space is not contradictory.

Andrei Rublev [Rublev, Andrei] painter Russia 1410 Old Testament Trinity icon [1410: Byzantine] He lived 1360 to 1430.

Ahmad Shah or Shah Ahmad sultan Ahmadabad, India 1411 to 1442 Of Gujarat Dynasty, he started Muzaffarid Dynasty, was Zafar Khan's grandson, and built Ahmadabad as capital. His soldiers received half cash and half land plots.

Limbourg Brothers or Limburg Brothers/Herman Limbourg [Limbourg, Herman]/Jean Limbourg [Limbourg, Jean] or Jannequin Limbourg [Limbourg, Jannequin]/Paul Limbourg [Limbourg, Paul] or Pol Limbourg [Limbourg, Pol] painter France 1413 to 1416 Très Riches Heures de Duc de or Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry [1413 to 1416: Byzantine and Gothic illuminated book used new light directions and showed integrated nature and life] Herman Limbourg lived 1370 to 1416. Paul Limbourg lived 1375 to 1416. Jean Limbourg lived 1380 to 1416.

Henry V king England 1413 to 1422 He lived 1387 to 1422. Of Lancaster Dynasty, as Prince Hal, he defeated Glendower and army of Wales. He invaded France [1415], restarting Hundred Years War. He defeated France at Agincourt, France [1415], and conquered Normandy [1417 to 1419]. He put down Lollards [1417]. He married French king's daughter.

Donatello sculptor Florence, Italy 1413 to 1454 St. Mark [1413: marble in Or San Michele in Florence]; St. George and the Dragon [1417: marble in Or San Michele, with schiacciato relief]; Prophet or Zuccone [1423: marble on Florence-Cathedral campanile]; Feast of Herod [1425: painting of Herod Antipas, Herod the Great's son, using linear perspective]; David [1432: bronze]; Gattamelata [1445: bronze]; [1430 to 1435]; High Altar of St Anthony [1447 to 1450: in St. Anthony of Padua church]; St. Mary Magdalene [1454: wood] He lived 1386 to 1466.

John Huss [Huss, John] or Jan Hus [Hus, Jan] religious reformer Bohemia 1415 He lived 1369 to 1415. He burned at stake.

Thomas à Kempis [Kempis, Thomas à] or Thomas Hammerken [Hammerken, Thomas] or Thomas Hammerlein [Hammerlein, Thomas] philosopher Agnetenberg, Germany 1418 Imitation of Christ [1418] He lived 1379 to 1471 and was mystic.

Sejong king Korea 1419 to 1450 He lived 1397 to 1450, was relative of Yi Song-gye, and started official Korean script, Han'gul. He ended Japanese piracy.

Philip the Good duke/count Burgundy/Flanders 1419 to 1467 He lived 1396 to 1467 and was duke of Burgundy and count of Flanders. He took Luxembourg, Netherlands, and Belgium [1433]. He sponsored Treaty of Troyes, giving England rule of Normandy. He supported Pragueries nobles against Charles VII. Then he allied with Charles VII of France in Treaty of Arras.

Ikkyu or Crazy Cloud philosopher/poet/calligrapher Zenko-an Temple, Japan 1420 to 1460 Poems [1420 to 1460: in Chinese] He lived 1394 to 1481.

Bartolomeo Bon [Bon, Bartolomeo] architect Venice, Italy/Rome, Italy 1422 to 1434 Ca' d'Oro Palazzo or House of Gold or Saint Sofia Palace [1422 to 1434: Gothic palace, light and ornate] He lived 1421 to 1464.

Charles VII or Charles the Victorious or Charles the Well-Served king France 1422 to 1461 He lived 1403 to 1461. Joan of Arc rallied him at Orleans [1429]. He allied with Burgundy [1435] and ended Hundred Years War against England [1453]. He strengthened finances with Jacques Coeur, wealthy Orient trader. Coeur left after someone poisoned Agnes Sorel, Charles' mistress. Charles VII put down Praguerie revolt of nobles.

Henry VI king England 1422 to 1471 He lived 1421 to 1471. During his regency, England lost to Joan of Arc and France in Hundred Years War. Queen Margaret of Anjou and Duke of Somerset were Lancaster regents and leaders. Of Lancaster Dynasty, he became king of France [1430] but lost Paris when Burgundians ended alliance [1436]. Richard, Duke of York, whose symbol was the red rose, fought Queen Margaret of Anjou and Duke of Somerset for kingship in Wars of the Roses, captured Henry VI, and killed Somerset at St. Albans [1455]. He lost kingship [1461] but got it back [1470 to 1471].

Robert Campin [Campin, Robert] or Master of Flemalle painter Flemalle, Flanders 1425 Merode Altarpiece [1425] He lived 1378 to 1444 and dissolved pigments in oil {oil painting}. Oil allows more color tones and can be thick or thin. He was among the earliest portrait artists. His Late Gothic painting is realistic, with light, depth, continuity, and detail.

Masaccio painter Italy 1425 to 1427 Holy Trinity with the Virgin and St. John [1425]; Carmelite Church polyptych [1426: in Pisa]; Tribute Money [1427: fresco in Brancacci Chapel in Church of the Carmine]; Expulsion from Paradise [1427: fresco in Brancacci Chapel in Church of the Carmine]; St. Peter Healing the Sick with His Shadow [1427]; Madonna Enthroned [1427: in Pisa alter] He lived 1401 to 1428, began Early-Renaissance painting, and used perspective and full-bodied figures.

Hubert [van Eyck, Hubert] painter Flanders 1425 to 1432 Ghent Altarpiece [1425 to 1432: Northern Renaissance triptych including Crucifixion, Last Judgment, Annunciation, Adam and Eve. with Jan van Eyck] He lived 1370 to 1426 and first used atmospheric perspective.

Jan van Eyck [van Eyck, Jan] painter Flanders 1425 to 1434 Ghent Altarpiece [1425 to 1432: with Hubert van Eyck. Northern-Renaissance triptych includes Crucifixion, Last Judgment, Annunciation, Adam and Eve]; Adoration of the Mystic Lamb [1432]; Man in a Red Turban [1433]; Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride [1434] He lived 1390 to 1441, first used oil paint, and painted the first portraits.

Joseph Albo [Albo, Joseph] philosopher Castile, Spain 1425 to 1444 Book of Principles [1425] He lived 1360 to 1444 and was follower of Maimonides.

Itzcoatl king Mexico 1426 to 1440 Aztec king allied with Texcoco and Tlacopan, and they defeated Tapanecs. Aztecs had trade caravans controlled by guild {pochteca}. They built pyramids, palaces, and temples. Main temple was at Tenochtitlan. It had up to 20,000 sacrifices a day.

Joan of Arc or Jeanne d'Arc [d'Arc, Jeanne] or Maid of Orleans leader France 1428 to 1431 She lived 1412 to 1431 and was farmer's daughter. At age 16, she said saints told her to lead France against England to help the Dauphin. She persuaded the Dauphin, Charles VII, heir to throne, to give her troops, and she relieved besieged city of Orléans [1429] and defeated England at Patay [1429]. She helped crown Charles VII king at Rheims. She tried to regain Paris [1430], but Duke of Burgundy captured her at Compiegne and sold her to Duke of Bedford, regent of England. English tried her for heresy and burned her at stake in Rouen on May 30, 1431. She became saint [1920].

Guillaume [Dufay, Guillaume] composer France 1430 to 1474 He lived 1400 to 1474 and first used thirds, sixths, and false bass.

Henry the Navigator or Dom Henrique king Portugal 1434 to 1460 He lived 1394 to 1460 and was King John I of Portugal's son. Of Aviz Dynasty, he sent Vasco de Gama to discover Africa at Angola. Portuguese reached Cape Bojaddor [1434], Cape Verde Islands [1444], Azores [1444], and Senegal [1445]. He sent Cabral to discover Brazil. He sent Almeida and Albuquerque to discover East Indies. The pope gave monopoly on Africa to Portugal by Pontifex Romanus [1455]. He started slave trade. He commissioned maps, scales, and cartography.

Zera Yacub or Zar'a Ya'eqob emperor Ethiopia 1434 to 1468 He was Christian and built monasteries.

Filippo [Brunelleschi, Filippo] architect Florence, Italy 1434 to 1469 Santa Maria degli Angeli or Saint Mary of the Angels [1434: central plan church]; San Spirito [1434]; Dome of Florence Cathedral [1436: Octagonal ribbed dome has two lightweight shells and a small hole, through which light shines on a metal floor plate on June 21]; Pazzi Chapel of Santa Croce or Pazzi Chapel of Holy Cross [1460]; Old Sacristy of San Lorenzo [1469: small round columns and multiple spaces]; Foundling Hospital; Library of San Marco; Piazza of Florence Cathedral [drawing in linear perspective] He lived 1377 to 1446 and invented Florentine style.

Roger van der Weyden [van der Weyden, Roger] painter Flanders 1435 Descent from the Cross [1435]; Francesco d'Este He lived 1399 to 1464.

Leone Battista Alberti [Alberti, Leone Battista] architect/sculptor Italy 1435 to 1476 Luca della Robbia [1435: marble]; Malatesta Temple [1450]; Virgin and Child [1450: glazed terracotta]; Rusellai Palace [1455 to 1458: in Florence]; Giovanni da San Miniato [1456: marble]; Santa Andrea [1470 to 1476: in Mantua]; Hercules and Antaeus [1475: bronze]; On Painting [1435: book]; Ludi Matematici or Mathematical Games [1436: book]; Treatise on Architecture or De Re Aedificatoria [1452 to 1458: book] He lived 1404 to 1472.

Yupanqui or Pachacuti emperor Cuzco, Peru 1438 to 1470 Yupanqui was Viracocha Inca's son and choose the name Pachacuti. He defeated nearby state that invaded, reformed government, and expanded north to Ecuador. Fortress was at Cuzco.

Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui or Pachacutec king/architect Cuzco, Peru/Machu Picchu, Peru/Ollantaytambo, Peru 1438 to 1471 Machu Picchu [1460 to 1470: mountain city] He lived ? to 1471 and was Inca emperor [1438 to 1471]. Incas built roads and buildings using shaped and fitted stone blocks. Machu Picchu is northwest of Cuzcoa and is high in mountains, with stepped streets and agricultural terraces.

Alfonso V king Portugal 1438 to 1481 He lived 1432 to 1481. Of Aviz Dynasty, he monopolized African trade by lease. Portuguese reached Equator [1473] and Vongo [1482]. Fort was at Elmina, Guinea [1481]. Bartolomeu Diaz reached Cape of Good Hope [1487]. Portuguese reached Calicut, India [1498].

Lorenzo Valla [Valla, Lorenzo] or Laurentius Valla [Valla, Laurentius] philosopher Rome, Italy 1439 Declamation on false credit and incorrect thinking about the Donation of Constantine [1439: against the Donation of Constantine] He lived 1407 to 1457 and was Eclectic humanist. He opposed metaphysics as twisted language and opposed logic as only rhetoric. Good is pleasure of soul in heaven.

Nicholas of Cusa philosopher/mathematician Germany/Italy 1440 Of Learned Ignorance [1440] He lived 1401 to 1464 and influenced Council at Basle and later Council of Florence. He combined Thomist scholasticism, Eckhart's mysticism, and science to develop a religious metaphysics. Epistemology People cannot know God {docta ignorantia, Nicholas of Cusa} [Nicholas of Cusa, 1440]. Metaphysics God is one and infinite, uniting all opposites, such as essence and existence. The infinite can realize all possibilities. World is plural, finite, and filled with opposites. Mind Individual person and divine essence are the same.

Fra Filippo Lippi [Lippi, Fra Filippo] or Lippo Lippi [Lippi, Lippo] painter Florence, Italy 1440 to 1445 Madonna and Child [1440 to 1445: Early Renaissance tempera] He lived 1406 to 1469 and was of Florentine school.

Basilius or John Bessarion [Bessarion, John] or Johannes Bessarion [Bessarion, Johannes] philosopher Rome, Italy 1440 to 1460 Calumny against Plato [1440 to 1460: against George of Trebizond] He lived 1403 to 1472, was neo-Platonist, and was archbishop of Nicaea and patriarch of Constantinople.

Shubun painter Japan 1440 to 1465 ink paintings [1440 to 1465] Zen Buddhist lived 1414 to 1465 and painted in sumi style of Chinese ink painting of Muromachi period. He was Josetsu's student and taught Sesshu.

Moctezuma Ilhuicamina or Moctezuma I or Montezuma I emperor Mexico 1440 to 1469 He lived 1398 to 1469. Aztecs defeated other lake cities and took east Mexico.

Frederick II margrave Brandenburg 1440 to 1470 He lived 1413 to 1471, was Elector of Brandenburg, and was Hapsburg.

Filippo Brunelleschi [Brunelleschi, Filippo]/Luca Fancelli [Fancelli, Luca] architect Florence, Italy 1440 to 1472 Pitti Palace [1440 to 1472: first construction phase used Renaissance style] Brunelleschi lived 1377 to 1446. Fancelli lived 1430 to 1494. Bartolomeo Ammannati changed it from 1558 to 1570.

Jami or Mulla Nuru'd-Din Abdur Rahman ibn Ahmad [Jami, Mulla Nuru'd-Din Abdur Rahman ibn Ahmad] or Risalat al-Insha [al-Insha, Risalat] poet Persia/Herat, 1440 to 1490 Lava'ih or Flashes [1440]; Fragrances of Companionship or Breeze of Friendship [1440]; Chain of Gold [1470]; Baharistan or Abode of Spring [1490: poems]; Divan or Collected Poems [1440 to 1490: lyric poems]; Fatihatush Shabab or Opening of Youth [1440: in Divan]; Wasitatul-lqd or Middle of the Necklace [1470: in Divan]; Khatimatul- Hayat or End of Life [1490: in Divan]; Haft Awrang or Seven Thrones or Sab'a or Septet [1440 to 1490: seven mathnavi poems]; Silsilatudh-Zahab [1440 to 1490: in Haft Awrang]; Salman-wa-Absal; Tuhfatul-Ahrar or Gift of the Noble [1440 to 1490: in Haft Awrang]; Sabhatul-Abrar or Rosary of the Pious [1440 to 1490: in Haft Awrang]; Yusuf- u-Zulaikha [1470: in Haft Awrang]; Laila-wa-Majnun [1440 to 1490: in Haft Awrang]; Khirad-nama-i-Sikandari or Book of Wisdom of Alexander [1440 to 1490: in Haft Awrang] He lived 1414 to 1492 and was of naqshbandiyya or Designers School of .

John Hunyadi [Hunyadi, John] general Hungary 1441 to 1456 He lived 1385 to 1456, was governor of Transylvania [1441], and took Belgrade from Ottoman Empire [1456].

Scanderbeg or Iskander Bey or George Castriota [Castriota, George] prince Albania 1443 to 1468 He lived 1403 to 1468. Venice supported him.

Nicholas V pope Rome, Italy 1447 to 1455 He lived 1397 to 1455. As pope, with Frederick III of Holy Roman Empire, he ended Great Schism by Concordat of Vienna, which undid Council-of-Basel acts. He rebuilt St. Peter's Cathedral. Nicholas of Cusa tried to reform German Church.

Casimir IV king Poland/Lithuania 1447 to 1492 He lived 1427 to 1492 and united Poland with Grand Duchy of Lithuania [1447].

Trailok king Siam 1448 to 1488 He lived 1431 to 1488, and reformed laws. He had military and civilian divisions, with departments for local government, finance, and law. Siamese society had classes, and all people had land. He fought wars with northern states. He moved capital north to P'itsanulok. He appointed his son "second king".

Andrea Mantegna [Mantegna, Andrea] painter Padua, Italy/Mantua, Italy 1448 to 1497 Ovetari Chapel frescoes [1448 to 1459: in Padua in Church of Eremitani. Includes St. James Led to his Execution]; Calvary [1457 to 1460]; Camera degli Sposi Frescoes or Room of the Bride and Groom or Room of the Spouses [1465 to 1474: in Mantua. Includes The Gonzaga Family]; St. Sebastian [1485: fresco]; Triumphs of Caesar [1489: fresco]; Lamentation over the Dead Christ [1490: Tempera on canvas used foreshortening]; Battle of Sea Gods [1490: fresco]; Madonna of Victory [1495: diagonal composition]; [1497: allegory commissioned by Isabelle d'Este] He lived 1431 to 1506.

Ashikaga Yoshimasa [Yoshimasa, Ashikaga] shogun Kyoto, Japan 1449 to 1490 He lived 1436 to 1490. Hosokawa and Yamana clans fought to choose new shogun [1443 to 1467]. This ended Muromachi Era [1333 to 1467]. He built Silver Pavilion or Ginkakuji temple [1489].

Fra Angelico or Fiesole painter Florence, Italy 1450 Annunciation [1450: Florentine fresco in San Marco] He lived 1302 to 1373.

Sadananda philosopher India 1450 Essence of Vedanta [1450: Sankara's ideas]

Andrea del Castagno [Castagno, Andrea del] painter Italy 1450 to 1457 Last Supper [1450: fresco in Santa Apollonia convent refectory]; David [1457: on leather shield] He lived 1418 to 1457.

Tochihuitzin Coyolchiuhqui [Coyolchiuhqui, Tochihuitzin] writer Mexico 1450 to 1480 Cantares Mexicanos or Songs of the Aztecs [1450 to 1480] He lived ? to 1481, was señor de Mexicaltzinco, and was son of Itzcoatl, ruler of Teotlaltzinco.

Marco Cara [Cara, Marco] composer Italy 1450 to 1500 He lived 1470 to 1525 and composed Mannerist frottole.

Bartolomeo Tromboncino [Tromboncino, Bartolomeo] composer Italy 1450 to 1500 He lived 1470 to 1535 and composed Mannerist frottole.

Mohammad II or Mehmed the Conqueror sultan Turkey 1451 to 1481 He lived 1429 to 1481, was sultan of Turkey, bombarded Constantinople for eight weeks, had 80,000 soldiers, and started Ottoman Empire [1453]. Emperor Constantine XI of Byzantine Empire died fighting [1453].

Frederick III emperor Germany/Austria 1452 to 1493 He lived 1415 to 1493. Of Hapsburg Dynasty of Holy Roman Empire, he used marriages to try to make Austria rule world.

Ibrahim Munif/Shaikh Hamadullah al-Amsani painter Turkey 1453 to 1500 Diwani script or Imperial script [1453 to 1500: complex Arabic calligraphy style with diagonals, for Ottoman-Empire official documents] Munif originated it, and Hamadullah improved it.

Johannes Gutenberg [Gutenberg, Johannes] inventor Germany 1456 movable type [1456] He lived 1398 to 1468 and printed Mazarin Bible or Gutenberg Bible [1456], using transferable letters {movable type} on printing presses.

Stephen the Great prince Moldavia 1457 to 1504 He lived 1437 to 1504.

Pius II pope Rome, Italy 1458 to 1464 He lived 1405 to 1464. As pope, he struggled with Louis XI of France and tried to unite Europe against Ottoman Empire.

Matthias Corvinus [Corvinus, Matthias] or Messala Corvinus [Corvinus, Messala] king Hungary/Bohemia 1458 to 1490 He lived 1443 to 1490, was king of Hungary [1458 to 1490], conquered and became king of Bohemia [1478 to 1490] and Austria, founded Corvina library at Buda or Budapest, and fought Ottoman Empire.

Piero della Francesca painter Italy 1459 to 1480 Discovery and Proving of the True Cross [1459: in San Francesco Church in Arezzo]; Ideal Town [1475]; De Prospecttiva Pingendi or On Painting in Perspective [1480: book] He lived 1420 to 1492.

François Villon [Villon, François] or François Montcorbier [Montcorbier, François] poet France 1461 to 1463 Testament [1461: including Where Are the Snows of Yesteryear, in the longer poem Ballade des dames du temps jadis] He lived 1431 to 1463 and wrote lyric poems.

Edward IV king England 1461 to 1483 He lived 1442 to 1483, defeated Duke of Lancaster, and captured Henry VI. He lost later to Earl of Warwick and Margaret of Anjou, queen to Henry VI [1470], but then he defeated them [1471]. He founded York kings. He was Richard Duke of York's son. York kings were Edward IV, Edward V, and Richard III.

Louis XI king France 1461 to 1483 He lived 1423 to 1483 and was Valois. As dauphin, he conspired against his father Charles VII. He submitted to League of the Public Weal, led by Charles the Bold of Burgundy and Francis II of Brittany, but then he reneged. He got Peace of Ancenis from Francis II but then helped the captured Charles the Bold stop revolt of Liege. He took part of Mary of Burgundy's lands at her death. He revoked Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges [1461], which had limited the pope's authority and asserted French Roman Catholic Church's independence.

Sonni Ali emperor West Africa 1462 to 1492 He lived ? to 1492, ruled Songhai, and took east Mali to make Songhai Empire. He took trade centers Timbuktu and Jenne in Mali. Capital was at Gao. Having overrun much of Mali, he aimed to preserve best features and develop them under better management. His son succeeded him, but his general Askia Mohammed Turré soon took over.

Ivan III or Ivan the Great grand duke Moscow, Russia 1462 to 1505 He lived 1440 to 1505, freed Moscow from Golden Horde or Tatar Empire [1480], expanded state, threw out German merchants, and took Novgorod. He married last Byzantine Emperor's niece and called himself Tsar.

John Fortescue [Fortescue, John] judge England 1463 to 1471 On Praiseworthy English Laws [1463]; Difference between an Absolute and Limited Monarchy [1471] He lived 1394 to 1476 and was Chief Justice [1442 to 1461].

Thomas Littleton [Littleton, Thomas] or Thomas Lyttelton [Lyttelton, Thomas] or Thomas Lyttleton [Lyttleton, Thomas] judge London, England 1466 to 1470 Tenures [1470: real property law] He lived 1422 to 1481 and was judge at Court of Common Pleas [1466].

Charles the Bold duke Burgundy 1467 to 1477 He lived 1433 to 1477, controlled Low Countries, and fought Louis XI of France. He was Philip the Good's son.

Kamal-udin Bihzad [Bihzad, Kamal-udin] or Kamal-od-Din Behzad [Behzad, Kamal-od-Din] painter Tabriz, Iran/Herat, Afghanistan 1467 to 1494 History of Taimur [1467: miniature in Timurid style]; Garden of Sultan Hussain Bayqara [1480: miniature in Timurid style]; Bustan of Saadi or Orchard of Saadi [1487: miniature in Timurid style]; Khamseh Tribesmen [1491: miniature in Timurid style]; Laila and Majnoon [1494: miniature in Timurid style] He lived 1450 to 1520, was of Herat School [1467 to 1506], was later of Tabriz School [1506 to 1520], and used Safavid style. Herat is in northwest Afghanistan.

Luciano Laurana [Laurana, Luciano] architect Urbino, Italy 1468 Palace of Urbino [1468: Renaissance style] He lived 1420 to 1479.

Marsilio Ficino [Ficino, Marsilio] philosopher Florence, Italy 1469 to 1473 Commentary on the Symposium [1469]; Platonic Theology [1473] He lived 1433 to 1499, was neo-Platonist, and translated all of Plato. Love {Platonic love} can be spiritual and god- like.

Soga Jasoku [Jasoku, Soga] or Jasoku Soga [Jasoku, Soga] painter Japan 1469 to 1483 Tokusan and Rinza [1469 to 1483]; Sakyamuni in His Contemplation [1469 to 1483]; Landscape [1469 to 1483]; Birds and Flowers in the Four Seasons [1469 to 1483] Zen Buddhist lived ? to 1483, painted in Bummei-Period sumi style, and started Soga School.

Lorenzo de' Medici leader Florence, Italy 1469 to 1492 He lived 1449 to 1492, stopped Pazzi Conspiracy [1748], fought the pope [until 1481], and failed to check Savonarola [1492 to 1494].

Isabella I queen Castile/Leon 1469 to 1504 She lived 1451 to 1504 and married Ferdinand V [1469], king of Aragon, to found Spanish monarchy.

Thomas Mallory [Mallory, Thomas] poet England 1470 Morte d'Arthur [1470] He lived 1405 to 1471.

Andrea del Verrocchio [Verrocchio, Andrea del] or Andrea di Cione [Cione, Andrea di] sculptor Florence, Italy/Venice, Italy 1470 to 1496 Putto with Dolphin [1470: bronze]; Baptism of Christ [1472 to 1475: bronze, with ]; David [1473 to 1475: bronze]; Colleoni or Bartolomeo Colleoni [1496: bronze equestrian statue] He lived 1435 to 1488.

Nzinga Nkuvu or João I king Bakongo/Lower Congo/Mbanza Kongo 1470 to 1507 He lived 1430 to 1506 and became Christian [1491] when Portuguese arrived.

Josquin des Prez composer Spain 1470 to 1521 He lived 1440 to 1521. He composed Renaissance motets that used paired voices and followed text in both rhythm and phrasing.

Sixtus IV pope Rome, Italy 1471 to 1484 He lived 1414 to 1484. As pope, he struggled with Louis XI of France, fought Lorenzo de' Medici in Pazzi Conspiracy, and founded Sistine Chapel.

Topa Inca or Tupac Inca or Tupac Yupanqui emperor Peru 1471 to 1493 He lived 1440 to 1493 and took Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina as commander [1463 to 1471].

Tupac Inca Yupanqui or Topa Inca emperor Peru 1471 to 1493 He was Inca emperor [1471 to 1493], was Pachacuti's son, and was Huayna Capac's father.

Ladislaus II or Uladislaus II king Bohemia/Hungary 1471 to 1516 He lived 1456 to 1516, had a double marriage treaty, was king of Hungary [1490 to 1516], and was Ladislaus II king of Bohemia [1471 to 1516].

Ferdinand V king Aragon/Castile 1474 to 1516 He lived 1452 to 1516, was king of Castile [1474 to 1504], was Ferdinand II of Aragon [1479 to 1516] and Ferdinand II of Sicily [1468 to 1516], and married Isabella I of Castile and Leon to unite Spain [1469]. He took last Moorish city in Spain at Granada [1474]. He expelled Moors and Jews from Spain. He started Spanish Inquisition [1478]. He sent Columbus to America [1492]. He divided overseas colonies with Portugal at Treaty of Tordesillas. He won Navarre in Italian Wars between Spain and France. Isabella I and Ferdinand V are the "Catholic kings".

Mary of Burgundy duchess Flanders 1477 to 1482 She lived 1457 to 1482. When she died, rebellion spread in Flanders.

Sandro [Botticelli, Sandro] painter Florence, Italy 1478 to 1490 Allegory of Spring or La Primavera [1478]; Birth of Venus [1490] He lived 1444 to 1510.

Rudolf Agricola [Agricola, Rudolf] philosopher Dilligen, Netherlands 1479 On dialectical inventions [1479] He lived 1444 to 1485 and was Aristotelian and humanist.

Michael Pacher [Pacher, Michael] sculptor/painter Germany 1480 to 1483 Coronation of the Virgin [1480]; Altarpiece of the Four Latin Fathers [1483: at Sankt Wolfgang in Austria] He lived 1435 to 1498.

Giovanni [Bellini, Giovanni] painter Venice, Italy 1480 to 1488 St. Francis in Ecstasy [1480]; Madonna with the Pear [1488] He lived 1430 to 1516.

Martin Schongauer [Schongauer, Martin] engraver Germany 1480 to 1490 Temptation of St. Anthony [1480 to 1490: Late Gothic woodcut] He lived 1450 to 1491 and used copper plates.

Leonardo da Vinci sculptor/painter/architect/engineer/inventor/biologist Italy 1480 to 1519 Helicopter [1480: drawing]; [1482: painting]; Horse [1482: drawing]; Flying Wings [1485: drawing]; Equestrian Monument of Francesco Sforza [1490]; Last Supper [1500: painting]; [1504: painting]; Lady with Ermine [1490: painting]; Battle of Anghiari [1505: painting]; [1506: painting]; Embryo in the Womb [1510: drawing] He lived 1452 to 1519 and studied . Fossils are sea organisms that fell to bottom in layers, but land subsequently rose [1482 to 1499]. He used perspective and shadow. Figures were in chiaroscuro light and dark, with light coming from undefined source. Sfumat haze makes soft veiled atmosphere to suggest more depth. Brighter objects appear larger by irradiation. He mirror wrote, as can many left-handers. He used hydraulics in shows that he created for the duke.

Adrian Willaert [Willaert, Adrian] composer Europe 1480 to 1550 He lived 1490 to 1562 and composed Mannerist madrigals.

Tizoc emperor Mexico City, Mexico 1481 to 1486 He ruled Aztec Empire.

Maximilian I emperor Holy Roman Empire 1482 to 1519 He lived 1459 to 1519 and married Anne of Brittany to get part of France. Marriage caused war with France. He lost part of France at Treaty of Arras [1482]. He regained it at Treaty of Senlis. He married Mary of Burgundy [1493] to get Low Countries as king of Germany and Burgundy and Holy Roman emperor [1493 to 1519]. As king of Austria, he put down rebellion in Flanders. He married niece of Ludovico Sforza to get Milan. He warred with Venice, leading to fighting in Italian Wars and costing all his money. He reformed, tried to crusade against Turks, encouraged Swabian League, helped merchants, patronized arts, and allowed Protestant Reformation.

Richard III king England 1483 to 1485 He lived 1452 to 1485. Of York Dynasty, he murdered the true king Edward V in Tower of London, put down rebellion of Stafford, lost to Earl of Richmond (Henry VII) at Bosworth Field [1485], and was last of York kings, ending Wars of the Roses.

Pietro Perugino [Perugino, Pietro] painter Italy 1485 to 1496 Annunciation [1485]; Crucifixion with Saints [1496] He lived 1446 to 1523.

Henry VII king England/Wales 1485 to 1509 He lived 1465 to 1509 and was first Tudor king of England and Wales. Of Lancaster Dynasty, he invaded England and defeated Richard III of House of York at Bosworth Field [1485]. He married a York and founded Tudor line, ending Wars of the Roses. Tudor line was Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I. He subdued Ireland and negotiated peace with Scotland. He founded Star Chamber.

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola [Mirandola, Giovanni Pico della] philosopher Rome, Italy 1486 to 1491 Conclusions [1486]; Of Being and Unity [1491] He lived 1463 to 1494 and was neo-Platonist. All systems have shared truths.

Ahuizotl emperor Mexico 1486 to 1502 He ruled at Aztec height.

Bartholomew Diaz [Diaz, Bartholomew] discoverer Portugal/Africa 1488 He lived 1450 to 1500, was from Portugal, explored west coast of Africa, was first to round Cape of Good Hope, and found way to India.

Sikander Lodi [Lodi, Sikander] sultan India 1489 to 1517 He ruled Delhi, annexed Bihar [1492], moved capital to Agra, and invaded Rajastan.

Leo Hebraeus [Hebraeus, Leo] or Leone Hebreo [Hebreo, Leone] or Leon Hebreo [Hebreo, Leon] or Judah Abravanel [Abravanel, Judah] philosopher Spain/Venice, Italy 1490 to 1510 Dialogue of Love [1490 to 1510] He lived 1460 to 1520 and developed Jewish philosophy.

Alexander VI or Rodrigo Borgia [Borgia, Rodrigo] pope Rome, Italy 1492 to 1503 He lived 1431 to 1503. As pope, he was Lucrezia Borgia's and Cesare Borgia's father and was an art patron.

Christopher Columbus [Columbus, Christopher] discoverer Spain/San Salvador, Dominican Republic/Bahamas/Cuba/Hispaniola/Honduras/Nicaragua/Costa Rica/Panama/Columbia 1492 to 1504 He lived 1451 to 1506 and used money from Queen Isabella I and King Ferdinand V of Spain. He rode the Santa Maria, accompanied by the smaller Nina and Pinta, on the first of four voyages to West Indies [1492]. He explored Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Columbia [1502 and 1504].

Huayna Capac [Capac, Huayna] or Quechua Wayna Qhapaq [Qhapaq, Quechua Wayna] emperor Peru 1493 to 1527 Huayna Capac led Inca Empire at greatest extent.

Huayna Capac [Capac, Huayna] or Quechua Wayna Qhapaq emperor Peru 1493 to 1527 He was Inca emperor [1493 to 1527], was Tupac's son, and was father of Huascar, Atahualpa, Manco Inca Yupanqui, and Pawllu Inca.

Sesshu or Sesshu Toyo or Toyo Sesshu [Sesshu Toyo] painter Japan 1495 Ink-splash Landscape [1495] Zen Buddhist lived 1421 to 1506 and was master of Japanese suiboku ink painting.

Peter van Diest [Diest, Peter van] playwright Flanders 1495 to 1518 Elckerlijc or Everyman [1495 to 1518: morality play later translated into English] Perhaps, he was Petrus Dorlandus [1454 to 1507].

Manuel I king Portugal 1495 to 1521 He lived 1469 to 1521 and tried to convert Jews to Christianity, but they left.

John Cabot [Cabot, John] discoverer England/Canada 1497 He lived 1450 to 1499 and discovered coast of Canada.

Vasco da Gama [Gama, Vasco da] explorer Portugal/South Africa/India 1497 to 1499 He lived 1469 to 1524. From Portugal, he went to Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and sailed to India. He opened east Africa and India to trade, by force. He captured the gold-trading port of Kilwa in Zimbabwe [1498].

Girolamo Savonarola [Savonarola, Girolamo] religious reformer Florence, Italy 1498 He lived 1452 to 1498. He burned at stake.

Louis XII king France 1498 to 1515 He lived 1462 to 1515, was Valois, and resumed Italian Wars but lost to Holy Roman Empire.

Albrecht [Durer, Albrecht] painter/engraver Germany 1498 to 1525 Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse [1498: Northern-Renaissance engraving]; Oswald Krell [1499: Northern- Renaissance engraving]; Self-Portrait [1500: Northern-Renaissance engraving]; Young Hare [1502: Northern- Renaissance engraving]; Tall Grasses or The Great Turf [1503: Northern-Renaissance engraving]; Adam and Eve [1504: Northern-Renaissance engraving]; Knight, Death, and the Devil [1513: Northern-Renaissance engraving]; Melancholia I [1514: Northern-Renaissance engraving]; Head of a Walrus [1521: Northern-Renaissance engraving]; Instructions in Measuring with Compass and Straightedge [1525: book] He lived 1471 to 1528.

Thomas de Vio [Vio, Thomas de] or Cajetan philosopher Milan, Italy 1499 Analogy of Names [1499] He lived 1468 to 1534 and was Thomist and Dominican. By analogy, terms can be true of both God and finite things, because they have terms in differing proportions. Analogies can be about inequality, attributes, or proportion. Proportion is the only true analogy, because it is about same named thing in different amounts. The other two analogies compare different things.

Fernando de Rojas [Rojas, Fernando de] writer Spain 1499 La Celestina or Celestina [1499] He lived 1465 to 1541.

Amerigo Vespucci [Vespucci, Amerigo] discoverer Florence, Italy/Spain/South America 1499 to 1504 New World [1504: forgery]; Four Voyages [1504: forgery] He lived 1454 to 1512, was from Florence, and devised system to find longitude closely. He found South America [1499] for Spain. He voyaged to Americas [1501 to 1504]. He sailed to Plate River in South America [1502]. On returning, he had maps made. German mapmaker Martin Waldseemuller called New World "America" [1507].

Michelangelo Buonarroti sculptor/architect/painter Italy 1499 to 1555 Pieta [1499: marble]; David [1504: marble]; Ceiling of Sistine Chapel [1509 to 1512: frescoes in Vatican]; Creation of Adam [1509 to 1512: fresco in Sistine Chapel]; Division of Light from Darkness [1509 to 1512: fresco in Sistine Chapel]; Fall of Man and the Expulsion from the Garden of Eden [1509 to 1512: fresco in Sistine Chapel]; God Dividing the from the Earth [1509 to 1512: fresco in Sistine Chapel]; Deluge [1509 to 1512: fresco in Sistine Chapel]; Last Judgment [1509 to 1512: fresco in Sistine Chapel]; Athletes [1509 to 1512: fresco in Sistine Chapel]; Captives [1509 to 1512: fresco in Sistine Chapel]; Dawn and Evening [1509 to 1512: fresco in Sistine Chapel]; Night and Day [1509 to 1512: fresco in Sistine Chapel]; Moses [1513: marble]; Dying Slave [1516: marble]; Rebellious Slave [1516: marble]; Tomb of Giuliano de Medici [1519 to 1534: marble]; Laurentian Library [1525: in Florence]; New Sacristy or Medici Chapel [1526 to 1531: in San Lorenzo]; Campidoglio or Capitol [1538 to 1564: design for Rome]; Conversion of Saul or St. Paul [1545: in Pauline Chapel in Rome]; Tomb of Pope Julius II [1545: in Rome]; St. Peter's Cathedral drawing [1546: for Rome]; Conservator's Palace [1555: in Rome]; Senator's Palace [1555: in Rome] He lived 1475 to 1564 and used mental force in calm body {action-in-repose, }.

Pedro Alvares Cabral [Cabral, Pedro Alvares] discoverer Portugal/Brazil 1500 He lived 1467 to 1520 and took Brazil.

Nanak founder Punjab/Pakistan 1500 to 1520 Sri Guru Granth Sahib or Adi Granth or Living Lord [1520] He lived 1469.1123 to 1520 and began Sikhs in west Punjab. Babur imprisoned him [1520]. His companion was Mardana.

Wang Yang-ming or Wang Shou-jen philosopher Jiangxi, China 1500 to 1520 Instructions for Practical Living [1500 to 1520] He lived 1472 to 1529, was Neo-Confucian, and blended Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism in Lu-Wang School. He used moral principles to unify close-relationship types. Mind or heart {hsin} is the most-important thing. People should observe and control their minds.

Vallabha or Vallabhacharya philosopher Andhra Pradesh, India 1500 to 1530 Discourses on the Spiritual Theological Dictionary of Vyasa [1500 to 1530]; Discourses on the Spiritual Theological Dictionary of Jaimini [1500 to 1530]; Hierarchy of Commenting Acaryas or Hierarchy of Commenting Teachers [1500 to 1530]; Grace Sprouting Code of Conduct [1500 to 1530]; Mystical Principles [1500 to 1530] He lived 1479 to 1531 and founded a Vaishnavite cult in Rajasthan and Gujarat. He believed Shuddhadvaita-School monism, in which Krishna or Bala Krishna or Vatsalya Bhava or Purushottama is Brahman. He emphasized grace {pushti} and devotion {bhakti, Vallabha}. The highest grace {Maha Pushti} {Anugraha} can attain release. The body of Krishna {Akshara} {Satchidananda} emits sparks to make things.

Askia Mohammed Turre [Turre, Askia Mohammed] emperor West Africa 1500 to 1600 He ruled Songhai Empire as it expanded.

Philosophy of Nature philosophic school Europe 1500 to 1650 School included Charles Bouille, Girolamo Cardano, Francesco Patrizzi, Giordano Bruno, Bernardino Telesio, Pietro Pompanazzi, Tommaso Campanella, and Vanini. Material objects are atom complexes {corpuscle, atom}. Eternal atom motions under mathematical laws govern corpuscle movements. Atoms are monads.

Ismail I or Khata'i shah/poet Persia 1501 to 1524 He was first Safavid, was Shia, and took Persia [1502].

Cesare Borgia [Borgia, Cesare] cardinal Rome, Italy 1502 He lived 1476 to 1507. He lured his enemies to castle and had them strangled.

Moctezuma II or Montezuma II or Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin emperor Mexico 1502 to 1520 He lived 1466 to 1520 and lost to Cortez from Spain.

Julius II pope Rome, Italy 1503 to 1513 He lived 1443 to 1513. As pope, he restored papal rule of Papal States and fought Italian Wars. He called fifth Lateran Council, which condemned the idea {Gallicanism} that French king was supreme over church in France. He patronized art.

Desiderius Erasmus [Erasmus, Desiderius] philosopher Netherlands/England/Italy/Brabant 1503 to 1530 Handbook of the Militant Christian [1503]; In Praise of Folly [1509]; Education of a Christian Prince [1516]; Colloquia [1516]; Lament of Peace [1517]; On the Civility of Boys' Manners [1530] He lived 1466 to 1536, was Catholic and humanist, complained about Catholic Church problems, and was against Protestant Reformation. He edited Greek and Latin writings of early Christian writers, including New Testament. He attacked foolish thinking and abuse of people. Epistemology Reason and common sense are good. Ethics Young people should behave properly in society.

Hieronymous Bosch [Bosch, Hieronymous] painter Flanders 1504 Garden of Earthly Delights [1504: triptych] He lived 1450 to 1516.

Luca Signorelli [Signorelli, Luca] painter Orvieto, Italy 1504 Damned Cast into Hell [1504: Renaissance style painting in Orvieto Cathedral] He lived 1450 to 1523.

Baber or Babar or Babur emperor Kabul, Afghanistan 1504 to 1530 Autobiography [1510 to 1530: Hindustan description] He lived 1483 to 1530 and was descendant of Tamerlane and Chingis Khan. He founded Mogul or Moghul Empire [1504] when he took Delhi and killed Sultan of Delhi Sultanate. He defeated Hindu kingdoms down to Bihar. He invaded India [1525]. He brought grapes, melons, bananas, and sugar cane to Pakistan. He liked poetry.

Lucrezia Borgia [Borgia, Lucrezia] duchess Ferrara, Italy 1505 She lived 1480 to 1519 and had brilliant court.

Raphael or Raffaello Sanzio [Sanzio, Raffaello] painter Florence, Italy/Rome, Italy 1505 to 1520 Madonna del Granduca or Madonna of the Grand Duke or Madonna con il Bambino or Madonna and Child [1505: in Pitti Palace]; Cardinal Virtues [1510 to 1511: fresco in Vatican]; School of Athens [1510 to 1511: fresco in Vatican]; Parnassus [1510 to 1511: fresco in Stanza della Segnatura or Signature Room]; Disputa or Disputation of the Holy Sacrament or Adoration of the Sacrament [1510 to 1511: fresco in Stanza della Segnatura]; Triumph of Galatea [1511: fresco in Stanza della Segnatura]; Miraculous Draught of Fishes [1515]; Pope Leo X with His Nephews [1518]; Transfiguration [1520: fresco in Stanza della Segnatura] He lived 1483 to 1520.

Donato [Bramante, Donato] architect Italy 1506 to 1508 Original Plan of St. Peter's Cathedral [1506: in Rome]; Tempietto of San Pietro or 's small temple [1508: in Rome] He lived 1444 to 1514.

Ulrich Zasius [Zasius, Ulrich] or Faber Stapulensis [Stapulensis, Faber] lawyer Netherlands/Freiberg, Germany 1506 to 1521 Statutes of the City of Freiburg [1506 to 1530] He lived 1461 to 1536 and was international lawyer.

Cornelius Agrippa [Agrippa, Cornelius] or Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim [Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius] philosopher Paris, France/Antwerp, Germany 1506 to 1533 On the nobility and superiority of the female sex [1509]; On occult philosophy [1531: three books]; Epistles [1506 to 1533] He lived 1486 to 1545.

Donato Bramante [Bramante, Donato]/Michelangelo architect Rome, Italy 1506 to 1626 St. Peter's Cathedral [1506 to 1626: Late Renaissance church is world's largest Christian church, 230 meters by 150 meters with roof 15 stories high] Michelangelo succeeded Bramante in 1547. Michelangelo lived 1475 to 1564.

Nzinga Mbemba or Alfonso I king Bakongo/Lower Congo/Mbanza Kongo 1507 to 1543 He lived 1456 to 1542, ruled Kongo kingdom in central Africa, was Christian, and allied with Portugal.

Mozaffar Ali Siyavash [Siyavash, Mozaffar Ali] painter Isfahan, Iran 1508 to 1535 and Majnun [1508: Safavid miniature]; Sultan Muhammad's son Mozaffar Ali Siyavash or Mosavar Mohammadi was miniature painter of Ghazvin School.

Sultan Muhammad painter Isfahan, Iran 1508 to 1543 Khamsa by Nezami [1539 to 1543: book illustrations] He was of Tabriz School of miniature painters, as was Behzad, and was Aqa Mirak of Isfahan's pupil. Mir Sayyid Ali, Mirza Ali, and Muzaffar Ali were also of Tabriz School.

Luca Pacioli [Pacioli, Luca] mathematician Italy 1509 On Divine Proportion [1509] He lived 1445 to 1514. Ratios relate to beauty.

Giorgione painter Italy 1509 to 1510 Fete Champêtre or Outdoor Festival [1509]; Tempest [1510]; Col Tempo or La Vecchia or Old Woman [1510] He lived 1477 to 1510.

Henry VIII king England 1509 to 1547 He lived 1491 to 1547 and married Katherine of Aragon, who bore Mary I. He allied with France at Field of the Cloth of Gold. His minister was Cardinal Wolsey. Later, Charles V of Holy Roman Empire and he fought France. He got rid of Wolsey when he failed to get divorce. He married Anne Boleyn. Thomas Cromwell became minister and started anti-Catholic policy. He married Anne Boleyn [1530], who bore Elizabeth I. He took the pope's powers for himself, established Church of England, and published the Bible in English. He married Jane Seymour, who bore Edward VI, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr. He also took Wales, warred with Scotland, and lost Ireland. In 1534, he split with Roman Catholicism and became English church leader.

Peter Henlein [Henlein, Peter] inventor Nuremberg, Germany 1510 spring-powered clock [1510] He lived 1480 to 1542 {spring-powered clock}.

Matthias Grunewald [Grunewald, Matthias] painter Germany 1510 to 1515 Isenheim Altarpiece [1510 to 1515] He lived 1470 to 1528.

Baldassare Peruzzi [Peruzzi, Baldassare] architect Italy 1510 to 1520 Plan of St. Peter's [1510 to 1520] He lived 1481 to 1536.

Thomas More [More, Thomas] philosopher London, England 1510 to 1535 Utopia [1516: about just and good political system] He lived 1478 to 1535 and was Catholic humanist. Freedom requires religious tolerance. Society's problems, especially property inequality, cause most wrongdoing. State interests are material, not spiritual. Society should organize, so community holds all property {communism, More}, with no classes. Citizens should be equal before the law. Punishments should not be severe.

Francisco de Vitoria [Vitoria, Francisco de] lawyer Salamanca, Spain 1510 to 1539 On Indians [1532]; On Law of War [1532]; Theological Reflections [1539: natural and international law] He lived 1483 to 1546, was Dominican, and was at Salamanca. He wrote about natural and international law, especially as applied to American native peoples.

Selim I or Selim the Grim sultan Istanbul, Turkey 1512 to 1520 He lived 1467 to 1520 and led Ottoman Empire at height. He defeated Persia and got Kurdistan, defeated Mamelukes in Syria and Egypt, killed many Shiite Moslems, and got Caliphate by taking over Mecca and Medina.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa [Balboa, Vasco Nunez de] explorer Spain/Panama/Pacific Ocean 1513 He lived 1475 to 1519. From Spain, he was first European to see Pacific Ocean at Panama (Darien).

Juan Ponce de Léon [Ponce de Léon, Juan] discoverer Spain/Florida/Puerto Rico 1513 He lived 1460 to 1521 and discovered Florida, and later tried to colonize Florida. He also governed Puerto Rico.

Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici [Medici, Giovanni di Lorenzo de'] or Leo X pope Florence, Italy/Rome, Italy 1513 to 1521 He lived 1475 to 1521 and was pope [1513 to 1521].

Christian II king Denmark 1513 to 1523 He lived 1481 to 1559 and was king of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden [1513 to 1523] and Denmark [1513 to 1523]. Of Oldenburg line, he took Stockholm, Sweden, after Sture family died out at Lake Asunde [1520].

Niccolo Machiavelli [Machiavelli, Niccolo] philosopher Florence, Italy 1513 to 1527 Prince [1513]; Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy [1513: about political theory]; Mandrake Root [1515: comedy]; History of Florence [1520 to 1527] He lived 1469 to 1527. Politics Government must maintain public order, because human nature is not noble or honest. Government must maintain itself to maintain order. State actions are justifiable if they are in ruler's interest, because people act to achieve their own interests. Means justify ends, to maintain public order. State's goals are national independence, security, and well-ordered constitution. States need religion for social cohesion. Power is necessary to achieve state's purposes. However, no legitimate power source exists in states. Opinion, propaganda, virtue, and semblance of virtue can secure power and authority. Liberty requires virtue in people. Personal rights in states should be commensurate with power. Rulers are better if there is no censorship. People have right to rule. People in states need power, to stabilize state through system of checks and balances. Tyrannies are bad.

Andreas Alciatus of Milan [Alciatus of Milan, Andreas]/Viglius ab Aytta [Aytta, Viglius ab] lawyer Milan, Italy 1514 Commentary on the laws and canons of the Church of England [1514] Alciatus lived 1492 to 1550, wrote about international law, and founded Bourges University. He tried to discover pure Roman law from commentaries and added good other laws.

Baldassare Castiglione [Castiglione, Baldassare] essayist Italy 1514 Il Libro del Cortegiano or Book of the Courtier [1514: essay] He lived 1478 to 1529. Respect and worship of women have rules of conduct.

Francis I king France 1515 to 1547 He lived 1494 to 1547. With Venice, he resumed Italian Wars and won at Marignano. He lost election to be emperor of Holy Roman Empire to Charles V [1519]. He failed to ally with England at Field of the Cross of Gold. He attacked Charles V and lost at Pavia [1525]. He signed Treaty of Madrid, giving up claims to Spanish territory. He formed League of Cognac with the pope, Venice, and Florence, leading to another war with Charles V. War ended to League's disadvantage at Treaty of Cambrai [1529]. He allied with Suleiman I of Ottoman Empire and fought Charles V of Holy Roman Empire and Henry VIII of England [1542]. He had to sign Treaty of Crepy, in which France lost Naples and Flanders and Charles V lost Burgundy.

Pietro Pomponazzi [Pomponazzi, Pietro] philosopher Padua, Italy 1516 On the Immortality of the Soul [1516] He lived 1462 to 1525 and was Aristotelian. Philosophy does not support Christianity.

Charles I king Spain 1516 to 1558 He lived 1500 to 1558, was Charles I of Spain [1516 to 1556] and was Charles V of Holy Roman Empire [1519 to 1558]. He fought France under Francis I in Italian Wars, sacked Rome, and got Italy. He then succeeded Ferdinand V and Isabella I as Charles I of Spain. He defeated Schmalkaldic League but compromised his anti-Protestant position by Peace of Augsburg [1555]. He promoted Catholic Reformation. He conquered Mexico and Peru. Silver mined at Potosi, Peru, helped cause inflation in Europe.

Martin Luther [Luther, Martin] priest/theologian Germany 1517 to 1538 95 Theses [1517]; Confession of Faith [1520]; Book of Concord [1538] He lived 1483 to 1546 and began Protestant Reformation when he posted his 95 Theses on church door at Worms [1517]. He broke away from Roman Catholic Church, started Reformation, and founded Lutheran Church. He helped found educational system and translated Bible into German. Faith is more important than good works. Grace of God redeems sin. Reason, tainted by original sin, is inimical to God.

Antonio da Sangallo the Younger [Sangallo the Younger, Antonio da]/Michelangelo/Giacomo della Porta [Porta, Giacomo della] architect/sculptor Rome, Italy 1517 to 1590 Farnese Palace [1517 to 1589: Baroque]; Il Gesù Facade [1575 to 1584]; St. Peter's Cathedral Dome [1590: Dome is 20 meters higher than dome of Capitol Building in Washington] Porta lived 1533 to 1602 and completed collaborations with Sangallo and Michelangelo. Sangallo the Younger lived 1484 to 1546. Sangallo the Elder lived 1455 to 1534.

Titian or Vecellio Tiziano [Tiziano, Vecellio] painter Italy 1518 to 1570 Assumption of the Virgin [1518]; Man with the Glove [1522]; Bacchanal of the Andrians [1525]; Madonna with Members of the Pesaro Family [1526]; Paul III and His Grandsons Ottavio and Cardinal Alessandro Farnese [1546]; Charles V [1548]; Christ Crowned in Thorns [1570] He lived 1485 to 1576.

Ferdinand Magellan [Magellan, Ferdinand] discoverer Spain/Philippines 1519 to 1522 He lived 1480 to 1521. His ships circumnavigated world and showed Asia and America relation to Europe. Magellan discovered Philippines [1521] and claimed them for Spain. Juan Sebastian Del Cano returned home, but Magellan was slain.

Domenico Bernabei [Bernabei, Domenico] or Domenico da Cortona [Cortona, Domenico da] architect Italy 1519 to 1539 Chateau de Chambourd [1519 to 1539: Early Renaissance castle] He lived 1470 to 1549.

Charles V emperor Germany/Austria 1519 to 1554 He lived 1500 to 1558. As Archduke of Austria and king of Spain, nobles elected him Holy Roman Emperor [1519]. Hapsburg Dynasty of Holy Roman Empire included Spain, Latin America, Naples, Sicily, Low Countries, and Austria. He defeated the peasants in Peasants' War [1524 to 1526] and in other uprisings. This preserved feudalism [until 1806]. He had to give power to German princes. He abdicated in favor of his brothers and son [1554] to become Charles I of Spain [until 1556]. As Holy Roman Empire emperor and Austria king, he added territory in Flanders and Holland [1490]. He took Rome and captured Pope Clement VII [1527].

Hwadam or Flowery Pool or So Kyongdok philosopher Kaesong, Korea 1520 to 1540 Sijo or Shijo or Short Poems [1520 to 1540: poems] He lived 1489 to 1546 and taught the sijo poet Hwang Chini. Great harmony {taehwa} unites the "i" and "ki" of neo- Confucianism.

Claude de Lorraine [Lorraine, Claude de] duke Guise, France 1520 to 1550 He lived 1496 to 1550 and was first Duke of Guise [1520 to 1550], branching from House of Lorraine. Second Duke of Guise [1550 to 1588] controlled King Francis II of France, suppressed Protestant Huguenots, and provoked Wars of Religion [1562] by opposing Catherine de' Medici's tolerance. He helped plan St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of Protestants in Paris. He formed Catholic League [1576] and revolted against Henry III [1588].

Suleiman I or Suleiman the Magnificent or Suleiman the Lawgiver or Sulayman the Magnificent sultan Istanbul, Turkey 1520 to 1566 He lived 1494 to 1566. As Sultan of Ottoman Empire [1520 to 1566], he conquered Belgrade, Rhodes, Hungary at Mohacs, Persia, Arabian coast, and Mediterranean Sea under Admiral Barbarossa. He lost siege of Vienna, failed to take Malta and Tunis, and did not defeat Spain or Venice at sea. He allied with France against Austria [1536], reformed government, and favored arts.

Hernando Cortez [Cortez, Hernando] or Hernan Cortes [Cortes, Hernan] discoverer Spain/Mexico 1521 He lived 1485 to 1547. Coming to Mexico for Spain, people thought he was descendant of the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl. He renounced his allegiance to Spain and defeated Spanish army. He turned to defeated Aztecs, but he lost his powers.

John Skelton [Skelton, John] poet England 1521 Speke Parrot [1521: satire] He lived 1460 to 1529.

John III king Portugal 1521 to 1557 He lived 1502 to 1557, was Manuel I's son, started Inquisition, and increased slavery. Kingdom was at height.

Ignatius of Loyola priest Rome, Italy 1522 to 1539 Spiritual Exercises [1522 to 1524] He lived 1491 to 1556 and founded Society of Jesus {Jesuit} monastic order [1539], to serve the pope as teachers and missionaries. He later became Catholic saint.

Ludovico Vives [Vives, Ludovico] or Johann Ludwig Vives [Vives, Johann Ludwig] or Juan Luis Vives [Vives, Juan Luis] philosopher Aragon, Spain 1523 Instruction of a Christian Woman [1523] He lived 1492 to 1540 and was humanist and Neoplatonist.

Clement VII pope Rome, Italy 1523 to 1534 He lived 1475 to 1534 and was Medici. As pope, he first opposed but then crowned Charles V as Holy Roman Empire emperor. He opposed Henry VIII's divorce.

Hans the Younger [Holbein the Younger, Hans] painter Germany 1523 to 1540 Erasmus [1523]; Madonna of Burgomeister Meyer [1526]; Sir Thomas More and His Family [1527]; Henry VIII [1540] He lived 1497 to 1543.

Gustavus I king Sweden 1523 to 1560 He lived 1496 to 1560. Nobles elected him king after he led peasants revolt against Denmark and dissolved Kalmar Union. He established Lutheran Church [1527]. He ended economic dependence on Hanseatic League by defeating it [1537]. He founded Vasa Dynasty: Gustavus I, Eric XIV, Charles IX, Gustavus II, Christina, Charles X, and Charles XI.

Girolamo Cardano [Cardano, Girolamo] or Gerolamo Cardano [Cardano, Gerolamo] mathematician/physician/inventor Milan, Italy 1524 to 1545 Book of Games of Chance [1524]; Practice of Arithmetic and Simple Mensuration [1540]; Great Arts [1545]; universal joint or cardan shaft [1545]; combination lock He lived 1501 to 1576 and found general-cubic-equation and general-quartic-equation solutions. He studied negative- number square roots and essentially discovered complex numbers, finding complex-number roots of x + y = 10 and x*y = 40. Cubic equation can be x^3 = p*x + q, where p and q can be zero, positive, or negative. Cubic equation can have up to three roots, all real numbers. If there are three roots {casus irreducibilis}, intermediate steps to solution can require complex numbers. He also studied game probability and began probability theory. Politics Culture and politics relate, as actual states and history show.

Tahmasp shah Iran 1524 to 1576 He lived 1514 to 1576. Safavids ruled Persia.

Jacob the Czech of Prague inventor Prague, Czech Republic 1525 fusee [1525] Conical devices {fusee} can keep constant tension in clock springs.

Diego Ribeiro [Ribeiro, Diego] mapmaker Spain 1525 He lived ? to 1533 and charted Pacific Ocean.

Correggio painter Italy 1525 to 1532 Assumption of the Virgin [1525]; Jupiter and Io [1532] He lived 1489 to 1534.

Giulio Romano painter Italy 1525 to 1535 Polyphemus the Cyclops [1525 to 1535: Mannerist] He lived 1499 to 1546 and started academic style.

Lucas Cranach the Elder [Cranach the Elder, Lucas] engraver Germany 1528 to 1545 Judgment of Paris [1528]; Stag Hunt of the Elector Frederick the Wise [1529: Northern Renaissance]; Christ Blessing the Children [1545] He lived 1472 to 1553. Lucas Cranach the Younger lived 1515 to 1586.

Albrecht Altdorfer [Altdorfer, Albrecht] painter Germany 1529 Battle of Issus [1529: Northern-Renaissance panel] He lived 1480 to 1538.

Martin Luther [Luther, Martin] lyricist/composer Worms, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany 1529 Mighty Fortress Is Our God [1529: music is Ein' Feste Burg, translated by Frederick H. Hedge in 1914] He lived 1483 to 1546.

John Calvin [Calvin, John] theologian/religious reformer , 1530 to 1564 Institutes of the Christian Religion [1530] He lived 1509 to 1564, broke away from Roman Catholic Church, and founded Calvinism. God has all authority, dictated the Bible, and created good world. People are sinful. Christ can redeem them. People are predestined to heaven or hell. People should work hard and try to be successful. Redemption is by faith alone, but thrift, industry, order, and steadfastness are virtues. God knows all actions at time's beginning {predestination, Calvin}. The Bible has religious authority, not Pope.

Tabinshwehti king Burma 1531 to 1550 He lived 1512 to 1550, was of Toungoo dynasty [1531 to 1550], took Pegu from Mons [1546], and became king of Burma.

Ludovico Ariosto [Ariosto, Ludovico] poet Italy 1532 to 1533 Orlando Furioso [1532: epic poem] He lived 1474 to 1533.

Francisco Pizarro [Pizarro, Francisco] discoverer Spain/Peru 1532 to 1541 He lived 1475 to 1541 and conquered Peru starting at Cajamarca and marching to Cuzco [1533]. He ruled until assassinated.

Aqa Mirak [Mirak, Aqa] or Agha Mirak [Mirak, Agha] or Aqa Jalal ad-Din Mirak al-Hasani [Mirak al-Hasani, Aqa Jalal ad-Din] painter Isfahan, Iran 1532 to 1543 Firdausi Encounters the Court Poets of Ghazna [1532]; Khamsa by Nezami [1539 to 1543] He taught Sultan Muhammad.

François Rabelais [Rabelais, François] novelist France 1533 Gargantua and Pantagruel [1533] He lived 1494 to 1553.

Ivan IV or Ivan the Terrible grand duke/tsar Moscow, Russia 1533 to 1584 He lived 1530 to 1584 and was three years old when he became grand duke [1533]. Later, he began rule himself [1547 to 1584]. He took European Russia and Siberia, conquering Tatars under Yermak [1582]. He lost Poland and Sweden. He put down nobles, created army corps to put down rebellion, and became insane.

Jacques Cartier [Cartier, Jacques] explorer France/Canada 1534 He lived 1491 to 1557. From France, he explored and then settled in Canada.

Manco Inca Yupanqui emperor Peru 1534 to 1537 He lived 1516 to 1544 and was last Inca emperor [1534 to 1537].

Paul III pope Rome, Italy 1534 to 1549 He lived 1468 to 1549. As pope, he founded modern Inquisition and censorship and began Catholic reform.

Paracelsus or Philippus Aureolus [Aureolus, Philippus] alchemist Innsbruck, Austria 1536 Great Surgery Book [1536] He lived 1493 to 1541. He searched for substance {philosopher's stone, Paracelsus} that can control nature by strengthening essence of universe in all things. To mercury and sulfur, he added salt, for body, to have three primary substances {tria prima}.

Philippe Verdelot [Verdelot, Philippe] composer Europe 1536 Madrigal book [1536] He lived 1475 to 1552 and composed Mannerist madrigals.

Costanzo Festa [Festa, Costanzo] composer Europe 1537 Magnificat [1537] He lived 1490 to 1545 and composed Mannerist madrigals.

Nicolo Tartaglia [Tartaglia, Nicolo] mathematician Venice, Italy 1537 to 1546 New Sciences [1537]; New Problems and Inventions [1546] He lived 1499 to 1557 and found general solution to cubic equation.

Cosimo I de Medici duke Florence, Italy 1537 to 1574 He lived 1519 to 1574, had absolute power, and led Florence at height. He became grand duke of Tuscany [1569 to 1574] through the pope's order. He was Giovanni de' Medici or Giovanni delle Bande Nere's son [1498 to 1526]. He gained a banking fortune, patronized arts, and started Medici rule.

Francis Xavier [Xavier, Francis] missionary Japan 1539 to 1551 He lived 1506 to 1552 and was Roman Catholic saint and missionary [1539 to 1551].

Domingo de Soto [de Soto, Domingo] discoverer Spain/Georgia 1540 He lived 1494 to 1560, was Dominican, explored Georgia, and started Sea Island Missions.

Toegye or Yi Hwang or Retreating Creek or Gyeongho philosopher Hanseong (Seoul), Korea 1540 to 1560 Sijo or Shijo or Short Poems [1540 to 1560: poems]; Ten Diagrams on Sage Learning [1540 to 1560]; Outline and Explanations of the Works of Zhu Xi [1540 to 1560]; Commentary on the Scripture of the Heart [1540 to 1560]; History of Neo-Confucianism in the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties [1540 to 1560]; Four-Seven Debate [1540 to 1560: discusses Mencius with Ki Taesung] He lived 1501 to 1570. He emphasized effort and devotion {chisung}, as neo-Confucian mental strength {kyung} with emphasis on action. Process allows the "i" and "ki" of neo-Confucianism to derive from each other.

Francesco Primaticcio [Primaticcio, Francesco]/Sebastiano Serlio [Serlio, Sebastiano] architect France 1541 to 1545 Fontainebleau Palace [1541 to 1545: French Mannerist] Primaticcio lived 1504 to 1570. Serlio lived 1475 to 1554.

Bartolomé de las Casas [Casas, Bartolomé de las] philosopher Mexico 1542 Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies [1542] He lived 1484 to 1566 and was for Native American rights.

Lodovico Ferrari [Ferrari, Lodovico] mathematician Italy 1542 He lived 1522 to 1565 and found general solution to quartic equation [1542].

Mary Stuart or Mary Queen of Scots queen Scotland 1542 to 1587 She lived 1542 to 1587, was queen of Scotland [1542 to 1567], and was queen consort of France [1559 to 1560]. She escaped to England after her husband's murder and her remarriage. She engaged in several attempts to get throne from Queen Elizabeth I, with Catholic support, because she was Catholic. England beheaded her [1587].

Nicholas Copernicus [Copernicus, Nicholas] astronomer Poland 1543 On the Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs [1543] He lived 1473 to 1543 and invented heliocentric theory of solar system.

Andreas Vesalius [Vesalius, Andreas] biologist Flanders/Basel, Switzerland 1543 On the Structure of the Human Body [1543] He lived 1514 to 1564 and studied animal and human anatomy.

Domingo de Soto of Segovia [Soto of Segovia, Domingo de] philosopher Segovia, Spain 1544 to 1545 Aristotelian Commentaries [1544]; Eight Books on Aristotelian Physics [1545: commentary on Aristotle's Categories] He lived 1494 to 1560, was Francis Vittoria's student, was in School of Salamanca, and was Thomist.

Daniele da Volterra [Volterra, Daniele da] painter Rome, Italy 1545 Descent from the Cross [1545: in Church of the Trinità dei Monti] Mannerist lived 1509 to 1566.

Pierre Lescot [Lescot, Pierre] architect Paris, France 1546 [1546: Court southwest side is High Renaissance] He lived 1510 to 1578.

Berndt Notke [Notke, Berndt] sculptor Germany/Stockholm, Sweden 1546 St. George Group [1546: Northern-Renaissance wood sculpture in Cathedral of , including St. George and the Dragon] He lived 1435 to 1509, was from Germany, carved wood, and painted.

Edward VI king England 1547 to 1553 He lived 1537 to 1553 and was under regency of Duke of Somerset, Edward Seymour, who eased heresy and treason laws, favored Protestants, and helped yeomen. Duke of Northumberland engineered Somerset's downfall and caused struggle for throne by opposing Mary I.

Chrétien Herlin [Herlin, Chrétien]/Conrad Dasypodius [Dasypodius, Conrad] inventor Strasbourg, France 1547 to 1574 astronomical clock [1547 to 1574: clock with escapement and moving figures] Dasypodius lived 1532 to 1604.

Philip Melancthon [Melancthon, Philip] minister Wittenberg, Saxony, Germany 1548 History of the Life and Acts of Luther [1548] He lived 1497 to 1560 and broke away from Roman Catholic Church. He used Aristotle to make philosophy for Protestantism.

Peter Ramus [Ramus, Peter] or Petrus Ramus [Ramus, Petrus] or Pierre de la Ramée [Ramée, Pierre de la] philosopher Paris, France 1549 Arguments in Rhetoric Against Quintilian [1549] He lived 1515 to 1572. Rhetoric and grammar demonstrate that people can use reasoning at will. Answering question requires correct viewpoint {invention}. Selecting invention to apply to question requires judgment {judicium}. Good judgment selects correct viewpoint for question by relating subject and object using category, cause, effect, or relation. Person's judgments unite to build philosophical system. Judgments and system relate to God.

Jacques Arcadelt [Arcadelt, Jacques] composer Europe 1550 Il Bianco e Dolce Cigno or Sweet White Swan [1550]; Ave Maria or Hail Mary [1550] He lived 1504 to 1568 and composed Mannerist madrigals.

Benvenuto Cellini [Cellini, Benvenuto] sculptor Italy 1550 Saltcellar of Francis I [1550: Mannerist] He lived 1500 to 1571.

Hiawatha or Ayenwatha chief USA 1550 As Lone Pine tribe chief, he created Iroquois Confederation of Native American tribes in northeast USA and so became Onondaga and Mohawk chief.

Sadiqi-Beg or Sadegh Beig [Beig, Sadegh] calligrapher Isfahan, Iran 1550 Dragon and Horseman [1550] He lived 1533 to 1610, wrote Arabic calligraphy, painted miniatures, and was of Ghazvin School.

Lelio Sozzini [Sozzini, Lelio] or Laelius Socinus [Socinus, Laelius] philosopher Italy 1550 to 1560 Commentary on John 1 [1550 to 1560] He lived 1525 to 1562, and founded Anti-trinitarian movement.

Giorgio Vasari [Vasari, Giorgio] architect/historian Florence, Italy 1550 to 1560 Uffizi Gallery [1559 to 1560]; Lives of the Most Excellent Architects, Sculptors, and Painters [1550: book] He lived 1511 to 1574.

Jacques Cujas [Cujas, Jacques] or Jacques de Cujas [Cujas, Jacques de] or Cujacius lawyer Paris, France 1550 to 1580 Criticisms and Observations [1550 to 1580]; Additional Commentary [1550 to 1580: on Digest and Code of Justinian, especially Ulpian and Paulus] He lived 1520 to 1590 and helped establish Continental law and international law, using original sources. He studied law at Bourges University, was Alciati's pupil's student, and studied law's relations to history and literature.

Rikyu or Sen no Rikyu [Rikyu, Sen no] or Sen no Rikyu Koji [Rikyu Koji, Sen no] philosopher Kyoto, Japan 1550 to 1591 Poems [1550 to 1591] He lived 1518 to 1591 and perfected tea ceremony.

Vijnanabhiksu philosopher Uttar Pradesh, India 1550 to 1600 Essence of Yoga [1550 to 1600: about Yoga]; Conveying Intelligence about Yoga [1550 to 1600: about Yoga]; System of Sankhya [1550 to 1600: about Sankhya yoga]; Spiritual Theological Dictionary and Announcements of Sankhya [1550 to 1600: about Sankhya yoga]

Bayinnaung or Braginoco or Barinnaung king Burma/Thailand 1551 to 1581 From Burma, he took Thailand.

Mary I queen England 1553 to 1558 She lived 1516 to 1558. Staunch Catholic, she married Philip II of Spain, allied with Spain, and restored England to Catholic Church. Her religious persecutions made her Bloody Mary.

Gerhardus Mercator [Mercator, Gerhardus] geographer Duisberg, Flanders 1554 to 1594 Atlas [1569] He lived 1512 to 1594, drew maps [1554], and created Mercator's projection [1569].

Nostradamus poet France 1555 Centuries [1555: poetic prophecies] He lived 1503 to 1566.

Paul IV pope Rome, Italy 1555 to 1559 He lived 1476 to 1559. As pope, he altered papacy.

Barma or Postnik Yakovlev [Yakovlev, Postnik] architect Moscow, Russia 1555 to 1561 Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed or Intercession Cathedral [1555 to 1561: Byzantine tented church next to Kremlin has bulb-shaped wood towers] Cathedral has hipped roof with small arches in tiers. Ivan the Terrible had it built after he captured Kazan Khanate. St. Basil has chapel built by Czar Fedor Ivanovich [1588].

William the Silent or William of Orange stadholder Netherlands 1555 to 1584 He lived 1533 to 1584. As prince of Orange, Spain appointed him stadholder of Holland [1555]. Later, he supported the Gueux, who were Dutch and Flemish nobles opposed to intervention from Spain, and fought Spain. After deposing Philip II of Spain, he ruled United Provinces [1579 to 1584] and founded Dutch Republic. Someone assassinated him before struggles with Spain ended.

Louise Labé [Labé, Louise] or La Belle Cordière [Cordière, La Belle] poet Lyon, France 1556 Sonnet I What If The Hero [1556]; Sonnet II Your Cold, Appraising Eyes [1556]; Sonnet III My Long Desire [1556]; Sonnet IV When Love Arrives [1556]; Sonnet V Bright Venus [1556]; Sonnet VI Twice Blessed [1556]; Sonnet VII All Love Is Seen [1556]; Sonnet VIII I Live, I Die [1556]; Sonnet IX However Soon [1556]; Sonnet X When I Catch Sight [1556]; Sonnet XI One Passing Glance [1556]; Sonnet XII O Lute, True Friend [1556]; Sonnet XIII If Only I Were Ravished [1556]; Sonnet XIV As Long As Tears [1556]; Sonnet XV Pay Homage [1556]; Sonnet XVI A Bolt of Lightning [1556]; Sonnet XVII I Run Away [1556]; Sonnet XVIII O Kiss Me [1556]; Sonnet XIX The Beautiful Diana [1556]; Sonnet XX I Always Knew [1556]; Sonnet XXI That Solemn Grandeur [1556]; Sonnet XXII O Shining Sun [1556]; Sonnet XXIII Alas! You Used To Pour Out Lavish Praise [1556]; Sonnet XXIV Do Not Blame Me, Ladies [1556]; À Mademoiselle Clémence de Bourges [1556]; Au temps qu'Amour or In the Time of Love [1556]; D'un tel vouloir or Wanting [1556]; Quand vous lirez or When you listen [1556] She lived 1524 to 1566 and was of the Lyons School of Humanist poets, which used the Petrarchan sonnet.

Philip II king Spain 1556 to 1598 He lived 1527 to 1598 and ascended when his father, Charles I, abdicated. He got Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg at Treaty of Augsburg between Spain and Holy Roman Empire. Belgium had Flanders, Hainaut, Limburg, Antwerp, and Brabant. He married Mary I of England but left when he did not become king of England. He fought France. By Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis [1559], Spain became leading European power, holding America, Naples, Sicily, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Portugal, Milan, and Franche-Comte in France. He was strong Catholic and emphasized Spanish Inquisition. When he imposed the Inquisition in the Netherlands, William the Silent led rebellion against Duke of Alba. Philip II took Portugal when Henry I died, with support of legislature {Cortes} of Portugal. Because Francis Drake had raided Cadiz and England's navy had helped Netherlands, he built Spanish Armada, but it lost [1588]. He helped Catholic League in Wars of Religion in France. He gained Philippines.

Akbar or Great Mogul emperor India 1556 to 1605 He lived 1542 to 1605. Mogul Empire took Afghanistan and rest of north India. Agra was capital. He reformed government, allowed religious tolerance, and started land tax. He married the Rajputana Hindu king's daughter. language started, which was Hindi language with Turkish and Persian words.

Index inquisition Rome, Italy 1557 Inquisition listed banned books.

Sebastian king Portugal 1557 to 1578 He lived 1554 to 1578 and lost Africa.

Giovanni della Casa [Casa, Giovanni della] writer Italy 1558 Il Galateo [1558] He lived 1503 to 1556. Gentleman has good manners.

Ferdinand I emperor Austria/Germany/Hungary/Bohemia 1558 to 1564 He lived 1503 to 1564. Of Hapsburg Dynasty of Holy Roman Empire, he fought Suleiman I in Hungary, pushed Protestant Reformation, abolished liberty, fought Peasants' War, and got Peace of Augsburg [1555].

Elizabeth I queen England 1558 to 1603 She lived 1533 to 1603, was Tudor, and built navy, colonies, and trade under her ministers Burghly and Cecil. She favored Anglicans against Protestants and first sheltered then imprisoned Mary, Queen of Scots. She had romances with Earl of Essex and Earl of Leicester.

Paolo Veronese [Veronese, Paolo] painter Venice, Italy 1559 to 1576 Supper at Emmaus [1559: in Church of San Sebastian in Venice]; Marriage at Cana [1562]; Rape of Europa [1576: in Ducal Palace in Venice] He lived 1528 to 1588.

Catherine de' Medici regent France 1560 She lived 1519 to 1589. Catherine de' Medici, queen to Henry II, was regent for Charles IX of France [1560]. She persecuted Protestants.

Orlando di Lasso [Lasso, Orlando di] composer Flanders/France 1560 Penitential Psalms [1560] He lived 1532 to 1594, composed masses, motets, and choral music, and invented cross-relation.

Filippo Neri [Neri, Filippo] saint Rome, Italy 1560 to 1580 He lived 1515 to 1595 and became Roman Catholic saint.

Theresa of Avila saint Rome, Italy 1560 to 1580 She lived 1515 to 1582 and became Roman Catholic saint.

Muhammadi painter Middle East 1560 to 1586 miniatures [1560 to 1586] He painted miniatures.

Shaikh Bahai [Bahai, Shaikh] or Shaykh Baha'i [Baha'i, Shaykh] or Sheykh-e Baha'ee [Baha'ee, Sheykh-e] or Sheikh Baha' al-Din Mohammed bin Hossein Ameli [Ameli, Sheikh Baha' al-Din Mohammed bin Hossein] poet Persia 1560 to 1605 Tashrih al-Aflak or Explanation of Heavens [1605: poem about astrology]; Risalat Khulasat al-Hisab or Khulasat al- Hisab or Kholasat al-Hesab or al-Khullasah Fil Hisab or Treatise on Reckoning [1560 to 1605: about mathematics]; Milk and Sugar [1560 to 1605: masnavi poem]; Bread and Sweet Paste [1560 to 1605: masnavi poem]; Kashkool or Scraps [1560 to 1605: stories and Persian and Arabic proverbs]; Collection [1560 to 1605: essays] He lived 1532 to 1610 and wrote in Arabic.

John Hawkins [Hawkins, John] slaver West Africa 1562 He lived 1532 to 1595. From England, he took slaves from West Africa to Americas.

Vincinzo Galilei [Galilei, Vincinzo] composer Italy 1563 to 1584 Dialogo della musica antica et della moderna or Dialogue on ancient and modern music [1581]; Fronimo or Lute Playing [1584] He lived 1528 to 1591 and composed Baroque monodic works.

Andrea Amati [Amati, Andrea] instrument maker Cremona, Italy 1564 He lived 1520 to 1578 and perfected violins [1564], labeling them Amadus or Andreas Amatus and using varnish with amber color. His sons, Antonio Amati and Girolamo Amati, used Antonius Amatus and Hieronymus Amatus. Girolamo Amati's son Niccolò Amati [1596 to 1684] built the best ones [1645], labeling them Nicolaus Amatus. His students were Antonio Stradivari, Andrea Guarneri, and his son Girolamo Amati [1649 to 1740].

Lopez de Legaspi [Legaspi, Lopez de] discoverer Spain/Philippines 1564 He lived 1502 to 1572 and conquered Philippines.

Germain Pilon [Pilon, Germain] sculptor France 1564 to 1583 Tomb of Henry II and Catherine de Medici [1564 to 1583: Mannerist] He lived 1535 to 1590.

Carlo Borromeo [Borromeo, Carlo] or San Carlo Borromeo [Borromeo, San Carlo] or Charles Borromaeus [Borromaeus, Charles] cardinal/architect/saint Milan, Italy 1564 to 1584 Instructiones fabricae et supellectilis ecclestiasticae or Instructions for building and decorating churches [1573: book] He lived 1538 to 1584 and became Roman Catholic saint.

Pieter the Elder [Bruegel the Elder, Pieter] painter Flanders 1565 to 1568 Return of the Herd [1565]; Hunters in the Snow [1565: Northern Renaissance]; Peasant Wedding [1568]; Blind Leading the Blind [1568] He lived 1525 to 1569.

Andrea Palladio [Palladio, Andrea] architect/designer Vincenza, Italy 1565 to 1570 San Giorgio Maggiore or Saint George Major [1565]; Villa Rotunda [1567 to 1570]; Palladian furniture style [1550: windows and columns had pediments and cornices, with eagle, scallop shell, and acanthus leaf decorations] He lived 1518 to 1580.

Yulgok or Yi I or Sukheon or Chestnut Valley philosopher Hanseong (Seoul), Korea 1565 to 1576 Divine [1565]; Questions and Answers at East Lake [1570]; Essentials of Confucianism [1576]; Complete Works of Yulgok [1585: compiled by students] He lived 1536 to 1584. Process allows the "i" to become the "ki" of neo-Confucianism.

Pius V pope Rome, Italy 1566 to 1572 He lived 1504 to 1572. As pope, he united Spain and Venice against Ottoman Empire. He implemented Third-Council- of-Trent reforms.

Tintoretto painter Italy 1566 to 1581 Christ before Pilate [1566]; Last Supper [1581] He lived 1518 to 1594.

Martin Alfonso de Sousa [Alfonso de Sousa, Martin] governor Brazil 1567 He lived 1500 to 1564 and founded Sao Paolo. Portugal ousted France from Rio de Janiero [1567].

Alvaro de Mendaña [Mendaña, Alvaro de] explorer Spain/Ellice Islands/Solomon Islands/Marquesas Islands 1567 to 1569 He lived 1541 to 1595. From Spain, he left Callao in Peru, crossed Pacific Ocean, and came back [1567 to 1569]. From Spain, he found Marquesas Islands [1595].

Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola [Vignola, Giacomo Barozzi da] architect Rome, Italy 1568 Il Gesu church or Jesus church [1568: Late Renaissance and pre-Baroque church] He lived 1507 to 1573.

Mimar Koca [Sinan, Mimar Koca] architect Edirne, Turkey 1568 to 1574 Selimiye Mosque [1568 to 1574] He lived 1489 to 1588. It was for Selim II.

Oda Nobunaga [Nobunaga, Oda] shogun Japan 1568 to 1600 He lived 1534 to 1582. Ashikaga shogunate defeated all rival barons. He took Kyoto and unified Japan {National Unification period}.

Gabriel Van der Muyden [Muyden, Gabriel Van der] or Mudaeus lawyer Belgium 1570 He lived 1500 to 1560, was international lawyer, was Alciatus' pupil, and founded Louvain University.

Giovanni Palestrina [Palestrina, Giovanni] composer Italy 1570 Tu Es Petrus or You Are Peter [1570] He lived 1524 to 1594 and composed masses, motets, and choral music.

Fausto Sozzini [Sozzini, Fausto] or Fausto Sozini [Sozini, Fausto] or Socianus or Faustus Socinus [Socinus, Faustus] philosopher Rome, Italy/Poland 1570 On the Authority of the Holy Scriptures [1570] He lived 1539 to 1604, started Unitarianism {Socinianism}, which denied the Trinity, and founded Polish Brethern [1579].

Muzaffar 'Ali painter Isfahan, Iran 1570 to 1575 He lived 1540 to 1576 and was miniature painter of Ghazvin School.

John of Austria or Don John or Juan of Austria captain Spain/Austria 1571 He lived 1547 to 1578 and defeated Ottoman Empire navy at naval Battle of Lepanto [1571].

Edmund Plowden [Plowden, Edmund] or Edward Plowden [Plowden, Edward] judge London, England 1571 Commentaries or Reports [1571: first modern law reports emphasized sense of laws] He lived 1518 to 1585.

Gregory XIII pope Rome, Italy 1572 to 1585 He lived 1502 to 1585. As pope, he began Gregorian calendar, established new canon law, and led Fourth Council of Trent. Fourth Council of Trent established modern Catholic Church foundation. He did not deal with German Protestants.

Torquato Tasso [Tasso, Torquato] poet Italy 1573 to 1581 Aminta [1573: pastoral play]; Gerusalemme Liberata or Jerusalem Delivered [1581: poem] He lived 1544 to 1595.

Wanli or Wan-li or Chu I-chun or Hsien Ti or Shen Tsung emperor China 1573 to 1620 He lived 1563 to 1620. Empire had painting and porcelain making.

Henry III king France 1574 to 1589 He lived 1551 to 1589. Henry of Navarre led Huguenots, a French Protestant party, and married Margaret of Valois, leading to St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of Protestants in Paris, followed by Wars of Religion. Henry of Navarre defeated Henry III and Catholic League. Because Henry III was last of Valois line, Henry III designated Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV) to be king. Duke of Guise, head of Catholic League, opposed this designation, and War of the Three Henries followed, in which Henry III murdered Guise and Catholic League rebels.

Stephen Batory [Batory, Stephen] king Transylvania/Romania/Poland 1575 to 1586 He lived 1533 to 1586 and was Prince of Transylvania [1576 to 1586] in Romania. Nobles elected him King of Poland [1575].

Jean Bodin [Bodin, Jean] lawyer Paris, France 1576 Six Books of the Republic [1576: about state sovereignty] He lived 1530 to 1596 and belonged to Politiques. Family is basis of society. State is about material, not spiritual, things. State requires absolute sovereignty to prevent civil war.

Martin Frobisher [Frobisher, Martin] explorer England/Canada 1576 He lived 1535 to 1594. From England, he tried to find Northwest Passage to China and reached Canadian coast.

Bartholomew Medina [Medina, Bartholomew] philosopher Salamanca, Spain 1577 to 1584 Commentary on the First Section of the Second Part of the Summary of Theology [1577]; Brief Instruction about how to administer the sacrament of penitence [1580]; Commentary in Three Parts [1584] He lived 1527 to 1581, was Francis Vittoria's student, was Thomist, and was founder of Probabilism [1577]. People are free to perform other acts, rather than always conforming to moral law {probabilism}.

Francis Drake [Drake, Francis] captain England 1577 to 1588 He lived 1540 to 1596 and sailed around world [1577 to 1580]. He pirated ships from Spain and helped defeat Ireland. He destroyed fleet of Spain at Cadiz [1587] and helped defeat Spanish Armada [1588].

Luca Marenzio [Marenzio, Luca] composer Italy 1577 to 1593 Madrigals [1577 to 1593: in five and six parts] He lived 1553 to 1599 and composed Mannerist madrigals with five voices.

Hubert Languet [Languet, Hubert] philosopher France 1579 Victory against tyranny [1579] He lived 1518 to 1581. People can change the social agreement if sovereign rules against their interests.

François Vieta [Vieta, François] mathematician Paris, France 1579 Mathematical Canon [1579] He lived 1540 to 1603 and invented sine law, cosine law, and Napier's rule.

Edmund Spenser [Spenser, Edmund] poet England 1579 to 1596 Shepheardes Calendar [1579: pastoral]; Epithalamion or Wedding Song [1595: poem]; Fairie Queen [1590 to 1596: poem] He lived 1552 to 1599.

Michel de Montaigne [Montaigne, Michel de] philosopher Paris, France 1580 Essays [1580: including Cannibals and the Apology for Raimond Sebond] He lived 1533 to 1592, was humanist, and emphasized instincts, faith, and irony of life. He developed Skepticism, based on Sextus Empiricus' and Pyrrho's ideas.

Wang Shih-cheng writer China 1580 Golden Lotus [1580: Ming Dynasty novel] He lived ? to 1593.

John of the Cross saint/poet Rome, Italy 1580 to 1590 He lived 1542 to 1591 and became Roman Catholic saint and mystic.

Giordano Bruno [Bruno, Giordano] priest Germany/Paris, France 1580 to 1600 On the Infinite Universe and Worlds He lived 1548 to 1600 and was Dominican. He influenced Spinoza and Leibniz. Epistemology Absolute truth does not exist. Knowledge has no limit. Ethics People should be optimistic and joyous about man, nature, and God. Metaphysics Space, time, and particles have no limit. Countless worlds exist, each growing and decaying in the living universe. Reality units {monad, Bruno} are parts of eternal infinite being. Monads are infinite in number, living, imperishable, individual, material, spiritual, and existing. Monads follow own laws and general law. Universe is alive and has soul {anima mundi} {world-soul}. God is the formal, efficient, and final cause of all things and is immanent and transcendent. World is life of God and so is perfect and harmonious, if viewed as whole. God is like light: illuminating, animating, and forming world. Essence of God and world are same {pantheism, Bruno}. World opposites harmonize in God's infinity. All things have matter, mind, and spirit. People can know these if they are in themselves. Things are individual and different but in essence are God.

Johannes Capreolus [Capreolus, Johannes] or John Capreolus [Capreolus, John] philosopher Rome, Italy 1580 to 1600 He lived 1550 to 1600 and was Principal Thomist.

Cornelius Corneliszoon [Corneliszoon, Cornelius] inventor Netherlands 1580 to 1600 sawmill [1580 to 1600]; pitman [1580 to 1600] He lived 1550 to 1600 and invented pitman to convert rotary motion into back-and-forth motion.

Imad al-Husni [al-Husni, Imad] calligrapher Isfahan, Iran 1580 to 1610 Imad al-Husni lived 1554 to 1614 and was of Isfahan School.

Jacques Salmon [Salmon, Jacques]/Sieur de La Chesnaye [Chesnaye, Sieur de La]/Lambert de Beaulieu [Beaulieu, Lambert de] choreographer/composer/lyricist Italy 1581 Ballet Comique de la Reine [1581] First ballet was for Catherine de Medici. Dances combined ballet de cour and Italian opera and had music, dance, plot, and choreography.

François Sanchez [Sanchez, François] philosopher Spain/Lyon, France 1581 That nothing is known [1581] He lived 1550 to 1623 and developed doubt as method. He said Scholastic ideas and methods were too far from actual world.

Antoine Favre [Favre, Antoine] or Antonius Faber [Faber, Antonius] lawyer Netherlands/Lyon, France 1581 to 1607 Conjectures on Civil Law [1581: three books]; On Practical Errors and Law Interpretation [1598]; Codex Fabrianus [1607] He lived 1557 to 1624 and was international lawyer.

Domingo Banez [Banez, Domingo] or Domingo Vanez [Vanez, Domingo] philosopher Salamanca, Spain 1584 Primacy of Existence in [1584] He lived 1535 to 1600, was Francis Vittoria's student, and was Thomist and Dominican. God gives grace and motivates acceptance of grace {praemotio physica}.

Feodor I czar Russia 1584 to 1598 He lived 1557 to 1598, was Ivan IV's son, and was Rurikid. Oleg followed and moved to Kiev.

Boris Godunov [Godunov, Boris] czar Russia 1584 to 1605 He lived 1551 to 1605 and was Feodor I's son.

Simon Stevin [Stevin, Simon] mathematician Bruges, Belgium 1585 Art of Tenths [1585] He lived 1548 to 1620 and used decimal fractions and force parallelograms.

Simon Stevinus [Stevinus, Simon] mathematician Netherlands 1585 Decimal Numbers [1585] He lived 1548 to 1620. He invented decimal numbers and fractions, and so real numbers [1585].

Sixtus V pope Rome, Italy 1585 to 1590 He lived 1521 to 1590. As pope, he improved Papal-States administration and beautified Rome.

Walter Raleigh [Raleigh, Walter] colonist/poet England 1585 to 1599 Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd [1599: poem] He lived 1552 to 1618 and started Roanoke Colony on North Carolina Outer Banks, but it died out [1585 to 1597]. He introduced tobacco and potatoes to Europe. He was rival to Earl of Essex for Elizabeth's hand. James I became king and imprisoned him in Tower of London.

Miguel [Cervantes, Miguel] novelist Spain 1585 to 1615 La Galatea or Galatea [1585]; Don Quixote de la Mancha [1605 and 1615: mock epic novel] He lived 1547 to 1616.

Domenico [Fontana, Domenico] architect Rome, Italy 1586 St. John Lateran or Cathedral of Rome [1586: Late Renaissance church]; Lateran Palace [1586] He lived 1543 to 1607. Cathedral began in 324 under Constantine at place according to Papal town plan.

Bernardino Telesio [Telesio, Bernardino] philosopher Naples, Italy 1586 On the Nature of First Principles [1586] He lived 1509 to 1588 and was of Philosophy of Nature school.

Virginia Dare [Dare, Virginia] colonist Roanoke Colony, Virginia 1587 She lived 1587 to ? and was first child born in USA of parents from England.

Hugo Doneau [Doneau, Hugo] or Hugo Donellus [Donellus, Hugo] or Hugo D'Onneau [D'Onneau, Hugo] or Hugues Doneau [Doneau, Hugues] lawyer Leyden, Netherlands 1587 Commentaries on the Civil Law [1587] He lived 1527 to 1591, was international lawyer, and studied law at Bourges University.

Christopher Marlowe [Marlowe, Christopher] or Cristofer Marley [Marley, Cristofer] poet/playwright England 1587 to 1593 Tamburlaine the Great [1587: play]; Jew of Malta [1589: play]; Passionate Shepherd to his Love [1589: poem]; Tragedy of Dr. Faustus or Faustus [1590: play]; Edward II [1592: play]; Hero and Leander [1593]; Who Ever Loved, that Loved not at First Sight [1593: poem from Hero and Leander] He lived 1564 to 1593.

Abbas I or Abbas the Great or Shah Abbas [Abbas, Shah] shah Iran 1587 to 1629 He lived 1571 to 1629, was Safavid, and moved capital from Ghazvin to Isfahan. Mullahs were powerful. He punished Sufis. He built the Medan town square in Isfahan and encouraged art. Shah means king.

Sigismund III Vasa king Poland/Sweden 1587 to 1632 He lived 1566 to 1632 and was king of Poland [1587 to 1632] and Sweden [1592 to 1599]. Vasa kings of Poland fought Sweden and Russia.

Thoinot Arbeau [Arbeau, Thoinot] choreographer France 1588 ballet positions [1588] He lived 1519 to 1596 and outlined the ballet positions.

Thomas Harriott [Harriott, Thomas] mathematician England 1588 Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia [1588: close-packing] He lived 1560 to 1621, used modern algebra notation, and studied trajectories. He invented refraction law.

Luis de Molina [Molina, Luis de] philosopher Spain/Portugal 1588 Concordia [1588] He lived 1535 to 1600 and was Thomist. God knows all results under all circumstances, actual and possible, and so determines circumstances. However, God does not control free will. Circumstances and will merely coincide.

El Greco or Domenikos Theotokopoulos [Theotokopoulos, Domenikos] painter Greece/Spain 1588 to 1609 Burial of Count Orgaz [1588]; Fray Felix Hortensio Paravicino [1609: oil]; View of Toledo [1597] He lived 1541 to 1614, in Spain from 1577.

Albericus Gentilis [Gentilis, Albericus] or Albericius Gentilis [Gentilis, Albericius] lawyer London, England 1589 On the Laws of War [1589] He lived 1552 to 1608 and emphasized that contemporary situations required new international law rules. His ideas came into use in approximately 1900. He established peace-treaty rules, neutrality rules, and war rules. He established justifications for war, especially self- defense. Licenses for reprisal against another nation's vessels {letters of marque} are unlawful, because they lead to piracy. Travelers in peacetime have freedom of passage, especially over seas. Diplomatic personnel have immunity from prosecution, have right of passage, and have right of property and person protection. Rulers cannot reject embassies but can return particular ambassadors. All nations, no matter what governmental system or ruler, are in society of nations. Epistemology Rights and laws based on reason are true for all people at all times.

William Lee [Lee, William] inventor England 1589 knitting machine [1589] He lived 1550 to 1610 {knitting machine}.

Henry IV or Henry of Navarre king France 1589 to 1610 He lived 1553 to 1610, was of Bourbon family, was Huguenot leader, and defeated army sent by Henry III of France and Catholic League, ending Wars of Religion. He gave up Protestantism to enter Paris. He fought Spain until Treaty of Vervins. He published Edict of Nantes, giving religious tolerance. His minister Sully worked for trade and order and helped peasants. In 1598, he granted toleration to Protestants. He started Bourbon line. Bourbons were Louis XIII, Louis XIV, Louis XV, and Louis XVI.

Earl of Essex or Robert Devereux [Devereux, Robert] earl England 1590 He lived 1566 to 1601. After being her favorite, Queen Elizabeth I arrested and executed him for marrying secretly and for failing to put down rebellion in Ireland.

Alonso de Ercilla y Zuniga [Ercilla y Zuniga, Alonso de] poet Spain/Chile 1590 La Araucana or Araucaniad [1590] He lived 1533 to 1595.

Wu Cheng'en novelist China 1590 to 1600 Journey to the West or Westward Journey or Monkey King [1590 to 1600: The monk travels westward to find Buddhist writings] He lived 1506 to 1582.

William [Shakespeare, William] playwright/poet England 1590 to 1611 Henry VI [1590 to 1592: in three parts]; Richard II [1593]; Comedy of Errors [1594]; Titus Andronicus [1595]; Taming of the Shrew [1595]; Two Gentlemen of Verona [1595]; Love's Labour's Lost [1595]; Romeo and Juliet [1596]; Richard II [1596]; Midsummer Night's Dream [1596]; King John [1596]; Merchant of Venice [1596]; Henry IV [1596: in two parts]; Much Ado about Nothing [1597]; Henry V [1598]; Julius Caesar [1599]; As You Like It [1599]; [1600]; Hamlet [1601]; Merry Wives of Windsor [1602]; Troilus and Cressida [1602]; All's Well That Ends Well [1603]; Measure for Measure [1603]; Othello [1604]; King Lear [1605]; Macbeth [1606]; Antony and Cleopatra [1606]; Coriolanus [1607]; Timon of Athens [1607]; Henry VIII [1608]; Two Noble Kinsmen [1608]; Pericles [1609]; Cymbeline [1609]; Winter's Tale [1610]; Tempest [1611]; When Forty Winters [sonnet 2]; Shall I Compare Thee [sonnet 18]; When in Disgrace with Fortune [sonnet 29]; When to the Sessions [sonnet 30]; Full Many a Glorious Morning [sonnet 33]; Let Me Not to the Marriage of True Minds [sonnet 66]; Marriage of True Minds [sonnet 116]; Who is Sylvia? [1595: from Two Gentlemen of Verona]; Winter [1595: from Love's Labour Lost]; Imagination [1596: from Midsummer Night's Dream]; He Jests at Scars [1596: from Romeo and Juliet]; The Living Juliet [1596: from Romeo and Juliet]; Quality of Mercy [1596: from Merchant of Venice]; Blow Blow Thou Winter Wind [1599: from As You Like It]; Seven Ages of Man or All the World's a Stage [1599: from As You Like It]; Under the Greenwood Tree [1599: from As You Like It]; Loves Love the Spring [1599: from As You Like It]; To Thine Own Self Be True [1601: from Hamlet]; To Be or Not To Be [1601: from Hamlet]; Tomorrow and Tomorrow and Tomorrow [1606: from MacBeth]; Hark Hark the Lark [1609: from Cymbeline]; When I was and a Little Tiny Boy [1611: from The Tempest]; O Mistress Mine [1611: from the Tempest]; Full Fathom Five [1611: from The Tempest]; Our Revels Now Are Ended [1611: from The Tempest] He lived 1564 to 1616.

Philip Sidney [Sidney, Philip] poet England 1591 Astrophel and Stella [1591]; My True Love Hath My Heart [1591] He lived 1554 to 1586.

Tokugawa Hideyoshi [Hideyoshi, Tokugawa] or Tokugawa Ieyasu [Ieyasu, Tokugawa] or Tokugawa Iyeyasu [Iyeyasu, Tokugawa] shogun Japan 1592 to 1616 He lived 1543 to 1616 and invaded Korea [1592], trying to take China. He founded Tokugawa Shogunate [1603 to 1867] when he defeated other barons [1603]. He allowed no one to change occupation, stabilized existing classes, and took all swords away from classes. He encouraged foreign trade and tolerated missionaries at first.

Edward Coke [Coke, Edward] lawyer/judge London, England 1592 to 1641 Treatise on Bail and Mainprize [1592: about depositing money to avoid jail while awaiting trial and ordering sheriffs to take bail]; Fines [1597: about penalties]; Beverley's Case [1603]; Book of Entries [1614: about writs and pleading]; Complete Copyholder [1630: about tenancy at will]; Institutes [1641: First volume was on common law, second was on ancient statutes, third was on criminal law, and fourth was on court jurisdiction] He lived 1552 to 1644. He defended common law in Shelley's case, became Solicitor General of the Realm [1592], entered Parliament [1593], became Attorney General [1594], and later became Parliament Speaker. He became Chief Justice of Court of Common Pleas, the highest possible judge office, and became Chief Justice of the King's Bench under King James [1613 to 1616]. He refused to stay an action for the king, because it was against the law, and the king suspended him from Privy Council and then discharged him from office. He rejoined Privy Council [1617] and then entered Parliament again. He fought for constitutional rights and upheld Parliament against king [1620]. He became Baron Veculam and then Viscount St. Albans. In case, he won common law courts right to issue prohibition writs. He blocked King James I from changing law, establishing that only Parliament was able to change law. He blocked King James's proclamation to stop using grain for starch, because Parliament had not proclaimed it. He worked against monopolies. He defended common law or civil law. He wrote about bail, mainprize, and copyhold estate. He was always at legal and personal odds with Francis Bacon. Psychology Insane people do not know what they do and cannot have criminal intent. Insanity is not a defense if people know right from wrong {right-wrong test}. Drunkards, idiots, or fools can be insane at the time [1604].

Willem Barents [Barents, Willem] discoverer Holland/Canada 1594 He lived 1550 to 1597 and explored northeast coast of America, looking for Northwest Passage.

Carlo Gesualdo [Gesualdo, Carlo] or Prince of Venosa composer Italy 1594 Lagrime di San Pietro or Spiritual Madrigals of Saint Peter [1594: madrigals] He lived 1566 to 1613 and composed Baroque polyphonic madrigals.

Thomas Nashe [Nashe, Thomas] novelist England 1594 Unfortunate Traveller [1594: picaresque novel] He lived 1567 to 1601.

Edward Poynings [Poynings, Edward] law Ireland 1594 to 1595 He lived 1459 to 1521. Poynings' Law gave all legislation for Ireland to England.

Pierre Charron [Charron, Pierre] philosopher Paris, France 1594 to 1601 Treatise on Three Truths [1594]; Sermons [1600]; Treatise on Wisdom [1601] He lived 1541 to 1603. Only faith can reveal true knowledge. Faith believes revealed knowledge.

John Napier [Napier, John] mathematician Edinburgh, Scotland 1594 to 1617 Description of the Wonderful Canon of Logarithms [1614]; Using Sticks for Calculation of Products [1617: about Napier's Rods or Napier's Bones] He lived 1550 to 1617, used decimal point [1594], and studied logarithms.

Lope de Vega or Phoenix of Spain or Félix Lope de Vega Carpio [Lope de Vega Carpio, Félix] playwright Spain 1594 to 1634 El maestro de danzar or Dance Teacher [1594: comedy]; La Arcadia [1598: pastoral romance]; La Dragontea [1598: poem of Sir Francis Drake's last expedition and death]; El Isidro or Isidore [1598: octosyllabic quintillas about St. Isidro, patron of Madrid]; La Hermosura de Angélica or Beauty of Angelica [1602: three poem books]; La viuda de Valencia or Valencian Widow [1611: comedy]; El perro del hortelano or Dog in the Manger [1612: comedy]; Fuente Ovejuna or Sheep Well [1612 to 1614: comedy]; Arte nuevo de hacer comedias en este tiempo or New Art of Making Comedy in this Time [1609: book]; Rimas humanas y divinas del licenciado Tomé de Burguillos or Human and Divine Rhymes [1634: poems] He lived 1562 to 1635 and wrote love and intrigue dramas {capa y espada, Lope de Vega} (cloak and sword).

Zacharias Janssen [Janssen, Zacharias] physicist Netherlands 1595 compound microscope [1595] He lived 1580 to 1638. With his father, he helped invent compound microscopes and used them.

Thomas Campion [Campion, Thomas] or Thomas Campian [Campian, Thomas] poet England 1595 to 1613 Poemata [1595]; Observations in the Art of English Poesy [1602]; Books of Airs [1601 to 1617: five song books]; New Way of Making Four Parts in Counterpoint [1613] He lived 1567 to 1620 and wrote lute lyrics.

Johannes Kepler [Kepler, Johannes] astronomer Tübingen, Poland/Prague, Czech Republic 1596 to 1627 Cosmographic Mystery [1596]; Dream or Astronomy of the Moon [1611]; Harmony of the Universe [1619]; Rudolphian Tables [1627] He lived 1571 to 1630 and invented planetary-motion laws (Kepler's laws). Kepler's first law [1609] is planets move in elliptical orbits around Sun, with Sun at one ellipse focus. Kepler's second law [1609] is planets sweep out equal ellipse areas in equal times. Kepler's third law is period squared is proportional to average distance from Sun cubed.

Giovanni Gabrielli [Gabrielli, Giovanni] composer Italy 1597 Sacrae Sinfonia: I Solisti di Sofia or Sacred Symphony: Solace of Sophia [1597] He lived 1557 to 1612 and used contrasting pitch and color.

Andreas Libavius [Libavius, Andreas] chemist Jena, Germany 1597 Alchemy [1597] He lived 1540 to 1616.

Adrianus Valerius [Valerius, Adrianus] lyricist/composer Netherlands/USA 1597 We Gather Together or Prayer of Thanksgiving [1597: translated by Theodore Baker, 1894, arranged and translated from Dutch to Latin by Eduard Kremser, 1877] He lived 1575 to 1625.

Francisco Suarez [Suarez, Francisco] priest Coimbra, Spain 1597 to 1612 Metaphysical Discussions [1597: about being and the idea of being]; On Laws [1612] He lived 1548 to 1617 and was Jesuit. People use reason to choose right from wrong under obligation to God. Law Law is about will of superior commanding obligation from inferiors. Laws can be natural, divine, human, and eternal. Human laws require compliance, require payment for non-compliance, grant privileges, and grant authority and legitimacy. Metaphysics Reality is individual essences expressed in entities.

Francis Bacon [Bacon, Francis] statesman/philosopher/essayist London, England 1597 to 1620 New Atlantis [1597: about utopia]; Essays [1601]; Advancement of Learning [1605]; Novum Organum or New Organon: Directions for the Interpretation of Nature [1620: about inductive logic] He lived 1561 to 1626, became Attorney General [1607], and became Privy Council member. When Edward Coke, whom he was always against legally and personally, had to resign, he became Lord Chancellor, but he had to resign after it became public that he took bribes. He introduced scientific method, used inductive proof, founded empiricism, and classified all knowledge. He analyzed scholastic, humanistic, and mystical philosophy and separated science from philosophy. Epistemology Truth is more important than dogma. The basis of science should be an empirical technique of finding knowledge {induction, Bacon}. People should gather data, note associations and non-associations between characteristics and events, make hypothesis, and then test the hypothesis by trying to refute it or find exceptions to it. Experimental situation should be reproducible under same conditions. The induction process leads to more experiments and higher laws. People must observe and experiment, because only induction can lead to general knowledge. General knowledge then uses axioms for deduction. However, people should not over-generalize. It is not enough just to gather supporting data for hypothesis, but one must try to prove it false. Perception and memory errors cause false images and ideas {idols, Bacon}. Thinking can be imprecise and misuse language {marketplace idols} {idols of the marketplace}. Thinking uses previous beliefs {theater idols} {idols of the theater}. Thinking depends on nature, and human thinking has limitations {tribe idols} {idols of the tribe}. Thinking has differences among individual perceptions and thoughts {cave idols} {idols of the cave}. Using people as standard or model also causes these faults. Habits, individual limitations, personal prejudices, and personal feelings also cause these faults. Language ambiguity, word play, and concentration on word rather than idea or meaning can cause these faults. Philosophical dogma, history, tradition, uncritically accepted theories, conventional ideas, reliance on authority, anthropomorphism, and belief in order and purpose can cause these faults. Senses give no certain knowledge. People must eliminate errors added to perception by nature and self. Removing errors leaves knowledge and fact. Knowledge knows object formal cause {essence, formal cause}. Object experiences have three groups: ones in which object is present, ones in which it is absent, and ones in which it exhibits different intensities. Essence is present when object is present, absent when object is absent, and more when object is more. Essence can abstract from events involving object. Essence should not abstract from previous concepts. After finding essence, new situation should test it and related laws. Best situations allow choice between two hypotheses. Building up laws allows general explanation. Power over nature, to better things, is reason to gain knowledge. Using organized invention and technology can make continual progress. Knowledge is power. Politics Law should be certain. Society should improve people's wealth through research and invention. Royal power is greater than law and Parliament.

Tycho Brahe [Brahe, Tycho] astronomer Denmark/Hamburg, Germany 1598 Mechanical Instruments of Astronomy [1598] He lived 1546 to 1601 and accurately recorded star and planet positions.

George Chapman [Chapman, George] poet England 1598 to 1616 Iliad [1598 to 1611: translated]; Odyssey [1614 to 1616: translated] He lived 1559 to 1634 and translated .

Philip III king Spain 1598 to 1621 He lived 1578 to 1621. Lerma ran government, negotiated peace with England and United Provinces (the Netherlands), and entered Thirty Years War. Philip III expelled Moriscos, who were Christian Moors that had rebelled.

William Gilbert [Gilbert, William] physicist England 1600 Magnet [1600] He lived 1544 to 1603 and studied static electricity and magnetism.

Madame de Mornay [Mornay, Madame de] or Charlotte Arbaleste de la Borde [Arbaleste de la Borde, Charlotte] salon Paris, France 1600 Memoirs [1600] She lived 1548 to 1606 and was wife of Philippe de Mornay.

Jacopo Peri [Peri, Jacopo] composer Florence, Italy 1600 Euridice [1600: first known opera, with lyricist Ottavio Rinuccini] He lived 1561 to 1633.

Caravaggio or Michelangelo Merisi da [Caravaggio, Michelangelo Merisi da] painter Italy 1600 to 1606 Calling of St. Matthew [1600]; Madonna di Loreto or Madonna with Pilgrims [1606]; Death of the Virgin [1606] He lived 1571 to 1610 and used naturalism. He used tenebrism high contrast between dark and light from one source.

Abraham Herrera [Herrera, Abraham] or Alonzo de Herrera [Herrera, Alonzo de] philosopher Spain/Amsterdam, Netherlands 1600 to 1620 Gate of Heaven [1600 to 1620] He lived 1570 to 1635 and developed Jewish philosophy.

James I king England 1603 to 1625 He lived 1566 to 1625, was Stuart, and was Mary Queen of Scots' son. He was king of Scotland before 1603 and allied with Elizabeth I of England. As king of England, he favored Catholicism, dissolved Parliament [1611], and allowed war on Spain. Stuarts were James I, Charles I, Charles II, and James II.

Antonio Rubio [Rubio, Antonio] philosopher Mexico 1605 Mexican Logic [1605] He lived 1548 to 1615 and was scholastic.

Ben Jonson [Jonson, Ben]/Inigo Jones [Jones, Inigo] lyricist England 1605 to 1618 Twelfth Night [1605: masque]; Masque of Blackness [1605: masque]; Pleasure Reconciled to Virtue [1618: masque] He lived 1572 to 1637. At European courts, pageants and dances used masked actors in masques.

Ben Jonson [Jonson, Ben] playwright/poet England 1606 to 1616 Volpone [1606: play]; Epicœne [1609: play]; Alchemist [1610: play]; Bartholomew Fair [1616: poem]; Song to Celia [1616: poem]; Drink to Me Only with Thine Eyes [1616: poem in Song to Celia] He lived 1572 to 1637.

Pocahontas princess Jamestown, Virginia 1607 She lived 1595 to 1617. Chief's daughter saved John Smith of Jamestown Colony from death. She later married an Englishman and went to England.

Francis Beaumont [Beaumont, Francis] playwright England 1607 to 1610 Woman Hater [1607]; Knight of the Burning Pestle [1607]; Philaster [1609: with John Fletcher]; Maid's Tragedy [1610: with John Fletcher] He lived 1584 to 1616 and worked with John Fletcher.

Henry Hudson [Hudson, Henry] discoverer Holland/England/New York 1607 to 1614 He lived 1565 to 1611 and discovered New York [1607], which was part of Iroquois Confederacy of Native Americans. He claimed Hudson River area for Holland [1611]. He claimed Connecticut for England [1614].

Carlo Maderno [Maderno, Carlo] architect Rome, Italy 1607 to 1626 St. Peter's Cathedral Facade and Nave [1607 to 1615: Baroque]; Santo Ignacio di Loyola a Campo Marzio or Saint Ignace of Loyola in the Field of Mars [1626: Baroque church] He lived 1556 to 1629. Santo Ignacio has painting by Pozzo.

Claudio [Monteverdi, Claudio] composer Italy 1607 to 1642 Orfeo [1607: opera]; Arianna [1608: opera]; Il combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda or Battle of Tancred and Clorinda [1624: opera]; L'incoronazione di Poppea or Coronation of Poppea [1642: opera] He lived 1567 to 1643, composed Baroque polyphonic madrigals, and began stile concitato in opera.

Samuel de Champlain [Champlain, Samuel de] discoverer France/Canada 1608 He lived 1567 to 1635 and founded Quebec, Canada, on St. Lawrence River.

Thomas Dekker [Dekker, Thomas] playwright England 1608 to 1609 Bellman of London [1608]; Gull's Hornbook [1609] He lived 1570 to 1632.

Takuan Soho philosopher Kyoto, Japan 1608 to 1640 Unfettered Mind [1608 to 1640] He lived 1573 to 1645 and perfected Zen swordsmanship. He emphasized that mind should not focus or rest {no mind} but be ready to act at any time and place.

Louis de Buade [Buade, Louis de] or Comte de Frontenac [Frontenac, Comte de] discoverer France/Canada 1608 to 1700 He lived 1620 to 1698 and explored and traded in Canada and west North America.

Louis Joliet [Joliet, Louis] discoverer France/Canada 1608 to 1700 He lived 1645 to 1700 and explored and traded in Canada and west North America.

François Montmorency de Laval [Laval, François Montmorency de] discoverer France/Canada 1608 to 1700 He lived 1623 to 1708 and explored and traded in Canada and west North America.

Jacques Marquette [Marquette, Jacques] discoverer France/Canada 1608 to 1700 He lived 1637 to 1675 and explored and traded in Canada and west North America.

John Fletcher [Fletcher, John] playwright England 1609 to 1610 Philaster [1609: with Francis Beaumont]; Maid's Tragedy [1610: with Francis Beaumont] He lived 1579 to 1625 and worked with Francis Beaumont.

John Webster [Webster, John] playwright England 1609 to 1613 White Devil [1609 to 1612]; Duchess of Malfi [1612 to 1613] He lived 1578 to 1635.

Sedefkar Mehmed Aga architect Istanbul, Turkey 1609 to 1616 Mosque of Sultan Ahmed I or Sultanahmet Cami or Blue Mosque [1609 to 1616: madrasah style] He lived 1562 to 1622 and was Sinan's student. Ahmed I [1589 to 1617] was Ottoman sultan [1603 to 1617].

John Selden [Selden, John] lawyer London, England 1610 to 1618 Judicial Combat [1610]; England's Philosopher [1610]; Reverse of the English Janus [1610: on constitution]; Titles of Honor [1614]; Fabulous Gods [1617: about Oriental gods]; History of Tithes [1618]; Territorial Waters [1618] He lived 1584 to 1654, helped draft Petition of Right, tried to block royal authority, and was against freedom of seas.

Galileo Galilei mathematician/physicist/astronomer/inventor Italy 1610 to 1638 Sidereal Messenger or Starry Messenger [1619]; Dialogue Concerning the Two Great World Systems [1632]; On Two New Sciences or Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences [1638]; pendulum clock; compound microscope [1610] He lived 1564 to 1642 and invented {pendulum clock} {compound microscope}. He established pendulum isochronism. He noted constant gravity acceleration: heavy weights and light weights fall with same acceleration. He invented force parallelogram and found motion laws. He developed the idea of Permanence of Form. He found that integers have one-to-one correspondence with squares and found curve areas and volumes. He perfected refracting telescopes, invented in Netherlands [1608]. He described Jupiter [1610], Moon craters and mountains, sunspots [1613], Venus phases, and Milky-Way- galaxy stars. He described how Earth moved around Sun. He used curve lengths and areas in astronomy. He saw the seven photoreceptors in compound-eye optical elements. Epistemology Physical laws are the same whether one is standing still or moving. Knowledge is about mathematical motion laws and motion relations, not about Forms or Being. Mathematics and measurement are for mechanics and experiments, not just for formal geometry and number theory. Experiments must simplify situation to allow measurement. Measurements suggest best-fitting mathematical formula, hypothesis to which later data can fit. Metaphysics In impacts, causes and effects are motion exchanges, not essence transfers and not Form acting on matter, and apply only to object states and motions. Material actions are object movements, with no supernatural or spiritual causes and no teleology.

Hayashi Razan [Razan, Hayashi] or Hayashi Nobukatsu [Nobukatsu, Hayashi] or Doshun philosopher China 1610 to 1640 He lived 1583 to 1657, was Neo-Confucian, and established it as religion during Tokugawa Shogunate.

Louis XIII king France 1610 to 1643 He lived 1601 to 1643, was of Bourbon family, and married Anne of Austria. In 1610, Marie de Medici held regency. His ministers were Cardinal Richelieu and Mazarin.

Miyamoto Musashi [Musashi, Miyamoto] or Shinmen Takezo [Takezo, Shinmen] painter/samurai/author Japan 1610 to 1645 Miyamoto Musashi [self-portrait]; Book of Five Rings [1645: about swordsmanship] Zen Buddhist lived 1582 to 1645 and painted in sumi style.

Edward Herbert [Herbert, Edward] or Herbert of Cherbury philosopher England 1610 to 1648 On the Causes of Error [1645]; On Truth [1624]; On Layman's Religion [1645]; On Gentile Religion [1663]; To the Lay Ministers of Layman's Religion [1645] He lived 1583 to 1648 and became baron [1629]. There are four kinds of truth: things as they exist {veritas rei}, things as they appear {veritas apparentiae}, concepts, and generally accepted concepts {veritas intellectus}. Rational religion aids society cohesion.

Robert Herrick [Herrick, Robert] poet England 1610 to 1648 Country Life [1610]; To The Virgins, To Make Much of Time [1648]; To Anthea, Who May Command Him Anything [1648]; Delight in Disorder [1648]; Hesperides [1648: poems] He lived 1591 to 1674.

Peter Paul [Rubens, Peter Paul] painter Netherlands 1610 to 1660 Raising of the Cross [1610]; Descent from the Cross [1614]; Christ on the Cross [1620]; Arrival of Marie de' Medici at Marseilles [1626: in Luxembourg Palace in Paris]; Garden of Love [1632]; Landscape with the Chateau of Steen [1636]; Triumphant Christ Forgiving Penitent Sinners or Sinners Saved by Penitence [1660] He lived 1577 to 1640.

Gustavus II king Sweden 1611 to 1632 He lived 1594 to 1632 and ended Kalmar War with Denmark [1613] by payment. He gained concessions from nobles. He gained Livonia from Poland. He allied with France and Denmark to aid Protestants. He defeated all opponents in Germany as he swept through [1630 to 1632] in Thirty Years War.

Thomas Middleton [Middleton, Thomas] playwright England 1613 to 1623 Chaste Maid in Cheapside [1613]; Any Thing for a Quiet Life [1621]; Changeling [1623] He lived 1580 to 1627.

Heinrich Schutz [Schutz, Heinrich] composer Germany 1615 to 1631 Motet [1631] He lived 1585 to 1672 and composed Baroque bel canto.

Ben Jonson [Jonson, Ben] lyricist England 1616 Drink to Me Only with Thine Eyes [1616: music is traditional air] He lived 1572 to 1637.

Tarquinio Merula [Merula, Tarquinio] composer Italy 1616 to 1652 He lived 1595 to 1665 and composed Baroque and rococo sonatas.

John [Donne, John] poet England 1617 to 1644 Song [1617]; Valediction Forbidding Mourning [1617]; Death Be Not Proud or Death [1617]; No Man is an Island [1644] He lived 1572 to 1631.

René [Descartes, René] mathematician/philosopher France 1618 to 1649 Musical Compendium [1618]; Rules for the Direction of the Mind [1628]; Treatise on Man [1629]; Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason, and Seeking Truth in the Sciences [1637]; World [1634]; Geometry [1637]; Optics [1637]; Meteorology [1637]; Meditations on First Philosophy [1641]; [1644]; Passions of the Soul [1649] He lived 1596 to 1650, was Catholic, and was "father of modern philosophy". In mathematics, he studied analytic geometry, slope, rectangular coordinates, Cartesian products, absolute value, sign rule, undetermined-coefficients principle, and logarithmic spirals. Epistemology God's purposes cannot explain anything, because people cannot know those purposes. Senses and opinions cannot be true, because they can change and often deceive. People cannot know if they are asleep or awake and so they can be incorrect about image or thought {dreaming argument}. An evil demon {malin genie} or outside agent can perpetually deceive people. Because people can always perceive deceptive things, people cannot be certain about personal experiences or actions or about mathematical propositions and tautologies. Doubting everything is suspending judgment. One can doubt existence of all physical objects. However, the act of doubting implies consciousness, so people cannot doubt their existence as thinking faculties or consciousnesses with thoughts {method of doubt, Descartes} {cogito argument}. People cannot doubt doubting, so "cogito ergo sum" or "I think therefore I am". However, ability to doubt that thing possesses some feature does not prove that thing can exist without feature. Doubting, affirming, denying, understanding, willing, hating, imagining, and feeling are consciousness parts. Consciousness or soul essence is thinking, which happens even in deep sleep. The method of doubting demonstrates a fact about truth: If a statement is as clear and distinct as the truth that the doubter exists, the statement must be true. Such statements must be as clear as tautologies and as distinct as exact meanings. Such truths {innate idea} are true by themselves and do not require deduction from other truths. Therefore, people can know clear and distinct statements. They can know them by reason, which comes from God. Mind passively receives cause mental effects. However, because body can cause unclear ideas, mind has to actively find clear and distinct truths. Facts and theories do not and cannot lead to truth. Rather, analysis or induction methods should reach one and only one basic and certain principle. From that principle, deduction and synthesis can explain everything. All knowledge can connect in logical systems. Cause must have more reality than effects. People have an idea of perfect being. However, people are finite and not perfect and so cannot themselves conceive of perfect things. Only a perfect being can put ideas of perfect things into consciousness. Therefore, God must exist, and "God exists" is clear and distinct. Because God is perfect and so is truthful, God never creates people so they always have error. People can therefore believe in knowledge that is clear and distinct. Most truths have clarity and distinctness and do not need deduction. For example, mathematical truths are clear and distinct. Deduction only corroborates them. People can believe bodies exist, though mind knows only their extension, number, flexibility, and motion. Qualitative judgments and sense perceptions are mental signs, are not clear and distinct, and so are not truths. Total motion in cause equals that in effect {conservation, motion} {motion conservation}. Ethics Rational thinking about clear and distinct ideas results in proper willing and action. Will can judge clear and distinct ideas in only one way and so is not free in those cases. Error in willing and action can arise when ideas are not clear and distinct and will is free in those cases. Sin arises from will's incorrect choice in unclear or indistinct cases. Feelings and desires are mental disturbances caused by body. Only humans have feelings, because only they combine mind and body. Feelings and desires come from fundamental feelings: wonder or admiration, love, hate, desire or want, pleasure or joy, and pain or sadness. The mind's duty is to control body effects on mind. Metaphysics There must be a first cause for all things and especially for the whole. Reality has God, souls, and matter. The mental, non-material, and spiritual world, which has mental activities or consciousness, is entirely separate from physical world. Only one mental level exists. Mental or soul substance {res cogitans} does not extend in space and is indivisible. Physical substance {res extensa, Descartes} extends and is divisible. Material objects in motion fill space and follow deterministic motion laws. The physical world is the same everywhere. Living things are complex mechanical objects with no animating force. Math and physics can apply to body {iatrophysicism} (Giovanni Alfonso Borelli). Mind Soul and body are two independent things but interact. Psychological properties differ from physical properties {attributive dualism}, and psychological descriptions cannot be physiological descriptions.

Inigo Jones [Jones, Inigo] architect London, United Kingdom 1619 to 1622 Royal Banquet Hall or Banqueting House of Whitehall Palace [1619 to 1622: Baroque and Classical Palladian style] He lived 1573 to 1652.

Ferdinand II emperor Germany/Austria 1619 to 1637 He lived 1578 to 1637. Holy Roman Empire leader was strong Catholic and controlled Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary. Bohemian nobles rebelled, beginning Thirty Years War [1618]. He murdered his commander Wallenstein.

Diego Valasquez [Valasquez, Diego] painter Spain 1619 to 1656 Water Carrier of Seville [1619]; Surrender of Breda [1635]; Las Meninas or Ladies in Waiting or Maids of Honor [1656] He lived 1599 to 1660.

John Winthrop [Winthrop, John] governor Massachusetts 1620 He lived 1588 to 1649. First Puritan governor worked closely with church.

George Wither [Wither, George] poet USA 1620 Lover's Resolution [1620] He lived 1588 to 1667.

Reza Abbasi [Abbasi, Reza] painter Isfahan, Iran 1620 to 1625 Youth [1620 to 1625]; Old Man [1620 to 1625] He lived 1580 to 1530, wrote Safavid Arabic calligraphy, painted miniatures, and was of Isfahan School. Reza Abassi's pupil was Moin. Moin painted Reza Abassi. Muhammad Qasim, Mir Muhammad Ali, and Muhammad Yusuf continued Isfahan School style until 1700. Nadir Shah showed Mogul influences in 18th century.

John of St. Thomas or John Poinsot philosopher Madrid, Spain 1620 to 1640 Outlines of Formal Logic [1620 to 1640]; Gifts of the Holy Spirit [1620 to 1640]; Course in Philosophy [1620 to 1640] He lived 1589 to 1644 and was Thomist.

Vincent de Paul saint Rome, Italy 1620 to 1640 He lived 1581 to 1660 and became Roman Catholic saint.

Iwasa Matabei [Matabei, Iwasa] printmaker Japan 1620 to 1650 Popular prints [1620 to 1650] He lived 1577 to 1650. He studied at Tosa School and then at Kano School, and then he founded Ukiyoye School or Popular School. Tosa School [1220] painted court scenes and battles. Kano School [1460] used Chinese-style painting for shoguns.

Robert Burton [Burton, Robert] psychologist England 1621 Anatomy of Melancholy [1621] He lived 1577 to 1640 and studied melancholia.

Willebrord Snell [Snell, Willebrord] physicist Leyden, Netherlands 1621 Batavus [1617: on triangulation of Earth. Eratosthenes measured Earth diameter. Batavus is last name of Orange dynasty of Holland and is region around Leyden.]; Tiphys Batavus [1621: on navigation. Tiphys was pilot of the Argo] He lived 1580 to 1626, first discussed loxodrome paths on sphere that make constant angles with meridians, and invented Snell's law [1621].

Angeli von Guercino [Guercino, Angeli von] painter Rome, Italy 1621 to 1623 Aurore [1621 to 1623: Baroque ceiling fresco in Villa Ludovisi] He lived 1591 to 1666.

Philip IV king Spain/Portugal 1621 to 1665 He lived 1605 to 1665 and was king of Spain [1621 to 1665] and Portugal [1621 to 1640]. Olivares was his chief minister.

Jakob Böhme [Böhme, Jakob] philosopher Germany 1622 to 1623 Way to Christ [1622]; Great Mystery [1623] He lived 1575 to 1624 and was German Mystic. He united neo-Platonism and Paracelsus to try to unify religion and science. Ethics Good and evil in world result from absolute necessity of God revealing itself in world as being, because everything in world has to have opposite. Nature moves by will, which can choose good or evil. People's acts affect universe. People should progress from spiritual perception, to mystical devotion, to pure spirit. Metaphysics Nature is unified whole, created by God using laws and reason. Nature is beautiful. God is world essence and efficient cause. God is spirit with infinite senses and reason and is world inner activity, like the living sap of trees.

Richelieu or Armand Jean du Plessis [Plessis, Armand Jean du] cardinal/prime minister/composer/lyricist Paris, France 1622 to 1641 Prosperity of the Arms of France [1641: masque] He lived 1585 to 1642 and became cardinal [1622] then prime minister [1624]. With Louis XIII, he founded absolute monarchy, put down Huguenots, controlled nobles, helped Protestants in Thirty Years War, founded French Academy, and depleted treasury. He controlled Anne of Austria, consort of Louis XIII.

Johann Baptista van Helmont [van Helmont, Johann Baptista] biologist London, England 1622 to 1644 On the development of medicine [1622]; Physic Refined [1648: translated into English in 1662] He lived 1577 to 1644. Plants make organic materials and do not get them from soil, which stays same weight while plant grows.

Tommaso Campanella [Campanella, Tommaso] philosopher Italy 1623 City of the Sun [1623] He lived 1568 to 1639 and was of Philosophy of Nature school. Highly regulated states with bureaucracies based on can make socialist societies. Technology and philosophy can control and create world.

Giambattista Marino [Marino, Giambattista] or Giambattista Marini [Marini, Giambattista] poet Italy 1623 Adone [1623] He lived 1569 to 1625 and wrote in florid marinismo style.

Urban VIII pope Rome, Italy 1623 to 1644 He lived 1568 to 1644 and was of Barberini family.

Gianlorenzo [Bernini, Gianlorenzo] sculptor/architect Rome, Italy 1624 to 1667 Baldacchino [1624 to 1633]; David [1624]; Apollo and Daphne [1625]; Tomb of Urban VIII [1628 to 1647]; Scipione Borghese [1632]; Ecstasy of St. Theresa [1647 to 1652]; Colonnade of St. Peter's Cathedral [1656: in Rome]; Tabernacle [1657: in St. Peter's Cathedral]; Throne of St. Peter [1657 to 1666: in St. Peter's Cathedral]; Piazza di San Pietro or St. Peter's Plaza [1656 to 1667: Late Renaissance. The Egyptian obelisk from Nero's amphitheater is in middle] He lived 1598 to 1680.

Johann Rudolf Glauber [Glauber, Johann Rudolf] chemist Germany/Netherlands 1625 He lived 1604 to 1668 and formed sodium sulfate [1625].

Cornelius Jansen [Jansen, Cornelius] or Cornelius Jansenius [Jansenius, Cornelius] theologian Ypres, Flanderss 1625 Augustinius [1625] He lived 1585 to 1638, was Catholic theologian, desired return to teachings of Augustine, and advocated strict ethics. He started Jansenism [1642]. To do good requires God's grace. Salvation comes by God's grace. Universe has predestination.

Hugo Grotius [Grotius, Hugo] or Huig de Groot [Groot, Huig de] lawyer Netherlands/Paris, France 1625 to 1645 On the Laws of War and Peace [1625] He lived 1583 to 1645 and was the "father of international law". He described current international law, basing his ideas on natural law, reason, and Roman ius gentium. Ethics Moral precepts are true even without God, are rational, and are social. Law International law depends on natural law, customs, and agreements. Natural law comes from man's social nature and needs, is absolute, is power and authority basis, and protects property and life rights. Law gives rights and justice by the ruled's consent. Politics People have natural rights, which government should guarantee. State is social contract. Aristocratic republic is best.

Charles I king England 1625 to 1647 He lived 1600 to 1647, was Stuart, and was king of England, Scotland, and Ireland. To get money, he had to sign Petition of Right [1628], which stated that taxes, imprisonment, and quartering of soldiers in homes needed due cause or consent of Parliament. Later, he dissolved Parliament. He tried to impose Catholicism in Scotland, leading to Bishop's Wars [1640]. Long Parliament convened, which was Protestant and middle class, while king and nobles were Catholic or Anglican. Duke of Buckingham, George Villiers, married him to French Catholic, leading to Puritan Revolution. In the civil war, Oliver Cromwell defeated him [1647]. Pride's Purge of Parliament rid the parliament of opposition to Protestant army. Rump Parliament beheaded Charles I.

Frederick Henry king Holland 1625 to 1647 He lived 1584 to 1647, defeated Spain in Thirty Years War, and presided over era of artists, scientists, commerce, and prosperity.

Giacomo Carissimi [Carissimi, Giacomo] composer Italy 1625 to 1674 Mass for Three Voices; Six Motets He lived 1605 to 1674 and composed Baroque cantatas.

Francisco Quevedo y Villegas [Quevedo y Villegas, Francisco] writer Spain 1626 to 1627 Historia de la vida del Buscón or History of the Life of Buscon [1626: novel]; Los sueños or Visions [1627: satire] He lived 1580 to 1645.

Giovanni Battista Fontana [Fontana, Giovanni Battista] composer Italy 1627 Sonata 1; Sonata 3; Sonata quarta He lived 1571 to 1630 and composed Baroque sonatas using violin.

Tirso de Molina [Molina, Tirso de] or Gabriel Tellez [Tellez, Gabriel] playwright Spain 1627 El Burlador de Sevilla y Convidado or Rake of Seville and the Stone [1627: about Don Juan] He lived 1583 to 1648. Don Juan lived 1571 to 1648.

Jacques Lemercier [Lemercier, Jacques] architect Paris, France 1627 to 1633 Tuileries Palace [1627]; Palais Royal [1633] He lived 1585 to 1654. Tuileries Garden is near Louvre, where Tuileries Palace was.

Benedetto Castelli [Castelli, Benedetto] priest Rome, Italy 1628 On the Measurement of Running Waters [1628] He lived 1578 to 1643 and described Moon illusion and afterimages.

William Harvey [Harvey, William] doctor England 1628 Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals [1628] He lived 1578 to 1657 and studied embryology. Blood flows through blood vessels from and to heart.

Pierre de [Fermat, Pierre de] mathematician France 1629 to 1640 He lived 1601 to 1665, invented Fermat's minor theorem and Fermat's last theorem [1640], and studied differential , maxima/minima in war and astronomy [1629], curve and surface tangents and normals in optics and motion, and infinite-descent method.

Bonaventura Cavalieri [Cavalieri, Bonaventura] mathematician Bologna, Italy 1629 to 1647 Geometry of Indivisibles [1635]; Geometric Exercises [1647] He lived 1598 to 1647, invented Cavalieri's theorem, and studied indivisibles method [1629].

Jahan shah/architect Agra, India 1629 to 1648 Taj Mahal [1629 to 1648: madrasah near Jumna River] He lived 1592 to 1666 and ruled as Shah [1628 to 1658]. Taj Mahal is at old capital and is tomb of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. It has a square marble platform 100 meters on sides, octagon 60 meters on longest side, walls 23 meters high, and bulb-shaped dome 80 meters high. It has four minarets, at corners, 45 meters high. A walled garden, with reflecting pools and walkways, surrounds it.

Frans [Hals, Frans] painter Netherlands 1629 to 1664 Jolly Toper or Merry Drinker [1629]; Member of the Haarlem Civic Guard [1636]; Descartes [1649]; Hille Bobbe or Malle Bobbe [1650]; Women's Regents of the Haarlem Almshouse [1664] He lived 1582 to 1666.

John [Milton, John] poet England 1629 to 1671 On the Morning of Christ's Nativity [1629: poem]; Il Penseroso or Meditator [1631: poem]; Comus [1634: masque]; Lycidas [1637: poem]; Aereopagitica or Against Censorship [1644: treatise]; On His Blindness [1651: poem]; Paradise Lost [1667: poem, including Eve to Adam]; Samson Agonistes or Samson the Struggler [1670: play]; Paradise Regained [1671: poem] He lived 1608 to 1674.

Carlo Maderno [Maderno, Carlo]/Gianlorenzo Bernini [Bernini, Gianlorenzo] architect Rome, Italy 1630 Palazzo Barberini or Barberini Palace [1630: Baroque palace] Maderno lived 1556 to 1629. Bernini lived 1598 to 1680.

Mulla Sadra or Molla Sadra or Sadr al-Din Shirazi [Shirazi, Sadr al-Din] or Sadr al-Din Muhammad al-Shirazi [al-Shirazi, Sadr al-Din Muhammad] or Sadr al-Muta'allihin [al-Muta'allihin, Sadr] philosopher Isfahan, Iran 1630 to 1640 Transcendent Theosophy in Four Intellectual Journeys [1630 to 1640] He lived 1600 to 1641 and was Shi'ite. Essence motions cause higher essences by transformation, so everything is eternal becoming.

John Suckling [Suckling, John] poet England 1630 to 1640 Constant Lover [1630 to 1640: poem]; Ballad upon a Wedding [1630 to 1640: poem]; Why so Pale and Wan, Fond Lover [1637: poem in Aglaura]; Goblins [1638: play]; Fragmenta Aurea or Incomparable Pieces [1646] He lived 1609 to 1642.

John Cotton [Cotton, John] lawyer Boston, Massachusetts 1630 to 1648 Divine Right to Occupy the Land [1630]; Democracy as Detrimental to Church and State [1636]; Model of Moses His Judicials [1636: about theocracy]; Way of the Churches of Christ in New England [1645]; Spiritual Milk for Babes [1646]; Way of Congregational Churches Cleared [1648] He lived 1595 to 1652 and wrote about theocratic government by religious leaders.

Andrew Marvell [Marvell, Andrew] poet England 1630 to 1650 To His Coy Mistress [1630]; Thoughts in a Garden [1650]; Horatian Ode [1650] He lived 1621 to 1678.

George Stiernhielm [Stiernhielm, George] theologian Stockholm, Sweden 1630 to 1660 Necklace of Minerva [1630] He lived 1598 to 1672 and was mystic. Word sounds have meaning, which can lead to deeper understanding.

Anthony van Dyck [van Dyck, Anthony] painter Flanders 1632 to 1635 Crucifixion with Saint Francis [1632]; Deposition [1634]; Charles I in Hunting Dress [1635] He lived 1599 to 1639.

François [Mansart, François] architect Paris, France 1632 to 1646 Château de Maisons-Laffitte [1632 to 1646: Early Baroque palace]; Church of Val de Grace or Valley of Grace church [1640: in Paris] He lived 1598 to 1666.

Uladislas VII Vasa or Ladislaus IV king Poland 1632 to 1648 He lived 1595 to 1648.

Rembrandt van Rijn painter Netherlands 1632 to 1669 Anatomy Lesson [1632]; Blinding of Samson [1636]; Night Watch [1642]; Tobit and Anna with the Kid [1645]; Bathsheba [1654]; Jacob Blessing the Sons of Joseph [1656]; Dutch Masters or The Syndics or Staatmeesters [1662]; Return of the Prodigal Son [1662]; Jewish Bride or The Loving Couple [1666]; Self-Portrait [1669] He lived 1606 to 1669.

Nicolas Poussin [Poussin, Nicolas] architect/painter France 1633 to 1648 Cephalus and Aurora [1633]; Rape of the Sabine Women [1634]; Palace of Versailles paintings [1640 to 1642]; Landscape with the Burial of Phocion [1648] He lived 1594 to 1665.

Li Yü writer China 1634 Jou Pu Tuan or Prayer Mat of Flesh [1634] He lived 1611 to 1680.

Roger Williams [Williams, Roger] leader Boston, Massachusetts/Providence, Rhode Island 1635 to 1636 He lived 1603 to 1683 and claimed that American Indians owned Puritan lands. He stood trial at General Court in Boston [1635] but escaped to Rhode Island [1636].

Thomas Hooker [Hooker, Thomas] leader Hartford, Connecticut 1636 Fundamental Orders He lived 1586 to 1647, left Puritans in Massachusetts, and moved near Hartford, Connecticut [1636]. He wrote one of the first constitutions [1639], which required magistrate elections. Freemen controlled General Court.

Pierre Corneille [Corneille, Pierre] playwright France 1637 Le Cid [1637] He lived 1606 to 1684.

Ann Hutchinson [Hutchinson, Ann] leader Massachusetts 1637 She lived 1591 to 1643. The state banished her after her trial [1637] on charges of altering religious concepts.

Francesco Borromini [Borromini, Francesco] architect Rome, Italy 1638 to 1663 San Carlo alle Quatro Fontane or Saint Charles of the Four Fountains [1638 to 1641]; Santo Ivo della Sapienza or Saint of Wisdom [1642 to 1660]; Facade of Santa Agnese [1653 to 1663: in Navona plaza] He lived 1599 to 1667.

Gregorio Allegri [Allegri, Gregorio] composer Italy 1639 Miserere or Have Mercy or Have Pity [1639] He lived 1582 to 1652 and composed masses.

Pietro da Cortona [Cortona, Pietro da] painter Rome, Italy 1639 Barberini Palace Frescoes [1639] He lived 1596 to 1669.

Girard [Desargues, Girard] mathematician France 1639 Rough draft for an essay on the results of taking plane sections of a cone [1639] He lived 1591 to 1661, invented Desargue's theorem, and studied projective geometry, involution, harmonic point sets, and poles and polar theory.

Thomas Hooker [Hooker, Thomas]/John Haynes [Haynes, John]/Roger Ludlow [Ludlow, Roger] lawyer Connecticut 1639 They published the Fundamental Orders constitution. Thomas Hooker lived 1586 to 1647. John Haynes lived 1594 to 1654. Roger Ludlow lived 1590 to 1664. All were from England.

Claude Lorrain [Lorrain, Claude] or Claude Gellée [Gellée, Claude] painter France 1639 to 1647 Pastoral Landscape: The Roman Campagna [1639]; Pastoral Landscape [1647] He lived 1602 to 1682.

John Smith [Smith, John] philosopher Cambridge, England 1640 to 1652 Discourse concerning the Immortality of the Soul [1640 to 1650] He lived 1618 to 1652 and was Cambridge Platonist.

John IV or John of Braganza king Portugal 1640 to 1656 He lived 1603 to 1656, was of Braganza family, and allied with England.

Frederick William or Frederick the Great Elector king Brandenburg 1640 to 1688 He lived 1620 to 1688, ended Thirty Years War, received territory at Peace of Westphalia [1648], got control of Prussia at Peace of Oliva [1660], and defeated Sweden in third Dutch War.

Evangelista Torricelli [Torricelli, Evangelista] mathematician/philosopher Florence, Italy 1641 to 1644 Geometric Works [1644] He lived [1608 to 1647] and invented Torricelli's theorem [1641]. Nature does not abhor vacuum.

Nathaniel Ward [Ward, Nathaniel] lawyer Boston, Massachusetts 1641 to 1647 Body of Liberties [1641: about individual rights in theocracy]; Simple Cobler of Aggawam [1647] He lived 1578 to 1652. Puritans used his ideas in law codes.

Jan Amos Komensky [Komensky, Jan Amos] or Comenius philosopher Czech Republic 1641 to 1662 Way of Light [1641]; General Consultation concerning the Improvement of Human Affairs [1662] He lived 1592 to 1670 and was humanist. He advocated education in human values.

Anton Arnauld [Arnauld, Anton] philosopher France 1641 to 1683 Objections to the Meditations [1641]; Logic or The Art of Thought or Port-Royal Logic [1662: with Pierre Nicole]; Treatise on Truth and Falsehood [1683] He lived 1612 to 1694. He criticized Descartes' idea of pure mind, Malebranche's ideas about perception, and Leibniz's ideas about substances, in letters to Leibniz.

Thomas Browne [Browne, Thomas] novelist England 1642 Religion of a Physician [1642] He lived 1605 to 1682.

Jules Mazarin [Mazarin, Jules] or Giulio Raimondo Mazzarino [Mazzarino, Giulio Raimondo] minister France 1642 He lived 1602 to 1661. Under Louis XIII and then Louis XIV, he dictated Peace of Westphalia, but his strong power and France's weak finances resulted in revolt of Fronde nobles and Parliament of Paris. He ended revolt of Fronde [1653]. He got Peace of the Pyrenees with Spain [1659]. He controlled the regent Anne of Austria.

Abel Tasman [Tasman, Abel] discoverer Holland 1642 to 1644 He lived 1603 to 1659 and discovered Tasmania and New Zealand.

Thomas Hobbes [Hobbes, Thomas] philosopher England 1642 to 1658 On the Citizen [1642]; Leviathan [1651]; On the Body [1655]; Elements of Philosophy [1656]; On Man [1658] He lived 1588 to 1679 and was materialist, rationalist, and determinist. Epistemology Reason is about long-term goals and means to reach them. Emotions are about short-term goals. Sense impressions are body motions and are the only consciousness contents. Imagination and dreams are decaying sense impressions. Sense impressions combine and transform {association, Hobbes} to give thoughts and memories. All thoughts are deterministic, either by association or by purpose. Feelings and will result from combining pleasure, pain, self-preservation desires, and sense impressions. True knowledge is mathematical and symbolic. Mathematics gives rational knowledge of material world. Object motions in space follow geometry. Perceptions are about object motions in space. Mind thinks by combining symbols, which are perceptions and words. Rational thought uses only words. Mind uses space and time, but physical existence has no space and time. Laughter comes from comparing self, or superior, to inferior {superiority theory}, to build up self and disparage inferior [1651]. Ethics Pleasure is desire for more, and pain is aversion to something already present. Desire or love determines what is good for people. Aversion or hate determines what is evil. Therefore, morality is relative. People are mostly concerned with their desires and aversions and try to do what is good for themselves to stay alive and healthy. People have absolute right to take personal action for self-defense. Therefore, people's desires conflict. Morality is the means to achieve peace. Society must impose it. People accept it to maintain peace. Will is desire or aversion that causes action. People always will the strongest desire or aversion. Different action choices are available, and wills choose among actions, but choices are deterministic. Freedom is only the fact that choice is available and that people have ability to act. Fear causes religion. Happiness is always succeeding or prospering. Happiness is only process, not state. Law Laws can gain peace and avoid war and crime, which are the main threats to individual lives. People have right of self-defense but no other individual liberties. Metaphysics Universe contains only physical things. Religious and spiritual things are separate from material world. Mind Mental or psychological properties are about body matter motions. Voluntary movements begin with insensible motion {endeavor}. Motion toward something is desire, and motion away is aversion. Politics People's main interest is self-preservation. State prevents continual war of self-interest among people and so is necessary for self-preservation. In state of nature, without law, there is no right or wrong. Left alone, state is anarchic. State's goal is order and stability. The best way to achieve peace is in society with sovereign assembly or monarch. Sovereign makes and enforces laws to guarantee peace and maintain lives. Sovereignty comes from the people, because power depends on the people's will. State is contract between ruler and people. People, who are all equal, agree among themselves to yield all power to one authority, the sovereign, chosen by majority. People give rights to sovereign to protect themselves. After this, people have no power or rights, except of self-defense and refusal to fight. People yield power to get more security and liberty. Otherwise, anarchy occurs. After agreement, people do not have right to change it. Therefore, civil war never has justification. Political-authority basis is sovereign authority. Sovereign powers and rights must be supreme. People must fear authority and so obey. Sovereigns must be just, because people must follow law. States must use power to maintain rule of law and must use any means to reach this end {end justifies means}. Power provides stability and physical security for citizens. With no such power, person is against person, and life is "nasty, brutish, and short." Monarchy has less favoritism, fewer private interests, secret advice, and stable policy, compared to legislature or multiple rulers. Honest monarchy keeps order and protects people. There should be state religion and monarch or ruler should control church, because religious belief is arbitrary.

Blaise Pascal [Pascal, Blaise] mathematician/philosopher/inventor France 1642 to 1670 Thoughts [1670]; Provincial Letters; calculating machine [1642] He lived 1623 to 1662, was Cartesian and Jansenist, and invented first metal-tooth wheeled calculating machine [1642]. He invented hydraulic press to multiply force, syringe, Pascal's principle, Pascal's theorem, Pascal's triangle, mathematical induction, fundamental enumeration principle, binomial theorem, large-numbers law, and conditional- probability law. At mechanical equilibrium, with only gravity acting, liquid has hydrostatic pressure {Pascal's law}. Epistemology People can neither reject reasoning nor say there is only reasoning. Reason cannot deal with ultimate metaphysical problems. Faith is necessary complement to reason. Expected value of believing in God is more than value of non- belief {Pascal's wager}. Metaphysics God exists because man is helpless without God.

Sieur de La Salle [La Salle, Sieur de] or René-Robert Cavelier [Cavelier, René-Robert] discoverer France/Canada 1643 He lived 1643 to 1687 and explored Canada and interior of North America, claimed Mississippi River valley for France, and built forts for trade.

Anne of Austria regent Austria/France 1643 to 1661 She lived 1601 to 1666, was consort to Louis XIII [1615], and held regency for Louis XIV [1643 to 1661]. Mazarin controlled her.

Louis XIV or Sun King king France 1643 to 1715 He lived 1638 to 1715. Anne of Austria was regent at first. During regency [1643 to 1661], Mazarin dominated, won Thirty Years War, ended Fronde rebellion, got Peace of the Pyrenees with Spain, and married Louis to Marie Therese of Austria. From 1661 to 1691, the Bourbon Louis and his minister Colbert reformed economy. He pursued colonialism {mercantilism, Louis XIV}, added import taxes, and got gold from exports and manufacturing. He emphasized control by state. He changed administration for civil servants and nobles. He started War of Devolution, started third Dutch War with England and France against Holland, got Franche-Comte, got part of Flanders, and took Strasbourg. He fought League of Augsburg or Grand Alliance, which had Holy Roman Empire, Sweden, Spain, German states, England, and Holland, in War of the Grand Alliance. He fought War of the Spanish Succession against England, Holland, Austria, and most German states over whether Hapsburgs or Bourbons ruled Spain. French generals Villars and Vendôme matched English Duke of Marlborough and Eugene of Savoy in Holland, but then Blenheim, Gibraltar, and Malplaquet were battle victories for Grand Alliance. War of the Spanish Succession ended in Peace of Utrecht and Treaty of Utrecht, Treaty of Rastatt, and Treaty of Baden. War ruined economy of France. He revoked Edict of Nantes and persecuted Huguenots. He struggled with the pope over Gallicanism, which he supported, and Jansenism, which he suppressed. His mistresses were La Valliere, Montespan, and Maintenon. He built Versailles Palace.

Peter Saenredam [Saenredam, Peter] painter Haarlem, Netherlands 1645 Interior of St. Janskerk [1645] He lived 1597 to 1665 and built church interiors.

Georges de La Tour [La Tour, Georges de] painter France 1645 to 1650 [1645]; Madonna and Child [1645]; Education of the Virgin [1650] He lived 1593 to 1652.

Alexis czar Russia 1645 to 1676 He lived 1629 to 1676 and was Romanov.

Richard Crashaw [Crashaw, Richard] poet England 1646 Steps to the Temple [1646]; Weeper [1646] He lived 1613 to 1649.

John Endicott [Endicott, John] governor Massachusetts 1646 He lived 1588 to 1665 and succeeded Winthrop as Massachusetts Bay Colony governor.

Paul Potter [Potter, Paul] painter Netherlands 1647 Young Bull [1647] He lived 1625 to 1654.

Johann II Kazimierz Vasa or John II Casimir king Poland 1648 to 1669 He lived 1609 to 1669.

Frederick III king Denmark/Norway 1648 to 1670 He lived 1609 to 1670, lost to Charles XI of Sweden, and lost in Thirty Years War.

Oliver Cromwell prime minister England 1649 After Charles I died, Oliver Cromwell led Commonwealth.

Richard Lovelace [Lovelace, Richard] poet England 1649 Lucasta [1649]; On Going to the Wars or To Lucasta, on Going to the Wars [1649: in Lucasta]; To Althea from Prison [1649: in Lucasta] He lived 1618 to 1657.

Richard Zouche [Zouche, Richard] lawyer England 1649 to 1657 Exposition of Fecial Law and Procedure or Exposition of Law of War and Peace [1649: international law]; Solutions to Old and New Questions, Ways of Mediating Late Competent Justice [1657] He lived 1590 to 1661. He discussed laws between nations {ius inter gentes} based on actual legal practices and founded positivist or historical school of international law.

Anne Bradstreet [Bradstreet, Anne] poet USA 1650 Tenth Muse [1650] She lived 1612 to 1672.

Luigi Rossi [Rossi, Luigi] composer Italy 1650 L'Orfeo or Orpheus [1650] He lived 1598 to 1653 and composed Baroque cantatas.

Henry Vaughn [Vaughn, Henry] poet England 1650 to 1655 I Saw Eternity the Other Night [1650]; World [1655]; Silex Scintillans or As Time One Day by Me Did Pass [1650 and 1655] He lived 1622 to 1695.

Bankei Zenji or Bankei Zenji or Bankei Yokatu philosopher Zuio-ji, Ehime, Japan 1650 to 1680 Song of Original Mind [1650 to 1680] He lived 1622 to 1693 and was .

Wang Fu-chih or Wang Fuzhi philosopher Mt. Ch'uan-shan, China 1650 to 1680 Commentary on Chang Tsai's Treatise on Edification [1650 to 1680] He lived 1619 to 1692 and was Confucian.

Henry More [More, Henry] philosopher Cambridge, England 1652 to 1671 Conway Letters [1652 to 1671]; Antidote against Atheism [1652]; Conjectural Essay of Interpreting the Mind of Moses [1653]; Enthusiasm Triumphant [1656]; Immortality of the Soul [1659]; Explanation of the Grand Mystery of Godliness [1660]; Metaphysical Handbook [1671] He lived 1614 to 1687 and was Cambridge Platonist.

Arnout Geulincx [Geulincx, Arnout] or Arnold Geulincx [Geulincx, Arnold] philosopher Antwerp, Flanders/Netherlands 1653 Miscellaneous Questions [1653] He lived 1624 to 1669 and was follower of Descartes and Occasionalist. Thing can only do what it knows how to do. Because no finite material thing has mind and can know anything, only God can cause things. God is not an efficient cause. God supplies fixed and general relations between physical and mental worlds by synchronizing them, so they can appear as causes or sequences.

Jean Baptiste Lully [Lully, Jean Baptiste] choreographer/composer France 1653 to 1671 Ballet de la Nuit or Ballet of the Night [1653: masque]; La Marriage Forcé or Forced Marriage [1664: comedy]; Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme or Bourgeois Gentleman [1670: comedy]; Les Amants Magnifiques or Magnificent Loves [1670: comedy, including Le Divertissement Royal]; Ballet des Nations [1670]; Psyche [1671: tragic ballet] He lived 1632 to 1687 and included ballet in French opera.

Jean Baptiste Lully [Lully, Jean Baptiste]/Molière choreographer/composer/lyricist France 1653 to 1686 ballets de cour [1653 to 1663]; comédies-ballets [1663 to 1672]; tragédie lyrique [1673 to 1686] Lully lived 1632 to 1687. Molière lived 1622 to 1673.

Paul Gerhardt [Gerhardt, Paul]/Catherine Winkworth [Winkworth, Catherine]/John Ebeling [Ebeling, John] lyricist/composer/composer Germany/USA 1653 to 1858 All My Heart This Night Rejoices [1653: translated by Winkworth, 1858] Gerhardt lived 1607 to 1676. Winkworth lived 1829 to 1878. Ebeling lived 1637 to 1676.

Pierre Gassendi [Gassendi, Pierre] philosopher Rome, Italy 1655 Institutes of Logic [1655]; Synthesis of Philosophy [1655] He lived 1592 to 1655 and opposed Aristotelianism. He believed in atomism, non-determinism, and empiricism.

John Wallis [Wallis, John] mathematician England 1655 He lived 1616 to 1703, studied cryptography, and invented expressions for pi [1655].

Izaak Walton [Walton, Izaak] essayist England 1655 Compleat Angler [1655: essay] He lived 1593 to 1683.

Leopold I emperor Holy Roman Empire 1655 to 1705 He lived 1640 to 1705, was king of Hungary [1655 to 1705] and Bohemia [1658 to 1705], and Holy Roman emperor [1658 to 1705]. Holy Roman Empire warred with Louis XIV of France. He put down rebellion of Thokoly in Hungary and ended resulting siege of Vienna by Ottoman Empire, with aid from Poland. He got Hungary, Slovenia, and Croatia at Treaty of Karlowitz.

Johann Jacob Froberger [Froberger, Johann Jacob] composer Germany 1656 Capriccio in G major [1656]; Toccata in C major [1656] He lived 1616 to 1667 and composed Baroque harpsichord concertos.

James Harrington [Harrington, James] writer USA 1656 Commonwealth of Oceana [1656: power comes from property] He lived 1611 to 1677.

Christiaan Huygens [Huygens, Christiaan] astronomer/mathematician/physicist/inventor Netherlands 1656 to 1675 pendulum clock [1656]; spiral balance spring for clocks [1675] He lived 1629 to 1695 and saw Venus clouds, Saturn rings, and Jupiter red spot. He invented a light-wave theory using Huygen's principle and contributed to calculus. He improved clocks {spiral balance spring}.

Jacob van Ruisdael [Ruisdael, Jacob van] painter Netherlands 1657 Jewish Graveyard [1657: landscape] He lived 1628 to 1682.

Robert Hooke [Hooke, Robert] biologist/physicist/inventor England 1657 to 1665 anchor escapement for clocks [1657]; Micrographs [1665] He lived 1635 to 1703, invented Hooke's law [1660], and observed cork cells under microscope [1663]. He invented universal joint, iris diaphragm, anchor escapement {anchor escapement}, and balance spring [1660].

Molière or Jean-Baptiste Pocquelin [Pocquelin, Jean-Baptiste] playwright France 1658 to 1673 Amorous Doctor [1658]; Tartuffe [1664]; Misanthrope [1666]; Doctor in Spite of Himself [1666]; Miser [1668]; Amphytrion [1668]; Wise Women [1669]; Le Bourgeois gentilhomme or Gentleman Bourgeois [1670]; Les Fourberies de Scapin or Scapin's Tricks [1671]; Le Malade Imaginaire or Imaginary Illness [1673] He lived 1622 to 1673.

Francesco Cozza [Cozza, Francesco] painter Rome, Italy 1660 Madonna del Riscatto [1660: Baroque painting in Santa Francesca Romana monastery or Tower of Mirrors or Palazzo dei Ponziani] He lived 1605 to 1682.

Pieter de Hooch [Hooch, Pieter de] painter Netherlands 1660 Preparing Bread [1660] He lived 1629 to 1684 and painted domestic scenes.

Claude Lancelot [Lancelot, Claude]/Antoine Arnauld [Arnauld, Antoine] linguist Paris, France 1660 Port Royal Grammar [1660: all languages have similar structure] Lancelot lived 1616 to 1695. Arnauld lived 1612 to 1694.

Jan Steen [Steen, Jan] painter Netherlands 1660 to 1666 Eve of St. Nicholas [1660 to 1666]; Drawing Lesson [1665] He lived 1625 to 1679.

Zeb-un-Nissa poet India 1660 to 1680 Song of Princess Zeb-Un-Nissa in Praise of Her Own Beauty [1660]; Things of Love [1660 to 1680]; Diwan or Collected Poems [1680] She lived 1638 to 1702.

Thomas Syndenham [Syndenham, Thomas] physician Londin, England 1660 to 1682 Epistolary Dissertation to Dr. Cole [1682]; On Hysteria [1682] He lived 1624 to 1689 and described diseases accurately. Hysteria in women and hypochondrias in men are similar. Hysterical symptoms often accompany depression. He invented opium tincture {laudanum, Syndenham} [1660].

Charles II king England 1660 to 1685 He lived 1630 to 1685 and was Stuart. General Monck ended rule of Cromwell and organized Stuart Restoration [1660]. Prime Minister was first Earl of Clarendon and then Cabal. London had plague and fire [1666]. He began second Dutch War against William of Orange. He intervened in Titus Oates affair, rumor that Jesuits were plotting to assassinate king. He dissolved Parliament [1681]. Political parties, parliamentary power, sea trade, and arts grew.

Charles XI king Sweden 1660 to 1697 He lived 1655 to 1697, helped win Thirty Years War, and conquered St. Petersburg, Livonia in , Latvia, Karelia in east Finland, Denmark, south Sweden, and Pomerania in north Poland and northeast Germany.

Yen Yüan philosopher China 1660 to 1704 He lived 1635 to 1704 and was Confucian.

Robert Boyle [Boyle, Robert] chemist/physicist London, England 1661 Sceptical Chymist [1661] He lived 1627 to 1691, invented Boyle's law, and found elements.

Jan Vermeer van Delft [Vermeer van Delft, Jan] painter Netherlands 1661 to 1667 View of Delft [1661]; Music Lesson [1665]; Girl with a Pearl Earring [1665]; Letter [1667] He lived 1632 to 1675.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert [Colbert, Jean-Baptiste] minister Paris, France 1661 to 1677 Memorandum on Trade [1664]; Criminal Code [1670]; Maritime Code [1672]; Commercial Code [1677] He lived 1619 to 1683 and appointed council to codify laws. Under Louis XIV, he opposed Fourquet, who had become wealthy by mismanaging Treasury. He espoused the policy of protecting industry by tariffs and subsidies, regulating prices, making roads and canals, and colonizing {mercantilism, Colbert}.

Louis Le Vau [Le Vau, Louis] architect Versailles, France 1661 to 1688 Palace of Versailles [1661 to 1688: Baroque palace has Hall of Mirrors, Salon de la Guerre, Salon de la Paix, and park] He lived 1614 to 1670 and worked for Louis XIV.

Jules Hardouin-Mansart [Hardouin-Mansart, Jules] architect France 1661 to 1709 Versailles Palace [1661 to 1687]; Grand Trianon [1680: at Versailles]; Place Vendôme [1698: in Paris]; Dome of Les Invalides [1709: in Paris] He lived 1646 to 1708. His great-uncle was François Mansart.

Benedict de Spinoza [Spinoza, Benedict de] or Baruch de Spinoza [Spinoza, Baruch de] philosopher Amsterdam, Netherlands 1663 to 1677 Principles of Descartes' Philosophy [1663]; Tractatus Theologico-Politicus or Theological-Political Treatise [1670: Bible as guide to ethics]; Short Treatise on God [1677]; Man and his Well-being [1677]; Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect [1677]; Ethics [1677: including Concerning God, On the Nature and Origin of the Mind, Concerning the Origin and Nature of the Emotions, Of Human Bondage or the Strength of the Emotions, On the Improvement of the Understanding, and Of the Power of the Intellect or of Human Freedom]; Political Treatise [1677]; On the Improvement of the Understanding [1677] He lived 1632 to 1677 and was determinist. He derived Cartesian philosophy from axioms and definitions. He used Scholastic concepts for axioms and definitions. Epistemology People know God through intuition. People can know the parts of God {doctrine of modes}. The physical can explain the mental, and vice versa. Physical and mental worlds exhibit parallelism. Ideas have objects or relations and essence of God. Ideas and thoughts all logically connect, and understanding and reasoning mind perceives that fixed logical relations are between all objects and events, so all determines each. Effects are cause or premise logical consequences. All actions and objects are necessary and sufficient. No cause hierarchy exists, only a systematic whole. Causes and effects do not just happen in time. Sense perceptions and emotions are body processes. Perceptions are external-object representations used by mind as it tries to maintain existence and perfect itself. Perceptions and emotions can become perfect in mind by clear and distinct understanding of their causes. Purpose is human idea that does not apply to God's actions. Ethics Only finite minds see evil. Because everything is necessary, world as a whole has no evil. Because everything is necessary, free will does not exist. Man should seek order, give up passion, and try to find and understand God's plan. Attaining clear and distinct understanding improves mind's reasoning powers and allows more activity and freedom. Freedom is the understanding that God grants existence to people to act in predetermined ways manifesting God's power and law. The highest state of living, insight, and understanding {intuition, Spinoza} is intellectual love of God, union of thought and emotion, and joyful realization that all is eternal necessity under control of God, not contingent on time but determined by laws. Virtue is acquiescence in this knowledge and living life based on it. People start with emotion and experience, then learn to reason, and eventually become free through insight, if they are perfectly active, not reactive, in oneness with God and nature. Because the future is certain, hope, anxiety, repentance, and fear are not real but are passions based on inadequate knowledge. Other passions are effects of outside world. Passions distract from vision of God and unity of all. True freedom is feeling and acting self-determination. Control from outside is bad. Reason is outside time and is certain. Knowledge leads to proper necessary action, and error leads to wrongdoing. Self-preservation governs all behaviors. Fundamental desires are desire or appetite, pleasure, and pain or sadness. Self- preservation requires only these. Metaphysics Substance needs only itself to exist {substance monism}. Physical and mental are different perspectives on same reality {anomalous monism, Spinoza} {double-aspect theory, substance} {dual-aspect theory} {dual-attribute theory, Spinoza}. Substance has God as essence and nature as laws, is infinite, and has an infinite number of attributes, such as thinking and spatial extension. All finite things, such as minds and bodies, are not substances but are only substance parts, manifestations, fragments, states, or expressions {mode, Spinoza}. Finite things maintain their being {conatus}, perfect their existence, and are aware of pleasure and pain. Finite things can be more active or more reactive. Nothing can be different than it is, because everything results from God, who is necessary and eternal being. God is cause and essence of all things. Actual world and all knowledge derive from God, and this unifies them. All infinite attributes unite in God's reality, whose essence involves its existence. God has no qualities, no consciousness, no will, and no body. All things are God modifications, and God is in all things. Mind Soul and body exhibit parallelism. Mind is thoughts of body. Body is mental matter. Mind and body are different aspects of Nature or God. Politics States should control the church. However, each age changes religious dogma, so state should not force dogma upon people. State religion should be about ethics, not dogma. Social life comes from individual interests. State is an agreement that unites people into group with common interests, to ensure their interests. Agreement makes people give up some rights to authority to enforce laws. Aristocratic republics are best.

Pierre Beauchamp [Beauchamp, Pierre] choreographer France 1664 foot positions [1664] He lived 1639 to 1705 and established the five ballet foot positions.

Increase Mather [Mather, Increase] preacher Massachusetts 1664 to 1692 He lived 1639 to 1723. As Puritan, he supported Massachusetts Bay Colony theocracy, supported education, and led Salem witch trials [1692]. His son was Cotton Mather, who lived 1663 to 1728.

François Duc de la Rochefoucauld [Rochefoucauld, François Duc de la] essayist France 1665 Maxims [1665: epigrams] He lived 1613 to 1680.

Charles II king Spain 1665 to 1700 He lived 1661 to 1700, was king of Spain, Naples, and Sicily [1665 to 1700], and fought with Louis XIV of France but lost.

Henry Morgan [Morgan, Henry] pirate Barbados 1666 He lived 1635 to 1688. English pirate took Spanish ships.

Marcello Malpighi [Malpighi, Marcello] biologist Bologna, Italy 1666 to 1671 On Visceral Structure [1666]; Plant Anatomy [1671] He lived 1628 to 1694, observed plant and animal tissues under microscope, and started embryology and histology.

Guarino Guarini [Guarini, Guarino] architect Turin, Italy 1666 to 1694 San Lorenzo [1666 to 1687: in Turin]; Chapel of the Holy Shroud [1667 to 1694: in Turin]; Palazzo Carignano or Carignano Palace [1679: in Turin] He lived 1624 to 1683.

Isaac [Newton, Isaac] physicist/mathematician England 1666 to 1704 Principia [1671 and 1687]; Universal Arithmetic [1680]; or Optics [1704] He lived 1642 to 1727 and developed gravity and force laws [1687]. He stated three motion laws and universal- gravitation law. He invented a light-particle theory and used prisms to separate sunlight into different-color rays. Colors bend by different amounts, but rays cannot further separate or bend [1666]. He invented dy/dx differentiation, infinitesimal calculus, prime-ratio method, ultimate-ratio method, infinite series, fundamental theorem of calculus, differentiation, limits, and limit theorem. He studied polar and bipolar coordinates and invariance under transformation. He invented Newton's parallelogram, Newton's root-finding method, and physical "action". For one dimension, shear stress F equals shear viscosity µ times derivative of horizontal velocity v with orthogonal coordinate y {linear constitutive relation}: F = µ * dv / dy. This law relates stress to strain rate and usually has three dimensions. This relation leads to the later Navier-Stokes equations. Epistemology Spinning discs with varying-area colored segments can make new colors. Average star mass provides absolute reference for accelerated motion, including rotational motion. Water in spinning buckets is concave, because it rotates with respect to universe and not with respect to bucket {bucket argument, Newton}. "" or "I feign no hypotheses (about the causes of gravity)" is a phrase in the essay of the Principia, 2nd edition [1713].

Christopher Wren [Wren, Christopher] architect England 1666 to 1708 London town plan [1666: submitted after Great Fire]; St. Paul's Cathedral [1675 to 1708: in London]; Royal Hospital [1694: in Greenwich]; Octagon Room of Royal Observatory [1675: in Greenwich] He lived 1632 to 1723. His clerk was Nicholas Hawksmoor.

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz [Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von] mathematician/philosopher/inventor Germany 1666 to 1716 On the Art of Combination [1666]; Samples of the Numerical Characteristic [1679]; New Method for maximums and minimums [1684]; Discourse of Metaphysics [1686]; Reply to the Thoughts on the System of Pre-established Harmony Contained in the Second Edition of M. Bayle's Critical Dictionary, Article Rorarius [1702]; Explanation of the Binary Arithmetic [1703]; Theodicy [1710]; Principles of Nature and Grace [1714]; Monadology [1714]; On the Combinatorial Arts [1714: infinitesimal calculus, notation, integration, chain rule, variable separation, Leibniz's test]; On the Method of Distinguishing Real from Imaginary Phenomena [1715 to 1716: letter to Clarke]; calculating machine; water pump He lived 1646 to 1716. He invented machines for calculating and for pumping water out of mines. In mathematics, he solved differential equations by isolating variables and used infinitesimals in calculus. He invented integration as summation, integration as differentiation inverse, closed-function integration, logarithmic-function and exponential- function differentials [1694], chain rule, and calculus notation. He studied curvature, curve envelopes, and osculating circles. In logic, he wanted to create perfect language {symbolic logic, Leibniz} {systematic philology}, whose grammar and words can state all logical propositions and proofs. He attempted to write deductive philosophy, using formulas in symbol language that he devised, but he did not complete it. Epistemology For all x and y, if x and y are identical, then x and y have same properties {Leibniz' law}. Truths contain predicates in subjects {concept containment}. Necessary truths have a finite series of containments. Contingent truths have an infinite series of containments. No proposition can be both true and false at once {principle of contradiction, Leibniz}. Nothing happens without adequate reasons or causes {principle of sufficient reason, Leibniz}, though people usually cannot know reason. Reasoning involves contradiction and sufficiency principles. All analytic statements are true. All true statements are analytic. Identical things have same intrinsic, non-relational properties. If two objects share all intrinsic, non-relational properties, they are identical {identity, indiscernible} {indiscernible, identity} {Leibniz's law, Leibniz}. The identity relationship is symmetrical for thing and properties. However, no two things have same qualities, and things differing in qualities are two separate things. Perception is clear if understood. Perception is distinct if people can analyze it into concepts. Awareness that one's perceptions have become more clear and distinct is pleasure. Awareness that one's perceptions have become less clear and distinct is pain. Clear and distinct statements have two classes. One class is personal experiences, which are clear and intuitively true, because people have immediate experience of their own existence, but are true for one time only. However, opposites of these facts are also possible, so people can know their truth only after they have happened {a posteriori, Leibniz}. Facts of experience are conditional or contingent truths of the finite world. All things are deterministic, so opposites only appear to be possible. People's senses know only space and time, not physical forces or causes. The other class is eternal truths, self-evident to reason, whose opposites cannot be true or even possible. People can know their truth before events {a priori, Leibniz}. Eternal truths are unconditional, necessary, and about the infinite. Ethics God allows free will, because it is good, but this necessarily allows evil. Physical evil is punishment for sin. Object finiteness and unclear ideas cause moral evil. Law Law must have philosophical bases to be consistent and just. Law has natural divisions. Law and reasoning principles can find document meanings. Metaphysics Objects must be finite, because something created them. Finite world had to have evil, but it has as much good as possible because God formed it. The created world has the most variety from simplest causes and laws. What exists is the largest possible set of compatible things. Because existence is good, this makes world have the most possible reality and be the best it can be. God chose the best deterministic mechanical laws. However, laws can be different and so are not absolute truths, only facts {contingent truth, Leibniz}. There are infinitely many possible worlds. Only finite matter and spiritual force units {monad, Leibniz} exist. Existing things are monad collections. Ideal things are continuous and so have no monads. An infinite number of monads differ in intrinsic properties. Monads form a hierarchy based on their forces, not motions. Highest monad is God, which is pure activity and has all forces. Next highest are souls and minds, possess good memory and perception, and are most active. Soul is will's purpose and is body's central monad. Lowest monads are matter. Monads reflect universe as whole, allowing them to seem to occupy space. Monads perceive other monads more distinctly or less distinctly {universal expression}. Number of forces is infinite. Forces or energies are active and immaterial. Material properties, such as filling space or being impenetrable, are force consequences. Motions are force consequences. Time and space result from combined force actions. Forces are independent of other forces, but are forms of whole world's essence {world-force}. Forces try to clearly represent world-force, by infinitely small steps. Monads have unconscious perceptions {minute perception}. Monads continually seek improvement, which perceives more clearly and distinctly. Unconsciously, monads continually perceive entire universe {apperception, monad} but are conscious of only small regions. Monad wills directly cause actions. Monad beliefs direct will, but not deterministically. Monads never affect each other, but they appear to do so, because their perceptual states correspond {preestablished harmony}. God synchronizes the pre-established harmony, which is deterministic. In determined worlds, subjects must contain all the infinite number of qualities, actions, and predicates that statements can assert and so must be immortal and unchangeable. Therefore, all statements about reality contain predicate in subject and are analytic. To God, all experience is analytic, but people cannot know all predicates or facts. For God, objects are necessary, and their properties are in object essence. Only God is necessary. All else is contingent. God exists, as proved by ontological argument, cosmological argument, argument from eternal truths, and argument from design. Mind All ideas are always unconsciously present in soul, which is the central body monad and represents whole universe. Mind can bring ideas to consciousness. Perceptions contain universal concepts and truths.

Claude Perrault [Perrault, Claude] architect Paris, France 1667 to 1672 Louvre East Facade and Colonnade [1667 to 1670: Baroque and French Classical palace]; Paris Observatory [1667 to 1672] He lived 1613 to 1688.

Dieterich Buxtehude [Buxtehude, Dieterich] or Dietrich Buxtehude [Buxtehude, Dietrich] or Diderik Buxtehude [Buxtehude, Diderik] composer/organist Denmark/Lübeck, Germany 1667 to 1705 Prelude and Fugue BuxWV 139; Cantata BuxWV 104; Membra Jesu Nostri or The Limbs of Our Jesus [1681]; Variations on an Aria by Lully He lived 1637 to 1707 and composed organ chorales, preludes, cantatas, oratorios, and sonatas. He used old notation {organ tablature}.

Francesco Redi [Redi, Francesco] biologist Italy 1668 He lived 1626 to 1697 and proved spontaneous generation does not happen, by showing that maggots did not come from meat [1668].

John [Dryden, John] poet/playwright England 1668 to 1697 Dramatick Poesy [1668: essay]; Marriage a la mode [1672]; Ode to the Memory of Mrs. Anne Killigrew [1686: poem]; Alexander's Feast or The Power of Musique [1697: poem] He lived 1631 to 1700.

Samuel Pepys [Pepys, Samuel] historian/biographer London, England 1669 Diary [1669] He lived 1633 to 1703.

Jean Racine [Racine, Jean] playwright France 1669 to 1691 Britannicus [1669]; Berenice [1670]; Bajazet [1672]; Mithradate [1673]; Iphigenie en Aulide [1674]; Phaedra [1677]; Esther [1689]; Athalie [1691] He lived 1639 to 1699.

Marie Madeleine de la Fayette [Fayette, Marie Madeleine de la] or Marie Madeleine Pioche de la Vergne, Comtesse de La Fayette [Fayette, Marie Madeleine Pioche de la Vergne, Comtesse de La] writer France 1670 Zayde [1670] She lived 1634 to 1693.

Matsuo Basho [Basho, Matsuo] or Matsuo Munefusa [Munefusa, Matsuo] poet Japan 1670 to 1690 Journal of Weather-Beaten Skeleton [1670 to 1690: poems]; Notes in My Knapsack [1670 to 1690: poem]; Narrow Road to the Deep North and Other Travel Sketches [1670 to 1690: essays] Zen Buddhist lived 1643 to 1694 and wrote haiku.

Ihara Saikaku [Saikaku, Ihara] storyteller/poet Japan 1670 to 1690 Koshoku Ichidai Onna or Life of an Amorous Woman [1670 to 1690: humorous] He lived 1642 to 1693 and wrote in popular form {ukiyozoshi, Saikaku}.

John Locke [Locke, John] philosopher London, England 1670 to 1695 Letter concerning Toleration [1670]; Two Treatises of Government [1681 and 1690]; Thoughts concerning Education [1686]; Essay Concerning Human Understanding [1689: about psychology]; Reasonableness of Christianity [1695] He lived 1632 to 1704 and founded empirical psychology and empiricism. William Molyneux helped him and corresponded with him. Epistemology Mental objects are sense-data about sensations, memories of sensations or ideas, or concepts {idea}. Sensation is the way objects present to understanding when thinking. Ideas can be simple or complex. People cannot analyze simple ideas or construct them. Mind is passive as it receives simple ideas from appropriate stimuli. Mind cannot prevent or select simple ideas. The two simple-idea sources are sensation and reflection. Sensation ideas result from observing external objects. Reflection ideas result when observing mind's operations. Simple ideas come from sensations or reflections by resemblance, nearness in space and time, and cause and effect {associationism, Locke}. Idea associations can be false or true. Human action or nature connects true associations. False associations happen by chance or custom. People construct and analyze complex ideas, such as objects, relations, and forms, from simple ideas using consciousness. Complex ideas combine simple ideas consciously using mathematical and logical operations to rearrange words, abstract, demonstrate, prove, and construct. Words are signs for idea contents, and general ideas are mental structures using words. Complex concepts find common features among objects or events or subtract space and time from objects or events {abstraction from examples}. Mind is active while attending, remembering, discriminating, comparing, combining, enlarging, and abstracting complex ideas. Knowledge relates ideas perceived by reason. Opinion depends on observation. Cause and effect is the major idea. All ideas originate in experience. At birth, mind is blank page {tabula rasa}, waiting for experience to fill. A priori knowledge, such as tautology, does not exist. Because babies and primitive peoples do not know them, there are no innate ideas or universally true or known ideas, even of God or mathematics. Because soul or mind has to later formulate them and judge them, which it does for all ideas anyway, ideas cannot reside in soul for future use. Because people must learn words and grammar first, clear and distinct or intuitively certain ideas cannot be innate. Because the most-profound truths can be so abstract that they are not intuitively certain, they are not innate. In demonstrative knowledge, necessary formal idea is substance that holds qualities or modes. People can be certain about their ideas and sensations through reflection, but they can know nothing about thing itself, essence, soul, or soul's relation to body. The only possible knowledge is of mind and its contents. Will a blind person that knows shapes by touch recognize shapes if able to see {Molyneux problem, Locke}? Understanding cannot perceive itself. Sense organs cannot perceive themselves. Ethics God is lawgiver and has rewards and punishments to induce people to conform to law. God's law is also nature's law, so following law leads to good results and breaking it leads to bad results in world. Public opinion and state are two other law sources, and both have rewards and punishments to induce people to conform to law. Moral judgments can conform to known ethical laws or not, so moral judgments are demonstrative knowledge. Metaphysics Matter is atom groups and has properties. Properties {primary quality, Locke} can be about atoms {corpuscular theory}: mass or solidity, figure, motion, and number. Properties {secondary quality, Locke} can be about atom relations. Tertiary qualities are about object perceptions. Mind Mind can sense objects and events {outer sense, Locke} and think about experiencing objects and events {inner sense, Locke}, making two knowledge kinds. Politics Kings have no divine right to rule. Hereditary succession to power is not right. Absolute monarchy makes king both judge and accuser. Primogeniture is unjust. People have many basic rights. Mothers have rights the same as fathers. Before government, men follow natural law, which comes from reason and is God's law. All people are equal and free. People judge for themselves and rely on themselves for remedies. There is no anarchy. If all people are prudent, consider their overall interests, not just current ones, and are pious because they fear hell, society needs no law, because general interests of all coincide with special interests of each, over time. Government results from social contract, to secure life, liberty, and property. States are expressions of people's will. Property causes people to agree on government and give right of judging and enforcing law to authority. Authority must establish laws interpreting natural law, have impartial judges to judge and mete punishment, and have powers to enforce laws. Judges should be independent of governing authority. The people should elect legislature by majority rule. Legislature and executive should be separate, with equally divided powers to make laws and enforce them. There should be checks and balances among government branches. War or compromise must resolve struggles between branches, because no higher authority can arbitrate. The state has limited powers against people, especially against their property. Government is moral trust. If government does not do good things, people can resist it. There should be religious tolerance, with love of truth. People should avoid dogma.

Hishikawa Moronobu [Moronobu, Hishikawa] engraver Japan 1670 to 1700 prints [1670 to 1700] He lived 1638 to 1714 and printed ukiyo-e from woodblocks.

Eizan/Horishige//Utamaro engraver Japan 1670 to 1867 ukiyo-e [1670 to 1800: woodblock ink prints] He lived 1787 to 1867 and printed India-ink woodblock prints {ukiyo-e}. Horishige, Hokusai, Utamaro, and Hishikawa Moronobu also printed them.

Robert Cambert [Cambert, Robert] composer France 1671 Pomone [1671: First opera at Paris Opera had ballet] He lived 1628 to 1677.

James Gregory [Gregory, James] mathematician/astronomer Scotland 1671 He lived 1638 to 1675 and invented expressions for pi [1671].

Pierre-Paul Puget [Puget, Pierre-Paul] sculptor France 1671 to 1683 Milo of Crotona [1671 to 1683: Early Baroque marble sculpture] He lived 1622 to 1694.

Nicolas [Cassegrain, Nicolas] astronomer/inventor France 1672 reflector telescope [1672] He lived 1625 to 1712 and invented two-mirror reflector telescope.

Richard Cumberland [Cumberland, Richard] philosopher England 1672 On Nature's Laws [1672] He lived 1631 to 1718. Altruistic and social motives in people come from God.

Samuel Puffendorf [Puffendorf, Samuel] lawyer Lund, Germany 1672 On Natural Law and Law of Nations [1672] He lived 1632 to 1694. Law Laws define what to do or not do and prescribe punishment. Travelers have freedom of seas, except in territorial waters. Politics Man's natural duties, defined by natural law, are examples of state duties. Authority has legitimate power to limit freedom and punish people to make people secure or better. Authority can also be legitimate if people have consented. People have obligation to obey superiors. Social relations aid individual self-preservation. Theocracy is not good. Taking booty is sovereign's right, and it is then his property. Treaty or danger {necessity} can allow nations to prevent actions they normally allow.

William Wycherley [Wycherley, William] playwright England 1672 Country Wife [1672] He lived 1641 to 1715.

Thomas Ken [Ken, Thomas]/Louis Bourgeois [Bourgeois, Louis] lyricist/composer England/France 1674 Praise God, from Whom All Blessings Flow or the Doxology [1674: music is Old 100th, 1551] Ken lived 1637 to ?. Bourgeois lived 1515 to 1559.

Shivaji Bhonsle or Sijavi king India 1674 to 1680 He lived 1627 to 1680 and started Maratha kingdom [1674]. Mahrattas from west-central India established capital at Poona and conquered part of Mogul Empire [1655 to 1674].

Takakazu Seki [Seki, Takakazu] or Kowa Seki [Seki, Kowa] or Seki Kowa [Seki, Kowa] mathematician Edo (Tokyo), Japan 1674 to 1683 Mathematical Methods for Finding Details [1674] He lived 1642 to 1708, invented calculus, and used determinants [1683]. Japanese temple geometry flourished at this time.

Anton Leeuwenhoek [Leeuwenhoek, Anton] biologist Delft, Netherlands 1674 to 1716 Letter to Leibniz [1716] He lived 1632 to 1723 and observed bacteria [1674], yeast, protozoa, sperm, and capillary blood corpuscles under microscope.

Philipp Jakob Spener [Spener, Philipp Jakob] philosopher Frankfurt, Germany 1675 Tender Desirables or Gentle Desirables [1675] He lived 1635 to 1705. In response to Church corruption, he developed ideal of personal morality and contemplation {pietism, Spener}.

Nicolas Malebranche [Malebranche, Nicolas] philosopher France 1675 to 1688 Search after Truth [1675]; Christian Metaphysical Meditations [1683]; Dialogues on Metaphysics and Religion [1688] He lived 1638 to 1715 and was Occasionalist. Epistemology At each occasion of experience, God places experience in people. Mind cannot know the body except through God. God holds all perceptions and ideas. God puts innate ideas into minds so they can think. People cannot know all their mind or faculties. Error is self-deception, so people are at fault for error. Metaphysics God causes all actions, including will, because they are necessary. No actual causes and effects exist, only physical motions under laws. God put initial motion in all bodies. God wills at each instant. Mind Individual minds are in infinite reason, love, and God, because they modify universal reason or God. People can only oppose God in their wills, not minds.

Feodor III czar Russia 1676 to 1682 He lived 1661 to 1682 and was Romanov.

Mary II queen England/Scotland/Ireland 1677 to 1694 She lived 1662 to 1694 and married William III [1677].

John Bunyan [Bunyan, John] novelist England 1678 Pilgrim's Progress [1678] He lived 1628 to 1688.

Ralph Cudworth [Cudworth, Ralph] philosopher Cambridge, England 1678 True Intellectual System of the Universe [1678] He lived 1617 to 1680 and was Cambridge Platonist.

Alessandro [Scarlatti, Alessandro] or Il Palermitano composer Italy 1679 Gli Equivoci nel Sembiante or Deceptions [1679] He lived 1660 to 1725 and composed Italian overtures, da capo arias, operas, cantatas, oratorios, and masses.

Jacques Bossuet [Bossuet, Jacques] philosopher/bishop France 1679 to 1681 Discourse on Universal History [1681] He lived 1627 to 1704. Christianization relates nation histories and gives history purpose.

Hafiz Osman [Osman, Hafiz] painter Iran 1680 Hilyah or Description of the Prophet [1680: Arabic calligraphy style] He lived 1642 to 1698 and used words and phrases to depict bird or animal.

John Wise [Wise, John] clergyman USA 1680 He lived 1652 to 1725, wrote about democracy, and resisted English tax collectors.

Denis Papin [Papin, Denis] inventor London, England 1680 to 1707 steam pressure cooker [1680: with safety valve]; steam piston engine [1690]; New Method of Obtaining Very Great Moving Powers at Small Cost [1690]; New Art of Pumping Water by using Steam [1707] He lived 1647 to 1712 {steam pressure cooker}.

De Lafontaine [Lafontaine, De] ballerina France 1681 to 1707 Triumph of Love [1681: first ballet with woman as solo dancer] She lived 1665 to 1738 and was first woman to appear professionally in ballet as solo female dancer {prima ballerina} {premiere danseuse}.

John Holt [Holt, John] judge London, England 1681 to 1710 Ashby v. White and Others [1681 to 1710]; Case of John Paty and Others [1681 to 1710] He lived 1642 to 1710. As Chief Justice [1681 to 1710], he added bailment law to English law, from Continental law.

Edmund Halley [Halley, Edmund] astronomer England 1682 He lived 1656 to 1742 and discovered Halley's comet [1682].

Ivan V czar Russia 1682 to 1696 He lived 1666 to 1696 and was Romanov.

Peter I or Peter the Great czar Russia 1682 to 1725 He lived 1672 to 1725, was Romanov, overthrew his sister, and took the title emperor. He shifted capital to St. Petersburg from Moscow. He expanded Russia to Black and Baltic Seas. He took Livonia, Estonia, and Karellas from Sweden [1721] and won Northern War. He took Azov on Black Sea from Ottoman Empire and built navy but later lost it. He defeated Persia. He westernized and industrialized. He started universal taxation, reformed army and government, and built schools and hospitals. He freed women from serf status and crushed serf revolts. Serfs became even more subject to nobles. Russia had lumber and iron. He formed Russian Orthodox Church with himself as head.

James II king England 1685 to 1688 He lived 1633 to 1701 and was Stuart. After Puritan Revolution [1649], he escaped to France and married Catholic. After Charles II became king, James II returned to England as Lord Admiral but later resigned. England exiled him after Titus Oates affair. He became king when Charles II died [1685]. He presided over the Bloody Assizes, bishop trials, and hostile parliaments. Glorious Revolution deposed him.

Henry [Purcell, Henry] composer England 1685 to 1692 Trumpet Tune and Air [1685]; Dido and Aeneas [1689: opera]; King Arthur [1691: opera]; Fairy Queen [1692: opera] He lived 1659 to 1695.

Arcangelo Corelli [Corelli, Arcangelo] composer Italy 1685 to 1700 sonatas or trio sonatas for violin [1685 to 1700] He lived 1653 to 1713 and composed sonatas.

Jacob Bernoulli [Bernoulli, Jacob] mathematician Basel, Switzerland 1686 Art of Conjecturing [1686] He lived 1654 to 1705 and studied calculus of variations, variable separation, lemniscate curve, differential equations, and inflection points. He invented Bernoulli's theorem and Bernoulli equation. If event can have two outcomes, each with probability, after many independent events, relative frequency approaches probability {weak law of large numbers, Bernoulli}. Perhaps, probabilities are inferable from frequencies.

Bernard le Bovier de [Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de] essayist Paris, France 1686 Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes or Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds [1686: essays] He lived 1657 to 1757 and wrote essays and operas.

Pierre d'Ortigue [d'Ortigue, Pierre] writer Paris, France 1688 Art of Pleasing in Conversation [1688] He lived 1630 to 1693. Conversation is part of good manners.

Jean de La Bruyere [La Bruyere, Jean de] essayist France 1688 Les Caracteres or Characters [1688: essay] He lived 1645 to 1696.

Jean de la Fontaine [Fontaine, Jean de la] poet/storyteller France 1688 to 1693 Fables [1668 to 1693] He lived 1621 to 1695.

William III or William of Orange king England/Scotland/Ireland 1688 to 1702 He lived 1650 to 1702. Before 1688, as William of Orange of United Provinces, he negotiated peace with England after Dutch Wars and fought against Louis XIV of France in War of the Grand Alliance. He helped remove James II of England and became king in Glorious Revolution. As king, he accepted Bill of Rights and Act of Settlement, gave land in Ireland to nobles, raised taxes, and started Bank of England. He fought Louis XIV of France in War of the Spanish Succession. Whigs, landowners and merchants, gained control of Parliament.

Isaac Watts [Watts, Isaac]/Georg Friedrich [Handel, Georg Friedrich]/David Lowell Mason [Mason, David Lowell] lyricist/composer/composer England 1689 Joy to the World [1689: music is Antioch, arranged by Mason] Watts lived 1674 to 1748. Mason lived 1792 to 1872.

Gobind Singh leader India 1690 He lived 1666 to 1708 and was tenth and last Sikh guru. He changed Sikhs to Hindu practices, urging them to follow the Guru Granth Sahib scripture. He emphasized militarism, started a brotherhood {khalsa}, and gained land.

Johann Bernoulli [Bernoulli, Johann] mathematician Basel, Switzerland 1691 He lived 1667 to 1748 and studied series, arithmetic series, geometric series, differential equations [1691], astroid [1691], curvature radius, Bernoulli numbers, and curve rectification. Wire shape allows bead to slide from one end to the other in shortest possible time {brachistochrone, Bernoulli} [1696].

Michel Rolle [Rolle, Michel] mathematician France 1691 He lived 1652 to 1719 and invented Rolle's theorem [1691].

Christian Thomasius [Thomasius, Christian] lawyer Germany 1691 to 1705 Introduction to the Theory of Pure Reason [1691]; Fundamentals of Natural Law and Law of Nations [1705] He lived 1655 to 1728, was international lawyer, and helped found natural law.

Johann Bernhard von Erlach [Erlach, Johann Bernhard Fischer von] architect Vienna, Austria 1694 to 1737 Dreifaltigkeitssäule or Holy Trinity Column [1694 to 1702: monument in Vienna]; University Church [1694 to 1707: in Salzburg]; Church of the Trinity [1694 to 1710: in Salzburg]; Imperial Palace Schönbrunn [1696 to 1711: in Vienna]; Karlskirche or Church of San Carlo Borromeo [1715 to 1737: Baroque church in Vienna]; Hofbibliothek or Imperial Library [1722: in Vienna]; Plan of Civil and Historical Architecture [1721: book] He lived 1656 to 1723. San Carlo Borromeo is St. Charles Borromaeus.

Gerrit Berckheyde [Berckheyde, Gerrit] painter Netherlands 1696 Market Square at Haarlem [1696] He lived 1638 to 1698 and painted town scenes.

William Kidd [Kidd, William] pirate Scotland 1696 He lived 1645 to 1701 and pirated Spanish ships.

Guillaume de l'Hôpital [l'Hôpital, Guillaume de] mathematician Paris, France 1696 Analysis of the Infinitely Small by Understanding Curved Lines [1696] He lived 1661 to 1704 and studied series and invented L'Hospital's rules.

John Toland [Toland, John] philosopher Ireland 1696 to 1720 Christianity not Mysterious [1696]; Letters to Serena [1704]; Form of Celebrating the Socratic Society [1720]; Four Tracts [1720] He lived 1670 to 1722, was Deist, and was free thinker. People can speak and write in forms {exoteric writing} for most people or in forms {esoteric writing} for scholars. Religion should have no mysteries. Deism emphasizes duty, modesty, charity, and tolerance. God is in all things.

Pierre Bayle [Bayle, Pierre] philosopher Paris, France 1697 Historical and Critical Dictionary [1697] He lived 1647 to 1706. Nobody can know absolute truth, so faith must have constraints, and people should have religious tolerance. Reason can know its duty. Conscience knows ethical truths intuitively and immediately, though they are not innate. Ethical truths are the same for all people.

Charles Perrault [Perrault, Charles] poet/storyteller France 1697 Contes de ma Mère l'Oye or Tales of Mother Goose [1697: with The Sleeping Beauty, Little Red Riding Hood, Bluebeard, Puss in Boots, Diamonds and Toads, Cinderella or The Little Glass Slipper, Riquet a la houppe, and Tom Thumb] He lived 1628 to 1703.

Charles XII king Sweden 1697 to 1718 He lived 1682 to 1718, fought Northern War, and won at first but then lost to Russia and Poland [1721], ending Swedish power.

Augustus II king Poland 1697 to 1733 He lived 1670 to 1733. Elector of Saxony became king of Poland [1697].

Johann Pachelbel [Pachelbel, Johann] organist/composer Germany 1698 Canon in D [1698] He lived 1653 to 1706.

Thomas Savery [Savery, Thomas] inventor England 1698 steam engine [1698] He lived 1650 to 1715.

William [Congreve, William] playwright England 1700 Way of the World [1700] He lived 1670 to 1729.

John Jones [Jones, John] physician London, England 1700 Mysteries of Opium Reveal'd [1700] He studied opium effects.

Louis Pecourt [Pecourt, Louis] ballet dancer France 1700 He lived 1655 to 1729 and was solo dancer {premier danseur} and balletmaster [1700].

Ogyu Sorai [Sorai, Ogyu] philosopher Tokyo, Japan 1700 to 1720 Distinguishing the Way [1700 to 1720]; Distinguishing the Names [1700 to 1720]; Journey to Kai [1706] He lived 1666 to 1728 and started Kogaku School, which studied original Confucian writings.

Alain-Rene LeSage [LeSage, Alain-Rene] writer France 1700 to 1730 Gil Blas [1700 to 1730: stories] He lived 1668 to 1747.

Thomas Sheraton [Sheraton, Thomas] designer England 1700 to 1730 Sheraton He lived 1751 to 1806. It was a light linear neoclassical style based on Adam and Hepplewhite. It used contrasting veneers, inlay, and painted decorations. Chair backs had urns, swags, or lyres.

Jethro Tull [Tull, Jethro] inventor England 1701 horse-drawn hoe with seed drill [1701] He lived 1674 to 1741 {hoe with seed drill}.

Frederick I king Brandenburg/Prussia 1701 to 1713 He lived 1657 to 1713. Hohenzollern Elector of Brandenburg united Brandenburg and Duchy of Prussia.

Johann Becher [Becher, Johann] chemist Germany 1702 He lived 1635 to 1682 and invented a heat theory [1702], in which heat is a substance {phlogiston} {caloric fluid}.

Georg Stahl [Stahl, Georg] chemist Germany 1702 He lived 1660 to 1734 and invented a heat theory [1702], in which heat is a substance {phlogiston, Stahl} {caloric fluid, Stahl}.

Anne queen England 1702 to 1714 She lived 1665 to 1714, was Stuart, and fought War of the Spanish Succession. Great Britain began [1707]. Parliament became strong. Because she had no children, she preceded Hanover kings: George I, George II, George III, George IV, and Victoria.

Berthold Dietmayr [Dietmayr, Berthold] abbot/architect Melk, Austria 1702 to 1736 Melk Monastery [1702 to 1736: Baroque] He lived 1670 to 1739.

Ito Jinsai [Jinsai, Ito] philosopher Kyoto, Japan 1705 Philosophical Lexicography of the Analects and Mencius [1705] He lived 1627 to 1705 and started Kogaku School or Study of Antiquity School, which studied original Confucian writings.

John Vanbrugh [Vanbrugh, John] architect Oxfordshire, England 1705 Blenheim Palace [1705: Baroque palace shows Italian styling] He lived 1664 to 1726.

George Farquhar [Farquhar, George] playwright England 1706 Recruiting Officer [1706] He lived 1678 to 1707.

John V king Portugal 1706 to 1750 He lived 1689 to 1750.

Hermann Boerhaave [Boerhaave, Hermann] philosopher/physician France/Leyden, Netherlands 1707 Medical Institutions [1707] He lived 1668 to 1738. Matter moves and lives. Mind is not separate from matter. Mind depends on body completely. All mental processes use material or mechanical processes.

Johann Sebastian [Bach, Johann Sebastian] composer Germany 1707 to 1749 Fugue in G Minor or Little Fugue [1703 to 1707]; Mighty Fortress Is Our God [1707: hymn with lyrics by Martin Luther]; Toccata and Fugue in D Minor [1709]; Sheep May Safely Graze or Hunting Cantata or Birthday Cantata [1713]; Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring [1716 to 1723: Chorale from Cantata No. 147]; Passacaglia and Fugue in C Minor [1717]; Brandenburg Concerto No. 1 [1717]; Orchestral Suite No. 1 [1717]; Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 [1719]; Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 [1721]; Orchestral Suite No. 2 [1721]; Well-tempered Clavier [1722]; St. John Passion [1723: mass]; Two-Part Inventions [1723]; Three-Part Inventions [1723]; Mass in B Minor [1724 to 1749: mass]; Magnificat [1725: mass]; Minuet in G [1725: from Anna Magdalena Notebook]; Anna Magdalena Notebook [1725: with The Little Suite and Art Thou with Me or Bist du bei mir]; Orchestral Suite No. 3 in D [1727]; Air on the G String [1727: from Orchestral Suite No. 3 in D]; St. Matthew Passion [1729: mass]; Oboe Concerto in D minor [1731]; Sleepers Awake [1731: from Cantata 140]; Oratorio [1734: including Sinfonia in G]; Italian Concerto [1735]; Goldberg Variations [1742]; Musical Offering [1747]; Art of Fugue [1749] He lived 1685 to 1750 and composed Baroque polyphonic works.

Gobind Singh or Gobind Singh Ji religious leader Punjab/Pakistan 1708 Wonder Tale [1708: autobiography]; Praise of Almighty God [1708]; Wondrous Drama [1721 to 1734: compilation by Bhai Mani Singh] He lived 1666 to 1708, was the 10th Sikh guru, and emphasized militarism.

La Verendrye or Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de la Verendrye [Verendrye, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de la] discoverer France/Canada 1708 He lived 1685 to 1749 and explored and traded in Canada and west North America.

Abraham Darby [Darby, Abraham] inventor England 1708 to 1709 iron smelting with coke [1708 to 1709] He lived 1677 to 1717 {iron smelting with coke}. Previously, smelting used charcoal.

Anthony [Collins, Anthony] philosopher England 1708 to 1717 Answer [1708]; Discourse of Freethinking [1713]; Philosophical Inquiry [1717] He lived 1676 to 1729 and was deist and freethinker.

William King [King, William] philosopher/bishop Dublin, Ireland 1709 Sermon on Predestination [1709] He lived 1650 to 1729, was archbishop of Dublin [1702 to 1729], and opposed Toland.

Isaac Watts [Watts, Isaac]/William Croft [Croft, William] lyricist/composer England 1709 O God, Our Help in Ages Past [1709: music is St. Anne, 1718] Watts lived 1674 to 1748.

Antonio Stradivari [Stradivari, Antonio] instrument maker Italy 1709 to 1720 "Ernst" violin [1709]; "Madrileno" violin [1720] He lived 1644 to 1737 and perfected violin, which he signed Antonius Stravidarius.

Richard Steele [Steele, Richard] or Isaac Bickerstaff [Bickerstaff, Isaac] essayist England 1709 to 1722 Tatler [1709 to 1711: edited magazine]; Spectator [1711 to 1712: edited magazine with Addison]; Conscious Lovers [1722] He lived 1672 to 1729.

Peter Browne [Browne, Peter] philosopher Ireland 1709 to 1733 Procedure, Extent, and Limits of Human Understanding [1728]; Things Divine and Supernatural Conceived by Analogy with Things Natural and Human or The Divine Analogy [1733] He lived 1665 to 1735, was bishop of Cork [1709], and opposed Toland.

George Berkeley [Berkeley, George] philosopher England 1709 to 1744 Essay towards a New Theory of Vision [1709]; Treatise concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge [1710 and 1713]; Passive Obedience [1712]; Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous [1713]; On Motion [1721]; Minute Philosopher [1732]; Siris or Chain of Philosophical Reflections, and Inquiries concerning the Virtues of Tar-Water [1744] He lived 1685 to 1753, was Catholic, and studied vision psychology. Epistemology Mind can only know sense impressions and images {immediate object}, perception contents. Mind only knows primary qualities and secondary qualities. People cannot know anything about physical world or about substance. Objects are only quality conjunctions, with no need for substance. Mind only uses examples and analogies, not words or abstractions. Abstractions are illusions, because they just recombine words. Abstractions about object sensations are not real in thought or nature, because they must both include and exclude qualities, and no process can be so general and so specific simultaneously. Perception cause is God's will, which maintains complex correlations between all sense qualities. All people thus perceive the same unified, continuous, and coherent world, and world really is as it appears. People correlate visual experience and visual judgments, such as distance and size, by contingent and arbitrary associations, not by calculation. Objects in visual experience are only mental {divine visual language}, by which people infer information about environment objects. People do not know or use innate mathematical ideas or optics theorems. Mechanical movements do not cause or explain anything, but scientific theories are useful to predict experience. Metaphysics Matter is not real. Only mind and sense qualities are real {subjective idealism}. To exist is to be perceived {esse est percipi}. If consciousness is matter property, world needs no creator, and soul is mortal. The real world is under will of God and is purposeful. God perceives, and thus guarantees, material existence. Mind Mind is not ideas but contains or perceives ideas. Perceiving or attending is mental action, and mind is mental actions. People are, and are only, minds or spirits, thinking things. Only intelligent active animate agents or minds can have will and cause ideas or events. People are always thinking and do not have unconscious periods {doctrine of private times} {private times doctrine}.

John M. Neale [Neale, John M.]/Christoph Meineke [Meineke, Christoph] lyricist/composer USA 1710 Gloria Patri or Glory to the Father [1710: translated from Latin by John M. Neale] traditional [200 to 300]. Neale lived 1818 to 1866. Meineke lived [1782 to 1850].

Lord Shaftesbury [Shaftesbury, Lord] or Anthony [Cooper, Anthony] philosopher England 1711 Characteristics of Man, Manners, Opinions, and Times [1711] He lived 1671 to 1713 and was deist. As third Earl of Shaftesbury, he introduced laws to prevent women and children from working in coal mines, to limit workdays to ten hours, and to create insane asylums. Ethics Feelings depend on reflection about self. They approve the good and beautiful and abhor the bad and ugly and so guide person's actions, making moral sense {moral sense} {sentimentalism}. Goal of ethical life is individual-ability development, by unfolding essences. Individuals should use all forces and impulses in harmonious ways. Individuals should not conform to others' laws or humble self or will before other people. In cultivated and mature people, development combines selfish interests with altruistic motives. Metaphysics God is what orders physical world {deus ex machina, Shaftesbury}.

Charles VI emperor Germany/Austria 1711 to 1740 He lived 1685 to 1740. Holy Roman Empire claimed Spain against Charles II of Spain, in War of the Spanish Succession. He involved Austria in War of the Polish Succession. His Pragmatic Sanction gave Hapsburg lands to Maria Theresa of Austria, which later led to War of the Austrian Succession.

Prosper Crébillon [Crébillon, Prosper] playwright France 1711 to 1748 Rhadamiste et Zenobie [1711]; Catilina [1748] He lived 1674 to 1762.

Thomas Newcomen [Newcomen, Thomas] inventor England 1712 steam engine [1712] He lived 1663 to 1729.

Christian Wolff [Wolff, Christian] philosopher/lawyer Silesia/Poland/Russia/Prussia/Halle, Germany 1712 to 1753 Rational Ideas [1712 to 1725: essays]; Moral Philosophy [1750 to 1753] He lived 1679 to 1754, was follower of Leibniz, was Protestant, and founded Berlin Academy. He was international lawyer and favored natural law. Epistemology Rational and empirical knowledge are separate. Ethics Natural law and moral law are both strivings for perfection by monads. Increase in perfection brings happiness, and decrease brings pain. Helping other people and following moral duties lead to perfection and happiness. People improve by increasing idea clarity.

Joseph Addison [Addison, Joseph] essayist England 1713 Squire Roger de Coverly [1713: essay] He lived 1672 to 1719.

William Cheselden [Cheselden, William] surgeon/inventor Britain 1713 to 1723 Anatomy of the Human Body [1713]; Anatomy of Bones [1733: human skeleton]; Treatise on the High Operation for the Stone [1723: kidney stone removal] He lived 1688 to 1752, developed artificial pupil, and removed kidney stones {kidney stone removal} and cataracts.

François le grand [Couperin le grand, François] composer France 1713 to 1730 1st Suite [1713 to 1730]; 2nd Suite [1713 to 1730: includes La Flateuse and La Florentine]; 3rd Suite [1713 to 1730]; 4th Suite [1713 to 1730] He lived 1668 to 1733.

Frederick William I king Prussia 1713 to 1740 He lived 1688 to 1740, created efficient army and government, and gained treasury surplus by avoiding war.

Philip V king Spain 1713 to 1746 He lived 1683 to 1746 and was of Bourbon family. His accession led to War of the Spanish Succession, which Peace of Utrecht settled [1713]. Spain lost all outside territory to Austria and Britain, and he became king of Spain. Cardinal Alberoni tried to get back Italian lands, leading to Quadruple Alliance [1718] to block the move. Quadruple Alliance was France, England, Holy Roman Empire, and Germany. He also took part in War of the Polish Succession and War of the Austrian Succession.

Gabriel Daniel [Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel] physicist Poland/Netherlands 1714 He lived 1686 to 1736 and invented Fahrenheit thermometer [1714].

George I king Great Britain 1714 to 1727 He lived 1660 to 1727, was of Hanover family, and became king under Act of Settlement [1701]. Quadruple Alliance [1718] assured his succession. Whig party began to have real power.

Alexander Pope [Pope, Alexander] poet/essayist/critic England 1714 to 1734 Little Learning [1711: poem]; Essay on Criticism [1711: essay]; Odyssey of Homer [1713 to 1725: translated from Greek, including Vital Spark of Heavenly Fire]; Iliad of Homer [1713 to 1725: translated from Greek]; Rape of the Lock [1714: poem]; Solitude [1717: poem]; Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady [1717: poem]; Eloisa to Abelard [1717: poem]; Moral Essays [1731 to 1735: essays]; On the Nature and State of Man or An Essay on Man [1734: essay, including The Riddle of the World or Know Then Thyself]; Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot [1735: essay in Moral Essays]; Dunciad [1742: poem] He lived 1688 to 1744.

George Graham [Graham, George] inventor England 1715 deadbeat escapement for clocks [1715] He lived 1674 to 1751 {deadbeat escapement}.

Brook Taylor [Taylor, Brook] mathematician London, England 1715 Direct and Inverse Methods of Increments [1715]; Linear Perspective [1715] He lived 1685 to 1731 and invented Taylor series and Taylor's theorem.

Danilo I king Montenegro 1715 to 1735 He lived 1670 to 1735 and allied with Russia.

Louis Dupré [Dupré, Louis] ballet dancer France 1715 to 1751 He lived 1697 to 1774 and was principal dancer [1715 to 1751].

Louis XV king France 1715 to 1774 He lived 1710 to 1774 and was of Bourbon family. First, he was under regency of Philippe II or Philippe d'Orleans [1715 to 1723]. He fought War of the Polish Succession, War of the Austrian Succession, and Seven Years War, which resulted, together with costly court and official corruption, in loss of colonies and financial ruin. Cardinal Fleury was minister [1726 to 1743]. Madame de Pompadour was mistress [1743 to 1764].

Egid Quirin Asam [Asam, Egid Quirin]/Cosmas Damian Asam [Asam, Cosmas Damian] architect/painter Germany 1716 to 1733 Weltenburg Church [1716 to 1721: at Weltenburg]; Rohr Church [1716 to 1733: at Rohr]; St. Johann Nepomuk or Asamkirche or Asam Church [1729 to 1733: at Munich] Egid Quirin Asam lived 1692 to 1750 and was architect. Cosmas Damian Asam lived 1686 to 1739 and was painter and architect.

Samuel Clarke [Clarke, Samuel] philosopher England 1717 Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence [1717] He lived 1675 to 1729 and was Moralist. Morals are part of natural law. Reason shows that people should follow the golden rule and be benevolent to others.

Antoine Watteau [Watteau, Antoine] painter France 1717 to 1719 Gilles as [1718]; Pilgrimage to Cythera [1719]; Fêtes Venitiennes or Venice Festivals [1719] He lived 1684 to 1721.

Georg Friedrich Handel [Handel, Georg Friedrich] composer Germany/England 1717 to 1749 Royal Water Music, Suite No. 2 in D [1717: symphony]; Esther [1718: oratorio]; Xerxes or Serses [1734]; Atalanta [1736: opera]; Berenice [1737: opera]; Saul [1738: oratorio]; Concerto grosso in A minor [1739]; Israel in Egypt [1739: oratorio]; Samson [1741: oratorio]; Messiah [1742: oratorio, including the Hallelujah Chorus]; Judas Maccabeus [1747: oratorio]; Royal Fireworks Music [1749: symphony]; Solomon [1749: including Arrival of the Queen of Sheba] He lived 1685 to 1759 and used arias.

Abraham de Moivre [Moivre, Abraham de] mathematician France/England 1718 to 1722 Doctrine of Chances [1718] He lived 1667 to 1754 and invented DeMoivre's theorem [1722].

Daniel Defoe [Defoe, Daniel] novelist England 1719 Robinson Crusoe [1719] He lived 1660 to 1731.

Balthasar [Neumann, Balthasar] architect Bohemia/Würzburg, Germany 1719 to 1772 Episcopal Palace [1719 to 1744: in Würzburg in Bavaria, Late Baroque palace has many windows, bright colored paintings, and hidden structural members, and Kaisersall paintings have Rococo style]; Vierzahnheiligen or Fourteen Saints [1743 to 1772] He lived 1687 to 1753.

Lord Chesterfield [Chesterfield, Lord] or Philip Dormer Stanhope [Stanhope, Philip Dormer] essayist England 1720 Letters [1720: essays about chatterer, flatterer, and silent man] He lived 1694 to 1773.

Chikamatsu Monzaemon [Monzaemon, Chikamatsu] playwright Japan 1720 Double Suicide [1720] She lived 1653 to 1725.

Colin Maclaurin [Maclaurin, Colin] mathematician London, England 1720 to 1742 Organic Geometry [1720]; Treatise of [1742] He lived 1698 to 1746, invented Maclaurin series, and used determinants method to solve linear equations [1726 to 1729].

Hakuin Ekaku or Kokurin or Byakuin or Sugiyama Iwagiro [Iwagiro, Sugiyama] or Iwajiro or Jinki or Dokumyo or Shoji Kokushi [Kokushi, Shoji] philosopher/poet Shoin-ji Temple, Japan 1720 to 1750 Wild Ivy [1720 to 1750: autobiography]; Daruma [1720 to 1750: scroll] He lived 1685 to 1768 and was Zen poet and painter. People need to meditate during all activities.

Cornelius Van Bynkershoek [Bynkershoek, Cornelius Van] lawyer Leyden, Netherlands 1721 to 1737 Sovereignty of the Sea [1721]; Questions of Public Law [1737] He lived 1673 to 1743 and emphasized actual law practice. He established neutral country protections, blockade rules, and contraband rules. One shot, three miles, is territorial-waters limit. High seas are free to all. Ambassadors should have full protection. War declarations are unnecessary.

Montesquieu or Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu [Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron de] philosopher/historian Paris, France 1721 to 1748 Persian Letters [1721: satire on European society]; Reflections on the Causes of the Grandeur and Decline of the Romans [1734: philosophy of history]; Spirit of Laws [1748: comparative government and economic and geographic origins of laws] He lived 1689 to 1755, wrote histories, and began political science. Law Laws must suit environment. The standard of law is justice. Politics Personal liberty is good. There are three government types. Kings of Europe illustrate monarchy. Rulers of Orient illustrate despotism. Republics can be either democratic or aristocratic. Democratic republics depend on virtue and public spirit. Aristocratic republics depend on moderation. Monarchy depends on honor. Despotism depends on fear. Virtue is the ideal of democracy. Moderation is the ideal of aristocracy. Honor is the ideal of monarchy. Fear is the ideal of despotism. States need constitutions. Separating executive, legislative, and judicial government branches is good.

Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann [Pöppelmann, Matthäus Daniel] architect Dresden, Germany 1722 Zwinger Palace [1722: Dresden Baroque] He lived 1662 to 1737.

Jean Philippe [Rameau, Jean Philippe] composer France 1722 Traité de l'harmonie or Treatise on Harmony [1722]; Nouveau système de musique théorique or New System of Music Theory [1726]; Hippolyte et Aricie [1733] He lived 1683 to 1764.

Mahmud king Afghanistan 1722 to 1725 With Afghans, he defeated Sultan Hossein, ending Safavid Dynasty in Persia and starting Ghilzay Afghan dynasty [1722 to 1730].

William Blackstone [Blackstone, William] lawyer England 1723 Commentaries on the Laws of England [1723: basis of USA law study before law schools] He lived 1723 to 1780, was conservative aristocrat, opposed American freedom, and was protégé of Mansfield.

Bernard Mandeville [Mandeville, Bernard] or Bernhard de Mandeville [Mandeville, Bernhard de] philosopher France/England 1724 Fable of the Bees [1724] He lived 1670 to 1733. Civilization creates more unsatisfied wants and so reduces happiness and morals. People obey laws to get the most advantage. Laws should bring the greatest utility and happiness to the most people.

Richard Boyle, Earl of Burlington [Burlington, Richard Boyle, Earl of] architect London, United Kingdom 1725 Chiswick House [1725: Neoclassical house has landscaped garden and has style similar to Villa Rotunda] He lived 1694 to 1753.

Jacob Christof Le Blon [Le Blon, Jacob Christof] inventor Germany 1725 He lived 1667 to 1741 and introduced color plates.

Matabei or Matahei printmaker Japan 1725 Otsu pictures [1725] He lived ? to 1725 and sketched scenes and demons {Otsu pictures} in Otso near Kyoto.

Pierre Rameau [Rameau, Pierre] choreographer/ballet dancer France 1725 Dancing Master [1725: book] He lived 1674 to 1748 and recorded the five ballet foot positions. He invented first ballet leaps and turns in air {elevation, Rameau}.

Catherine I queen Russia 1725 to 1727 She lived 1684 to 1727.

Antonio [Vivaldi, Antonio] composer Italy 1725 to 1731 Four Seasons [1725: symphony has four of The Strife between Harmony and Invention twelve concertos]; Mandolin Concerto in C [1729]; Flute Concerto in G minor or La Notte or The Night [1731] He lived 1678 to 1741.

Giambattista Vico [Vico, Giambattista] philosopher Naples, Italy 1725 to 1744 New Science [1725 and 1730 and 1744] He lived 1668 to 1744. Things known to be true by people are the same as things created by people, an idea that influenced German Romanticism. People's thinking differs at different history stages. Development processes in individuals are similar to history processes. Both mature and then decay. Society developed from human nature. Individual creations create society, so society depends on all people at that time and place.

Francis Hutcheson [Hutcheson, Francis] philosopher Ireland/Scotland 1725 to 1755 Inquiry into the Origins of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue [1725]; Compendiums on Philosophies of Instituting Morals, Ethics and Jurisprudence as continuing Elements or Nature [1742: Book 2]; System of Moral Philosophy [1755] He lived 1694 to 1746 and affected Hume and Adam Smith. Feelings are innate and natural, not from reason or intuition. People have moral sense, an idea from Shaftesbury.

André de Fleury [Fleury, André de] cardinal/prime minister France 1726 He lived 1653 to 1743, controlled Louis XIV [1726], corrected finances, and had to wage War of the Polish Succession and War of the Austrian Succession.

Jonathan Swift [Swift, Jonathan] novelist England 1726 Gulliver's Travels [1726: tiny Lilliputians, big Brobdingnagians, and yahoos like stupid people] He lived 1667 to 1745.

Marie Camargo [Camargo, Marie] ballerina France 1726 to 1734 She lived 1710 to 1770.

Joseph Butler [Butler, Joseph] philosopher Durham, England 1726 to 1736 Fifteen Sermons [1726]; Analogy of Religion [1736] He lived 1692 to 1752. People have moral sense and can reason, and both cause conscience. Conscience balances self- love and benevolence and so controls passions towards other objects. However, conscience can be wrong.

James Thomson [Thomson, James] poet Scotland 1726 to 1748 Seasons [1726 to 1730 and 1744: epic poem]; Rule, Britannia [1740: poem from Alfred, music by Arne]; Castle of Indolence [1748] He lived 1700 to 1748.

Peter II czar Russia 1727 to 1730 He lived 1715 to 1730.

Marie Sallé [Sallé, Marie] ballerina France 1727 to 1733 Pygmalion [1733] She lived 1707 to 1756 and first used ballet gestures.

George II king England 1727 to 1760 He lived 1683 to 1760, was of Hanover family, and fought War of the Austrian Succession. Walpole was Tory Prime Minister [until 1741] and fought Seven Years War. William Pitt the Elder was Whig Prime Minister [from 1741].

John Gay [Gay, John] playwright/poet England 1728 Beggar's Opera [1728: play] He lived 1685 to 1732.

Dominikus Zimmermann [Zimmermann, Dominikus] architect Bavaria 1728 to 1757 Pilgrimage Church of Steinhausen [1728 to 1733: Late Baroque pilgrimage church has oval hall]; Die Wies Church or Wieskirche [1745 to 1757: has Rococo paintings] He lived 1714 to 1786.

John [Flamsteed, John] astronomer London, England 1729 Celestial Atlas [1729] He lived 1646 to 1719 and found 300 star positions.

Stephen Gray [Gray, Stephen] physicist England 1729 to 1732 He lived 1666 to 1736 and studied electrical conductors and insulators [1729 to 1732].

Tomaso Albinoni [Albinoni, Tomaso] composer Italy 1730 Adagio [1730] He lived 1671 to 1750. He wrote oboe concertos.

Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount [Townshend, 2nd Viscount, Charles] inventor England 1730 to 1738 crop [1730 to 1738] He lived 1674 to 1738. Crop rotation rotated clover, wheat, turnips, and barley.

Anna Ivanovna or Anna of Russia queen Russia 1730 to 1740 She lived 1693 to 1740, was in War of the Polish Succession [1733 to 1735], and attacked Turkey [1736].

Suzuki Harunobu [Harunobu, Suzuki] engraver Japan 1730 to 1800 nishiki-e [1730 to 1800: color woodblock prints] He lived 1725 to 177 and printed woodblocks in colors {nishiki-e}.

Antoine Prévost [Prévost, Antoine] or Abbé Prévost [Prévost, Abbé] playwright France 1731 Manon Lescaut [1731] He lived 1697 to 1763.

Alexis-Claude [Clairaut, Alexis-Claude] mathematician Paris, France 1731 to 1752 Theory of the Shape of the Earth [1743]; Theory of the Moon [1752] He lived 1713 to 1765, studied space curves [1731], invented Clairaut's equation, and determined Earth's shape.

William Hogarth [Hogarth, William] painter England 1732 to 1754 Harlot's Progress [1732]; Rake's Progress [1735]; Orgy [1735]; Marriage a la Mode [1743]; Chairing the Candidate [1754]; Analysis of Beauty [1753: book] He lived 1697 to 1764. Feeling of beauty depends on bodily characteristics and sensations, as they identify themselves with art {empathy theory}.

Jean Jacques Rousseau [Rousseau, Jean Jacques] philosopher Paris, France 1732 to 1762 Confessions [1732: autobiography]; Discourse on Arts and Sciences [1749]; Discourse on the Origin of Inequality [1755]; Julie or The New Heloise; Émile [1762: about education]; Social Contract [1762] He lived 1712 to 1778. Education There should be education for all, to perfect people and let them use their talents. Teachers should not restrain or indoctrinate but arrange child's environment so child can learn. Children should be able to play, learn, and enjoy life. Children should not have to be under society's rules but be free and so good. Epistemology Mind's basic quality is feeling or sentiment, not ideas or their combinations. Ethics Natural people are without good or evil. Human nature and natural motives are good. Natural states of feeling and self should be the basis for civilization. Society corrupts by envy, competition, and status. Knowledge and culture have removed people from their true nature and living style, separated them from nature, and corrupted them, mainly through property institutions. Property makes self-interest the motive for life, but this is not natural. Emotion and anarchy contain good and allow freedom. Religion should be from the heart, relying on conscience. Metaphysics Nature is good and simple. Mind Mind is self-directed unified personality, not just mechanical activities. Politics State results from contract {social contract, Rousseau} that expresses collective will among people to provide government services for common interest. Contract applies equally to all citizens, who give all their rights to community. Liberty, fraternity, and equality should result. People make social contracts and can change them any time. Government rules by governed's consent {compact theory, Rousseau}, an idea from ancient Greece. Authoritarian society is bad. Most laws are to maintain superior-subordinate relations between people. "Man is born free, but everywhere is in chains." All people are equal. Government and education should offset economic and institution inequalities among people. Majority should rule. Constitution should allow as much personal freedom as possible, so talents can develop. Small city-states with democracy are best. Larger states need elected legislatures. There should be no institutions except state, because their interests will conflict with state's interests. If there must be other institutions, there should be many, so they will neutralize each other.

Benjamin [Franklin, Benjamin] inventor/statesman USA 1732 to 1790 Poor Richard's Almanac [1732 to 1757: maxims and practical advice]; lightning rod [1752]; Franklin stove [1757]; bifocals [1760]; Autobiography [1790] He lived 1706 to 1790 and helped found University of Pennsylvania [1751]. He found that lightning is electric, using kite and key [1752].

John Kay [Kay, John] inventor England 1733 flying shuttle [1733: for looms] He lived 1704 to 1780 {flying shuttle}.

Daniel Bernoulli [Bernoulli, Daniel] mathematician Basel, Switzerland 1734 Hydrodynamics [1734] He lived 1700 to 1782. He solved differential equations by isolating variables. He developed cylindrical and spherical wave equations to represent organ-pipe sounds. He invented vibrating string equation. He studied hydrodynamics and invented Bernoulli's law [1734].

François de Cuvillies [Cuvillies, François de] architect France 1734 to 1739 Amalienburg Pavilion [1734 to 1739: beside Nymphenburg Palace near Munich, it has Hall of Mirrors] He lived 1695 to 1768.

François Boucher [Boucher, François] painter France 1734 to 1761 Capriccio View from the Campo Vaccino [1734]; Vulcan Presenting Venus with Arms for Aeneas [1756]; Shepherd and Shepherdess Reposing [1761] He lived 1703 to 1770 and used Rococo style.

David Hume [Hume, David] philosopher Scotland 1734 to 1762 Treatise of Human Nature [1734 and 1739: including Of the Understanding, Of Passions, and Of Morals]; Essays: Moral and Political [1742]; Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding [1748]; Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals [1751]; Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion [1751]; Political Discourses [1752]; History of England [1754 to 1762]; Essay on Miracles [1755: Miracles are illusions, because such testimony is more miraculous than the miracle]; Four Dissertations [1757]; On Suicide [1757] He lived 1711 to 1776 and was utilitarian, empiricist, and humanist. Epistemology Sensation or immediate experience is certain, providing basis for ideas and knowledge. However, observations depend on uncertain assumptions. Mental ideas are sense-impression copies. Brain does not infer sensations and ideas. Sensations and mental ideas are similar, but sense qualities have greater degree, force, and liveness. Belief in sensations and mental ideas depends on their degree, force, and liveness. Besides original sensations and their copies, mental contents are ideas about sensations. Simple ideas are about independent sense impressions {psychological atomism}. Complex ideas have parts that are about sense impressions. All ideas depend on sense impressions. General ideas are actually about particular perceptions that have general connotation. Ideas are about sensation relations, which are resemblances, contrarieties, magnitudes, proportions, time and space relations, identities, and causations. People can use logic and know probability of ideas and their relations. However, such reasoning does not necessarily relate to actual world. People can only know that perceptions or ideas relate, not that real objects relate. Demonstrative knowledge is about ideas and their relations. Knowledge is uncertain and relative. Beliefs are as justified as other beliefs. No uniform principles can apply. No object implies another's existence. Perceptions are object representations. Perceptions do not prove external objects exist, because mind only has perceptions and not external objects themselves. Statements can be facts that depend on nature or can relate ideas without needing facts {Hume's fork}. Deduction or causation can prove statements. Causation arguments assume that laws are universal. Deductive arguments cannot show that laws are universal. People assume causation when same event succession or conjunction {regular succession} repeats. Causation depends on constant mental association {necessary connection} {necessary relation}, which depends on contact. Causation allows inferences about the future, which is knowledge beyond observation. Belief allows us to act in practical life. However, people do not experience causal relations but only perceive events and objects in succession. Because sensations, ideas, and events have no logical connections, people cannot know causes and causation. Association only apparently relates cause and effect. Inductive processes depend on experience, make only contingent predictions, and cannot give rational knowledge based on logic or reflection. People can have no rational knowledge of God, causality, substance, mind, or self, because such ideas have no associated sense impressions. People cannot prove God's existence by reason. Ethics Moral actions can be good for people. People can perform moral actions in systems that generally are good. Morals are about emotions, which can then produce actions. Basis of moral actions and judgments is ability to feel what others feel {sympathy, ethics}, as they experience pain or pleasure. Social life determines feelings. People approve good actions, because people feel the pleasure others gain. Reason clarifies, orders, and evaluates feelings that people have and the ideas behind them. Reasoning, and feelings of sympathy for simple virtues, teach people sympathy for complex virtues. Besides sense qualities, people feel pleasure from justice, benevolence, fortitude, wisdom, and prudence. Though actions resulting from these virtues can be harmful or insignificant, sympathy causes people to approve. No Ought from an Is {Hume's principle}. Mind Self has interactions, causes, and effects {bundle of sensations}, depending on memory. Selves are not objects or perceptions, because no sensation corresponds to "I". Mind is sum of sense impressions and ideas. Introspection only reveals perceptions, not self {elusiveness thesis}. Politics Compact theories of government are incorrect.

Voltaire or François-Marie Arouet [Arouet, François-Marie] novelist/essayist/philosopher France 1734 to 1764 Philosophical Letters Concerning the English Nation [1734]; Zadig [1747]; Century of Louis the 14th [1751]; Essay on General History and on the Customs and Spirit of Nations [1756: culture and economics]; Candide [1759: novel]; Zaire or Zara [1759: classic tragedy]; Philosophical Dictionary [1764] He lived 1694 to 1778 and was skeptical, rationalist, freethinking, libertarian, and deist. He criticized institutions and upheld justice. He said, "If God did not exist, he would have to be invented." Epistemology Mental powers have limits. Politics Religious freedom is necessary {écrasez l'infame}.

Carolus Linnaeus [Linnaeus, Carolus] or Carl von Linné [Linné, Carl von] biologist Sweden/Amsterdam, Netherlands 1735 System of Nature [1735] He lived 1707 to 1778, classified plants and animals by structures, and named organisms as genus and species {binomial nomenclature, Linnaeus}.

John Peter Zenger [Zenger, John Peter] writer Germany/USA 1735 He lived 1697 to 1746. He wrote against the governor in his New York Weekly Journal and went to jail. His lawyer, Andrew Hamilton, asked the jury to consider the fact that the libel was true, which it was, so they acquitted him [1735]. Ever since then, truth has been defense against libel.

Augustus III king Poland 1735 to 1763 He lived 1696 to 1763. Elector of Saxony was king of Poland [1735].

Nader Shah shah Persia 1736 to 1747 He lived 1688 to 1747 and defeated Afghans [1729].

Thomas Bayes [Bayes, Thomas] mathematician London, England 1736 to 1761 Introduction to the Doctrine of Fluxions, and a Defence of the Mathematicians Against the Objections of the Author of The Analyst [1736] He lived 1702 to 1761. Expected outcome is worth or gain multiplied by probability. Risk is expected-outcome divided by outcome value {Bayesian theory} [1761]. Epistemology Census, experimental, or statistical data can determine expected outcomes and find hypothesis probability {Bayesian confirmation theory}. Before evaluating new data, people already have beliefs about hypothesis risk and expected outcome. They know what they expect data to be if hypothesis is correct and what data happen no matter whether hypothesis is true or false.

Chi'en Lung or Chien Lung or Chi'en-lung emperor China 1736 to 1795 He was of Manchu family and controlled north to Amur River and south to Indochina.

Charles DuFay [DuFay, Charles] physicist France 1737 electric charge He lived 1698 to 1739 and studied positive and negative electric charge transfers, calling them vitreous and resinous [1737].

John Harrison [Harrison, John] inventor England 1737 to 1761 marine chronometer to determine longitude at sea [1737 to 1761] He lived 1693 to 1776 {marine chronometer}.

Jean Chardin [Chardin, Jean] painter France 1738 to 1741 Scullery Maid [1738]; La Toilette de Matin or Morning Dressing [1741] He lived 1699 to 1779.

Alexander G. Baumgarten [Baumgarten, Alexander G.] philosopher Berlin, Germany 1739 to 1750 Metaphysics [1739]; Aesthetics [1750] He lived 1714 to 1762 and studied art and nature of beauty.

Emilie de Breteuil [Breteuil, Emilie de] or Marquise du Châtelet [Châtelet, Marquise du] physicist France 1740 Institutions of Physics [1740] She lived 1706 to 1749 and translated Newton's Principia into French.

Ivan VI czar Russia 1740 to 1741 He lived 1740 to 1764.

Samuel Richardson [Richardson, Samuel] novelist England 1740 to 1748 Pamela [1740]; Clarissa: Or the History of a Young Lady [1748] He lived 1689 to 1761.

Abraham Tucker [Tucker, Abraham] or Edward Search [Search, Edward] philosopher London, England 1740 to 1774 Light of Nature Pursued [1768 to 1778] He lived 1705 to 1774 and was Associational Psychologist.

Frederick II or Frederick the Great king Prussia 1740 to 1786 He lived 1712 to 1786, engaged in War of the Austrian Succession against Maria Theresa of Austria, and gained Silesia. He fought Seven Years War [1756 to 1763] against Holy Roman Empire. He partitioned Poland. He fought War of the Bavarian Succession, after creating Furstenbund League of princes [1785]. Bavaria is in south Germany. He established Prussian military strength and reformed society and law.

Domenico Gregorini [Gregorini, Domenico]/Pietro Passalacqua [Passalacqua, Pietro] architect Rome, Italy 1741 to 1744 Basilica of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme or Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem [1741 to 1744: Baroque church] Gregorini lived 1700 to 1777. First built in 325, the stone columns remain.

Elizabeth queen Russia 1741 to 1762 She lived 1709 to 1762, ended German influence, fought in Seven Years War, and founded Moscow University.

David Garrick [Garrick, David] actor England 1741 to 1771 Richard III [1741] He lived 1717 to 1779.

Anders [Celsius, Anders] physicist Sweden 1742 Celsius thermometer He lived 1701 to 1744 and invented centigrade or Celsius thermometer [1742].

Christian Goldbach [Goldbach, Christian] mathematician Germany 1742 He lived 1690 to 1764. All even integers greater than 2 are sums of two primes {Goldbach's hypothesis, Goldbach} [1742].

Nikolaus Pacassi [Pacassi, Nikolaus] or Nikolaus von Pacassi [Pacassi, Nikolaus von] architect Vienna, Austria 1742 Schönbrunn Palace [1742: Rococo] He lived 1716 to 1790. Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach designed and built the Early Baroque original [1696 to 1699].

Horace Walpole [Walpole, Horace] prime minister England 1742 He lived 1717 to 1797. Criticism of War of the Austrian Succession by William Pitt caused him to lose prime ministership [1742].

Henry Fielding [Fielding, Henry] novelist/essayist England 1742 to 1749 Essay on Conversation [1742]; Tom Jones [1749: novel] He lived 1701 to 1754. The highest pleasure that people can enjoy in conversation is to be with persons whose understanding is equal with their own.

Jean Georges Noverre [Noverre, Jean Georges] ballet dancer/choreographer France 1743 to 1760 Lettres sur la danse et sur les ballets or Letters on dance and ballet [1760: book] He lived 1727 to 1810. He choreographed ballet d'action. Emotion became more important than plot in choredrame ballets.

Charles Wesley [Wesley, Charles]/Felix [Mendelssohn, Felix]/William H. Cummings [Cummings, William H.] lyricist/composer/composer USA 1743 to 1855 Hark! The Herald Angels Sing [1743: music is Festgesang, 1855] Wesley lived 1757 to 1834.

Abraham Trembley [Trembley, Abraham] naturalist Switzerland/Netherlands 1744 Memoirs concerning the natural history of a type of Freshwater Polyp [1744] He lived 1710 to 1784 and related hydra and jellyfish. Hydra and jellyfish parts can move and bud.

Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis [Maupertuis, Pierre-Louis Moreau de] mathematician France 1744 to 1746 He lived 1698 to 1759 and developed maximizing-minimizing principle (principle of least action or least- action principle or principle of stationary action or stationary-action principle).

Thomas Simpson [Simpson, Thomas] mathematician London, England 1745 Algebra [1745] He lived 1710 to 1761 and invented Simpson's rule.

Julien Offray de La Mettrie [La Mettrie, Julien Offray de] philosopher/surgeon France 1745 to 1748 Natural History of the Soul [1745]; Man the Machine [1748] He lived 1709 to 1751, was materialist, and was Boerhaave's student. Cells have intrinsic motion. Human and animal brains are similar.

Madame Pompadour [Pompadour, Madame] or Jeanne Antoinette Poisson [Poisson, Jeanne Antoinette] mistress France 1745 to 1764 She lived 1721 to 1764 and was mistress of Louis XV of France until she died. Her influence allied France with Austria in Thirty Years War. She patronized arts.

Charles Bonnet [Bonnet, Charles] philosopher Paris, France 1745 to 1765 Treatise on Insectology [1745]; Contemplation of Nature [1765] He lived 1720 to 1793 and described people who saw aliens { syndrome, Bonnet}. Consciousness unity and sensation-and-motion disconnection both imply that immaterial mind is separate from body. Nervous system initiates mind's activities but does not cause them.

William Collins [Collins, William] poet England 1746 Ode to Evening [1746]; Ode Written in 1746 [1746] He lived 1721 to 1759.

Étienne de Condillac [Condillac, Étienne de] philosopher Paris, France 1746 to 1754 Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge [1746]; Treatise on Sensation [1754] He lived 1715 to 1780 and was philosophe. He tried to make science of ideas {idéologie}. Epistemology All knowledge depends on senses {sensationalism, Condillac}. Data infer perceptions. For example, people do not see retinal images but external objects. All ideas are sense qualities or sense-quality transformations. Morals, abstraction, will, imagination, and judgment come from perceptions. Consciousness automatically senses sense-quality relations to themselves and self, because they are all in same consciousness. Knowledge is consciousness of idea relations. The chief relation is equality. Knowledge expresses unknown ideas in terms of known. Logic is general language grammar. Languages are how people analyze ideas and phenomena.

Jonathan Edwards [Edwards, Jonathan] minister Boston, Massachusetts 1746 to 1758 Treatise concerning Religious Affections [1746]; Freedom of the Will [1754]; Original Sin [1758]; End of Creation [1758]; True Virtue [1758]; History of Redemption [1758: unfinished] He lived 1703 to 1758 and was Puritan. Epistemology People know the primary and secondary qualities from God and so can perceive harmony and beauty. Ethics God gives sense of virtue and kindness to all beings. God knows all infallibly, so all events are necessary, not contingent. People have no free will, though God is not the cause and is not forcing choice. Metaphysics All things depend on God, which is eternal and everywhere and conscious. All is deterministic.

Maria Gaetana Agnesi [Agnesi, Maria Gaetana] mathematician Bologna, Italy 1748 Analytic Institutions for Use by Italian Youth [1748 to 1749] She lived 1718 to 1799 and published discussion of cubic witch of Agnesi curve [1948].

Robert Joseph Pothier [Pothier, Robert Joseph] lawyer France 1748 to 1752 Digest of Pandects of Justinian [1748 to 1752] He lived 1699 to 1772 and combined Roman law, customary law, and natural law.

Leonhard [Euler, Leonhard] mathematician Basel, Switzerland 1748 to 1770 Introduction to Infinite Analysis [1748]; Institutes of Integral Calculus [1770]; Institutes of Differential Calculus [1770] He lived 1707 to 1783 and invented Euler's formula, Euler number, and Euler constant. He studied incompressible non- rotating non-viscous fluid flows {potential flow}. He studied non-homogeneous nth order differential equations, partial-fractions method, explicit and implicit functions, networks, harmonic and divergent series, hypergeometric functions, natural logarithms, partial derivatives, multiple integrals, calculus of variations, finite-differences method, and gamma and beta functions. First-order equations can be exact differentials. Newton's laws can depend on a maximizing-minimizing principle {principle of stationary action} {stationary action principle} {Euler-Lagrange equations}.

Tobias George Smollett [Smollett, Tobias George] novelist England 1748 to 1771 Adventures of Roderick Random [1748]; Adventures of Peregrine Pickle [1751]; Expedition of Humphrey Clinker [1771] He lived 1721 to 1771.

Maria Theresa queen Austria/Hungary/Bohemia 1748 to 1780 She lived 1717 to 1780 and was queen of Hungary and Bohemia [1740 to 1780]. Austria controlled Milan, Mantua, Tuscany, and Modena in Italy, after end of War of Austrian Succession [1740 to 1748].

Thomas [Gainsborough, Thomas] painter England 1748 to 1785 Robert Andrews and His Wife Mary [1748]; Mountain Landscape with Bridge [1784]; Mrs. Siddons [1785] He lived 1727 to 1788.

Gabriel Cramer [Cramer, Gabriel] mathematician Geneva, Switzerland 1749 Introduction to the analysis of algebraic curved lines [1749] He lived 1704 to 1752 and invented Cramer's rule.

David Hartley [Hartley, David] philosopher/physician Britain 1749 Observations on Man, his Frame, his Duty, and his Expectations [1749] He lived 1705 to 1757. Nerves to brain cause vibrations, which cause sensations. Resonances cause idea association {associationism, Hartley}.

Thomas Gray [Gray, Thomas] poet England 1750 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard [1750] He lived 1716 to 1771 and was of the Graveyard School.

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahab party Saudi Arabia/Qatar 1750 He lived 1703 to 1792 and started Salafi or Wahabi sect, which reformed Sunni Islam and emphasized simple life with no rites.

Patrick Henry [Henry, Patrick] lawyer/statesman USA 1750 to 1765 He lived 1736 to 1799. In Maury case [1750], he successfully defended merchants against tobacco tax, which supported Anglican clergy. Virginia House of Burgesses had replaced tobacco tax with cash payment, but king vetoed payment. In 1765, he entered House of Burgesses and became leader. He said [1776], "Give me liberty or give me death." From 1789, he worked for Bill of Rights.

Denis [Diderot, Denis] philosopher/essayist/editor Paris, France 1750 to 1772 Encyclopedia [1750 and 1772: essays]; Thoughts on the Interpretation of Nature [1754]; Nephew of Rameau [1760] He lived 1713 to 1784 and was philosophe.

Joseph I king Portugal 1750 to 1777 He lived 1714 to 1777. Pombal was his minister, and economy became good.

Samuel Johnson [Johnson, Samuel] historian London, England 1750 to 1779 Dictionary [1750]; Lives of the Poets [1779] He lived 1709 to 1784.

Philip Doddridge [Doddridge, Philip]/Edward P. Rimbault [Rimbault, Edward P.] lyricist/composer USA 1751 Oh Happy Day [1751: music, 1854] Doddridge lived 1702 to 1751. Rimbault lived 1816 to 1876.

Gaetan Vestris [Vestris, Gaetan] ballet dancer France 1751 to 1770 He lived 1729 to 1808 and was first great classical ballet dancer.

Domenico Scarlatti [Scarlatti, Domenico] composer/harpsichordist Italy 1752 da capo arias; Italian overtures He lived 1685 to 1757 and developed Baroque da capo arias and Italian overtures.

James Brindley [Brindley, James] inventor England 1752 to 1758 water wheel [1752]; flint mill [1756]; steam-engine boiler [1758] He lived 1716 to 1772.

Alaungpaya or Alaung Phra or Alompra or Aungzeya king Burma 1752 to 1760 He lived 1711 to 1760, defeated Mons of Burma, raided India, and started Alaungpaya dynasty or Konbaung dynasty.

Giovanni Tiepolo [Tiepolo, Giovanni] painter Italy/Würzburg, Germany 1753 Kaisersaal Ceiling Fresco [1753: Rococo, in Episcopal Palace of Würzburg, Bavaria] He lived 1696 to 1770.

Joseph Black [Black, Joseph] chemist England 1754 to 1763 He lived 1728 to 1799 and discovered carbon dioxide [1754] and latent heat [1759 to 1763].

Giacomo Casanova [Casanova, Giacomo] lover Italy/Bohemia 1755 Memoirs He lived 1725 to 1798 and was adventurer and famous lover.

Jacques-Ange Gabriel [Gabriel, Jacques-Ange] architect France 1755 to 1775 Place de la Concorde [1755 to 1775: in Paris between Champs Elysées and Tuileries Garden and beside Seine River, with Obelisk of Luxor]; Petit Trianon [1762 to 1768: at Versailles] He lived 1698 to 1782.

Leopold [Mozart, Leopold] composer Austria 1756 Toy Symphony [1756] He lived 1719 to 1787.

Jean Honoré Fragonard [Fragonard, Jean Honoré] painter France 1756 to 1764 Les Baigneuses or Bathers [1756 to 1764] He lived 1732 to 1806.

William Murray, Lord Mansfield [Mansfield, William Murray, Lord] judge London, England 1756 to 1788 Somerset case [1772: against slavery in England]; On the Right to Tax America [1776] He lived 1705 to 1793 and established modern English commercial law, using Roman and customary law. He was Chief Justice [1756 to 1788] and opposed American freedom.

William Pitt the Elder [Pitt, William the Elder] prime minister England 1757 to 1761 He lived 1708 to 1778 and became Prime Minister by his stand against Seven Years War [1757 to 1761]. He defeated France in India and Canada. He wanted to concede everything to the American colonies to keep them. His love of Constitution's rights made him the Great Commoner.

Richard Wilson [Wilson, Richard] painter England 1757 to 1765 Landscape with Diana and Callisto [1757]; Snowdon from Llyn Nantlle [1765] He lived 1713 to 1782 and painted landscapes.

Ruder Boskovic [Boskovic, Ruder] or Rudjer Boskovic [Boskovic, Rudjer] or Ruggero Giuseppe Boscovich [Boscovich, Ruggero Giuseppe] philosopher Croatia/Vienna, Austria 1758 Theory of Natural Philosophy derived to the Single Law of Forces that Exist in Nature [1758] He lived 1711 to 1787 and studied matter and space.

Jedediah Strutt [Strutt, Jedediah] inventor England 1758 rib knit knitting machine [1758] He lived 1726 to 1797 {rib knit knitting machine}.

Emanuel Swedenborg [Swedenborg, Emanuel] theologian Sweden 1758 Heaven and Hell [1758]; Earths in the Universe [1758] He lived 1688 to 1772, had visions, and started Swedenborg cult, which was popular in Romantic era.

Emmerich de Vattel [Vattel, Emmerich de] lawyer Germany 1758 Rights of People or Principles of Natural Law [1758: natural law] He lived 1714 to 1767, was international lawyer, and believed in natural law. Nations are like moral persons, so ethics is a consideration in law.

Claude-Adrien Helvétius [Helvétius, Claude-Adrien] encyclopedist/philosopher Paris, France 1758 to 1771 On Spirit [1758]; On Man [1771] He lived 1715 to 1771. People have same potential, which differentiates with education and in society. Virtue should have reward. People obey laws to get the most advantage. Laws should bring the greatest utility and happiness to the most people.

Jacques-Germain Soufflot [Soufflot, Jacques-Germain]/Jean-Baptiste Rondelet [Rondelet, Jean-Baptiste] architect Paris, France 1758 to 1780 Le Panthéon or St. Genevieve Church [1758 to 1789: Neoclassical museum] Le Panthéon is in Latin Quarter. Soufflot lived 1713 to 1780.

Robert Adam [Adam, Robert]/James Adam [Adam, James] designer Scotland 1758 to 1794 Adam Robert lived 1728 to 1792. James lived 1732 to 1794. It replaced Rococo and Palladian.

Robert [Burns, Robert] lyricist Scotland 1759 Auld Lang Syne [1759: traditional music. poem by Robert Burns, 1788] He lived 1759 to 1796.

Francis Hopkinson [Hopkinson, Francis] composer USA 1759 My Days Have Been So Wondrous Free [1759] He lived 1737 to 1791.

Adam Smith [Smith, Adam] philosopher Scotland 1759 to 1776 Theory of Moral Sentiments [1759]; Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations [1776] He lived 1723 to 1790 and was Hutcheson's student. In economics, he studied free trade, economies of scale, infrastructure, agriculture as economic growth basis, and labor and capital interaction. Economics should have no regulation {laissez-faire, economics}. Colonial exploitation {mercantilism, Smith} is bad. Labor division gives more value. Economic transactions among people make markets, which need no higher-level rules or conscious-agent actions {invisible hand, Smith}. Ethics People judge their actions by what others' judgment will be, so social life determines ethical feelings. Politics Workingmen should have good conditions and education. American colonies should have legislature representation.

Johann Hamann [Hamann, Johann] philosopher/theologian Königsberg, Germany 1759 to 1784 Socratic Memorabilia [1759]; Aesthetics in a Nutshell [1761]; Golgatha and Scheblimini [1784] He lived 1730 to 1788 and was Pietist. Consciousness has unity. Senses are not separate from understanding. Language is the basic unifying activity of reason and consciousness.

Charles III king Spain 1759 to 1788 He lived 1716 to 1788 and was of Bourbon family. He joined Seven Years War through Family Compact between France and Spain, which ended with Treaty of Paris [1763]. He then controlled Naples, Parma, and Sicily. He helped American Revolution and gained territory in America at Treaty of Paris [1783]. Floridablanca was his minister, with increasing power and prosperity.

Thomas Chippendale [Chippendale, Thomas] designer England 1760 Chippendale He lived 1718 to 1779. It derived from late Baroque, Rococo, Louis XV, and Georgian. Chippendale Gothic and Chinese Chippendale derived from it.

Tai Chen or Dai Zhen or Tai Tung-yüan or Dai Dongyuan philosopher Beijing, China 1760 to 1770 Evidential Study of the Meaning of Terms in the Mencius [1760 to 1770] He lived 1724 to 1777 and was Confucian.

Robert Adam [Adam, Robert] architect London, United Kingdom 1760 to 1773 New Town of Edinburgh [1760: Neoclassical]; Home House [1773: Neoclassical, in London] He lived 1728 to 1792.

Robert Bakewell [Bakewell, Robert] inventor England 1760 to 1790 selective animal breeding [1760 to 1790] He lived 1725 to 1795.

George III king England 1760 to 1820 He lived 1738 to 1820, was of Hanover family, and blocked Whigs by forcing the older William Pitt's resignation. Lord North was his minister. Both forced American Revolution. Tories, who were aristocrats, controlled Parliament. Walpole, , and the younger William Pitt were Tory ministers. Pitt ended king's power. George III became insane.

James MacPherson [MacPherson, James] poet Scotland 1761 Romantic Poems of Ossian [1761: poems]; Fingal, An Ancient Epic [poem] He lived 1736 to 1796.

Jean Dauberval [Dauberval, Jean] choreographer France 1761 to 1789 La Fille Mal Gardée or Unchaperoned Daughter [1789: oldest comic ballet still performed, with music by Ferdinand Herold] He lived 1742 to 1806. Frederick Ashton updated the dance [1950].

James Boswell [Boswell, James] historian/biographer Scotland/London, England 1762 Biography of Samuel Johnson [1762] He lived 1740 to 1795.

Peter III czar Russia 1762 He lived 1728 to 1762.

Christopher Willibald [Gluck, Christopher Willibald] composer France/Germany 1762 to 1779 Orfeus et Eurydice [1762: opera, including Dance of the Blessed Spirits]; Alceste [1776: opera]; Iphigenie en Tauride [1779: opera] He lived 1714 to 1787 and used drama in opera seria.

Catherine II or Catherine the Great queen Russia 1762 to 1785 She lived 1729 to 1796, partitioned Poland, got Crimea, fought Ottoman Empire, and colonized Alaska. After Pugachev Rebellion, she chartered nobles to make serfs slaves [1785].

Cao Xueqin or Ts'ao Chan [Chan Ts'ao] or Cao Xue Qin or Cao Zhan [Zhan, Cao] or Chan Tsao or Tsao Chan [Chan Tsao] or Ts'ao Hsueh-ch'in novelist China 1763 Dream of the Red Chamber or Red Chamber Dream or A Dream of Red Mansions or The Story of the Stone or Honglou Meng or Hung lou meng [1763: autobiographical epic novel about a family] He lived 1715 to 1763.

Pontiac or Obwandiyag chief USA 1763 to 1766 He lived 1720 to 1769, was Ottawa chief in north-central USA, and led Pontiac's Rebellion [1763 to 1766].

Cesare Beccaria [Beccaria, Cesare] philosopher Milan, Italy 1764 Of Crimes and Punishments [1764] He lived 1738 to 1794 and studied law.

Cesare Bonesana [Bonesana, Cesare] or Marchese di Beccaria [Beccaria, Marchese di] philosopher Beccaria, Italy 1764 Essay on Crimes and Punishments [1764: attacked penal and criminal systems] He lived 1738 to 1794. Punishment should fit crime's seriousness and should exact vengeance. Judiciary should be separate from legislature.

Madame du Barry [du Barry, Madame] or Comtesse du Barry [du Barry, Comtesse] or Marie-Jeanne Bécu [Bécu, Marie-Jeanne] mistress France 1764 She lived 1743 to 1793 and was last mistress of Louis XV.

James Hargreaves [Hargreaves, James] inventor England 1764 spinning jenny [1764] He lived 1720 to 1778. Spinning jenny spun four threads simultaneously, and spun 120 threads soon after.

James Otis [Otis, James] lawyer Boston, Massachusetts 1764 Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved He lived 1725 to 1783 and claimed that Americans were British citizens, that Parliament must conform to Constitution, and that taxation required representation. From 1761 to 1769, he led colonies until severe head injury. He tried to defend merchants from general search warrants {assistance, writ} {writ of assistance}.

Horace Walpole [Walpole, Horace] storyteller/novelist England 1764 Castle of Otranto [1764: Gothic horror novel] He lived 1717 to 1797.

Thomas Reid [Reid, Thomas] philosopher Scotland 1764 to 1788 Inquiry into the Human Mind on the Principles of Common Sense [1764]; Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man [1785]; Essays on the Active Powers of the Human Mind [1788] He lived 1710 to 1796, founded Scottish School of common sense and realism, and developed faculty psychology. Perception and sensation are separate. Sensations are mental and have no objects except themselves. Sensations cause belief directly, as signifiers. Perceptions are mental and represent physical objects. Perceptions depend on sensory beliefs. Ethical judgments are not feelings.

Motoori Norinaga [Norinaga, Motoori] philosopher Japan 1764 to 1790 He lived 1730 to 1801 and started return to Shintoism and ancient myth {kokugaku}, in Kokugaku or Kogaku School [1764]. Foreign influence should not change Japanese culture. Sorrow results from passing away {mono no aware, sorrow}, as in classical Japanese literature.

Pierre-Alexandre Barthélémy Vignon [Vignon, Pierre-Alexandre Barthélémy] architect Paris, France 1764 to 1807 La Madeleine or Church of St. Mary Magdalene [1764 to 1807: Neoclassical] He lived 1763 to 1828.

Antonio Genovesi [Genovesi, Antonio] philosopher Bari, Italy 1765 Lectures on Commerce [1765] He lived 1712 to 1769 and studied law.

James Watt [Watt, James] inventor Scotland 1765 governor [1765] He lived 1736 to 1819. Devices {governor, engine} can regulate steam-engine rotation velocity [1765]. Steam engines pumped water out of mines and increased coal production greatly.

Laurence Sterne [Sterne, Laurence] novelist England 1765 to 1767 Sentimental Journey through France and Italy [1765: essay]; Life and Opinions of Tristam Shandy [1767: novel] He lived 1713 to 1768.

Oliver Goldsmith [Goldsmith, Oliver] poet/playwright England 1765 to 1773 Traveller [1765: poem]; Vicar of Wakefield [1766: play]; Deserted Village [1770: poem]; She Stoops to Conquer [1773: play] He lived 1728 to 1774.

Frans Hemsterhuis [Hemsterhuis, Frans] philosopher Netherlands 1765 to 1787 Letter on Sculpture [1765]; Letter on man and his relationships [1772]; Alexis or Golden Age [1787] He lived 1721 to 1790 and was romantic.

Joseph II emperor Europe 1765 to 1790 He lived 1741 to 1790, abolished serfdom in Holy Roman Empire [1781], ended dues to feudal lords, allowed peasants to buy land cheaply, ordered religious tolerance, eliminated torture, liberalized penal code, and abolished monastic orders and clergy rights. Opposition by Furstenbund League of princes, under Frederick II of Prussia, caused him to fail to annex Bavaria in War of the Bavarian Succession. He allied with Russia and Catherine II against Ottoman Empire. He controlled Hungary, Bohemia, Austria, and part of Netherlands [1780].

George Stubbs [Stubbs, George] painter England 1766 Lion Attacking a Horse [1766: Romantic] He lived 1724 to 1806.

Louis Antoine de Bougainville [Bougainville, Louis Antoine de] discoverer France/South Pacific Ocean 1766 to 1769 He lived 1729 to 1811 and explored south Pacific Ocean as he went around world.

John Singleton [Copley, John Singleton] painter USA 1766 to 1778 Mrs. Thomas Boylston [1766]; Watson and the Shark [1778] He lived 1738 to 1815.

Gotthold Ephraim [Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim] philosopher Germany 1766 to 1780 Laocöon: On the Limits of Painting and Poetry [1766]; Hamburg Dramaturgy [1769]; Education of the Human Race [1780] He lived 1729 to 1781 and was Kantian.

Joshua Reynolds [Reynolds, Joshua] painter England 1766 to 1790 Orrery [1766]; Experiment with an Air Pump [1768]; Mrs. Siddons as the Tragic Muse [1787]; Discourses [1769 to 1790: book] He lived 1723 to 1792. Beauty relates to central idea. The most-beautiful things are the most-representative class examples.

Adam Ferguson [Ferguson, Adam] philosopher England 1767 Essay on the History of Civil Society [1767] He lived 1723 to 1816 and was English Moral Philosopher. Society can progress or not progress. People are social, fight, indulge, and can be virtuous.

Joseph Priestley [Priestley, Joseph] chemist England 1768 to 1793 Essay on the First Principles of Government [1768] He lived 1733 to 1804 and discovered ammonia, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen, nitrous oxide [1793], oxygen, and sulfur dioxide. For the greatest happiness of the greatest number, ruler and ruled interests must integrate, by forcing rulers to depend on ruled to stay in power.

Gaspard Monge [Monge, Gaspard] mathematician Paris, France 1768 to 1800 Descriptive Geometry [1800] He lived 1746 to 1818, studied developable surfaces, rediscovered projective geometry [1768], and was the "father of descriptive geometry".

Richard Arkwright [Arkwright, Richard] inventor England 1769 water frame [1769] He lived 1732 to 1792 and owned large cotton mills with spinning and weaving machines. Machines {water frame} spun pure cotton, with no added flax.

Jean-François de Saint-Lambert [Saint-Lambert, Jean-François de] philosopher Paris, France 1769 Seasons [1769: including Autumn and Summer Wind] He lived 1716 to 1803. Idea contents and idea forms and relations are two distinct things. Contents come from perception, but form is from mind.

James [Cook, James] discoverer England/Hawaii/Australia 1770 He lived 1728 to 1779. While circumnavigating Earth, he discovered Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) [1768] and later claimed east coast of Australia for Britain [1770]. Original inhabitants were Aborigines.

Paul-Henri Holbach [Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiery, Baron d'] philosopher France 1770 System of Nature [1770] He lived 1723 to 1789.

Marie Allard [Allard, Marie] ballerina France 1770 to 1775 She lived 1743 to 1802.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart [Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus] composer Austria 1770 to 1791 Cosi fan Tutte or thus do all or They're All Like That or The School for Lovers [1770: opera]; Violin Concerto No. 3 in G [1775]; Violin Concerto No. 5 in A [1775]; Serenata Notturna or Nocturnal Serenade [1776]; Piano Sonata in A [1778: includes Turkish March]; Flute Concerto No. 2 in D [1778]; Abduction from the Seraglio [1782: opera]; Horn Concerto No. 3 in E flat [1783]; Piano Concerto No. 21 in C [1785]; Piano Concerto No. 23 in A [1786]; Marriage of Figaro or Le Nozze di Figaro [1786: opera, including Duettino Sull'aria]; Don Giovanni [1787: opera]; A Little Night Music or Eine Kleine Nachtmusik [1787: symphony]; Symphony 39 in E Flat [1788]; Symphony 40 in G Minor [1788]; Symphony 41 in C or Jupiter [1788]; Magic Flute [1791: opera]; Clarinet Concerto in A [1791]; Requiem [1791] He lived 1756 to 1791. His operas had finales.

Immanuel Kant [Kant, Immanuel] philosopher Königsberg, Germany 1770 to 1798 On the Forms and Principles of the Intelligible and Sensible World [1770]; Critique of Pure Reason [1781 and 1787: science]; Prolegomena to any Future Metaphysics or Introduction to any Future Metaphysics [1783]; Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals or Foundations of the Metaphysics of Ethics [1785]; Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science [1786]; Critique of Practical Reason [1788: morality]; Critique of Judgment [1790: aesthetics and purposes]; Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone or Religion within the Boundaries of Pure Reason [1793]; Doctrine of Law or Doctrine of Right [1797: Natural law is the form of reason. Universal law mutually encourages and regulates everyone's freedom and will.]; Metaphysics of Morals [1797]; Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View [1798] He lived 1724 to 1804, was pietist, and synthesized rationalism and empiricism. Aesthetics Consciousness has feeling, including judging art {judgment, Kant} {aesthetics, Kant}. Aesthetics is about perceptions that reveal object formal properties {Form, Kant} and lead to feelings of the Beautiful and the Sublime. The beautiful or sublime is subjective feeling and is not necessarily useful or agreeable. The feeling is not about physical object or concept but about mental image or perception that reveals object formal properties, exciting understanding, imagination, and sensibility. The Beautiful and Sublime belong to consciousness-in-general and are beautiful or sublime for everyone. The sublime causes painful subjective inadequacy feelings in humans, because its greatness overcomes sensual abilities. Then human higher abilities relate sublime to super-sensual mastery, overcome awe, and obtain final delight. The sublime harmonizes sensual and super-sensual. Theoretical reason masters the mathematically sublime. Practical reason masters the dynamically sublime or powerful. Art tries to elicit feelings of the beautiful or the sublime. Feeling suggests nature's purpose, which is to harmonize experience Forms and contents. Good artists therefore follow nature's forms. Epistemology Consciousness has thinking or ideation {theoretical reason} {pure reason}, which leads to questions about knowledge. Knowledge can only be about experience. Reasoning strives to find ultimate, complete, and consistent knowledge by pure reason but can only know how to act in experience {practical reason}. Through reason, people have ideas {ideas of reason} about self, physical world, and God. Immanent principles involve Mind, which perceives world and has experience sense data {phenomena, Kant}. Transcendent principles involve reason, which uses unconditioned ideas beyond experience, such as actual objects and ideal forms {thing-in-itself} {noumena, Kant} {Idea, Kant}, about which one can have only faith in a-priori universal and necessary truths. People can reflect and judge, using mass terms and sortal terms {natural kind, Kant}, to find experience order and purpose. Because all people use same tools, they share universal judgments of beauty and laws. Knowledge is about perceptions, objects, and mental concepts, which can be true or not true and have value levels. Knowledge statements require subjects and predicates. Predicate to subject relations are third concepts different from subject and predicate concepts. Applying concepts to objects using rules {judgment rule} is one cognition aspect. Judgments {analytical judgment} {explicative judgment} such as tautologies have predicate same as subject, so statement must be true. Judgments {synthetic judgment} {ampliative judgment} can have predicates that differ from subjects. Synthetic judgments have two types. People learn synthetic judgments, such as facts about world and perceptions, from experience {a posteriori synthetic judgment}. Synthetic judgments, such as mathematics and reasoning principles, relate subject and predicate in universally true and logically necessary way, unrelated to experience {a priori synthetic judgment}. The main question about knowledge is about thinking forms or tools, how ideas originate and what mental activities are {critical method} {transcendental method}. The reason uses such concepts, principles, and judgments, but they are not innate, are not from experience, and are not consciousness contents. The fundamental categories used to understand reality are not objective features but are conceptual mental structures {Kantian idealism, Kant} and make experience possible {transcendental idealism, Kant}. Human understanding needs a priori concepts about space, time, substance, and cause to have experience, know objects, and give objects properties {transcendental argument}. A-priori synthetic judgments are only in mathematics, pure natural science, and metaphysics and are mental concepts, not physical reality. The basis for their truth is how people think. Basic reasoning activity is synthesis {transcendental logic}, which is unifying manifolds or plurality. Sensations synthesize to perceptions, perceptions to judgments, and judgments to Ideas. First, mind combines sensations caused by physical objects {things-in-themselves} with mental space and time Forms to make perceptions. Second, mind combines perceptions with understanding concepts, which can create ideas, to make experience judgments {spontaneity, Kant}. Third, mind combines judgments about experience to make Ideas or general principles. Thus, a priori judgments do not require formal or analytical logic. Using synthesis, people can make general synthetic judgments based on their perceptions. Such judgments are about perceived-thing relations, such as "every change must have a cause." People cannot know physical reality itself. Mind uses general judgments to form further concepts from perceptions. Space and time ideas are pure perception forms and are a-priori principles, not mental concepts. Perceived particular things must be in space and time. Space and time are infinite, are about only one thing, are not subjective, do not relate to particulars as wholes relate to parts, are not necessarily actually in the physical world, are invariable, and are not universals. Space and time unify the sense manifold. Time unifies the self-perception manifold. Twelve judgment types reflect twelve relations between subject and predicate. Universal quantity uses "all". Particular quantity uses "some". Singular quantity uses "one". Affirmative quality uses "true". Negative quality uses "false". Infinite quality uses "all" or "none". Categorical relation uses "all" or "none". Hypothetical relation uses "if ... then ...". Disjunctive relation uses "and/or". Problematic modality uses "possible" or "contingent". Assertoric relation uses existence as actuality. Apodictic relation uses necessity. Twelve Categories correspond to twelve relations. Respectively, they are totality, plurality, unity, reality, negation, limitation, inherence vs. subsistence {accident, substance}, causality vs. dependence or effect, community or reciprocity, possibility vs. impossibility, existence vs. non-existence, and necessity vs. contingency. Categories lead to reasoning principles. Quantity gives the principle: all phenomena are extensive magnitudes. Quality gives the principle: sensation objects are intensive magnitudes. Three categories define possible, actual, and necessary {modality, Kant}. Relation category and other categories give principles. Substance is permanent. Substance quanta cannot increase or decrease. All changes have causes and effects. All substances continually interact. In mathematical form, these principles are all inferences from motion laws, because motion accounts for all events and perception changes. Principles are only about perceptions and experiences, not about actual physical reality. The principle of pure understanding, which is self, ego, or consciousness as whole, develops from all Categories. People can think of things-in-themselves as quality totalities, setting up intuition or non-sensuous mind perception, and so can think of world, souls, God, and imaginary creatures. World is totality of sensations. Souls are totality of self- perceptions. God is totality of everything. Such unifying totalities are the Ideas. Subjectively, mind has sensibility and understanding. Sensibility is passive or receptive. Things in themselves can generate mental contents or representations {intuition, Kant} in sensibility {perception, Kant}. The fundamental time and space categories are in sensibility. Time is the form of inner sense, which allows people to know mind's contents. Space is the form of outer sense {outer sense}, which allows people to perceive external objects. Understanding acts on sensibility to form conceptions from intuitions. Understanding includes fundamental categories and general conceptualization principles, which allow people to find natural laws. Imagination links sense data to understanding to recognize objects and apply laws. Imagination is necessary {transcendental, Kant} mediator between receptive sense and active understanding. Contradictions and opposite conclusions {antimony} happen when using space, time, and categories to understand things that cannot be in experience. Antimony subjects are not experience objects but are transcendent reality. Pure reason has four such unresolved principle logical contradictions. A logical contradiction is that universe had beginning and has finite space, or it had no beginning and is infinite. Space and time are both infinite and finite. A logical contradiction is that substances have simpler substances, or only one substance exists. Substance is both simple and composite. These two antimonies are about infinities. A logical contradiction is that people have free will separate from physical laws, or that physical laws or God determine everything. Things can be both caused and uncaused. A logical contradiction is that necessary being exists or does not exist. God does and does not exist. These two antimonies are about causation. Thesis and anti-thesis are true. Contradictions happen because people can only know perceptions, cannot know actual world, and try to draw conclusions about world anyway. Infinite regression through same answer type, to which human experience cannot provide unconditional answers, causes antimonies. Neither experience nor logical operations and concepts can prove existence of actual material things or their causal relations. Substance and causality are only mental associations. Philosophy is about concepts, is analytic, searches for definitions, depends on experience, and depends on understanding concepts. Metaphysics is synthetic but a priori, as in statements about ultimate existence and causation. Mathematics is about magnitudes, is synthetic, uses definitions, is independent of experience, and depends on clear and distinct perceptions using space and time. Humor depends on feelings of superiority [1790]. Ethics Consciousness has willing, which questions morality {practical reason, Kant}. Thought contents synthesize will or purpose objects using Forms, and wills perform acts. Ordinary will tries to gain happiness or satisfy desire by synthesizing ends with means to find action courses. Rational will has universal and necessary purpose, which is duty. Rational will follows a priori moral laws {categorical imperative}. Rational wills can want that everyone do action. People should act based on principles that they will that they should become universal laws. Such moral judgments have no conditions and are universal laws. Wrong action or thing is against reason. People do not perform ethical actions to obtain happiness or pleasure. Following duty is action for its own sake. Consequences are not important. Phenomena are deterministic. Noumena are not deterministic. Rational will is autonomous and free. People are free in as much as they are things-in-themselves. People's will is free to act. All actions must come from will. People consider {autonomy, Kant} which actions to take in situations to attain goals. People can choose to act morally and justly. Conscience is feeling responsibility for actions and implies that people can choose in unconditioned ways. Being moral is having temperament that follows duty. Reverence for law causes obedience. People gain the dignity of law itself. Pleasure or approval feelings unite and synthesize theoretical and practical reason and tell people if object or idea in theoretical reason is means for desire or purpose of practical reason. Feelings can be pleasant or show utility. Feelings can arise from Forms themselves. One feeling is what people feel when they obey or break the categorical imperative. The Idea of the highest good connects perceptions and unconditioned things by uniting happiness, which is object of natural or sensuous will, and virtue, which is object of rational will. The only happiness is virtue or justice. All ends have highest end, to attain after death, that combines virtue and happiness. Divinity above experience can represent the moral ideal. The moral law within us leads to faith in free will, God, and immortality. God, society, or mental feeling or goal {heteronomy} can command moral law. Religion makes the moral law divine command. Because people, in their guilt and awe, need help, God offers man redeeming love to obey the law. People have reason, and others must respect this reason and so respect people as persons or agents, with ends in themselves. People are subjects and should not be tools, instruments, or objects. Logic Logic is science of understanding. Logic has twelve judgment types. Logic {transcendental analytic} has quantity, quality, relation, and morality. Metaphysics People seek highest good, so a source of all morality must exist and make this idea. However, ontological and cosmological arguments are invalid. If universe and time are infinite, everything should have happened already and everything should have same temperature. If universe began at a time, why did it begin at that instant after infinite time? Mind Perhaps, people have mental faculty that unifies their experiences {transcendental ego, Kant} and separate mental faculty that makes them self-conscious {empirical ego} [Kant, 1787]. Politics Law and rights are about people's actions, not intentions or temperaments. Law is only valid if enforcement is certain. Law should unite people's wills to ensure freedom, by blocking natural or sensuous will. People's dignity, derived from moral law, makes them ends in themselves not things. Penal law should only be for necessary retribution. Perhaps, before governments, people were innocent of duty. History has brought people closer to duty but not happiness, because it has increased people's wants. History is movement toward more rational social order.

Benjamin West [West, Benjamin] painter USA 1770 to 1817 Death of General Wolfe [1770]; Death on a Pale Horse [1817] He lived 1738 to 1820.

Alexandre-Theophile Vandermonde [Vandermonde, Alexandre-Theophile] mathematician Alsace 1771 Memoir of equation solving [1771]; Remarks on the problems of position [1771: about knots] He lived 1735 to 1796 and invented determinant minor.

Yosa Buson [Buson, Yosa] or Yosa no Buson [Buson, Yosa no] or Buson Yosa [Buson, Yosa] or Taniguchi Buson [Buson, Taniguchi] poet Japan 1771 to 1772 Light from the Snow [1772: poem]; Around Here [1772: poem]; Crow at Dawn [1772: poem]; Ten Screens [1771: paintings] Zen Buddhist lived 1716 to 1783, wrote haiku, and painted.

Charles Messier [Messier, Charles] astronomer Paris, France 1771 to 1784 Catalog of Nebulae and Star Clusters [1771 to 1784] He lived 1730 to 1817 and published a star catalog [1771 to 1784].

Gustavus III king Sweden 1771 to 1792 He lived 1746 to 1792 and restored king's authority in Sweden, over Caps and Hats.

Joseph Louis Lagrange [Lagrange, Joseph Louis] mathematician Paris, France/Italy 1771 to 1811 Turin Miscellany [1771]; Analytical Mechanics [1788 and 1811] He lived 1736 to 1813 and studied calculus of variations, mean-value theorem, spherical coordinates, solution envelopes, adjoint equations, finite-differences method, and perturbation methods. He solved differential-equation systems using conic-section deviations. Newton's laws can depend on principle of stationary action in Euler-Lagrange equations. Natural numbers are sums of four natural-number squares.

Jean Le Rond d'Alembert [d'Alembert, Jean Le Rond] mathematician Paris, France 1772 Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia [1772] He lived 1717 to 1783 and studied differential equations and multiple integrals and invented d'Alembert's test. He found that Newton's 3rd law applies to free bodies {d'Alembert's principle}.

John Newton [Newton, John]/William Cowper [Cowper, William] lyricist/composer England 1772 Amazing Grace [1772: last stanza is anonymous. music is 19th century American melody, Loving Lambs] Newton lived 1725 to 1807. Cowper lived 1731 to 1800.

Caspar Wolf [Wolf, Caspar] painter Switzerland 1773 Lauteraargletscher [1773: landscape of Lauteraargletscher river] He lived 1735 to 1783.

William Herschel [Herschel, William] astronomer/chemist London, England 1773 to 1781 Catalogue of One Thousand New Nebulae and Clusters of Stars [1782 to 1802] He lived 1738 to 1822, studied infrared light [1773 to 1781], first saw Uranus [1781], and published a star catalog [1782 to 1802]. Solar system is moving through space [1783].

Warren Hastings [Hastings, Warren] governor India 1773 to 1787 He lived 1732 to 1818. Appointed by Britain as governor-general [1773 to 1785], he reformed law and finances. Parliament impeached him [1787].

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe [Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von] novelist/playwright/scientist Germany 1773 to 1821 Gotz von Berlichingen [1773: play]; Sorrows of Young Werther [1774: novel]; Iphigenie auf Tauris [1787: play]; Romische Elegien or Roman Elegies [1790: poems]; Hermann und Dorothea [1798: poem]; Egmont [1808: play]; Faust [1808 to 1832: part 1 and part 2, plays]; Die Wahlverwandschaften or Elective Affinities [1809: novel]; Aus meinem Leben: Dichtung und Wahrheit or Out of My Life: Poetry and Truth [1811 to 1813: poems]; Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre or Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship [1821: novel]; Metamorphosis of Plants [1790: nonfiction book]; Theory of Colors [1810: nonfiction book]; Italienische Reise or Italian Journey [1817: nonfiction book] He lived 1749 to 1832 and wrote about strong emotions {sturm und drang}. He studied color contrast effects {Goethe's shadows} and biology. Living things have repeated parts with similar structures. Leaf is basic plant form, and other plant parts are leaf variations. Skulls evolved from vertebrae. Metaphysics Nature is a living whole, a unity manifesting God. All transitory things are but symbols. Things have archetypes or beginning forms {Ur, Goethe}.

Samuel Adams [Adams, Samuel] leader USA 1774 He lived 1722 to 1803 and persuaded Massachusetts Assembly to invite other colonies to send delegates to First Continental Congress.

Louis XVI king France 1774 to 1793 He lived 1754 to 1793 and was of Bourbon family. Helping American Revolution resulted in near bankruptcy. His ministers, first Turgot, and then Necker, tried to correct finances. He summoned States-General, leading to French Revolution [1789]. Ministers negotiated with Austria and French Revolution leaders, but he dismissed them after court politics involving Marie Antoinette. When French Revolutionary War started badly, king and queen tried to flee, and revolutionaries captured and guillotined them. His queen was Marie Antoinette, who said, "Let them eat cake" when told the people had no bread.

Daniel Boone [Boone, Daniel] pioneer Kentucky 1775 He lived 1734 to 1820.

Samuel Crompton [Crompton, Samuel] inventor England 1775 spinning mule [1775] He lived 1753 to 1827. Machines {spinning mule} had a spinning-jenny moving carriage and water-frame rollers, to spin fine threads.

Johann Kaspar Lavater [Lavater, Johann Kaspar] biologist Zurich, Switzerland 1775 to 1778 Physiognomy Fragment [1775 to 1778] He lived 1741 to 1801.

Pierre de Beaumarchais [Beaumarchais, Pierre de] or Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais [Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de] playwright France 1775 to 1784 Barber of Seville [1775]; Marriage of Figaro [1784] He lived 1732 to 1799.

Edmund Burke [Burke, Edmund] lawyer/politician Ireland/London, England 1775 to 1796 Conciliation with America [1775]; Nabob of Arcot's Debts [1785]; Reflections on the French Revolution [1790]; Appeal from the Old to the New Whigs [1791]; Letters on a Regicide Peace [1795]; Letter to a Noble Lord [1796] He lived 1729 to 1797 and was conservative Whig. He believed in maintaining current institutions and social customs, deciding on evidence not theory, and being skeptical. He exposed Company injustices in India, during Hastings trial. He opposed French-Revolution Jacobites. He tried to improve policies about America and wanted to free Ireland. He wanted to free House of Commons from King George III. Politics Political power is to preserve order. Society coheres through habit, emotional bonds, conventions, loyalty, communal feeling, and tradition {conservatism, Burke}, not by reason, rights, or law. Institutions can reform by small steps, keeping essence, rather than change too much or quickly. People should be dutiful, loyal to traditions, bound by social relations, and fitted into roles. Moral tradition is more important than rational morality. Individuals should be free and independent, to judge and choose for best advantage and to be responsible for their families. Human nature causes inequalities in society, but justice must prevail. Government should use power legally. Government should only maintain security and order, because it often abuses power. Bureaucracy and interference reduce human energies. Institutions should fit culture. Institutions should be free and independent. Changes should be slow and subject to change, because human frailty can make everything worse.

George Washington [Washington, George] general/president USA 1775 to 1797 He lived 1732 to 1799. Second Continental Congress appointed him commander-in-chief [1775]. As first president [1989 to 1797], he approved Alexander Hamilton's finance plans and pursued conservative policies, leaning toward Federalists.

Vincenzo Galeotti [Galeotti, Vincenzo] ballet dancer/choreographer France 1775 to 1816 Whims of Cupid and the Ballet Master [1786: music by Jens Lolle] He lived 1733 to 1816. From 1775 to 1816, he directed Royal Danish Ballet.

Nathan Hale [Hale, Nathan] spy USA 1776 He lived 1755 to 1776. Britain hanged officer of USA as spy [1776]. He said, "I regret that I have but one life to lose for my country."

Henry Lee [Lee, Henry] or Light Horse Harry general USA 1776 He lived 1756 to 1818 and was father of Robert E. Lee.

Betsy Ross [Ross, Betsy] seamstress USA 1776 She lived 1752 to 1836 and supposedly sewed first USA flag.

Augustus M. Toplady [Toplady, Augustus M.]/Thomas Hastings [Hastings, Thomas] lyricist/composer England 1776 Rock of Ages [1776: music, 1830] Toplady lived 1740 to 1778. Hastings lived 1784 to 1872.

Moses Mendelssohn [Mendelssohn, Moses] philosopher Germany 1776 to 1783 On the Immortality of the Soul [1776]; Jerusalem [1783] He lived 1729 to 1786 and was follower of Leibniz and friend of Kant. He translated Pentateuch into German. Beauty is people's imitation of God's unity. People should act to progress.

Thomas Paine [Paine, Thomas] philosopher Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1776 to 1797 Common Sense [1776]; Rights of Man [1792]; Age of Reason [1795]; American Crisis; Agrarian Justice [1797] He lived 1737 to 1809. Deism is preferable. Free-thinking and liberty are good. People have right to education, pensions, and other benefits.

Jeremy Bentham [Bentham, Jeremy] philosopher London, England 1776 to 1843 Fragment on Government [1776]; Of Laws in General [1782]; Defense of Usury [1787]; Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation [1789]; Treatise on Civil and Penal Legislation [1802]; Rationale of Reward [1825]; Anarchical Fallacies [1843] He lived 1748 to 1832 and founded empiricist philosophy. His ideas led to fewer crimes carrying death penalty, new divorce and bankruptcy laws, new married-woman rights, and real-property law reform. Epistemology Sentences are meaning units. Sentences using certain words or about certain thoughts can translate into other sentences without those words or thoughts {paraphrasis} {contextual definition}, which people can perceive and so understand, for example, in terms of pain and pleasure. Pronouns and demonstratives {egocentric particular} refer to different things in different contexts. Ethics The greatest good is pleasure. People pursue pleasure and avoid pain, for themselves or others. Both pleasure and pain are clear in meaning and are measurable. The greatest good for the greatest number is the goal of social ethics {utilitarianism, Bentham}. All actions are reasonable and good that promote "the greatest happiness of the greatest number" {greatest happiness principle} {utility principle} {principle of utility}. Value systems can measure pleasure and pain in individual and social relations or actions. Action consequences can have values, and mind can choose the best action. Action effects on others' gains or losses determine act's morality. Ethical acts give utility, pleasure, and happiness to the most people. Politics Law is about rights and duties, which are complex ideas, not simple perceptions. Natural rights have no corresponding duties and so are contradictions. Legal rights have legal duties and so are rational. Experiments must continually test legal rights and duties. No rights are unchangeable or permanent. Description of, or wish for, right does not make it exist. Laws should be socially useful and not merely reflect customs. Laws can produce the greatest happiness for the most people by punishing and rewarding to balance all people's desires. Law should make public and private interests coincide and ensure subsistence, abundance, security, and equality. Laws should make people pursue happiness, to attain general happiness. Perhaps, tradition and imperialism do not do this. Women's rights help. Punishment is to deter people from causing pain or reducing pleasure, so punishment should be correct amount for this purpose. Social contract, in which people agree to obey authority to obtain certain rights and benefits, is legal contract, not foundation for law. Contract depends on maximizing utility. Diminishing marginal utility causes equality to make more utility. Ability to subsist has greater utility than mere general abundance. Security has great utility. Democracy allows the greatest number of people to seek to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.

Carlo Goldoni [Goldoni, Carlo] writer Italy 1777 Il Mondo della luna or World of the Moon [1777: music by Joseph ] He lived 1707 to 1793. He wrote operas with Baldassare Galuppi.

Richard Sheridan [Sheridan, Richard] playwright England 1777 School for Scandal [1777] He lived 1751 to 1816.

Seyed Ahmad Hatef [Hatef, Seyed Ahmad] or Sayyed Ahmad Hatef [Hatef, Sayyed Ahmad] or Sayyid Ahmad Hatif [Hatif, Sayyid Ahmad] or Hatef Esfehani poet Persia 1777 to 1783 Atom [1784]; Tarjih-Band or Strophes [1777 to 1783] He lived ? to 1783 and was at the School of Moshtaq.

Marquis de Lafayette [Lafayette, Marquis de] or Marie-Joseph-Paul-Roch-Yves-Gilbert du Motier [Motier, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Roch-Yves-Gilbert du] general France 1777 to 1983 He lived 1757 to 1834 and helped USA in Revolutionary War.

John Paul Jones [Jones, John Paul] admiral USA 1778 He lived 1747 to 1792.

Georg Christof Lichtenberg [Lichtenberg, Georg Christof] philosopher Göttingen, Germany 1778 On Physiognomy [1778] He lived 1742 to 1799 and was skeptic and aphorist.

Franz Anton Mesmer [Mesmer, Franz Anton] physician Vienna, Austria 1778 He lived 1734 to 1815, invented hypnosis {animal magnetism} [1778], and used tub {baquet} of magnetized water for cures.

Antoine Lavoisier [Lavoisier, Antoine] chemist Paris, France 1778 to 1789 General Considerations on the Nature of Acids [1778]; Reflections on Phlogistics [1783]; Methods of Chemical Nomenclature [1787]; Elementary Treatise of [1789] He lived 1743 to 1794, invented definite-proportions law {constant-composition law}, and noted mass conservation.

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck [Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste de] anatomist Paris, France 1778 to 1822 French Flora [1778]; Animal Philosophy [1809]; Natural History of the Invertebrates [1815 to 1822] He lived 1744 to 1829 and studied invertebrate paleontology and invertebrate classification. Environment forces animals to acquire new characteristics through learning. What individual experience learns, offspring can inherit {Lamarckianism, Lamarck}. However, Lamarckianism is only true for minor specialized cellular transmittance.

Louis Bonaparte [Bonaparte, Louis] king Netherlands/Batavia 1778 to 1846 He lived 1778 to 1846. France created Batavian kingdom in Netherlands [1778 to 1846].

Abraham Darby III [Darby III, Abraham] inventor England 1779 Iron Bridge Coalbrookdale [1779: cast iron bridge] He lived 1750 to 1791 {iron bridge}.

Edmund Cartwright [Cartwright, Edmund] inventor England 1779 to 1785 yeast treatment for putrid fever [1779]; power loom for weaving [1785] He lived 1743 to 1823 {power loom}.

Benedict Arnold [Arnold, Benedict] traitor USA 1780 He lived 1741 to 1801, was general, and betrayed USA plans to British in American Revolution.

Platonism or Cambridge School philosophic school England 1780 School included Richard Price.

William Cowper [Cowper, William] poet England 1780 Light Shining Out of Darkness [1780] He lived 1731 to 1800.

Stephen Decatur [Decatur, Stephen] captain USA 1780 He lived 1779 to 1820 and captained warship.

Luigi Galvani [Galvani, Luigi] physiologist Italy 1780 He lived 1737 to 1798 and observed frog muscles twitch when touched by electrified wires {galvanic stimulation} [1780].

Pierre-Simon de Laplace [Laplace, Pierre-Simon de] mathematician Paris, France 1780 Mémoire sur la probabilité des causes par les événements or Memoir on the probability of events [1774]; Théorie du mouvement et de la figure elliptique des planètes or Theory of movement of planet elliptical orbits [1776]; Mécanique céleste or Celestial Mechanics [1780]; Essai philosophique sur les probabilités or Philosophical essay on probabilities [1814] He lived 1749 to 1827 and studied partial differential equations, Laplace transforms and operators, perturbations method, spherical coordinates, finite-differences method, and divergence theorem. After proving that planetary elliptical orbits can be stable, he said, "Je n'avais pas besoin de cette hypothèse-là" or "I had no need of that hypothesis" when asked by Napoleon why he did not invoke God to explain solar-system stability, as Newton had thought necessary because of chaotic conditions (which are there but just small enough). Epistemology Given physical laws and particle motions and positions, people can predict everything in the future. Metaphysics Solar system formed from spinning gas cloud {nebular hypothesis}. Gravity and motion correct planetary- perturbations, rather than causing chaos.

Casimir Pulaski [Pulaski, Casimir] soldier Poland 1780 He lived 1747 to 1779.

Josiah Wedgwood [Wedgwood, Josiah] designer England 1780 Wedgwood He lived 1730 to 1792 and manufactured china.

Faetano Filangeri [Filangeri, Faetano] philosopher Italy 1780 to 1788 He lived 1752 to 1788 and studied law.

Franc Samuel Karpe [Karpe, Franc Samuel] philosopher Slovakia 1780 to 1800 He lived 1747 to 1806, was part of Slovene Cultural Revival, and studied associative psychology.

Sengai Gibon [Sengai, Gibon] or Gibon Sengai [Sengai, Gibon] painter Japan 1780 to 1810 Frog and Snail; Banana Plant or Basho; Bamboos in the Wind Zen Buddhist lived 1750 to 1837 and painted in sumi style.

Ryokan poet Japan 1780 to 1831 Haiku [1780 to 1810] Zen Buddhist lived 1758 to 1831 and wrote haiku.

John Henry Fuseli [Fuseli, John Henry] painter Switzerland/England 1781 Nightmare [1781] He lived 1741 to 1825.

Johann Peter Eckermann [Eckermann, Johann Peter] essayist Germany 1781 to 1783 Gespräche mit Goethe or Conversations with Goethe or Conversations of Eckermann [1836 and 1848] He lived 1792 to 1854.

Baron Munchausen [Munchausen, Baron] essayist Germany 1781 to 1783 Tales [1781 to 1783] He lived 1720 to 1797 and wrote about travel.

Jean Antoine Houdon [Houdon, Jean Antoine] sculptor France 1781 to 1789 Voltaire [1781]; George Washington [1788]; Thomas Jefferson [1789] He lived 1741 to 1828.

Joseph Haydn [Haydn, Joseph] composer Austria 1781 to 1801 Russian Quartets [1781]; Seven Last Words [1786: oratorio by Eugene Drucker]; Symphony 88 in G [1787]; Symphony No. 94 or Surprise Symphony [1791]; London Symphonies [1791 to 1792]; Symphony 99 in E Flat [1794]; Clock Symphony [1794]; Trumpet Concerto in E flat [1796]; Creation [1796 to 1798: oratorio]; String Quartet in C [1797: including Emperor's Hymn]; Emperor Quartet [1797]; Seasons [1801: oratorio] He lived 1732 to 1809.

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi [Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich] educator Switzerland 1781 to 1801 Leonard and Gertrude [1781]; How Gertrude Teaches Her Children [1801] He lived 1746 to 1827 and related education to practical life at home. Children can learn by doing tasks at home and thinking about them [Pestalozzi, 1781] [Pestalozzi, 1801].

Johann von Schiller [Schiller, Johann von] poet/playwright/philosopher Germany 1781 to 1805 Die Rauber or The Robbers [1781: play]; An die Freude or Ode to Joy [1785: poem]; Don Carlos [1787: play]; Wallenstein [1800: play]; Die Jungfrau von Orleans or Young Woman of Orleans [1801: play]; Wilhelm Tell [1804: play]; Story of the Bell [1805: poem]; What is Universal History? [1789: essay]; On the Aesthetic Education of Man [1795: essay]; Naive and Sentimental Poetry [1796: essay] He lived 1759 to 1805. Aesthetics Beauty is freedom in phenomenal appearance. It is not subject to concepts, understanding, or related phenomena. It has no known cause and makes cause meaningless. It is not about ethics, because it does not relate to duty. It is play. It involves no want or need, and so no will. It can create state in which sensuous and moral natures harmonize. Art silences natural will, allowing moral will to work. Politics Man started in instinctive state, following moral laws, because sensuous and moral natures were yet to come to consciousness. History and poetry evolved together. In first state, naive poetry was about unity with nature, was realistic, and used author-narrator. Middle states are sentimental and are about personal reflection, appeals to nature, and poet as subject. In final state, moral law will reunite with will.

Etienne Falconet [Falconet, Etienne] sculptor Leningrad, Russia 1782 Equestrian Monument of Peter the Great or Bronze Horseman [1782: Rococo statue] He lived 1741 to 1791.

Choderlos de Laclos [Laclos, Choderlos de] writer France 1782 Les Liaisons dangereuses or Dangerous Liaisons [1782] He lived 1741 to 1803.

Marquis Claude de Jouffroy d'Abbans [d'Abbans, Marquis Claude de Jouffroy] inventor France 1783 steamboat [1783] He lived 1751 to 1832.

Henry Cort [Cort, Henry] or Great Finer inventor England 1783 puddling [1783]; rolling [1783] He lived 1740 to 1800. Processes {puddling} can convert brittle pig iron to wrought iron, which is more malleable for shaping {rolling}.

Edward Gibbon [Gibbon, Edward] historian England 1783 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire [1783] He lived 1737 to 1794.

James Madison [Madison, James]/Alexander Hamilton [Hamilton, Alexander]/John Jay [Jay, John] lawyer USA 1783 Federalist Papers [1787 to 1788] Madison lived 1751 to 1836. Hamilton lived 1755 to 1804. Jay lived 1745 to 1829. They wrote to gain support to ratify new Constitution.

Joseph Michel Montgolfier [Montgolfier, Joseph Michel]/Jacques Étienne Montgolfier [Montgolfier, Jacques Étienne] inventor Paris, France 1783 hot air balloon [1783] Joseph lived 1740 to 1810 {hot air balloon}. Jacques lived 1745 to 1799.

Grigori Alexandrovich Potemkin [Potemkin, Grigori Alexandrovich] governor Crimea 1783 He lived 1739 to 1791, annexed Crimea for Russia [1783], and advised Catherine II of Russia. He set up model villages {Potemkin village} as Catherine toured south Russia.

William Jones [Jones, William] linguist England 1783 to 1794 Sanscrit Language [1786: nonfiction]; Laws of Manu [1783 to 1794: translation from Sanskrit]; Recollection of Shakuntala [1783 to 1794: translation from Sanskrit of play by . Shakuntala was a beautiful woman.]; Account of Seasons or Cycle of Seasons [1783 to 1794: translation from Sanskrit of poem by Kalidasa]; Gita Govinda or Song of Govind or Song of Divine Love between Radha and Krishna [1783 to 1794: translation from Sanskrit of poem by Jayadeva. Govind is Krishna as Protector.] He lived 1746 to 1794 and related Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin by describing similarities among words [1786].

Caroline Herschel [Herschel, Caroline] astronomer Germany 1783 to 1797 She lived 1750 to 1848 and discovered nebulae [1783] and comets [1786 to 1797].

William Pitt the Younger [Pitt the Younger, William] prime minister London, England 1783 to 1801 Catholic Emancipation Bill [1783 to 1801] He lived 1759 to 1806. As prime minister under George III [1783 to 1801], he held general elections, cut debt through taxation, and led reforms in Parliament. He reformed India and Canada administrations. Wars with France caused financial crisis. He achieved union with Ireland but resigned when King George III vetoed his Catholic Emancipation Bill.

Johann G. Herder [Herder, Johann G.] lawyer Weimar, Thuringia, Germany 1784 to 1799 Ideas for the Philosophy of the History of Mankind [1784 to 1791]; Metacritique on the Critique of Pure Reason [1799] He lived 1744 to 1803 and wrote about law. Epistemology Senses are not separate from understanding. Living people unify sensations and consciousness or understanding as feeling. Feeling unifies senses and turns sounds into thought and language by revealing or bringing to consciousness innate ideas. All languages derive from one language. Language is the basic unifying activity of reason and consciousness. Language arose from people's nature. Language includes both emotion and reason, showing that these are not separate in mind or thought. Language can show culture's ideas. History History is progression toward perfection. Language, culture, and history cause national character. People have had many different ideas, which people today can try to understand through getting feelings {Einfühlung, Herder} for periods and cultures. Law Absolute law does not derive from reason alone. Law and institutions relate to living conditions. National, especially German, laws show that laws can be systematic, logical, and practical. Politics States began from the historical process of striving for perfection.

Jacques Louis David [David, Jacques Louis] painter France 1784 to 1801 [1784]; Death of Socrates [1787]; Lictors Bringing Back the Sons of Brutus [1789]; Oath of the Tennis Court [1791]; Death of Marat [1793]; View of the Luxembourg Palace Gardens [1794]; Madame Verninac [1799]; Madame Récamier [1800]; Napoleon Crossing the Alps [1801] He lived 1748 to 1825.

Charles Augustin de [Coulomb, Charles Augustin de] physicist/inventor France 1785 torsion balance He lived 1736 to 1806 and invented Coulomb's law [1785]. At fluid boundaries, fluid does not slip {no-slip condition, Coulomb}.

Robert Burns [Burns, Robert] poet Scotland 1785 to 1788 To a Mouse [1785]; Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect [1786]; My Love Is Like a Red, Red Rose or Red, Red Rose [1786]; My Heart's in the Highlands [1786]; Man's a Man for A' That [1786]; Tam O'Shanter [1786]; Comin' thro' the Rye [1786]; Auld Lang Syne [1788]; John Anderson, My Jo [1789]; Flow Gently, Sweet Afton [1791] He lived 1759 to 1796.

Henry [Cavendish, Henry] physicist England 1785 to 1798 He lived 1731 to 1810 and studied specific heat, discovered hydrogen gas [1785], measured gravity of 10000-gram mass [1798], and found Earth mass and density [1798].

Marquis de Sade [Sade, Marquis de] or Donatien Alphonse François, Counte de Sade [Sade, Donatien Alphonse François, Counte de] philosopher Paris, France 1785 to 1800 120 Days of Sodomy [1785: essay]; Justine [1791: novel]; Philosophy of the Bedroom [1793: essays]; Juliette [1797: novel]; Crimes of Love [1800: novel] He lived 1740 to 1814 and studied sexual motives, sadism, and masochism. People are sums of their inherited qualities and so do not have personal responsibility for behavior. People can have sexual pleasure {sadomasochism} by inflicting pain or cruelty on others {sadism, Sade} or on oneself {masochism, Sade}.

William Paley [Paley, William] philosopher London, England 1785 to 1802 Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy [1785]; Evidences of Christianity [1794]; Natural Theology [1802] He lived 1743 to 1805 and formulated argument from design. Ethics Right is what agrees with will of God. Proper actions come from moral, but not necessarily noble, feelings. Utility, not emotions or altruism, causes people's actions. God uses Heaven and Hell to try to make people avoid temporal gain. People's fear and hope can control their selfish desires, because people act only in their own interest. Morals require rewards and punishments, together with power or authority to enforce law. Metaphysics Anyone who sees watches must assume that watchmakers designed and formed them, so observing universe makes people assume that God designed and formed it {argument from design, Paley}.

George Heppelwhite [Heppelwhite, George] designer England 1786 Heppelwhite He lived ? to 1786 and drew furniture designs [1786]. Style derived from Adam and neoclassical but was lighter and more curved. Chairs can have Prince-of-Wales feathers on back.

Philip Freneau [Freneau, Philip] poet USA 1786 to 1787 Poems of Philip Freneau [1786]; Journey from Philadelphia to New York [1787] He lived 1752 to 1832 and was American-Revolution poet.

John Trumbull [Trumbull, John] painter USA 1786 to 1824 Declaration of Independence [1786]; Paintings in United States Capitol Building [1824] He lived 1756 to 1843.

Jacques Charles [Charles, Jacques] physicist France 1787 He lived 1746 to 1823 and invented Charles' law [1787].

William Patterson [Patterson, William] lawyer New Jersey 1787 He lived 1745 to 1806 and proposed New Jersey Plan for constitution at Constitutional Convention, which was similar to Articles of Confederation, but senators and executives had life terms, like limited elected monarchy.

Edmund Randolph [Randolph, Edmund] lawyer Virginia 1787 He lived 1753 to 1813 and proposed Virginia Plan for constitution at Constitutional Convention. Bicameral legislature has two parts. Executive or judiciary can veto state laws that violate Constitution.

John Wilkinson [Wilkinson, John] inventor England 1787 iron boat [1787] He lived 1728 to 1808 {iron boat}.

Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi [Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich] philosopher Germany 1787 to 1819 David Hume on Beliefs: Idealism and Realism [1787] He lived 1743 to 1819, was pietist, was against the metaphysics of Spinoza and Kant, and quarreled with Moses Mendelssohn. Things-in-themselves must cause sense qualities to start their synthesis originally. God has determined all knowledge completely. Faith or feeling allows immediate knowledge. People have feelings for freedom, immortality, morality, reality of perceptions, and reality of God. Feelings give knowledge of what is real.

Louis Saint-Simon [Saint-Simon, Louis] historian Paris, France 1788 Memoirs on the Court of Louis XIV [1788] He lived 1675 to 1755.

Karl Gotthard Langhans [Langhans, Karl Gotthard] architect Berlin, Germany 1788 to 1791 Brandenburg Gate [1788 to 1791: Neoclassical] He lived 1732 to 1808.

Charles IV king Spain 1788 to 1808 He lived 1748 to 1819 and was of Bourbon family. His minister Godoy quit Spanish side of French Revolutionary Wars and allied with France. Iberian peoples of Spain and Portugal revolted against France in Peninsular War but lost to France, who captured his son. His queen was Maria Luisa.

Alexander Hamilton [Hamilton, Alexander] treasurer USA 1789 to 1791 Federalist Papers [1787 to 1788] He lived 1755 to 1804. As first Treasury secretary, he established USA treasury system and Bank of the USA. He favored centralized and strong Federal government and favored Britain in foreign policy.

John Jay [Jay, John] chief justice USA 1789 to 1791 He lived 1745 to 1829 and was first USA Supreme Court Chief Justice. He signed Jay's Treaty [1791] between USA and Britain over freedom of navigation, trade restrictions in West Indies, and evacuation of British Northwest forts, but it did not stop naval impressment. He resigned to run for Governor of New York [1791].

William Blake [Blake, William] poet England 1789 to 1794 Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience [1789 to 1794]; Tiger or Tyger [1789 to 1794: in Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience]; Lamb [1789 to 1794: in Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience]; Auguries of Innocence [1789 to 1794: in Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience]; Piping Down the Valleys Wild [1789 to 1794: in Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience]; Marriage of Heaven and Hell [1789 to 1794: in Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience]; To the Evening Star [1792] He lived 1757 to 1827.

Oliver Ellsworth [Ellsworth, Oliver] lawyer USA 1789 to 1800 Judiciary Act of 1789 He lived 1745 to 1807. First Congress required one Chief Justice and five Associate Justices for Supreme Court. Supreme Court was to try cases involving state relations, ambassadors, ministers, and consuls and to hear appeals from lower courts. President appointed judges, with Senate's consent. Judges had life terms. Only trial in Senate, needing two-thirds majority, can remove judge {impeachment, judge}. Judiciary Act also established fifteen District Courts and two Circuit Courts, which were higher than District Courts but lower than Supreme Court. He lived 1745 to 1807 and became USA Supreme Court Chief Justice [1796 to 1800] after John Jay resigned to run for Governor of New York. He resigned in 1800.

Madeleine Guinard [Guinard, Madeleine] ballerina France 1790 Temple of Terpiscore [1790] She lived 1767 to 1837.

Solomon Maimon [Maimon, Solomon] philosopher Berlin, Germany 1790 Essay On Transcendental Philosophy [1790] He lived 1753 to 1800 and was Kantian. The idea of things-in-themselves is impossible, because they must cause sensation but cannot be in experience. Sensations are the lowest grade of consciousness, which has an infinite number of grades. Sensations are unclear and not fully in consciousness. Being can have different consciousness forms.

Karl L. Reinhold [Reinhold, Karl L.] philosopher Jena, Germany 1790 to 1792 Letters Concerning the Kantian Philosophy [1790 and 1792] He lived 1758 to 1823, was Kantian, and systematized Kant from the fundamental principle of Consciousness. Ideas in consciousness relate to both subject and object. Subject is unity of Form. Object is sensation or material thing. Consciousness contains only subject and object relations, not subjects or objects.

Anne W. Radcliffe [Radcliffe, Anne W.] poet England 1790 to 1794 Sicilian Romance [1790]; Mysteries of Udolpho [1794] She lived 1764 to 1823.

Pierre Charles L'Enfant [L'Enfant, Pierre Charles] architect France 1791 Washington DC town plan [1791] He lived 1754 to 1852 and designed Washington avenues and quadrants.

Wilhelm von Humboldt [Humboldt, Wilhelm von] linguist Germany 1791 to 1828 Limits of State Action [1791]; Researches into the Early Inhabitants of Spain by the Help of the Basque Language [1821]; On the Dual [1828]; Heterogeneity of Language and its Influence on the Intellectual Development of Mankind [1828] He lived 1767 to 1835, wrote about ethics, and studied language types. The three structural-language types differ in morphology and syntax. Sanskrit is syntactically more complex than modern languages. Politics States should ensure property and lives.

Jean Paul Marat [Marat, Jean Paul] journalist France 1792 He lived 1743 to 1793 and led Cordeliers in National Convention against Girondists during French Revolution. Other revolutionaries stabbed him in his bath [1792].

Gottlöb Ernst Schulze [Schulze, Gottlob Ernst] philosopher Germany 1792 Aenesidemus or Concerning the Foundations of the Philosophy of the Elements Issued by Professor Reinhold in Jena Together with a Defense of Skepticism against the Pretensions of the Critique of Reason [1792: about ancient Greek Academy philosopher Aenesidemus's ideas] He lived 1761 to 1831. Aenesidemus was a sceptic and later Pyrrhonian, who discussed principle of suspended judgment {epoché, Schulze}. Epistemology Knowledge that is beyond, or does not depend on, experience is impossible. Senses and understanding are things-in- themselves and people cannot know them. Mental faculties are not real or metaphysical entities, just similar-activity descriptions.

Maximilian Robespierre [Robespierre, Maximilian] leader France 1792 to 1794 He lived 1758 to 1794. Elected to National Convention, he led Jacobin radicals and put down Girondists. As Committee of Public Safety member, he started Reign of Terror and eliminated his rivals. The Convention resisted and beheaded him [1974].

Jacob Sigismund Beck [Beck, Jacob Sigismund] philosopher Riga, Latvia 1792 to 1796 Unique Viewpoint about qualities that can be judged in the Kantian philosophy [1796] He lived 1761 to 1840, was Kantian, and corresponded with Kant [1792 to 1796].

Francis II emperor Holy Roman Empire 1792 to 1806 He lived 1768 to 1835 and was Francis I king of Bohemia [1804 to 1835] and Hungary [1792 to 1835]. Holy Roman Empire lost to France in French Revolutionary Wars [1792]. He lost again to Napoleon [1806], dissolved Holy Roman Empire [1806], and gave his daughter Josephine to Napoleon. With Metternich, he joined coalition against Napoleon [1813].

Johann Fichte [Fichte, Johann] philosopher Zurich, Switzerland/Germany 1792 to 1808 Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation [1792]; Science of Knowledge or Wissenschaftslehre [1794]; Science of Rights [1797]; Science of Ethics [1798]; Closed Commercial State [1800]; Vocation of Man [1800]; Way to the Blessed Life or the Doctrine of Religion [1806]; Characteristic of the Present Age [1806]; Addresses to the German People [1808] He lived 1762 to 1814 and developed a philosophy based on Kant's idealism. Epistemology Sense qualities come freely from outside. Consciousness is activities {tasks, Fichte} that create objects from unconscious sense qualities and unify knowledge about such objects. In this way, experience is a consciousness product. To perform its tasks, consciousness reasons using all activities in unified ways. Consciousness starts with basic task and ideas felt to be necessary and true. The first task for people is to create oneself and unify all ideas about oneself, to be self-consciousness. Whenever task tries to create and/or unify, it encounters resistance or contradiction. To overcome contradiction, task performs dialectical process, to reach higher synthesis. Consciousness knows its actions while it acts and so has both being and consciousness. The self-consciousness perceives subject, oneself, and object, one's activities. People can only know the "I" or self by distinguishing it from the not-I or object perceived by self. The "I" has evolved historically by the dialectic to know, first, objective activity, then communities governed by law, then exercise of will and science, then realization that all is spirit, and then philosophical understanding of God's will as part of God's community. Therefore, starting from the basic task, dialectical processes create task hierarchy. Dialectic processes keep all tasks working together smoothly to form unified processes. Dialectic is essence of reason. Perhaps, self-consciousness involves unified task hierarchy [Fichte, 1794]. Besides ideas that arise from dialectic, consciousness contains ideas characterized by feelings of necessity and certainty in their truth. Sensation has no basis in preceding mental activity and so is free and unconscious. It appears to come from outside consciousness but is the way reason sets goal or object for itself. Ethics Consciousness creates sensation objects for action. People follow the command of duty. People have right to work to fulfill duty. History evolves from state of instinctive reason and morality, to impulse and will, to reason {artistic reason} under common universal consciousness. Man's goal is restfully contemplating God. "I" comes from and directs toward God. Philosophy is to organize reason or consciousness. Metaphysics All being comes from objective reason. There are no things-in-themselves. Reality cannot mix material world and consciousness, because they are completely separate. Objective-reason unity, which is not subjective, causes all things to have unity, have order, and necessarily connect. God is the free, world-creating activity or universal self. World is teleological, not causal. Mind All things happen within self, and there are no things-in-themselves {critical idealism}. The "I" is activity of being aware of self {thesis, Fichte}, which is subjective being. Things outside the "I" have their own activities {antithesis, Fichte}, which is objective world. Both interact dialectically to limit each other and make relations between self and world {synthesis, Fichte}. Theoretical-reason synthesis stages achieve purer knowledge. Consciousness knows its actions while it acts and so has both being and consciousness. The self-consciousness perceives subject as oneself and object as one's activities. People can know the "I" or self only by distinguishing it from the not-I or object perceived by self. The "I" has evolved historically by the dialectic to know, first, objective activity, then communities governed by law, then exercise of will and science, then realization that all is spirit, and then philosophical understanding of God's will as part of God's community.

Gustavus IV king Sweden 1792 to 1809 He lived 1778 to 1837 and fought Napoleon with the Austrian, Prussian, and Russian coalition. He lost Finland to Russia. Revolution deposed him [1809].

Mary Wollstonecraft [Wollstonecraft, Mary] novelist England 1792 to 1818 Vindication of the Rights of Women [1792: essays]; Frankenstein [1818: Gothic horror novel about body with transplanted brain] She lived 1759 to 1797.

Dugald Stewart [Stewart, Dugald] philosopher Scotland 1793 to 1794 Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind [1793]; Outlines of Moral Philosophy [1794] He lived 1753 to 1828. Science can finds phenomena laws but cannot give understanding.

Thomas Beddoes [Beddoes, Thomas] physician London, England 1793 to 1807 Observations on the Nature of Demonstrative Evidence [1793]; Essay on the Causes, Early Signs and Prevention of Pulmonary Consumption [1799]; Essay on Fever [1807]; Hygeia, or Essays Moral and Medical [1807] He lived 1760 to 1808 and discovered analgesic effects of nitrous oxide [1798].

Pierre Laromiguière [Laromiguière, Pierre] philosopher Paris, France 1793 to 1818 Project on the Elements of Metaphysics [1793]; Paradoxes of Condillac [1805]; Course of Philosophy [1815 to 1818] He lived 1756 to 1837 and was French Ideologist. Attention notes sensation facts. Comparison links sensations. Reason organizes sensations and comparisons. He said property taxation is illegal.

William Godwin [Godwin, William] philosopher England 1793 to 1836 Enquiry concerning Political Justice and its Influence on General Virtue and Happiness [1793] He lived 1756 to 1836 and was Utilitarian. Society should have no rulers.

William Blake [Blake, William] painter England 1794 Ancient of Days [1794] He lived 1757 to 1827.

Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat [Caritat, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de] or Marquis de [Condorcet, Marquis de] philosopher Paris, France 1794 Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind [1795] He lived 1743 to 1794, invented Condorcet paradox, and was philosophe. Assume that there are more than two alternatives. Assume that voting members have transitive preferences among alternatives. Assume that voters always choose between two alternatives. Assume that alternative with majority vote wins contests among pairs. Then, person or law favored by most people does not necessarily win {paradox of voting} {voting paradox}. Voting order changes result. The voting paradox also requires that there be more than one choice criterion. If one criterion ranks alternatives {singlepeakedness}, voting order does not change result. Weighted voting eliminates voting paradox, but strategic voting can affect it.

Thaddeus Kosciusko [Kosciusko, Thaddeus] general Poland 1794 He lived 1746 to 1817 and rebelled against Russia and Prussia. Before, he had fought in American Revolution.

Erasmus [Darwin, Erasmus] physician/scientist Britain 1794 to 1796 Zoonomia or The Laws of Organic Life [1794 to 1796] He lived 1731 to 1802.

Agha Mohammad Khan Ghajar [Ghajar, Agha Mohammad Khan] shah Persia 1794 to 1797 He lived 1742 to 1797 and began Qajar or Ghajar Dynasty.

Eli Whitney [Whitney, Eli] inventor Europe/USA 1794 to 1798 cotton gin [1794]; interchangeable parts [1798: for muskets] He lived 1765 to 1825 {cotton gin}. Honoré Blanc used interchangeable parts for muskets in France [1785].

Napoleon or Napoleon Bonaparte general/emperor/lawgiver France 1794 to 1815 Code Napoleon or Napoleonic Code [1801 to 1804: basis of European private law]; Code of Civil Procedure [1807]; Commercial Code [1808]; Code of Criminal Procedure [1811]; Penal Code [1811] He lived 1769 to 1821, defeated the noble's Vendemaire Revolt against Directory, and gained fame. In French Revolutionary Wars, he took Milan [1796], Venice [1797], and Austria [1801]. He became emperor [1804] and defeated Austria [1805] and Prussia [1806]. He became king of Italy [1807]. As emperor, he lost to united Europe [1814] and again at Waterloo [1815].

John Taylor of Caroline [Taylor of Caroline, John] lawyer USA 1794 to 1823 Definition of Parties: Or the Political Effects of the Paper System Considered [1794]; Inquiry into the Principles and Policy of Government [1814]; New Views of the Constitution of the United States [1823] He lived 1753 to 1824, had same ideas as Jefferson, and believed in farming communities with no aristocracy.

Adrien-Marie Legendre [Legendre, Adrien-Marie] mathematician Paris, France 1794 to 1830 Elements of Geometry [1794]; Theory of Numbers [1808]; Exercises in Integral Calculus [1811 to 1830] He lived 1752 to 1833, studied number theory and elliptic integrals, and invented Legendre function and Legendre differential equation.

Gilbert Stuart [Stuart, Gilbert] painter USA 1795 to 1805 Washington [1795]; Jefferson [1805] He lived 1755 to 1828.

Matthew Lewis [Lewis, Matthew] novelist England 1796 Monk [1796: Gothic novel] He lived 1775 to 1818.

Johann Paul Friedrich Richter [Richter, Johann Paul Friedrich] or Jean Paul [Paul, Jean] novelist Germany 1796 Hesperus [1795]; Leben des Quintus Fixlein or Life of Quintus Fixlein [1796: fantasy novel]; Siebenkas or Sevencheese [1796: fantasy novel]; Titan [1803]; Flegeljahre or Lout Years [1805] He lived 1763 to 1825.

Paul I czar Russia 1796 to 1801 He lived 1754 to 1801.

Charles Didelot [Didelot, Charles] choreographer Sweden/France/Russia 1796 to 1808 Flore et Zaphire or Flower and Sapphire [1796]; Don Quixote [1808] He lived 1767 to 1837 and founded Russian Imperial Ballet [1801].

Ludwig van [Beethoven, Ludwig van] composer Germany 1796 to 1824 Minuet in G [1796]; Pathetique Sonata [1798]; Moonlight Sonata [1801]; Kreutzer Sonata [1803]; Fidelio [1805: opera]; Third Symphony or Eroica [1805]; Fifth Symphony [1808]; Sixth Symphony or Pastoral [1808]; Fifth Piano Concerto or Emperor [1809]; Für Elise or For Elise [1810]; Seventh Symphony [1812]; Missa Solemnis [1817 to 1823: mass]; Ninth Symphony [1824] He lived 1770 to 1827.

Henri Benjamin Constant de Rebecque [Rebecque, Henri Benjamin Constant de] political scientist Paris, France 1796 to 1830 On the force of actual government and necessity of its unity [1796]; On political reactions [1796]; On the spirit of conquest and usurpation on their trusting relationships with European civilization [1813]; Adolphe [1815: novel]; On religion considered in its sources, forms, and developments [1825 to 1831: five volumes] He lived 1767 to 1830. He opposed social-contract ideas of Rousseau. He advocated privacy, individual rights, freedom to gain property, democracy by representatives, and limited powers for government parts. Diversity and autonomy require private life.

Edward Jenner [Jenner, Edward] doctor/inventor England 1797 smallpox vaccine [1797] He lived 1749 to 1823 {smallpox vaccine}.

Henry Maudslay [Maudslay, Henry] inventor England 1797 lathe for metal [1797] He lived 1771 to 1831 {lathe for metal}.

Charles Newbold [Newbold, Charles] inventor USA 1797 iron plow [1797] He lived 1764 to 1835 {iron plow}.

Caspar Wessel [Wessel, Caspar] mathematician Norway 1797 He lived 1745 to 1818 and placed complex numbers on a plane with two perpendicular coordinates.

John Adams [Adams, John] president USA 1797 to 1801 Federalist Papers [1787 to 1788] He lived 1735 to 1826. Second president prevented war with France. His wife was Abigail Adams.

Novalis or Friedrich von Hardenburg [Hardenburg, Friedrich von] philosopher Freiberg, Germany 1797 to 1801 Hymns to the Night [1797 to 1800: poems]; Heinrich von Ofterdingen [1801: about Minnesinger] He lived 1772 to 1801 and was of Schelling School.

Charles de Talleyrand-Perigord [Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles de] foreign minister France 1797 to 1807 He lived 1754 to 1838 and served as foreign minister under Directory and Napoleon.

John Marshall [Marshall, John] judge/chief justice USA 1797 to 1820 Marbury v. Madison [1803]; Fletcher v. Peck [1816]; McCulloch v. Maryland [1819]; Dartmouth College v. Woodward [1819]; Cohens v. Virginia [1821]; Gibbons v. Ogden [1824] He lived 1755 to 1835, was at Constitutional Convention, defended Jay Treaty, went on X.Y.Z. mission to France [1797], entered Congress, became Secretary of State [1800], and was USA Supreme Court Chief Justice [1801 to 1820]. He increased Supreme Court power by insisting on its right to judge constitutionality of all laws. He allowed expansion of federal powers in opposition to states' rights. He did not like Thomas Jefferson or his ideas and interpreted federal government power broadly.

Fath-Ali shah Persia 1797 to 1834 He lived 1762 to 1834, was Qajar, lost Caucasia to Russia, and fought Afghans and Ottoman Empire. His son was Abbas Mirza, who wanted to reform but never ruled.

Robert Southey [Southey, Robert] poet England 1797 to 1837 To a Goose [1799: sonnet]; Ariste [1797: sonnet]; Winter [sonnet]; Go, Valentine [sonnet]; Two Poems Concerning the Slave Trade [1797 to 1810: poems]; My Days Among the Dead Are Past [1837] He lived 1774 to 1843 and was Lake Poet.

Frederick William III king Prussia 1797 to 1840 He lived 1770 to 1840, lost to Napoleon at Jena [1806], and signed Treaty of Tilsit, giving west Prussia to France. He gave Poland to Duke of Warsaw. He joined Continental System. Then his ministers revitalized Prussia and fought War of Liberation from France. He joined Holy Alliance.

Decroix inventor France 1798 circular loom [1798] Looms {circular loom} can weave socks and shirts with no seams.

Rouget de Lisle [Lisle, Rouget de] lyricist/composer France 1798 Le Marseillaise [1798] He lived 1760 to 1836.

Thomas Robert Malthus [Malthus, Thomas Robert] economist/mathematician London, England 1798 Essay on the Principle of Population [1798] He lived 1766 to 1834 and said that population increases until limited by environment.

Benjamin Thompson [Thompson, Benjamin] or Count Rumford [Rumford, Count] physicist USA/England 1798 He lived 1753 to 1814 and studied heat from work and friction [1798].

Philippe Pinel [Pinel, Philippe] psychologist Paris, France 1798 to 1800 Analects on the Medical-philosophic Treatment of Mental Alienation or Mania [1800] He lived 1745 to 1826 and divided mental disorders into four groups: mania, melancholia, dementia, and idiocy [1798].

Thomas Jefferson [Jefferson, Thomas] architect USA 1798 to 1806 Virginia State Capitol [1798: Neoclassical]; Monticello [1806: his Neoclassical house in Virginia]; University of Virginia [Neoclassical] He lived 1743 to 1826.

William Wordsworth [Wordsworth, William] poet England 1798 to 1806 Tintern Abbey [1798]; Lyrical Ballads [1798: with ]; She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways [1799]; World Is Too Much With Us [1799]; My Heart Leaps Up When I Behold [1802]; I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud [1802]; London 1802 [1802]; Daffodils [1802]; Rainbow [1802]; Ode (Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood) [1802]; Solitary Reaper [1803]; Prelude [1805]; She Was a Phantom of Delight or The Perfect Woman [1805]; Ode to Duty [1805]; Character of the Happy Warrior [1806] He lived 1770 to 1850.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge [Coleridge, Samuel Taylor] poet England 1798 to 1825 Rime of the Ancient Mariner [1798: poem]; Kubla Khan [1816: poem]; Aids to Reflection [1825: book] He lived 1772 to 1834.

Lord Stowell [Stowell, Lord] or William Scott [Scott, William] judge England 1798 to 1827 Dalyrmple v. Dalyrmple [1798 to 1827]; v. Evans [1798 to 1827] He lived 1745 to 1836 and was High Court of the Admiralty judge [1798 to 1827]. In Dalrymple case, he decided that law of marriage location, not court location, decided validity. He determined legality of capturing prize vessels at sea. Domicile in peace is not necessarily the same as domicile in war. In war, neutral persons can be enemies. During war, citizen in enemy country is enemy.

Joseph Mallord William Turner [Turner, Joseph Mallord William] painter England 1798 to 1844 Buttermere Lake: A Shower [1798]; Willows by a Stream [1805]; Passage of the Mont Cenis [1820]; Waves Breaking on a Lee Shore [1835]; Slave Ship or Slaves Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying, Typhoon Coming On [1840]; Rain, Steam, Speed [1844] He lived 1775 to 1851.

Vincenzo Cuoco [Cuoco, Vincenzo] philosopher Italy 1799 Account of the Revolution of Naples [1799] He lived 1770 to 1823.

John Jacob Astor [Astor, John Jacob] merchant Germany/USA 1800 He lived 1763 to 1848 and became wealthy fur merchant.

Beau Brummel [Brummel, Beau] dandy England 1800 He lived 1778 to 1840.

Nguyen Du [Du, Nguyen] or To Nhu or Thanh-hien or Shakespeare of Vietnam poet Vietnam 1800 Tale of Kieu or Kim van Kieu [1800] He lived 1765 to 1820 and wrote in Nom {chu nom} {nom script} ideograph script.

Maria Edgeworth [Edgeworth, Maria] novelist Ireland 1800 Castle Rackrent [1800] She lived 1767 to 1849 and wrote about rent.

Ho Xuan Huong poet Vietnam 1800 On Sharing a Husband [1800]; Cake that Drifts in Water [1800]; Three-Mountain Pass [1800] Ho^` Xua^n Hu'o'ng lived 1775 to 1820 and wrote in Nom (No^m) ideograph script.

Alessandro Volta [Volta, Alessandro] physicist/chemist/inventor Italy 1800 electrostatic generator; primary cell [1800] He lived 1745 to 1827 {electrostatic generator}.

Friedrich von Schelling [Schelling, Friedrich von] philosopher Germany 1800 to 1809 System of Transcendental Idealism [1800]; Exposition of My System of Philosophy [1801]; Bruno [1802]; Philosophy of Art [1805]; Of Human Freedom [1809] He lived 1775 to 1854, was Romantic, and worked with Fichte. Aesthetics Aesthetic reason or artistic genius unites conscious and unconscious. Art works are the highest phenomenon of reason, because they realize the world of reason. Epistemology Dialectic is a tool of metaphysics and reason. Formal logic is for perceptions only. Ethics Life parallels God's self-development, an idea from Baader and St. Martin. Directed toward itself, will makes Ideas, then reason, and then world, which is consciousness of conflict between purpose and impulse. Later, self-knowledge brings consciousness of reason. Metaphysics Universe is a perfect organism and artwork. Organisms can share body plans {bauplan, Schelling}. Reality has archetypes, which become more perfect {Naturphilosophie}. God created ideal mental world and real matter world by creating finite irrational things {leap}, which must return to God over history. Realizing such Ideas is falling away from God, which is selfish and evil. Falling away has no cause or reason, so Ideas are free. Ideas strive to return to God. Reality is will, going from irrational to rational. The Absolute must have falling away in it at all times and so must have irrationality in its essence. God has primordial ground of being and striving or unconscious will. God develops from primitive essence, to self-knowledge, and then to absolute reason. God participates in history, and history of revelations and religions shows God's development. Nature and mind cannot be separate, because they unify in the absolute or God. Nature is self in the process of becoming self. Nature is an organism whose purpose is to produce sensitive beings that have consciousness, sensation, and reason and so make higher selves. Higher reality builds over history by synthesizing opposing forces into higher unity. Mind Absolute and unknowable reason unites self and nature.

Francisco [Goya, Francisco] painter Greece/Spain 1800 to 1810 Family of Charles IV [1800]; Third of May [1808]; Disasters of War [1810] He lived 1746 to 1828.

Henry Raeburn [Raeburn, Henry] painter Scotland 1800 to 1810 Lieut-Colonel Bryce McMurdo [1800 to 1810]; Sir Henry Raeburn The 1st Viscount [1805] He lived 1756 to 1823 and painted portraits.

Tecumseh chief USA 1800 to 1810 He lived 1768 to 1813 and was Shawnee chief.

Duncan Phyfe [Phyfe, Duncan] or Duncan Fife [Fife, Duncan] designer USA 1800 to 1830 Duncan Phyfe He lived 1768 to 1854 and defined Federal style. He used rectilinear style, with veneer, inlay, and brass feet.

Salvatore Vigano [Vigano, Salvatore] choreographer Milan, Italy 1801 Les Créatures de Prométhée or Creatures of Prometheus [1801: music by Beethoven] He lived 1769 to 1821 and unified music, ballet, and mime.

Thomas Young [Young, Thomas] physician/physicist/Egyptologist Britain 1801 to 1807 Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts [1807] He lived 1773 to 1829, invented Young's modulus, developed light-wave theory, and analyzed light-interference patterns [1801]. Prism colors add to make brightness. Different colored-light ratios make all intermediate colors [1801]. Eye lens accommodates to different distances by changing anterior surface curvature. Color vision mixes signals from three retinal channels.

Thomas Jefferson [Jefferson, Thomas] president USA 1801 to 1809 Declaration of Independence He lived 1743 to 1826. Before becoming third president, he drafted Declaration of Independence [1776] and, in Virginia, abolished entail and primogeniture, enacted religious freedom, and started public schools and University of Virginia. He helped plan Washington, District of Columbia, and drafted Kentucky Resolution on states' rights. He bought Louisiana Purchase of all middle USA [1803] and sent Lewis and Expedition to explore it [1803]. He tried to enforce Embargo Act [1807], which tried to block trade with France and England to force free trade. Politics He believed in free public education, self-sufficiency, and consent of the governed in renewable social contract. The greatest possible freedom is best, with minimal state. Independent farmers are a democracy foundation.

Friedrich Bouterwek [Bouterwek, Friedrich] philosopher Göttingen, Germany 1801 to 1812 History of Poesy [1801 to 1812] He lived 1766 to 1828. People can have relative knowledge of things-in-themselves, relative to themselves. Objects exist, because they resist the force of will. Subjects or selves exist, because people are conscious of willing and thus know force within themselves.

Kobayashi Issa [Issa, Kobayashi] or Kobayashi Yataro [Yataro, Kobayashi] poet Japan 1801 to 1819 Journal of My Father's Last Days [1801]; Oragaharu or A Year of My Life [1819] Zen Buddhist lived 1763 to 1827 and wrote haiku.

Alexander I czar Russia 1801 to 1825 He lived 1777-1825, was Romanov, and promoted Holy Alliance of Russia, Austria, and Prussia [1815].

Karl Friedrich Gauss [Gauss, Karl Friedrich] mathematician Göttingen, Germany 1801 to 1827 Disquisitions on Arithmetic [1801]; General Investigations of Curved Surfaces [1827] He lived 1777 to 1855 and studied Earth magnetic field. In statistics, he developed Gaussian distribution {normal distribution, Gauss}, variance, standard deviation, mean standard error, least-squares method, and regression. In number theory, he worked on analytic number theory, algebraic numbers, complex numbers, hypercomplex numbers, Diophantine analysis, and theory of forms. In geometry, he invented seventeen-sided regular polygons, used substitute parallel axiom for non-Euclidean geometry, and studied curvature, congruence theory, and Gaussian coordinates. In algebra, he invented fundamental theorem of algebra and studied elliptic functions, Gauss characteristic equation, and central limit theorem. In vector theory, he worked with dot product and cross product. In physics, he developed dynamic equations that minimized quantity and Principle of Least Constraint.

Thomas Moore [Moore, Thomas] poet/composer England 1801 to 1834 Irish Melodies [1807 to 1834]; Tis the Last Rose of Summer [1801]; Believe Me If All those Endearing Young Charms [1808]; Oft in the Stilly Night [1815] He lived 1779 to 1852.

François de Chateaubriand [Chateaubriand, François de] novelist France 1802 Genius of Christianity [1802: novel]; Atala [1802: story in The Genius of Christianity]; René [1802: story in The Genius of Christianity] He lived 1768 to 1848.

Gian Domenico Romagnosi [Romagnosi, Gian Domenico] philosopher Milan, Italy 1802 He lived 1765 to 1835 and was Ontologist. Electricity and magnetism have relation [1802].

Richard Trevithick [Trevithick, Richard] inventor England 1802 to 1812 high-pressure steam engine carriage [1802]; locomotive [1804]; steam threshing machine [1812] He lived 1771 to 1833 {high-pressure steam engine}.

Germaine de Stael [Stael, Germaine de] essayist/novelist France 1802 to 1813 Delphine [1802: novel]; Corinne [1807: novel]; De l'Allemagne or On Germany [1810 to 1813: essays] She lived 1766 to 1817.

William Henry [Henry, William] chemist England 1803 He lived 1774 to 1836 and found Henry's gas-solubility law [1803].

William Clark [Clark, William]/Meriwether Lewis [Lewis, Meriwether] explorer USA 1803 to 1806 Clark lived 1770 to 1838. Lewis lived 1774 to 1809. They organized Lewis and Clark Expedition, started at St. Louis, went up Missouri River, crossed Rocky Mountains, and traveled to Columbia River mouth. Sacajawea of Lemhi Shoshone accompanied them.

Friedrich Karl von Savigny [Savigny, Friedrich Karl von] lawyer Germany 1803 to 1842 Law of Possession [1803]; System of Present Day Roman Law [1840 to 1849]; History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages [1815 to 1831] He lived 1779 to 1861, was international lawyer, and started Historical School [1810 to 1842]. He emphasized Roman law and customs as the law basis. He first recreated classical law, contrasted Roman law to natural law, and tried to show how law had evolved.

Aaron Burr [Burr, Aaron] vice-president USA 1804 He lived 1756 to 1836 and killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. His plan to colonize southwest USA led to trial for treason.

Jean Jacques Regis Cambaceres [Cambaceres, Jean Jacques Regis] lawyer France 1804 Napoleonic Code [1804] He lived 1753 to 1824 and helped make Code Napoleon [1804] about private law.

Joseph Marie Jacquard [Jacquard, Joseph Marie] inventor France 1804 Jacquard loom [1804] He lived 1752 to 1834. Power looms {Jacquard loom} had punched cards to make cloth designs.

Matthew Murray [Murray, Matthew] inventor Leeds, England 1804 steam locomotive on timber rails [1804] He lived 1765 to 1826 {steam locomotive}.

Johnny Appleseed [Appleseed, Johnny] or John Chapman [Chapman, John] wanderer Midwest USA 1805 He lived 1774 to 1847 and began planting apple trees in midwest USA.

Alexander Forsyth [Forsyth, Alexander] inventor Scotland 1805 percussion lock [1805: shooter poured potassium chlorate in bottle into flash pan] He lived 1768 to 1843 {percussion lock}.

Mungo Park [Park, Mungo] explorer England/Africa/Nigeria 1805 He lived 1771 to 1806 and reached upper Niger River.

Walter Scott [Scott, Walter] novelist/poet England 1805 to 1825 Lay of the Last Minstrel [1805: poem, including Native Land]; Patriotism [1808: poem]; Lochinvar [1808: poem from Marmion]; Lady of the Lake [1810: poem]; Proud Maisie [1818: poem]; Ivanhoe [1819: novel]; Kenilworth [1821: novel]; Talisman [1825: novel] He lived 1771 to 1832.

Ibrahim Pasha viceroy/khedive Egypt 1805 to 1848 He lived 1789 to 1848 and was Muhammad 'Ali's son or adopted son. His father named him hereditary governor of Egypt. He led his father's armies against Wahhabite sect in Arabia [1816 to 1818].

Muhammad Ali [Muhammad, Ali] or Muhammad 'Ali pasha Egypt 1805 to 1849 He lived 1769 to 1849, became pasha under Ottoman Empire [1805], and defeated Mamelukes [1811]. He took Syria from Ottoman Empire [1833] and led revolts in Asia Minor [1838], which European armies suppressed.

Nathan Mayer Rothschild [Rothschild, Nathan Mayer] banker Frankfurt, Germany 1805 to 1850 He lived 1777 to 1836 and started London bank [1805]. Later, firm opened banks in London, Vienna, Paris, and Naples. Banks loaned to countries and influenced policy.

Jean Robert Argand [Argand, Jean Robert] mathematician France 1806 He lived 1768 to 1822 and placed complex numbers on a plane with two perpendicular coordinates.

Jean François Thérèse Chalgrin [Chalgrin, Jean François Thérèse]/Guillaume Abel Blouet [Blouet, Guillaume Abel] architect Paris, France 1806 Arc de Triomphe or Triumphal Arch [1806: Neo-Baroque arch] Chalgrin lived 1739 to 1811. Blouet lived 1795 to 1853.

Humphrey [Davy, Humphrey] chemist Britain 1806 He lived 1778 to 1829, discovered nitrous oxide exhilarating and anesthetic effects [1806], and split compounds using electricity.

Jean Ingres [Ingres, Jean] painter France 1806 Napoleon as Emperor [1806] He lived 1780 to 1867.

Joseph Bonaparte [Bonaparte, Joseph] king Spain 1806 to 1813 He lived 1768 to 1844 and was king of Naples [1806 to 1808] and Spain [1808 to 1813].

Charles Bell [Bell, Charles] anatomist/surgeon London, England 1806 to 1833 Essay on the Anatomy of the Expressions or The Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression as Connected with Fine Arts [1806]; Animal Mechanics or Proofs of Design in the Animal Frame [1828]; Nervous System of the Human Body [1833]; Hand: its Mechanism and Vital Endowments as evincing Design [1833] He lived 1774 to 1842, studied reciprocal innervation and haptic perception, and related muscles to facial expressions. Spinal-nerve anterior and posterior roots have separate functions {Bell-Magendie law, Bell}: dorsal root is sensory, and ventral root is motor [1822].

Johann Friedrich Herbart [Herbart, Johann Friedrich] philosopher/educator Germany 1806 to 1841 Universal Pedagogy [1806]; Textbook of Psychology [1816]; Psychology as Science [1825]; Psychological Investigations [1840]; Outlines of Some Lectures on Pedagogy [1841] He lived 1776 to 1841. Epistemology Ideas are active and compete to become consciousness. Ideas have intensity, which they can lose through tension. After losing intensity, idea becomes unconscious and becomes impulse. This is how feeling and will arise. Psychology is mechanics of ideas. Associational psychology is not true, because it makes mind faculties real and basic. Understanding cannot produce or create, so space, time, and categories all derive from experience. They cannot mold experience. Consciousness uses concepts from experience and has no transcendental logic. Consciousness is aware of matter, which is appearance created when Reals interact, as sense qualities. Consciousness is not aware of inner states of Reals. Something that contradicts itself cannot be real. To know reality, people must take concepts known by experience and use relation method to find what has no contradiction. Ethics Morals are part of aesthetics. People's aesthetic Ideas give them ability to judge or estimate. All mental relations have feelings of pain or pleasure, which judge relations aesthetically and morally. Ethical Ideas used for judging are freedom, affection, right, benevolence, and equity. Metaphysics Universe has many things-in-themselves or independent elements {Real}, which are simple and unchangeable. Reals interact with or influence {disturb, Herbart} each other, causing their inner states, not necessarily conscious, which are for self-preservation. Reals are like physical units of a causally interacting machine, which has interaction laws. Matter is appearance created when Reals interact. Mind Souls are Reals, with Ideas as inner states. Ideas disturb each other, making tension and resulting in mental activities and states. Self is activity in which new perceptions and ideas meet previous ones and assimilate.

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel [Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich] philosopher Germany 1806 to 1844 Phenomenology of Spirit [1807]; Science of Logic [1830]; Science of Logic [1808 to 1815]; Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences [1817]; Philosophy of Spirit [1817]; Elements of the Philosophy of Right [1821] He lived 1770 to 1831 and was empiricist and materialist. He expanded dialectical method of Kant. Epistemology Categories or statements {thesis, philosophy} have within them internal contradictions, which are opposite categories or statements {antithesis, philosophy}. The only available resolution is to combine the statements at a higher thought level {dialectical method}, to reach new categories or statements {synthesis, philosophy}. Dialectic applies to all subjects. Synthesis can explain all phenomena. Theses and anti-theses are not fully in consciousness until synthesized to higher knowledge. Dialectic can continually create new theses from existing ones, without limit. Knowledge subjects develop through dialectic. Thinking methods or categories similarly have internal contradictions. Reason as object of itself negates reason as subject. Sensations are objects, consciousnesses are subjects, and their synthesis is self-knowledge. Self perceives individual subjective spirit and objective spirit, and synthesis resolves these two into one absolute spirit, which is perception in art, image in religion, and concept in philosophy and combines personal and social. People already contain in their minds all knowledge but must remember, grasp, or learn it through dialectic to make it exist {learning paradox}. However, theses and categories are not real but exist only in mind as mental-process parts. Material mind cannot perceive ideal rational concept of mind or spirit but can know spirit through people's objective spirit. Ethics People's objective spirit causes activity, will, and spiritual life. Abstract, general objective spirit in itself is Right. Acting morally is following the commands of Right. The moral order has people in states following Right. Morality is from family and society and so is social in origin and maintenance. Religion relates finite spirit to infinite and absolute spirit. People can gain better absolute-spirit knowledge through better finite-spirit representations. Freedom applies to objective spirit as it tries to know absolute spirit better and develop self and society. Subjective spirit is not free. History History is self-realization of absolute spirit working through individuals and nations. The Absolute comes to understand itself through the dialectic of history. States develop by such dynamic processes, not by rules or social contracts and other static abstract-principles. States are particular and individual expressions of people's objective spirits. History develops through dialectic toward higher consciousness and more freedom. In ancient empires, only emperor had freedom. In ancient Greece, more people, as city-state individual citizens, were free and began to think more. Reformation allowed more people to be more individual and use their minds more. In the Enlightenment, states and institutions became more rational and favored more freedom. Metaphysics Reality is only spiritual, with subjective spirit {soul, Hegel}, objective spirit {consciousness, Hegel}, and absolute spirit {geist, Hegel}. Absolute spirit {Absolute, Hegel} {Absolute Mind} {Absolute Idea} is unconditional and unitary. Absolute spirit {absolute idealism} is real, rational, and true, because it knows itself and has no contradiction, from Fichte. Absolute spirit permeates whole universe and has synthesized and unified all concepts {gedanken, Hegel} through its dialectic, which motivates the dialectic in everything. Absolute Mind {Begriff} contains all knowledge and has reflections in intuition in art, imagination in religion, and pure logic in philosophy. Dialectic in everything means universe is like organisms that continually develop. Particular and finite thing is separate from infinite whole and can be only partially real and true. Combining particulars makes more reality and truth. Because finite things have contradictions in themselves if they apply to the whole or absolute, finite things develop by thesis, anti-thesis, and resolution through the dialectic contained in absolute spirit. Mind Objective spirit or consciousness is a finite reflection of absolute spirit. Mind is subject that can know something other than itself {alienation, Hegel}. This thesis-antithesis resolves at higher level using absolute spirit. Because spirit is self- determined, objective spirit acts through logical necessity and develops through dialectic stages like organisms grow. Politics History stages have dominant groups that arise from national spirit, and groups determine people's ideas and decisions. Ideal societies are rational communities that provide maximum benefits, so all people can give it allegiance, not just one group. History judges actions. Therefore, power and success make whatever happened be the right or best thing {might makes right}.

Robert Fulton [Fulton, Robert] inventor USA 1807 steamboat [1807] He lived 1765 to 1815 {steamboat}.

William Hazlitt [Hazlitt, William] essayist England 1807 to 1808 Reply to Malthus [1807: essay]; Eloquence of the British Senate [1808: essay] He lived 1778 to 1830.

George Crabbe [Crabbe, George] poet England 1807 to 1812 Late Wisdom; Marriage Ring; Parish Register [1807]; Borough [1810]; Tales [1812] He lived 1754 to 1832.

Dingiswayo chief Africa 1807 to 1818 In southeast Africa, he united Zulu tribes to make a Zulu kingdom (Mtetwa Empire) and taught Shaka Zulu.

George [Byron, George] or Lord Byron [Byron, Lord] poet England 1807 to 1821 Farewell or Farewell to the Muse [1807]; When We Two Parted [1808]; Childe Harold's Pilgrimage [1812 to 1818: including Ocean]; She Walks in Beauty [1814]; Destruction of Sennacherib [1815]; Prisoner of Chillon [1816]; So We'll Go No More A-Roving [1817]; Don Juan [1821] He lived 1788 to 1824.

John VI king Portugal 1807 to 1826 He lived 1767 to 1826 and went back to Portugal from Brazil.

Charles Lamb [Lamb, Charles] or Elias essayist/poet England 1807 to 1828 Tales of Shakespeare [1807: stories]; On an Infant Dying as Soon as Born [1828] He lived 1775 to 1834.

Friedrich Ast [Ast, Friedrich] theologian Landshut, Germany 1808 Elements of Grammar, Hermeneutics and Criticism [1808] He lived 1778 to 1841 and was Platonist.

Joseph Guy-Lussac [Guy-Lussac, Joseph] chemist/physicist France 1808 He lived 1778 to 1850 and invented law of combining volumes and law of Guy-Lussac [1808].

John [Dalton, John] chemist/physicist England 1808 to 1827 New System of Chemical Philosophy [1808] He lived 1766 to 1844 and studied atomic theory, compounds, atomic weights, partial-pressure law, and color blindness.

Ferdinand VII king Spain 1808 to 1833 He lived 1784 to 1833, was of Bourbon family, and was king of Spain [1808 to 1833]. Napoleon captured him, but he later regained throne. He set aside new constitution twice. He lost mainland South and Central America [1825]. He caused Carlist Wars [1839] by giving his kingdom to his daughter instead of Don Carlos, as required by Salid law.

Simeon-Denis Poisson [Poisson, Simeon-Denis] mathematician Paris, France 1808 to 1837 On the inequalities of the methods of planet movements [1808]; On the movement of Earth's rotation [1809]; On the variation of arbitrary constants in mechanical questions [1809]; Researches in the probability of judgments of criminal and civil matters [1837] He lived 1781 to 1840 and invented Poisson distribution.

Jöns Jakob Berzelius [Berzelius, Jöns Jakob] biologist/physicist Stockholm, Sweden 1808 to 1838 Chemistry Textbook [1808]; protein discovered [1838] He lived 1779 to 1848 and discovered proteins [1838] and studied ions and atomic and molecular weights. He invented old chemical symbols [1811] and atomic-weight table [1826].

James Madison [Madison, James] president USA 1809 to 1817 He lived 1751 to 1836. Fourth president fought War of 1812. His wife was Dolly Madison.

Charles XIII king Sweden/Norway 1809 to 1818 He lived 1748 to 1818, accepted constitution, settled with Russia, fought Napoleon at Leipzig [1814], and united Norway [1814 to 1818] with Sweden when Denmark gave up rule of Norway.

Washington Irving [Irving, Washington] novelist USA 1809 to 1819 Knickerbocker History of New York [1809: humorous history]; Legend of Sleep Hollow [1819: story]; Rip van Winkle [1819: story]; Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. [1819: including Rip Van Winkle and Legend of Sleepy Hollow] He lived 1783 to 1859.

Caspar David Friedrich [Friedrich, Caspar David] painter Germany 1809 to 1821 Man Looking at Mountains with Rainbow [1809]; Wreck of the "Hope" [1821] He lived 1774 to 1840.

Sequoia or Sequoyah chief Southeast USA 1809 to 1821 He lived 1770 to 1843 and developed syllabic alphabet for Cherokee language.

Furst von Metternich [Metternich, Furst von] minister Austria 1809 to 1848 He lived 1773 to 1859, married Marie Louise to Napoleon, and allied with France [1809]. He joined Allies [1813]. He dominated German Confederation and Congress of Vienna [1815]. He led Holy Alliance and Quadruple Alliance to maintain peace and order and set political boundaries. Holy Alliance had Austria, Russia, and Prussia. Revolution of 1848 ousted him.

Franz von Zeiller [Zeiller, Franz von] lawyer Vienna, Austria 1810 Austrian Civil Code [1810] Martini lived 1726 to 1800. Zeiller lived 1751 to 1828. Maria Theresa of Holy Roman Empire asked for code of private law based on Roman law [1753]. Codex Theresianus [1866] was long and ambiguous.

Jane Austen [Austen, Jane] novelist England 1810 to 1815 Sense and Sensibility [1810]; Pride and Prejudice [1813]; Mansfield Park [1813]; Emma [1815] She lived 1775 to 1817.

Johann Gaspar Spurzheim [Spurzheim, Johann Gaspar] biologist Germany 1810 to 1815 Anatomy and of the Nervous System in General [1810 to 1815: first two volumes, with Gall] He lived 1776 to 1832 and studied memory storage and retrieval and physiological bases of normal brain function.

Johannes Samuel Pauly [Pauly, Johannes Samuel] inventor Switzerland 1810 to 1820 bullet [1810 to 1820: cartridge has brass head with explosive primer] He lived 1766 to 1820 {bullet}. Pin-fire cartridges, with pins, began in France [1830 to 1840]. Center-fire cartridges [1860 to 1870] had pin in gun.

Franz Joseph Gall [Gall, Franz Joseph] anatomist Germany/Paris, France 1810 to 1825 Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General [1810 to 1819: four volumes, first two with Johannes Caspar Spurzheim]; On the Functions of the Brain [1822 to 1825: six volumes] He lived 1758 to 1828, founded phrenology, and studied brain white matter, gray matter, and ganglia.

Hirata Atsutane [Atsutane, Hirata] philosopher Edo (Tokyo), Japan 1810 to 1840 Studies in Shinto Thought [1810 to 1840] He lived 1776 to 1843 and started return to Shintoism and ancient myth, in Kokugaku or Kogaku School.

Amadeo Avogadro [Avogadro, Amadeo] chemist Italy 1811 He lived 1776 to 1856 and calculated Avogadro's number [1811].

Jacob F. Fries [Fries, Jacob F.] philosopher Germany 1811 System of Logic [1811] He lived 1773 to 1843. Inner experience causes consciousness, in obscure form, of a priori truths, which then transform by reflection into knowledge.

Destutt de Tracy [Tracy, Destutt de] or Antoine Louis Claude Destutt, Comte de Tracy [Tracy, Antoine Louis Claude Destutt, Comte de] philosopher Paris, France 1811 Commentary and Review of Montesquieu's Spirit of Laws [1811] He lived 1754 to 1836 and was French Ideologist. He wanted to make a science of ideas {ideology of ideas}.

Franz Schubert [Schubert, Franz] composer Austria 1811 to 1827 German Dance No. 1 [1811]; Erlkonig or Elf King [1815: songs]; Symphony No. 8 in B Minor or Unfinished Symphony [1822]; Rosamunde [1823: opera, including Ballet Music in G]; Ave Maria [1823: song]; Die Schone Mullerin or Fair Maid of the Mill [1823: songs]; Symphony No. 9 in C Major or the Great Symphony [1826]; Die Winterreise or Winter Journey [1827: songs]; Serenade or Ständchen [1827] He lived 1797 to 1828 and composed lied.

John Constable [Constable, John] painter England 1811 to 1830 Stoke-by-Nayland [1811]; Boys Fishing by the Stour [1813]; Haywain [1819]; Cloud Studies [1819 to 1830]; Hampstead Heath [1821] He lived 1776 to 1837.

Jacob Grimm [Grimm, Jacob] linguist/philologist Berlin, Germany 1811 to 1837 High German Master Song [1811]; German Grammar [1819 to 1837] He lived 1785 to 1863. As language develops, sound usage shifts according to rules {Grimm's Law} [1822], accounting for sound pairing among languages.

Joseph von [Fraunhofer, Joseph von] physicist Germany 1812 He lived 1787 to 1826 and described Fraunhofer lines [1812].

Wilhelm Grimm [Grimm, Wilhelm]/Jacob Grimm [Grimm, Jacob] storyteller Germany 1812 Children's and Household Tales [1812: story collection] The Brothers Grimm wrote fairy tales. Jacob lived 1785 to 1863. Wilhelm lived 1786 to 1859.

Francis Scott Key [Key, Francis Scott]/John Stafford Smith [Smith, John Stafford] lyricist/composer USA/England 1812 Star-Spangled Banner [1812: music is To Anacreon in Heaven] Key lived 1779 to 1843. Smith lived 1750 to 1836.

Gottlieb Sigismund Kirchhoff [Kirchhoff, Gottlieb Sigismund] biologist Russia 1812 He lived 1764 to 1833 and discovered enzymes. Wheat gluten enzyme converts starch to sugar and dextrin [1812].

Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov [Kutuzov, Mikhail Illarionovich] general Russia 1812 to 1813 He lived 1745 to 1813, fought Turkey [1770 to 1774], and defeated Napoleon.

Johann Wyss [Wyss, Johann] writer Switzerland 1812 to 1813 Swiss Family Robinson [1812] He lived 1743 to 1818.

Jean Lafitte [Lafitte, Jean] pirate New Orleans, Louisiana 1812 to 1815 He lived 1780 to 1826, was pirate of France against Spain, and helped USA in War of 1812.

Brothers Grimm/Jakob Grimm [Grimm, Jakob]/Wilhelm Grimm [Grimm, Wilhelm] writer Germany 1812 to 1857 Children's and Household Tales [1812 to 1857: 7 editions, including Elves and Shoemaker, Hansel and Gretel, Red Riding Hood, Rumpelstiltskin, Sleeping Beauty, Snow White, and Tom Thumb] Jakob lived 1785 to 1863. Wilhelm lived 1786 to 1859.

Gioacchino Rossini [Rossini, Gioacchino] composer Italy 1813 to 1823 L'Italiana in Algeri or Italian Girl in Algiers [1813: opera]; William Tell [1816: opera, with well-known Overture]; Thieving Magpie or La Gazza ladra [1817: opera]; Barber of Seville or Il Barbiere di Siviglia [1821: opera]; Semiramide or Semiramus [1823: opera] He lived 1792 to 1868.

Claude Henri de Saint-Simon [Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de] philosopher Paris, France 1813 to 1825 Memoir on the Science of Man [1813]; On the Reorganization of European Society [1814]; New Christianity [1825] He lived 1760 to 1825, influenced Comte and Marx, and was the first socialist in France. History has progress. Medieval society became the Enlightenment and then science and technology, as merchants and industrialists arose and conflicted with church and king.

Niccolò Paganini [Paganini, Niccolò] violinist/composer Italy 1813 to 1826 Theme and Variations on a Song by Süssmayr or Le Streghe or The Witches [1813]; I Palpiti or Pulsations or Heartbeats [1819: from Rossini]; Concerto No. 2 in B minor or La Campanella or Cloister Bell [1826] He lived 1782 to 1840 and composed violin music.

Arthur Schopenhauer [Schopenhauer, Arthur] philosopher/pessimist Germany 1813 to 1851 On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason [1813]; World as Will and Idea or The World as Will and Representation [1818 and 1844]; On the Will in Nature [1836]; Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics [1841]; On the Freedom of the Will [1841]; On the Basis of Morality [1841]; Incidentals and Supplements or Philosophical Writings [1851] He lived 1788 to 1860 and was a pessimist. Plato, Kant, and Vedic thought influenced him. Philosophy is art, not science, based on people's will. Aesthetics Aesthetics is perception without will. As people become less individual, they can better know the ideal. Epistemology Knowledge depends on having objective concepts {Idea, Schopenhauer} {objective concept} about reasoning, space, time, and causes. Perceptions are individual, are in space and time, and have causes. From perceptions, people abstract subjective images or representations {Vorstellung}, which are also memories and imagination objects, using reason. From representations, people can know geometry, arithmetic, space, and time. From causes, space, time, and reason, people can know the world. The Ideas unify all knowledge. Humor depends on feelings of superiority [1819]. Ethics The Will, and individual wills, are always unhappy, because they never have complete satisfaction. Individual wills conflict as they try to live and gain their desires. Conflicts of wills lead to inability to satisfy desires and thus pain and suffering. People can never overcome the will to live, but to obtain happiness people should try to deny or negate will. They should quiet desires, have contempt for life, and become selfless {self-abnegation}. People can quiet will by sympathizing with suffering and by contemplating art and science. Pleasure is relief from suffering and dissatisfaction. Ethics {ethics of pity} depends on sympathy, compassion for the inescapable suffering and pain felt by other people. People should feel others' pain and should not inflict suffering. By submerging self and sympathizing with others, people decrease conflict of wills. The ideal is to unify all wills, and so end suffering and obtain justice. Will feels itself to be free, but it actually acts deterministically. Freedom is acting to deny or negate will to live. Metaphysics Will to live or exist is essence of reality. Will is subjective thing-in-itself that has no object except itself, and so it can only will that it exist and live. Will has no outside method, object, purpose, or conclusion and is therefore absolute unreason. All individual wills unite in the Will {world-will}. All existing things manifest Will {voluntarism}. Will causes things to move and so keeps individuals restless and unsatisfied. The world formed by Will is necessary and has determination, with an infinite number of relations and ideas. All things in world result from physical cause, logical reason, mathematical reason, or moral cause. Mind Undirected forces {will to live, Schopenhauer} are true natures of people {absolute virtualism}. The will to live is individual, subjective, and irrational but is part of world-will. Will is separate from body. Will feels itself to be free, but all actions are deterministic. Will encounters resistance to its acts from everything, because everything has will or manifests will.

David Brewster [Brewster, David] physicist/inventor Scotland 1814 to 1816 kaleidoscope [1816] He lived 1781 to 1868 and improved Wheatstone's stereoscope {kaleidoscope, Brewster}. Polarization maximizes when polarization angle tangent {Brewster's angle} equals reflecting-medium refractive index {Brewster's law} [1814].

James Kent [Kent, James] lawyer USA 1814 to 1824 Commentaries on American Law [1814] He lived 1763 to 1847, was conservative Chancellor of New York State, and founded American equity system.

Augustin-Louis [Cauchy, Augustin-Louis] mathematician Paris, France 1814 to 1829 Lessons on Differential Calculus [1829] He lived 1789 to 1857, used arithmetic concepts for mathematical analysis, and began complex-variable function theory [1814]. He invented Cauchy's principle, Cauchy convergence criterion, and Cauchy integral theorem. He studied method of characteristics, theory of content, and spaces. Separating first-order partial-differential-equation variables can make ordinary-differential-equation systems. First-order partial differential equation systems can describe elastic- media properties.

Melchiorre Gioja [Gioja, Melchiorre] philosopher Milan, Italy 1815 New prospect of economic science [1815] He lived 1767 to 1829 and was Ontologist.

John Nash [Nash, John] architect Brighton, England 1815 to 1823 Royal Pavilion [1815 to 1823: House is in Georgian style with Motifs from India] He lived 1752 to 1835.

Louis XVIII king France 1815 to 1824 He lived 1755 to 1824. In Bourbon Restoration, he became king through Talleyrand at Congress of Vienna and Talleyrand was his foreign minister. He tried to reconcile French factions with new constitution. Someone assassinated his nephew. Royalists gained control through Villele [1820].

Karl Joseph Anton Mittermaier [Mittermaier, Karl Joseph Anton] lawyer Landshut, Germany 1815 to 1824 Critique of a Scientific Treatment of German Private Law [1815]; Foundations of Intent in German Private Law [1824] He lived 1787 to 1867. His writings about criminal procedure resulted in German-law reforms.

William I king Netherlands 1815 to 1840 He lived 1772 to 1843.

Victor Cousin [Cousin, Victor] philosopher Paris, France 1815 to 1845 Course of the History of Philosophy [1815 to 1829]; Philosophical Fragments [1826]; Philosophy of Locke [1829]; On truth, beauty, and the good [1836]; Scottish philosophy [1845] He lived 1792 to 1867 and modified spiritualism.

William Cullen Bryant [Bryant, William Cullen] poet USA 1815 to 1850 To a Waterfowl [1815]; Thanatopsis [1817]; To the Fringed Gentian [1832]; Death of the Flowers [1850] He lived 1794 to 1878.

Ernst T. A. Hoffman [Hoffman, Ernst T. A.] storyteller Germany 1816 and the Mouse King [1816: story]; Sandman [1816: story] He lived 1776 to 1822.

Joshua Shaw [Shaw, Joshua] inventor/painter England/USA 1816 percussion cap [1816: steel nipple replaced flash pan and held copper caps] He lived 1776 to 1860 {percussion cap}.

Sophia Germain [Germain, Sophia] or Sophie Germain [Germain, Sophie] mathematician France 1816 to 1820 She lived 1776 to 1831 and studied number theory and elasticity [1816]. For integers x, y, and z, if x^5 + y^5 = z^5, then x, y, or z must be divisible by 5 [1820] {Germain's theorem}.

John [Keats, John] poet England 1816 to 1820 On First Looking into Chapman's Homer [1816]; I Stood Tip-toe upon a Little Hill [1816]; When I Have Fears that I May Cease To Be [1817]; [1818]; Thing of Beauty [1818: in Endymion]; Ode to a Nightingale [1819]; To Autumn [1819]; Ode to Melancholy [1819]; Hyperion [1819]; Bright Star Would that I Were Steadfast As Thou Art [1819 and 1820]; Ode on a Grecian Urn [1820]; La Belle Dame Sans Merci or Beautiful Lady without Mercy [1820]; Eve of St. Agnes [1820]; On the Grasshopper and the Cricket [1820] He lived 1795 to 1821.

Charles Babbage [Babbage, Charles] mathematician/inventor London, England 1816 to 1833 difference engine designed to compute tables [1816]; Analytical Engine Drawings [1833]; ophthalmoscope; railway cowcatcher He lived 1792 to 1871 {analytical engine}.

Daniel Webster [Webster, Daniel] lawyer/senator USA 1816 to 1850 Dartmouth College v. Woodward [1819]; Gibbons v. Ogden [1821]; McCulloch v. Maryland [1824]; Webster- Ashburton Treaty [1842] He lived 1782 to 1852, believed in Alexander Hamilton's ideas, was Whig, and argued Dartmouth College case about contracts and McCulloch vs. Maryland case about states' rights. He backed Compromise of 1850 to preserve union.

David Ricardo [Ricardo, David] economist England 1817 Principles of Political Economy and Taxation [1817] He lived 1772 to 1823 and studied rents and agriculture and invented labor theory of value and growth. Land scarcity as population increases causes diminishing returns from agriculture, so food prices rise relative to other prices. Workers wages rise and reduce profit rates. With no incentive for investing, output, capital, and labor remain constant from then on. Rising wages cause even higher population and bring wages back down to subsistence level. Rents depend on land agricultural uses.

James Monroe [Monroe, James] president USA 1817 to 1821 He lived 1758 to 1831. Fifth president resolved boundary with Canada, got Florida, settled Liberia with former slaves, presided over Missouri Compromise, and formulated Monroe Doctrine, ending European influence in Americas.

Percy Blythe Shelley [Shelley, Percy Blythe] poet England 1817 to 1821 Ozymandias [1817]; Ode to the West Wind [1819]; Prometheus Unbound [1819]; Love's Philosophy [1819]; To a Skylark [1820]; Adonäis [1821]; To Night [1821]; Defence of Poetry [1821: essay]; Music [1821] He lived 1792 to 1822.

François Magendie [Magendie, François] physiologist Paris, France 1817 to 1822 Summary of Physiology [1817] He lived 1783 to 1855, studied emetine and morphine drugs, and studied iodides and bromides in nutrition. He poisoned animals with Javanese arrow poison in various ways, described convulsions and asphyxia, sectioned spinal cord, and isolated strychnine [1818]. Spinal-nerve anterior and posterior roots have separate functions {Bell-Magendie law, Magendie}: dorsal root is sensory, and ventral root is motor [1822].

Friedrich Bessel [Bessel, Friedrich] mathematician Germany 1817 to 1824 He lived 1784 to 1846 and invented Bessel equation [1817 to 1824] and Bessel's inequality.

Georges [Cuvier, Georges] biologist Paris, France 1817 to 1825 Animal Kingdom [1817]; Discourse on the Revolutionary Upheavals on the Surface of the Earth [1825] He lived 1769 to 1832 and studied fossils, differentiated animals by body structures and nervous systems, and noted adaptations to environment.

James Mill [Mill, James] political scientist Scotland 1817 to 1835 History of British India [1817]; On Government [1820]; Elements of Political Economy [1821 to 1822]; Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind [1829]; Fragment on Mackintosh [1835] He lived 1773 to 1836. Democracy by majority gives the most people the best chance to maximize happiness, because people act by self-interest.

Lambert Hitchcock [Hitchcock, Lambert] designer USA 1818 Hitchcock He lived 1795 to 1852. First mass produced furniture in USA.

Joseph Mohr [Mohr, Joseph]/Franz Gruber [Gruber, Franz] lyricist/composer Germany 1818 Silent Night [1818] Mohr lived 1792 to 1848. Gruber lived 1787 to 1863.

Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire [Saint-Hilaire, Étienne Geoffroy] biologist Paris, France 1818 Anatomical Philosophy [1818] He lived 1772 to 1844 and studied fossils and compared fish and land animals, vertebrates and insects, and cephalopods and vertebrates. Fossils have structure homologies {unity of type}. Body type depends on vertebral structure.

Samuel Woodworth [Woodworth, Samuel]/George F. Kiallmark [Kiallmark, George F.] lyricist/composer USA 1818 Old Oaken Bucket [1818: music, 1826] Woodworth lived 1785 to 1842. Kiallmark lived 1804 to 1887.

Charles Bulfinch [Bulfinch, Charles] architect USA 1818 to 1830 State House [1818: Federal style, in Boston]; Massachusetts General Hospital [1820: Federal style, in Boston]; Capitol Building [1818 to 1830: Federal style, in Washington] He lived 1763 to 1844.

Alexander Pushkin [Pushkin, Alexander] poet Russia 1818 to 1834 Russlan and Ludmilla [1818: poem]; Eugene Onegin [1823 to 1831: verse novel]; Boris Godunov [1831: poem]; Queen of Spades [1834: story] He lived 1799 to 1837.

Charles XIV king Sweden/Norway 1818 to 1844 He lived 1763 to 1844.

Pierre Dulong [Dulong, Pierre] chemist France 1819 He lived 1785 to 1838 and studied heat capacity and invented law of Dulong-Petit [1819].

Hans Christian Oersted [Oersted, Hans Christian] physicist Denmark 1819 He lived 1777 to 1851 and found that moving charge has magnetic field [1819].

Alexis Petit [Petit, Alexis] chemist France 1819 He lived 1791 to 1820 and studied heat capacity and invented law of Dulong-Petit [1819].

Theodore Gericault [Gericault, Theodore] painter France 1819 to 1822 Raft of the Medusa [1819]; Madman [1822] He lived 1791 to 1824.

Friedrich Schlegel [Schlegel, Friedrich] poet Vienna, Austria 1819 to 1823 Lessons on the History of Philosophy [1819 to 1823] He lived 1772 to 1829 and compared classic poetry to romantic poetry using Romantic School of Criticism. Beauty is an Idea manifested in matter. Irony can oppose finite {appearance, Schlegel} to infinite {Idea, Schlegel} {infinite, Schlegel}, as in Romantic poetry.

Joseph de Maistre [Maistre, Joseph de] philosopher Paris, France 1819 to 1826 On the Pope [1819]; St. Petersburg Dialogs [1821]; Examination of the Philosophy of Bacon [1826] He lived 1753 to 1821 and was Traditionalist.

Alphonse de Lamartine [Lamartine, Alphonse de] poet France 1820 Les Méditations poétiques or Poetic Meditations [1820] He lived 1790 to 1869.

Carl Maria von Weber [Weber, Carl Maria von] composer Germany 1820 to 1826 Der Freischütz or The Free-Shooter [1820: opera]; Invitation to the Dance [1821: music]; Euryanthe [1823: opera]; Oberon [1826: opera] He lived 1786 to 1826.

André M. Ampere [Ampere, André M.] physicist France 1820 to 1827 He lived 1775 to 1836 and studied magnetic fields around conductors [1820 to 1827].

Carlo Blasis [Blasis, Carlo] choreographer Milan, Italy 1820 to 1830 Elementary Treatise upon the Theory and Practice of the Art of Dancing [1820: book]; Code of Terpsichore [1830: book] He lived 1803 to 1878, was Dauberval's student, codified the dance at La Scala opera house, and first used poses.

Christian Jurgenson Thomsen [Thomsen, Christian Jurgenson] archaeologist Denmark 1820 to 1830 He lived 1788 to 1865 and assigned Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age eras. Gold jewelry {bracteates} [500 to 700] has Norse motifs.

Ernst Heinrich Weber [Weber, Ernst Heinrich] physiologist Leipzig, Germany 1820 to 1846 On vision and hearing in humans and animals [1820]; Additions to the Theory of Construction and Function of the Genital Organs [1846] He lived 1795 to 1878, studied psychophysics, invented theory of signs {Lokalzeichentheorie}, measured skin sensitivity to separated stimuli [1826], studied inhibition by vagus nerve [1845], and developed law of sensation [1834], with . People can distinguish between two similar sensations {just-noticeable difference}. For each sense, ratio of just-noticeable-difference to intensity is approximately constant for all intensities. Subjective sensation increases as logarithm of physical-stimulus magnitude. Just-noticeable difference increases in direct proportion to stimulus intensity. If I is sensation intensity, intensity change divided by intensity equals constant {Weber-Fechner law} {Weber's law}: (I2 - I1) / I1 = Weber's constant. Weber's constant {Weber fraction} represents smallest stimulus intensity difference that people can perceive. If intensity is higher, differences must be larger for people to perceive them. Weber's constant is typically greater than one to three percent, differs for different senses, and tends to increase with age.

Henry Clay [Clay, Henry] or Great Pacificator or Great Compromiser lawyer USA 1820 to 1850 Missouri Compromise [1820]; Compromise of 1850 [1850] He lived 1797 to 1852 and believed in Alexander Hamilton's ideas. He favored strong central government, high tariffs for business protection, Bank of USA, Missouri Compromise, and Compromise of 1850.

Thomas De Quincey [De Quincey, Thomas] essayist England 1821 Confessions of an English Opium Eater [1821: essay] He lived 1785 to 1859.

Claude Louis Marie Henri Navier [Navier, Claude Louis Marie Henri] physicist France 1821 to 1822 He lived 1785 to 1836 and studied fluid dynamics [1821 to 1822].

Louis Braille [Braille, Louis] inventor France 1821 to 1829 Braille [1821 to 1829] He lived 1809 to 1852. He invented a printing and writing system using six dots, in two vertical lines of three raised dots each, to represent 63 characters and allow blind people to read by touch {Braille} [1821 to 1829].

Pedro I king Brazil 1821 to 1831 He lived 1798 to 1831, declared independence from Portugal, and was John VI of Portugal's son.

Jan Evangelista Purkinje [Purkinje, Jan Evangelista] anatomist Spain/Germany 1821 to 1839 Observations and Experiments Investigating the Physiology of Senses [1821]; New Subjective Reports about Vision [1825] He lived 1787 to 1869 and studied brain neurons. He said fingerprints are unique [1823]. As light intensity decreases, red objects fade faster than blue objects {Purkinje effect} [1825]. He discovered germinal vesicles [1825], skin sweat glands [1833], Purkinje cells [1837], and Purkinje fibers [1839]. He digested protein with pancreatic extract [1836].

George Cruikshank [Cruikshank, George] illustrator England 1821 to 1841 Life in London [1821: illustration, with Robert Isaac]; Oliver Twist [1841: illustration] He lived 1792 to 1878.

Heinrich [Heine, Heinrich] or Harry Heine [Heine, Harry] poet Düsseldorf, Germany 1821 to 1853 Gedichte or Poems [1821]; Die Harzreise or Harz Journey [1824]; Book of Songs [1827]; Lorelei [1827: in Book of Songs]; Neue Gedichte or New Poems [1844]; Atta Troll [1847]; Deutschland [1847: in Wintermärchen]; Letzte Gedichte or Late Poems [1853] He lived 1797 to 1856.

Joseph [Fourier, Joseph] mathematician Paris, France 1822 Analytical Theory of Heat [1822] He lived 1768 to 1830, invented heat equation, and invented Fourier series and Fourier transform: over intervals, any function can be trigonometric series.

Augustin Fresnel [Fresnel, Augustin] physicist France 1822 He lived 1788 to 1827, developed Fresnel integral, and applied it to making lenses for refraction [1822].

Joseph Niepce [Niepce, Joseph] inventor/photographer USA 1822 photography [1822] He lived 1765 to 1833 and invented photography. Light darkens silver chloride or silver bromide, and then sodium hypochlorite fixes it.

Jean-Victor Poncelet [Poncelet, Jean-Victor] mathematician Paris, France 1822 Treatise on the projective properties of figures [1822] He lived 1788 to 1867, rediscovered projective geometry, and studied affine geometry, differential geometry, and harmonic point sets.

Friedrich E. D. Schleiermacher [Schleiermacher, Friedrich E. D.] theologian Berlin, Germany 1822 Christian Faith [1822] He lived 1768 to 1834 and founded Schleiermacherian School of Plato and Protestantism. Epistemology He invented a theory of how to interpret texts {hermeneutics, Schleiermacher}. Analyze text language and author mind and development. Relate parts to whole text. Knowledge gained can find new knowledge, which expands knowledge {hermeneutic circle}. The goal of knowledge is to show identity of being and thought, which appear separate in consciousness as perception and conception. This goal can never have complete attainment. As method, presuppose that they are the same as God and try to understand process involved in uniting them. Ethics Religion is communion with, and absolute dependence on, God, universal, infinity, or unified thought and being. Religion is not about knowing or doing right actions. All ethical action is for uniting nature and reason. This is the moral and natural law. People develop lives in particular ways based on natural law, nature, and harmony. Aristocrats live life fully, cultivate sensibilities, and ignore rules and laws as unnecessary. Metaphysics Absolute Good or Infinite has Ideas in Mind.

Agustin de Iturbide [Iturbide, Agustin de] emperor Mexico 1822 to 1823 He lived 1783 to 1824.

William Beaumont [Beaumont, William] biologist USA 1822 to 1833 Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Physiology of Digestion [1833] He lived 1785 to 1853 and observed stomach functions [1822 to 1833].

Clement Clark Moore [Moore, Clement Clark] poet USA 1822 to 1837 Night Before Christmas or Twas the Night Before Christmas [1822] He lived 1779 to 1863.

Eugène [Delacroix, Eugène] painter France 1822 to 1861 and Virgil Crossing the or Barque of Dante [1822]; Massacre of Chios [1824]; Greece expiring on the Ruins of Missolonghi [1827]; in their Apartments [1834]; Attila and his Hordes Overrun Italy and the Arts [1847]; Liberty Guiding the People [1848]; Odalisque [1854]; Lion Hunt [1854]; Jacob Wrestling with the Angel [1861] He lived 1798 to 1863.

Janos Bolyai [Bolyai, Janos] mathematician Hungary 1823 to 1833 Appendix to Tentamen [1833: of Farkas Bolyai or Wolfgang Bolyai] He lived 1802 to 1860 and used substitute parallel axiom [1823], applied to intersecting and non-intersecting lines, to make non-Euclidean geometry [1833].

Adam [Mickiewicz, Adam] poet Poland 1823 to 1834 Dziady or Forefathers' Eve [1823 to 1832: play]; Konrad Wallenrod [1828: poem]; Pan Tadeus [1834: long poem] He lived 1798 to 1855 and was nationalist.

James Fenimore Cooper [Cooper, James Fenimore] novelist USA 1823 to 1841 Leatherstocking Tales [1823 to 1841: novels]; Last of the Mohicans [1826: in Leatherstocking Tales] He lived 1789 to 1851.

Ralph Waldo Emerson [Emerson, Ralph Waldo] poet/essayist USA 1823 to 1841 Good-Bye [1823 to 1829]; Nature [1836: essay that started New England Transcendentalism]; American Scholar [1837: essay]; Concord Hymn [1837: poem]; Self-Reliance [1841: essay]; Essays [1841: essays]; Brahma [1857] He lived 1803 to 1882.

Nicolas [Carnot, Nicolas] physicist France 1824 Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire [1824] He lived 1796 to 1832 and invented heat-engine theory.

Marie Jean Pierre Flourens [Flourens, Marie Jean Pierre] physiologist/anatomist France 1824 Experimental Researches on the Properties and Functions of the Nervous System in Vertebrates [1824] He lived 1794 to 1867, studied brain and concluded that cortex acts as one unit, and ablated brain areas to investigate brain function. is for muscle coordination. Medulla is for respiration. Central nervous system has diverse and localized psychological functions.

Maine de Biran or Marie Francois-Pierre-Gonthier de Biran [Biran, Marie Francois-Pierre-Gonthier de] philosopher Paris, France 1824 New Considerations on Reports of Physical Effects on Human Morals [1824]; Essay on the Foundations of Psychology [1824] He lived 1766 to 1824 and developed spiritualism. Epistemology People have methods, such as will and belief, to know their inner states {inner sense} {inner light}. Methods also allow knowledge of outside world. Perception is thus activity. Will is not one object but is mental acts. Will operations relate terms. One term is active self. The other term is action performed. Effort exerted senses relation, and mind immediately introspects willed efforts, especially muscular efforts. Will's physiological fact and psychological fact correspond symbolically. People cannot act deliberately without knowing what they are doing. Reason and will, and action and cognition, cannot separate.

Niels Abel [Abel, Niels] mathematician Norway 1824 to 1826 He lived 1802 to 1829 and invented elliptic-function addition theorems and integrals. He studied quintic polynomials [1824], elliptic functions, series, fields, and rings. He invented Abelian integrals [1826], Abel's theorem, Abel summability, and Abelian group or commutative group.

Charles X king France 1824 to 1830 He lived 1757 to 1836. Talleyrand was his foreign minister.

Henri Dutrochet [Dutrochet, Henri] biologist France 1824 to 1830 Mechanistic Materialism and General Psychology [1830] He lived 1776 to 1847, studied osmosis [1824], studied plant respiration and light sensitivity [1824 to 1830], and worked on cell theory.

Jean A. Brillat-Savarin [Brillat-Savarin, Jean A.] judge France 1825 Physiology of Taste [1825: about food and philosophy] He lived 1755 to 1826.

Thomas Telford [Telford, Thomas] architect Anglesey, England 1825 Menai Straits Bridge [1825: first large suspension bridge]; Aqueduct over the Dee; Design for London Bridge He lived 1757 to 1834. It is in north Wales.

John Quincy Adams [Adams, John Quincy] president USA 1825 to 1829 He lived 1767 to 1848. Sixth president opposed slavery and developed Monroe Doctrine.

Lejeune [Dirichlet, Lejeune] mathematician Belgium 1825 to 1839 Lectures on Number Theory [1839] He lived 1805 to 1859 and invented Dirichlet series, Dirichlet conditions, and Dirichlet principle or Thomson principle. He studied analytic number theory [1825].

Prosper Merimée [Merimée, Prosper] storyteller/playwright France 1825 to 1840 Le Théâtre de Clara Gazul [1825: play]; Colomba [1840: story] He lived 1803 to 1870.

Friedrich Wöhler [Wöhler, Friedrich] chemist Berlin, Germany 1825 to 1854 Textbook of Chemistry [1825: four volumes]; Foundations of Inorganic Chemistry [1830]; Foundations of Organic Chemistry [1840]; Practical Experiments of Analytical Chemistry [1854] He lived 1800 to 1882 and synthesized urea from ammonium cyanate [1828], the first artificial organic-chemical synthesis.

Nicholas I czar Russia 1825 to 1855 He lived 1796 to 1855, was Romanov, crushed Decembrist Conspiracy, defeated Polish uprising, helped Austria defeat Hungarian Republic [1849], and lost Crimean War to Britain.

Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel [Froebel, Friedrich Wilhelm August] educator Germany 1826 On the Education of Man [1826] He lived 1782 to 1852, established first kindergarten, and emphasized relationship between teacher and pupil. Teacher guides, not directs, child in self-discovery. Development stages are critical, and children must fully experience them. School curriculum must have continuity and connectedness. School must maintain close contact with family and community. Play is central to learning. Metaphysics Man, God, and nature are an organic unity. All living things have inherent form and purpose, not predetermined, that develops through creative struggle with environment. All living things grow from simple to complex structures with same underlying pattern.

Friedrich Holderlin [Holderlin, Friedrich] writer Germany 1826 Essays and Letters on Theory [1826] He lived 1770 to 1843.

Thomas Hood [Hood, Thomas] poet England 1826 I Remember, I Remember [1826] He lived 1799 to 1845.

Friedrich E. Beneke [Beneke, Friedrich E.] philosopher Berlin, Germany 1826 to 1827 Relationship of Mind and Body [1826]; Animal Psychology [1827] He lived 1798 to 1854. Associational psychology is not true, because it makes mental faculties real and basic. Knowledge has limits.

Jean Baptiste Corot [Corot, Jean Baptiste] painter France 1826 to 1870 View of the Farnese Gardens [1826]; Femme à la Perle or Woman with a Pearl [1870]; Interrupted Reading [1870] He lived 1796 to 1875.

Davy Crockett [Crockett, Davy] pioneer/frontiersman USA 1827 He lived 1786 to 1836.

George Green [Green, George] mathematician England 1827 Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism [1827] He lived 1793 to 1841, invented Green's theorem, and studied double integrals, line integrals, and curvilinear integrals.

Hokusai Katsushika [Katsushika, Hokusai] painter Japan 1827 Mount Fuji Views [1827] He lived 1760 to 1849.

Georg Simon Ohm [Ohm, Georg Simon] physicist Germany 1827 He lived 1789 to 1854 and invented Ohm's law [1827].

Robert Brown [Brown, Robert] physicist Scotland 1827 to 1828 He lived 1773 to 1858 and discovered cell nucleus [1827] and Brownian movement [1828].

Wilhelm Traugott Krug [Krug, Wilhelm Traugott] philosopher Germany 1827 to 1829 Theoretical Dictionary of Philosophical Sciences [1827 to 1829] He lived 1770 to 1831. Consciousness allows people to know being, and being allows people to know consciousness. Real and conscious activities interact. Philosophy is explanation of self, because self is conscious.

Karl Ernst von Baer [Baer, Karl Ernst von] naturalist Königsberg, Germany 1827 to 1837 Letter on the Mammalian Egg and Human Genesis [1827]; History of the Evolution of Animals [1828 and 1837: two parts] He lived 1792 to 1876 and discovered ovum in mammals [1826]. Embryos of various vertebrates are similar {Baer laws}.

Augustus Ferdinand Möbius [Möbius, Augustus Ferdinand] mathematician Leipzig, Germany 1827 to 1837 Calculus of Centers of Gravity [1827]; Handbook on Statics [1837] He lived 1790 to 1868, invented Möbius strip, and studied homogeneous coordinates.

Noah Webster [Webster, Noah] lexicographer USA 1828 Dictionary [1828] He lived 1758 to 1843 and wrote dictionary.

Julius Plucker [Plucker, Julius] mathematician Germany 1828 to 1835 Developments in Analytic Geometry [1828 to 1831: two volumes]; System of Analytic Geometry [1835] He lived 1801 to 1868 and studied trilinear coordinates and line coordinates.

Thomas Graham [Graham, Thomas] chemist England 1829 He lived 1805 to 1869 and invented Graham's diffusion law [1829].

George Stephenson [Stephenson, George] inventor England 1829 miner's safety lamp [1815]; steam locomotive [1829] He lived 1781 to 1848.

Andrew Jackson [Jackson, Andrew] president USA 1829 to 1837 He lived 1767 to 1845. Seventh president had Kitchen Cabinet of advisors. He started spoils system and emphasized Democratic Party. He antagonized Calhoun and Clay. He fought Bank of the USA, leading to requirement that only hard currency can buy public land. He ended National Bank and caused Panic of 1837.

Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi [Jacobi, Carl Gustav Jacob] mathematician Germany 1829 to 1841 Fundamental new theory of elliptical functions [1829]; On determinants of functions [1841] He lived 1804 to 1851 and studied elliptic integrals, function theory, and inverse elliptic functions {theta function, Jacobi}. He invented Jacobian.

Antonio Rosmini-Serbati [Rosmini-Serbati, Antonio] philosopher Italy 1829 to 1848 Origin of Ideas [1829]; Five Wounds of the Holy Church [1848] He lived 1797 to 1853, was Hegelian, and founded Institute of Charity or Rosminians.

Joseph Liouville [Liouville, Joseph] mathematician Paris, France 1829 to 1851 Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics [1836] He lived 1809 to 1882 and invented Sturm-Liouville theory [1829 and 1837] and transcendental numbers [1851]. Phase-space region volume is constant for Hamiltonian equation {Liouville's theorem, Liouville}, but volumes spread into larger space, leaving empty spaces.

Isambard Kingdom Brunel [Brunel, Isambard Kingdom] architect England 1829 to 1852 Design for a Suspension Bridge at Clifton over the Avon River [1829]; Box Tunnel for the Great Western Railway [1833]; Great Western Steamship [1838]; Great Eastern Steamship [1852] He lived 1806 to 1859.

Juan Manuel de Rosas [Rosas, Juan Manuel de] dictator Argentina 1829 to 1852 He lived 1793 to 1877.

Francis Leiber [Leiber, Francis] lawyer Germany/USA 1829 to 1863 Encyclopaedia Americana [1829 to 1833: translated from Brockhaus encyclopedia]; Manual of Political Ethics [1838]; Essays on Property and Labor [1841]; On Civil Liberty and Self-Government [1853]; Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field or General Order No. 100 [1863] He lived 1800 to 1872 and established war rules for USA Civil War.

Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevski [Lobachevski, Nikolai Ivanovich] mathematician Kazan, Russia 1830 On the Principles of Geometry [1830] He lived 1793 to 1856 and invented Lobachevsky's rule. He used substitute parallel axiom, applied to two boundary lines with angle to the perpendicular, to make non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry {Lobachevskian geometry, Lobachevski}. People do not know Euclid's axioms with certainty, and they are not true a priori.

George Peacock [Peacock, George] mathematician London, England 1830 Treatise on Algebra [1830] He lived 1791 to 1858 and studied algebra systems and permanence of form.

Evariste Galois [Galois, Evariste] mathematician France 1830 to 1832 He lived 1811 to 1832 and studied group, field, solvability, and factoring representation theory [1830 to 1832].

Fréderic [Chopin, Fréderic] composer France/Poland 1830 to 1838 Piano Concerto No. 2 [1830]; Etude No. 3 in E or Tristesse [1832: étude]; Polonaise in A or Military [1838] He lived 1810 to 1849 and composed preludes, waltzes, nocturnes, and polonaises.

Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach [Feuerbach, Ludwig Andreas] philosopher Bruckberg, Germany 1830 to 1844 Thoughts on Death and Immortality [1830]; Towards a Critique of Hegel's Philosophy [1839]; Essence of Christianity [1841]; Principles of the Philosophy of the Future [1843]; Provisional Theses for the Reformation of Philosophy [1843]; On the Essence of Faith in Luther's Sense [1844] He lived 1804 to 1872 and was Theist. He studied people as thinking and acting subjects {philosophical anthropology}. Ethics God is what man conceives himself to be and wishes to be. People have alienation, because they do not understand, or are not successful in, actual world and so turn to fantasy and religion. Religion projects people's emotions and thoughts.

Felix Mendelssohn [Mendelssohn, Felix] composer Germany 1830 to 1846 Scottish Symphony [1830 and 1842]; Reformation Symphony [1832]; Hebrides [1832]; Symphony No. 4 in A or Italian Symphony [1833]; St. Paul [1836: oratorio]; Spring Song [1841]; Midsummer Nights Dream [1843: opera, with The Wedding March]; Violin Concerto in E Minor [1845]; Elijah [1846: oratorio] He lived 1809 to 1847.

Augustus [De Morgan, Augustus] mathematician England 1830 to 1849 Elements of Arithmetic [1830]; Induction [1838]; Formal Logic [1847]; Trigonometry and Double Algebra [1849] He lived 1806 to 1871 and studied divergent series. He invented De Morgan's laws [1849] of algebra of classes: commutation, association, inverse, identity, distribution, and null.

Auguste Comte [Comte, Auguste] philosopher/sociologist Paris, France 1830 to 1854 Course of Positive Philosophy [1842]; System of Positive Polity [1851 to 1854] He lived 1798 to 1857 and founded sociology. He invented theories of social order and societal progress. Epistemology Phenomena have verifiable procedures {positivism, Comte}. Sciences have methods and principles. Scientific knowledge is finding principles in life's activities. Scientific laws are descriptions for predictions. Positivism depends on empiricism. Sciences move through stages until phenomena have verifiable procedures. Sciences form a hierarchy, with ethics at top. Ethics Altruism is the best ethic, is the religion of humanity, and depends on science. Politics Societies develop progressively through medieval theological stage, metaphysical or deist stage, and positivist stages. Society depends on social impulses, not self-interest {catechism of positivism}.

Hector [Berlioz, Hector] composer France 1830 to 1858 Symphonie Fantastique [1830]; Harold en Italie [1834: opera]; Requiem or Grand Messe des Morts or Grand Mass of Death [1837: mass]; Benvenuto Cellini [1838: opera]; Romeo et Juliette [1839: opera]; Damnation of Faust [1846: opera, including Rakoczy March]; Trojans [1858: opera] He lived 1803 to 1869.

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. [Holmes Sr., Oliver Wendell] essayist/poet USA 1830 to 1858 Old Ironsides [1830: poem]; Autocrat of the Breakfast Table [1858: essay]; Deacon's Masterpiece, or The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay [1858: poem]; Chambered Nautilus [1858: poem] He lived 1809 to 1894.

Michael Thonet [Thonet, Michael] designer Vienna, Austria 1830 to 1860 Bentwood He lived 1796 to 1871.

Victor Hugo [Hugo, Victor] novelist France 1830 to 1866 Hernani [1830]; Hunchback of Notre Dame [1831]; La Legends des Siècles or Legends of the Centuries [1859 to 1883: stories]; Les Misérables or Poor People or Unfortunates [1862]; Toilers of the Sea [1866] He lived 1802 to 1885.

Louis Philippe or Citizen King king France 1830.07 to 1848.02 He lived 1773 to 1850. As Duke of Orleans, Lafayette helped him and he replaced Charles X in July Revolution [1830]. He allowed business freedom and Algeria colonization. His reactionary cabinet and slight electoral reforms led to February Revolution [1848].

Michael [Faraday, Michael] chemist/physicist England 1831 He lived 1791 to 1867 and invented Faraday's electrolysis laws [1831] and studied magnetic induction and diamagnetism.

Michal Oginski [Oginski, Michal] composer Poland 1831 Polonaise in A minor or Farewell to the Homeland or Les Adieux or Polonaise tres favorite [1831] He lived 1765 to 1833.

Thomas Love Peacock [Peacock, Thomas Love] novelist England 1831 Crotchet Castle [1831: satire] He lived 1785 to 1866.

George Catlin [Catlin, George] painter USA 1831 to 1832 White Cloud [1832] He lived 1796 to 1872 and painted Native Americans.

Vincenzo Bellini [Bellini, Vincenzo] composer Italy 1831 to 1835 Norma [1831: opera]; I Puritani or The Puritans [1835: opera] He lived 1801 to 1835.

Stendhal or Henri Beyle [Beyle, Henri] novelist France 1831 to 1839 Red and the Black [1831]; Charterhouse of Parma [1839] He lived 1783 to 1842.

Jean Coralli [Coralli, Jean] choreographer France 1831 to 1843 La Peri [1843: music by Norbert Burgmuller] He lived 1779 to 1854.

Robert Schumann [Schumann, Robert] composer Germany 1831 to 1848 Papillons [1831]; Carnaval [1835]; Marches des "Davidsbündler" contre les Phillistins or March of the "League of David" against the Philistines [1838 and 1850]; Kinderszenen or Scenes from Childhood [1838]; Kreisleriana [1838]; Träumerei or Dreaming [1838]; Fourth Symphony in D Minor [1841]; Spring Symphony [1841]; Piano Concerto in A Minor [1845]; Rhenish Symphony or 3rd Symphony [1850]; Merry Peasant [1848] He lived 1810 to 1856.

Edgar Allen [Poe, Edgar Allen] storyteller/poet USA 1831 to 1849 To Helen [1831: poem]; Israfel [1831: poem]; Fall of the House of Usher [1839: story]; Descent into the Maelstrom [1841: story]; Murders in the Rue Morgue [1841: story]; Pit and the Pendulum [1842: story]; Raven [1845: poem]; Cask of Amontillado [1846: story]; Ulalume [1847: poem]; Annabel Lee [1849: poem]; Bells [1849: poem]; El Dorado [1849: poem] He lived 1809 to 1849.

William Lloyd Garrison [Garrison, William Lloyd] editor USA 1831 to 1861 He lived 1838 to 1909. Abolitionist opposed violence and Civil War [1861].

Leopold I king Belgium 1831 to 1865 He lived 1790 to 1865. Belgium became independent of Holland [1830].

Pedro II king Brazil 1831 to 1889 He lived 1825 to 1889 and became king after his father, Pedro I, abdicated. He later fought Argentina and Paraguay.

Cyrus McCormick [McCormick, Cyrus] inventor USA 1831 to 1938 reaper for wheat harvesting [1831]; combine for grain harvesting [1838] He lived 1809 to 1884.

John Austin [Austin, John] lawyer London, England 1832 Province of Jurisprudence Determined [1832] He lived 1790 to 1859 and founded science of law in England. Laws are sovereign's commands, with threat of punishment. Subjects must obey. Permission from sovereign or obligation cancellation grants rights.

Karl von Clausewitz [Clausewitz, Karl von] general Prussia 1832 On War [1832] He lived 1780 to 1831 and advocated total war.

Joseph Henry [Henry, Joseph] physicist USA 1832 He lived 1797 to 1878 and induced current magnetically and studied self-inductance [1832].

Filippo Taglioni [Taglioni, Philippe] choreographer France 1832 La Sylphide [1832: music by Jean Schneithöffer, for Marie Taglioni] He lived 1777 to 1871.

Charles Wheatstone [Wheatstone, Charles] physicist/inventor England 1832 stereoscope [1832] He lived 1802 to 1875. Corresponding eye image points have greater separation for near objects than for distant ones {stereoscope, Wheatstone}.

Gaetano Donizetti [Donizetti, Gaetano] composer Italy 1832 to 1842 Elixir of Love or L'elisir d'amore [1832: opera]; Lucia di Lammermoor [1835: opera]; Daughter of the Regiment [1840: opera]; Don Pasquale [1842: opera] He lived 1797 to 1848.

Fanny Cerrito [Cerrito, Fanny] ballerina Italy 1832 to 1845 Pas de Quatre [1845: with Carlotta Grisi, Marie Taglioni, Lucille Grahn, and Fanny Cerrito] She lived 1817 to 1909.

Marie Taglioni [Taglioni, Marie] ballerina Italy 1832 to 1845 Pas de Quatre [1845: with Carlotta Grisi, Marie Taglioni, Lucille Grahn, and Fanny Cerrito] She lived 1804 to 1884.

John C. Calhoun [Calhoun, John C.] lawyer/senator/vice-president South Carolina 1832 to 1850 On the Clay Compromise Measures [1850] He lived 1782 to 1850 and believed in balanced powers and states' rights. In a tariff case {tariff of abominations}, he supported state right to declare federal law unconstitutional {nullification, Calhoun}. Vice-president and senator championed states' rights of veto and secession.

Alexandre Dumas (père) [Dumas (père), Alexandre] novelist France 1832 to 1850 La Tour de Nesle or Tower of Nesle [1832]; Count of Monte Cristo [1844]; Three Musketeers [1844]; Man in the Iron Mask [1850] He lived 1802 to 1870.

George Sand [Sand, George] or Amandine Aurore Lucie Dupin [Dupin, Amandine Aurore Lucie] novelist France 1832 to 1864 Indiana [1832]; Un hiver à Majorque or Winter in Majorca [1838: essay]; Haunted Pool [1846]; Fanchon the Cricket [1864] She lived 1804 to 1876.

John Greenleaf Whittier [Whittier, John Greenleaf] poet USA 1832 to 1867 Moll Pitcher [1832]; Barefoot Boy [1855]; Skipper Ireson's Ride [1857]; Barbara Fritchie or Barbara Frietchie [1863]; Laus Deo or Praise to God [1863]; Snowbound [1866]; Maud Miller [1867]; Saddest Words [1867: in Maud Muller] He lived 1807 to 1892.

Charles Lyell [Lyell, Charles] geologist England 1833 Principles of Geology [1833] He lived 1797 to 1875. Wind, water, pressure, and heat forces can make mountains, riverbeds, coastlines, and other land shapes. Events observed in present explain events in past. World always has same laws {uniformitarianism}.

Jordan Mott [Mott, Jordan] inventor England 1833 coal stove [1833] He lived 1768 to 1840 {coal stove}.

William Augustus Taylor [Taylor, William Augustus] inventor England 1833 balloon frame for house using 2x4 boards and nails [1833] He lived 1818 to 1886 {balloon frame for house}.

Joseph Story [Story, Joseph] lawyer Boston, Massachusetts 1833 to 1834 Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States [1833]; Commentaries on the Conflict of Laws [1834] He lived 1779 to 1845 and wrote about bailments [1832], equity jurisprudence [1835 to 1836], equity pleadings [1838], agency [1839], partnership [1841], bills of exchange [1843], and promissory notes [1845].

François Rude [Rude, François] sculptor Paris, France 1833 to 1836 La Marseillaise or Departure of the Volunteers of 1792 [1833 to 1836: on Arc de Triomphe] He lived 1784 to 1855.

Alfred de Musset [Musset, Alfred de] playwright France 1833 to 1837 Moods of Marianne [1833]; Fantasio [1834]; Don't Play with Love [1834]; Lorenzaccio [1834]; Caprice [1837] He lived 1810 to 1857.

Johannes Peter Müller [Müller, Johannes Peter] physiologist/anatomist Berlin, Germany 1833 to 1840 Handbook of Physiology [1833 to 1840] He lived 1801 to 1858 and founded modern physiology. Sensation type depends on stimulated neurons, not on what stimulates them {doctrine of specific nerve energies, Muller}.

Antonio Santa Anna [Santa Anna, Antonio] president Mexico 1833 to 1855 He lived 1794 to 1876, failed to end revolution in Texas, defeated France, and failed in Mexican War. Juarez exiled him.

Hiroshige or Ando [Hiroshige, Ando] or Utagawa Hiroshige [Hiroshige, Utagawa] or Ichiyusai Hiroshige [Hiroshige, Ichiyusai] printmaker Japan 1833 to 1857 Pheasant on a Snowy Hillside [1845] He lived 1797 to 1858 and was of Ukiyo-e School of printmaking.

Otto I king Greece 1833 to 1862 He lived 1815 to 1867 and was from Bavaria.

Daniel Dunglas Home [Home, Daniel Dunglas] spiritualist medium Britain 1833 to 1886 Incidents of My Life [1863 to 1872] He lived 1833 to 1886.

Alfred, Lord Tennyson [Tennyson, Alfred, Lord] poet England 1833 to 1889 In Memoriam A.H.H. [1833: including Ring Out, Wild Bells]; Ulysses [1833]; Break, Break, Break [1842]; Lady of Shallot [1843]; Eagle [1850]; Sweet and Low [1855]; Idylls of the King [1859]; Flower in the Crannied Wall [1868]; Charge of the Light Brigade [1880]; Locksley Hall [1886]; Crossing the Bar [1889] He lived 1809 to 1892.

Edward Bulwer-Lytton [Bulwer-Lytton, Edward] novelist England 1834 Last Days of Pompeii [1834] He lived 1803 to 1873.

Heinrich Lenz [Lenz, Heinrich] physicist Germany 1834 He lived 1804 to 1865 and invented Lenz's law [1834].

Jean-Jacques Pradier [Pradier, Jean-Jacques] or James Pradier [Pradier, James] sculptor France 1834 Satyr and Bacchante [1834: Rococo clay figures] He lived 1790 to 1852.

Georg Büchner [Büchner, Georg] playwright Germany 1834 to 1835 Woyzeck [1834]; Lenz [1835] He lived 1813 to 1837.

Theophile Gautier [Gautier, Theophile] poet France 1834 to 1838 Mademoiselle de Maupin [1834]; d'Une Nuit de Cléopâtre or One Night with Cleopatra [1838] He lived 1811 to 1872 and was in Aesthetic Movement.

Horace Greeley [Greeley, Horace] journalist New York, New York 1834 to 1841 New Yorker [1834]; Log Cabin [1840]; New York Tribune [1841] He lived 1811 to 1872 and founded new York Tribune, which advocated high tariffs, social reforms, peace, and amnesty for the South. He later helped form the Liberal Republican Party, against Grant, for civil service reform and just reconstruction. Greeley said, "Go west, young man".

Maria II queen Portugal 1834 to 1853 She lived 1819 to 1853 and defeated Miguel in Miguelist Wars.

Charles Jefferys [Jefferys, Charles]/Sidney Nelson [Nelson, Sidney] composer Ireland 1835 Rose of Allandale [1881] Jeffreys lived 1807 to 1865. Nelson lived 1800 to 1862.

James J. Morier [Morier, James J.] novelist England 1835 Hajji Baba or Adventures of Hajji Baba of Isfahan [1835: stories] He lived 1780 to 1849.

Alexis de Tocqueville [Tocqueville, Alexis de] historian Paris, France/USA 1835 Democracy in America [1835] He lived 1805 to 1859.

Fanny Essler [Essler, Fanny] ballerina France 1835 to 1837 She lived 1810 to 1884.

John James Audubon [Audubon, John James] painter USA 1835 to 1840 bird paintings [1835 to 1840] He lived 1785 to 1851 and painted birds.

Samuel Morse [Morse, Samuel] inventor USA 1835 to 1840 telegraph [1835 to 1837]; Morse code [1840] He lived 1791 to 1919.

Angel Rivas [Rivas, Angel] or Angel de Saavedra, Duque de Rivas [Rivas, Angel de Saavedra, Duque de] writer Spain 1835 to 1841 Don Álvaro or La fuerza del sino or Don Alvaro or Power of Destiny [1835]; Romances históricos or Historical Romances [1841] He lived 1791 to 1865.

Hans Christian Andersen [Andersen, Hans Christian] storyteller/writer Denmark 1835 to 1845 Thumbelina [1835: story]; Princess and the Pea [1835: story]; Little Mermaid [1836: story]; Emperor's New Clothes [1837: story]; Steadfast Tin Soldier [1838: story]; Ugly Duckling [1844: story]; Red Shoes [1845: story]; Snow Queen [1845: story] He lived 1805 to 1875 and wrote fairy tales.

Honoré de [Balzac, Honoré de] novelist France 1835 to 1847 Eugenie Grandet [1833]; Le Père Goriot or Father Goriot [1835]; La Cousin Bette or Cousin Betty [1846]; Le Cousin Pons or Cousin Pons [1847] He lived 1799 to 1850 and wrote the Human Comedy series.

Mohammad Shah shah Persia 1835 to 1848 He lived 1810 to 1848 and was Qajar.

Ferdinand emperor Austria 1835 to 1848.12 He lived 1793 to 1875 and abdicated to Francis Joseph I, who soon gained absolute power. Metternich was Council of State leader but resigned.

August Welby Northmore Pugin [Pugin, August Welby Northmore] sculptor London, England 1835 to 1852 Houses of Parliament furnishings [1835 to 1852] He lived 1812 to 1852.

Robert Browning [Browning, Robert] poet England 1835 to 1864 Pippa's Song [1835: in Paracelsus]; My Last Duchess [1842]; Incident of the French Camp [1842]; Home-Thoughts from Abroad [1845]; Love among the Ruins [1852]; Grow Old Along with Me [1864]; Prospice [1864] He lived 1812 to 1889.

Justus von Liebig [Liebig, Justus von] biologist Munich, Germany 1835 to 1865 Organic Chemistry in its Application to Agriculture and Physiology [1840]; Organic Chemistry in its Application to Physiology and Pathology [1842] He lived 1803 to 1873 and described enzyme action chemically {law of the minimum}. He observed that plants use nitrogen and carbon dioxide from air. He invented nitrogen fertilizer. He invented {Liebig condenser}. He silvered mirrors [1835]. He invented beef extract [1865].

Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet [Quetelet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques] statistician/astronomer Brussels, Belgium 1835 to 1871 On Man [1835]; Anthropometry [1871] He lived 1796 to 1874 and developed social and human statistics.

Stephen Austin [Austin, Stephen] leader Texas 1836 He lived 1793 to 1836. Texas formed Republic of Texas and revolted against Mexico but lost.

Thomas Cole [Cole, Thomas] painter England/USA 1836 to 1842 Course of Empire series [1836]; Notch in the White Mountains [1839: in the White Mountains series]; Voyage of Life series [1842] He lived 1801 to 1848 and founded Hudson River School of nature painting.

Mikhail [Glinka, Mikhail] composer Russia 1836 to 1842 Life for the Tsar [1836: opera]; Russlan and Ludmilla [1842: opera] He lived 1804 to 1857.

Nikolai [Gogol, Nikolai] novelist/playwright/essayist Russia 1836 to 1842 Inspector-General [1836: play]; Dead Souls [1842: novel]; Shinel or The Overcoat [1842: story] He lived 1809 to 1852.

Lucille Grahn [Grahn, Lucille] ballerina USA 1836 to 1845 Pas de Quatre [1845: with Carlotta Grisi, Marie Taglioni, Lucille Grahn, and Fanny Cerrito] She lived 1819 to 1907. The Danish ballet dismissed her [1841].

August Bourneville [Bourneville, August] or August Bournonville [Bournonville, August] choreographer/ballet dancer France/Denmark 1836 to 1849 La Sylphide [1836: music by Løvenskjold]; Napoli [1842: music by E. Halstead, Gade, and Paulli]; Le Conservatoire [1849: including The Dancing School, music by H. S. Paulli] He lived 1805 to 1879.

William H. McGuffey [McGuffey, William H.] editor USA 1836 to 1857 McGuffey Eclectic Reader [1836 and 1857: collection] He lived 1800 to 1873.

Franz [Liszt, Franz] composer Hungary 1836 to 1860 Années de Pelerinage or Years of Pilgrimage [1836: tone poems]; Hungarian Rhapsodies [1846 to 1860]; Hungarian Rhapsody No. 1 [1846: symphony]; Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 [1847: symphony]; Liebestraum No. 3 in A flat or Love Dream No. 3 in A flat [1847]; Concerto No. 1 in E Flat [1849]; Hungarian Rhapsody No. 3 [1853: symphony]; Les Préludes [1854: tone poem]; [1856]; Faust Symphony [1857]; Hungarian Rhapsody No. 4 [1857: symphony]; Hungarian Rhapsody No. 5 [1860: symphony] He lived 1811 to 1886 and composed symphonies and tone poems.

Sam Houston [Houston, Sam] president Texas 1836 to 1861 He lived 1793 to 1863, was president of Texas Republic [1836 to 1844], and was governor of State of Texas afterward. As governor of Texas, he refused to secede from Union. Other leaders removed him from office [1861].

Roger B. Taney [Taney, Roger B.] chief justice USA 1836 to 1864 He lived 1777 to 1864 and became USA Supreme Court Chief Justice [1836 to 1864].

Joseph Plateau [Plateau, Joseph] mathematician Paris, France 1836 to 1883 Experimental and Theoretical Statics of Liquids under only Molecular Forces [1873]; stroboscope [1836] He lived 1801 to 1883 and invented Plateau's problem.

Thomas Carlyle [Carlyle, Thomas] historian London, England 1837 French Revolution [1837] He lived 1795 to 1881. Heroes make history {great man theory}, not social forces.

Louis J. M. [Daguerre, Louis J. M.] inventor/photographer France 1837 He lived 1787 to 1851 and invented daguerreotype.

John Deere [Deere, John] inventor USA 1837 steel plow [1837] He lived 1804 to 1886 {steel plow}.

Horace Mann [Mann, Horace] educator Massachusetts 1837 He lived 1796 to 1859.

Isaac Pitman [Pitman, Isaac] inventor England 1837 phonographic shorthand [1837] He lived 1813 to 1897 {phonographic shorthand}.

Martin Van Buren [Van Buren, Martin] president USA 1837 to 1841 He lived 1782 to 1862. Eighth president was follower of Jackson, but Panic of 1837 caused his unpopularity. He advocated Treasury system independent of banks.

William Whewell [Whewell, William] philosopher England 1837 to 1847 History of the Inductive Sciences from the Earliest to the Present Time [1837]; Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences Founded upon their History [1840 and 1847] He lived 1794 to 1866. People make hypotheses and then check them by observation. These are two different processes. Two inductions can lead to same cause, or two testimonies or experiments can state same fact {consilience, Whewell}.

Bernard Bolzano [Bolzano, Bernard] mathematician Bohemia 1837 to 1850 Scientific Theory [1837]; Paradoxes of Infinity [1850] He lived 1781 to 1848 and studied continuity and set theory. Real numbers in closed intervals can be in one-to-one correspondence with real numbers in other closed intervals. Infinite sequences in closed intervals have limits {Bolzano- Weierstrass theorem}. Truths can be a priori. Logic is about ideals, not about time or space.

Nathaniel [Hawthorne, Nathaniel] novelist USA 1837 to 1851 Twice Told Tales [1837]; Scarlet Letter [1850]; House of the Seven Gables [1851] He lived 1804 to 1864.

Ferdinand II king Portugal 1837 to 1853 He lived 1816 to 1885 married Maria II [1836].

Charles [Dickens, Charles] novelist England 1837 to 1861 Pickwick Papers [1837]; Oliver Twist [1837]; Nicholas Nickleby [1839]; David Copperfield [1850]; [1859]; Tale of Two Cities [1859]; Great Expectations [1861] He lived 1812 to 1870.

Victoria queen England 1837 to 1901 She lived 1819 to 1901 and was Hanover. Lord Melbourne and Palmerston were Prime Ministers in first half of her reign, before her husband Prince Albert died. Disraeli and Gladstone were Prime Ministers during last half of her reign. Her children married to ally with most of Europe. She had diamond jubilee [1897]. Her reign is Victorian Era.

Leigh Hunt [Hunt, Leigh] poet USA 1838 Abou Ben Adhem [1838]; Jenny Kiss'd Me [1838] He lived 1784 to 1859.

Isaac Ray [Ray, Isaac] lawyer USA 1838 Treatise on Medical Jurisprudence of Insanity [1838] He lived 1807 to 1881 and developed Doe-Ray insanity tests. Insanity is a fact for juries to decide.

Matthias J. Schleiden [Schleiden, Matthias J.] anatomist Jena, Germany 1838 Contributions to Phytogenesis [1838] He lived 1804 to 1881 and invented plant cell theory. Cells are life units.

Theodor Schwann [Schwann, Theodor] anatomist Berlin, Germany 1838 Microscopic Research of the Structure and Growth of Animals and Plants [1838] He lived 1810 to 1882 and invented animal cell theory. Cells are life units.

John Lort Stokes [Stokes, John Lort] discoverer England/Australia/Tasmania 1838 to 1842 He lived 1812 to 1885. From England, he went to Tasmania, Gulf of Carpentaria, Adelaide, and Port Darwin.

Vincenzo Gioberti [Gioberti, Vincenzo] philosopher Italy 1838 to 1847 Theory of Natural Sovereignty [1838]; Introduction to the Study of Philosophy [1839 to 1840]; Moral and Civil Principles of Italians [1843]; Modern Jesuit [1847] He lived 1801 to 1852, was of Ontologism, and was premier of Sardinia-Piedmont [1848 to 1849].

Thomas H. Burgess [Burgess, Thomas H.] biologist England 1839 Physiology or Mechanism of Blushing [1839] Experiment cannot induce blushing physically. Experiment can induce blushing only mentally. Trying to restrain blushing only increases it.

Michel E. Chevreul [Chevreul, Michel E.] psychologist Paris, France 1839 On the law of simultaneous contrast of colors [1839] He lived 1786 to 1889 and invented Chevreul's array of progressively darker gray strips, which showed edge- enhancement effects.

John Benjamin Dancer [Dancer, John Benjamin] inventor England 1839 microfilm [1839] He lived 1812 to 1889 and invented microfilm.

William Henry Fox Talbot [Talbot, William Henry Fox] inventor/photographer USA 1839 He lived 1800 to 1877 and invented calotype.

Charles Barry [Barry, Charles] architect London, England 1839 to 1859 Houses of Parliament or Palace of Westminster [1839]; Big Ben [1859: Gothic clock] He lived 1795 to 1860.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow [Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth] poet USA 1839 to 1863 Psalm of Life [1839]; Wreck of the Hesperus [1841]; Village Blacksmith [1841]; Day Is Done [1845]; Evangeline [1847]; Courtship of Miles Standish [1859]; Children's Hour [1860: poems]; Paul Revere's Ride [1861]; Excelsior [1862]; Song of Hiawatha [1863: including Hiawatha's Departure] He lived 1807 to 1882.

Isabella queen Spain 1839 to 1868 She lived 1830 to 1904 and became queen at end of Carlist War [1839]. Carlists had revolted because her father Ferdinand VII did not follow Salid Law of succession, which allowed male heirs only, but Carlists under Don Carlos lost. She abdicated [1868].

Richard Henry Dana [Dana, Richard Henry] novelist USA 1840 Two Years before the Mast [1840] He lived 1815 to 1882.

Germain Henri Hess [Hess, Germain Henri] chemist Switzerland/Russia 1840 He lived 1802 to 1850 and noted enthalpy changes [1840].

Mikhail [Lermontov, Mikhail] poet/novelist Russia 1840 Hero of Our Time [1840]; Poems [1840] He lived 1814 to 1841.

Pierre Joseph Proudhon [Proudhon, Pierre Joseph] essayist France 1840 What Is Property? [1840: essay] He lived 1809 to 1865 and was anarchist. Property is theft. People are equal. Living and working in small communities or cooperatives is best. For justice and equality, small farmers, integrated through contracts, are better than large landowners.

Qa'ani or Mirza Habib Gha'ani Shirazi [Shirazi, Mirza Habib Gha'ani] poet Persia 1840 Elegy [1840] He lived 1807 to 1853.

Christoph Gudermann [Gudermann, Christoph] mathematician Munster, Germany 1840 to 1841 He lived 1798 to 1852 and worked with elliptic functions [1840 to 1841]. Elliptic functions are sums of converging power terms.

William II king Netherlands 1840 to 1849 He lived 1792 to 1849.

Louis Agassiz [Agassiz, Louis] biologist Neuchâtel, Switzerland/USA 1840 to 1851 Study of Glaciers [1840]; Essay on Classification [1851] He lived 1807 to 1873. Species form hierarchies, with form laws {taxonomy, Agassiz}.

Gabriel Lamé [Lamé, Gabriel] mathematician Paris, France 1840 to 1859 Lessons on curvilinear coordinates and their diverse applications [1859] He lived 1795 to 1870 and studied curvilinear coordinates [1840] and invented Lamé's differential equation.

Fernan Caballero [Caballero, Fernan] or Cecilia Bohl de Faber [Faber, Cecilia Bohl de] writer Spain 1840 to 1860 La Oreja de Lucifer y Otros Cuentos del Demonio or The Ear of Lucifer and Other Tales of the Devil [1840 to 1860: stories] He lived 1796 to 1877.

Frederick William IV king Prussia 1840 to 1861 He lived 1795 to 1861 and put down 1848 Revolution. Treaty of Olmutz [1850] blocked his plan for German Union with Austria by forming German Confederation, with Austria as leader.

Karl Rozenkranz [Rozenkranz, Karl] philosopher Germany 1840 to 1879 He lived 1805 to 1879 and was Hegelian.

William Henry Harrison [Harrison, William Henry] president USA 1841 He lived 1773 to 1841. Ninth president died soon.

Frederick Oakley [Oakley, Frederick]/John Reading [Reading, John] composer Germany 1841 Come, All Ye Faithful or Adeste Fidelis [1841: music is Portuguese Hymn] Reading lived 1677 to 1764.

James Braid [Braid, James] physician/surgeon Britain 1841 to 1843 Neurypnology [1843] He lived 1795 to 1860 and studied how to induce hypnosis.

John Tyler [Tyler, John] president USA 1841 to 1845 He lived 1790 to 1862. Tenth president became president when Harrison died. He was Whig but vetoed Whig bank acts. He annexed Texas.

Søren Aabye Kierkegaard [Kierkegaard, Søren Aabye] philosopher Copenhagen, Denmark 1841 to 1849 On the Concept of Irony [1841]; Either/Or [1843]; Fear and Trembling [1843]; Philosophical Fragments [1844]; Concept of Anxiety [1844]; Stages on Life's Way [1845]; Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments [1846]; Sickness unto Death [1849] He lived 1813 to 1855, was Christian, and founded existentialism. He criticized Hegel's absolute consciousness, which left out subjectivity and personality in favor of rationalism. Epistemology Truth is in self. Subjectivity gives truth. Religion knows truth first by revelation and personal feeling {Religiousness A} and then by history and the eternal {Religiousness B}. Ethics People should do good deeds for spiritual satisfaction alone, not to reach goal, gain reward, or avoid punishment {double-mindedness}. To act ethically, people cannot use objective standards, because choices are personal. People must develop self or essence through ethics. Self makes choice and commits to idea or action. People have sense of anxiety, dread, or anguish about having no control and facing life's vicissitudes {angst, Kierkegaard}. People can try to avoid spiritual satisfaction {despair, Kierkegaard}, by denying God, by not thinking about it, by trying to be someone else, or by suicide. Despair can lead to rejecting pleasurable life and discovering self. People need faith, the opposite of despair or doubt, to avoid despair and suffering. Mind People's use of will to make choices with meaning and passion gives them self-interest and structure. People develop themselves over life. People have essences, which try to come into existence and thus pass through three life stages: aesthetic, ethical, and religious. Societies or political groups do not define people.

Sarah F. Adams [Adams, Sarah F.]/Lowell Mason [Mason, Lowell] lyricist/composer USA 1841 to 1858 Nearer, My God, to Thee [1841: music is Bethany, 1858] Adams lived 1805 to 1848. Mason lived 1792 to 1872.

Jules Perrot [Perrot, Jules] choreographer St. Petersburg, Russia/France 1841 to 1858 Giselle [1841: created with Jean Coralli]; Pas de Quatre [1845: music by Cesare Pugni, for Taglioni, Cerrito, Grahn, and Grisi]; Le Corsaire [1858] He lived 1810 to 1882 and choreographed and danced at Imperial Theater.

Julius Robert von Mayer [Mayer, Julius Robert von] chemist Germany 1841 to 1867 He lived 1814 to 1878, studied energy conservation [1841], and showed that living things use chemical processes for heat and power [1845]. Energy conservation is the only form in which axiom of causality is true.

David Livingstone [Livingstone, David] discoverer Scotland/Africa/Tanzania 1841 to 1873 He lived 1813 to 1873 and explored south Africa [1841], crossed Kalahari Desert, explored Zambesi River, reached Luanda on Atlantic [1854], searched for source of Nile [1866], got to Lake Tanganyika, saw Victoria Falls, and went down upper Congo. USA journalist Henry Stanley found him [1871] and said, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume." He died in Africa.

Christian [Doppler, Christian] physicist Austria 1842 He lived 1803 to 1853 and discovered Doppler effect [1842].

Thomas Macaulay [Macaulay, Thomas] poet England 1842 Lays of Ancient Rome [1842: poem] He lived 1800 to 1859.

Carlo Matteucci [Matteucci, Carlo] physiologist Italy 1842 On a physiological phenomenon produced by contracting muscles [1842] He lived 1811 to 1868. Muscle cells have electric current [1842].

James Clark Ross [Ross, James Clark] discoverer England/Antarctica/Arctic 1842 He lived 1800 to 1862.

Johan Wilhelm Snellman [Snellman, Johan Wilhelm] statesman Finland 1842 to 1845 He lived 1806 to 1881 and was leader and Hegelian philosopher.

Giuseppe [Verdi, Giuseppe] composer Italy 1842 to 1896 Nabucco [1842]; Rigoletto [1851: opera]; Il Trovatore or The Troubadour [1853: opera]; La Traviata or The Woman Who Strayed [1854: opera]; Masked Ball or Un Ballo in Maschera [1859: opera]; La Forza del Destino or Force of Destiny [1862: opera]; Aida [1871: opera]; Requiem [1874: mass]; Othello [1887: opera]; Falstaff [1893: opera]; Stabat Mater or The Mother Was Standing [1896: mass] He lived 1813 to 1901.

Bruno Bauer [Bauer, Bruno] philosopher Berlin, Germany 1843 Christianity Exposed [1843] He lived 1809 to 1882 and was of Hegelian left wing.

Ada Lovelace [Lovelace, Ada] or Augusta Byron [Byron, Augusta] mathematician London, England 1843 Notes on the Analytical Engine [1843: notes about general purpose computers added to her translation of French memoir on Babbage's Analytical Engine] She lived 1815 to 1852. Calculating machines cannot be creative, but only do what program indicates {Lady Lovelace's objection}.

Henri Labrouste [Labrouste, Henri] architect Paris, France 1843 to 1851 Bibliothèque Sainte Genevieve or Sainte Genevieve Library [1843 to 1851: Cast iron building] He lived 1801 to 1875.

Daniel Decatur Emmett [Emmett, Daniel Decatur] composer USA 1843 to 1859 Old Man Tucker [1843]; Blue Tail Fly or Jimmy Crack Corn [1846]; Dixie [1859]; Black Brigade [1863] He lived 1815 to 1904.

Karl Marx [Marx, Karl] philosopher Germany/Paris, France/London, England 1843 to 1867 On the Jewish Question [1843]; Toward the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right: Introduction [1843]; Holy Family: Or a Critique of All Critiques [1844]; Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts [1844]; Theses on Feuerbach [1845]; German Ideology [1846: with Friedrich Engels]; Poverty of Philosophy [1847]; Communist Manifesto [1848: with Friedrich Engels]; Class Struggles in France [1850]; Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte [1852]; Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy [1858]; Contribution to a Critique of Political Economy [1859]; Theories of Surplus Value [1863]; Wages, Prices and Profit [1865]; Capital [1867: Engels edited second and third volumes of 1884 and 1893] He lived 1818 to 1883, was Feuerbach's and Bauer's student, and was Young Hegelian. He wanted to merge Hegelianism with Enlightenment materialism. He began working with Engels [1844] and helped found Communist League with Engels [1848]. He helped found First International Workingmen's Association [1864]. Economics One person or group cannot affect market, though people create markets. Market and capitalists {bourgeoisie} exploit workers {proletariat}. Capitalism and markets always tends to form monopolies and create injustice. They take away freedom, prevent constructive social activity, cause competition, block cooperation, and take labor products away from laborer to anonymous place. Bourgeoisie create new production forces. Those forces control proletariat. First basic production mode {feudalism, Marx} had landowners in control. Second mode {capitalism, Marx} had industrialists in control. Third and final mode {socialism, Marx} will have wage earners in control. Capitalism and private property are about profit making, not about people. Employers increase their profits by adding capital, decreasing labor, and merging, to control the market and bankrupt other smaller businesses. More people become unemployed and wages fall, which can lead to revolution. Production level greater than wage level {surplus value} causes profit. However, if surplus value theory is true, labor-intensive industries should have higher profits, but they do not. Actually, different industry types have about equal profit. To maximize profit, businesses try to keep wages low and employ few workers. Profit minimizes employment, and workers are poor. Economic system must change to allow human meaning and freedom, by removing social classes and allowing people to produce under their will, under rule of proletariat {dictatorship of the proletariat}. Only labor, not land or capital, has value {labor theory of value}. Capital and resources are indirect labor. Because capitalistic systems discount labor, they make too much capital {overproduction}, have overproduction, and have unsold goods, and economy has business cycles. Epistemology Social and economic relations {culture base} {base, culture}, particularly production ability, determine society's beliefs, arts, laws, politics, government, institutions, morals, and religions {superstructure}. The superstructure and social ideas {ideology, society} favor and are for society's ruling class. Perception is interaction between subject and object, using the dialectic. The process can never be complete. To know sensations and perceptions, you must use or apply them. Because people and knowledge change over time as situations change, values change. Ethics Inhuman social and economic conditions cause alienation. Culture, religiosity, and materialism suppress expression of spirit. Inhuman social and economic conditions also block people from getting basic needs. People cannot be free to exercise their will or realize their essence. Life has no meaning. Religion is an opiate and an illusion. History History is dialectical materialism applied to matter and man's relation to matter, which results in good production-mode changes. Production modes determine philosophy, art, politics, and history. History is deterministic. The five history epochs are tribal communism, classical civilization, feudalism, capitalism, and communism. Epochs have spirits, which determine people's actions, ideas, and environment. At historical periods, one class, such as feudalism nobility or capitalism petty-bourgeoisie, dominates, because they optimize production. Politics Group creates state to allow one class to exploit another. Government is state's agent in this process. Dominant class achieves and then maintains power. However, the dialectic always maintains struggle between classes. Capitalism injustices lead to revolt of the masses. Overcoming capitalist power requires revolution. After capitalist-system breakdown, proletariat will collectively establish goals and produce accordingly. Dictatorship of proletariat is transition to state control of land and production {communism, Marx}, which is the only alternative to capitalism.

John Stuart Mill [Mill, John Stuart] philosopher/economist Scotland/Britain 1843 to 1873 System of Logic [1843]; Principles of Political Economy [1848]; Essay On Liberty [1859]; Considerations on Representative Government [1861]; Utilitarianism [1861]; Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy [1865]; Auguste Comte and Positivism [1866]; Subjection of Women [1869]; Autobiography [1873] He lived 1806 to 1873, was James Mill's son, and was utilitarian, empiricist, and associationist. He tried to meld the Enlightenment with romanticism. Epistemology Knowledge, including mathematics and logic, comes only from experience. People can know matter and objects only as sensation loci. Reasoning is induction or generalization {inductivism}. Reasoning can be good, middling, or poor. Science laws can result from adding similar components {homopathic law} to obtain similar results. Science laws can result from multiplying dissimilar components {heteropathic law} to obtain new properties. Eliminating objects and events that have no effect can find true causes {Mill's methods}, by agreement, difference, joint-agreement-and-difference, residues, or concomitant-variations methods. Language feature, word, or phrase has connotation and denotation. Connotation is meaning and gives denotation. Proper names do not have connotation, because they have no wider meaning and no defining attributes. Associations can be real and actual or apparent and verbal ones. Consciousness is only perception associations. It does not need intuition or subjective faculty. Ethics People seek only happiness. Other goals, such as virtue, are part of happiness or means to happiness. The happiness of the greatest number is the best. Happiness requires liberty and free will. Wrong actions or things cause less happiness. Pleasures have qualitative differences. People must account for pleasure quality, as well as quantity. Human nature is free and individual. Mind Mind can have experiences, memories, and hopes or desires, experienced by self. Other humans seem to have consciousness, but how can mind know that there are other minds {Other, Mill}. Politics Society should provide the basic conditions for happiness. Society can nurture human nature. Government can coerce individuals only to prevent harm to others {harm principle}. Society must protect people's possessions. One possession is justice.

Hermann Ulrici [Ulrici, Hermann] philosopher Halle, Germany 1843 to 1875 Principle and Method of Hegelian Philosophy [1843]; God and Nature [1875] He lived 1806 to 1884 and was Theist.

Richard [Wagner, Richard] composer Germany 1843 to 1882 Flying Dutchman [1843: opera]; Tannhäuser [1845: opera, including Arrival of the Guests at Wartburg]; Lohengrin [1850: opera, including Wedding March or Bridal Chorus]; Tristan und Isolde [1865: tone poem]; Die Meistersinger von Nurnberg [1868: opera]; Der ring der Nibelungen or Ring of the Nibelung [1869 to 1874: operas]; Rheingold or Rhine Gold [1869: Ring first part]; Die Walkure or Valkyries [1870: Ring second part]; Siegfried [1876: Ring third part]; Die Götterdämmerung or Twilight of the Gods [1877: Ring fourth part includes Death of Siegfried]; Parsifal [1882: opera] He lived 1813 to 1883. Operas had leitmotifs and chromaticism, with continuous melody, no melodic or poetic repetitions, and no separate arias or recitativas.

Charles Goodyear [Goodyear, Charles] inventor USA 1844 rubber vulcanization [1844] He lived 1800 to 1860 {rubber vulcanization}. He did not found or run Goodyear Rubber Company. Mesoamericans vulcanized rubber [-1600].

Shaykh Ahmad-i-Ahsa'i or Shaykh Ahmad leader Iran 1844 He lived 1753 to 1826 and founded Shaykhi Shi'a religious movement. Shi'a believes that there were twelve Imams starting with Ali ibn Abu Talib and ending with Muhammad al-Mahdi, who will return before judgment day as the Mahdi or Mihdi. Shaykh Ahmad said he communicated with the coming Mahdi. Shaykh Ahmad or his successor Siyyid Kazim predicted that the Mahdi was coming. Shaykhi began to search for Qa'im or Promised One of the Shiites and said it was the Bab [1844]. One was Ali Muhammad or the Báb, who said he was the Mahdi and Persia executed him [1850]. Bahá'í Faith comes from Shaykh Ahmad, Siyyid Kazim, the Báb, and then Bahá'u'lláh. Another was Haji Karim Khan of Kirman, who escaped punishment and had no followers.

Horace Wells [Wells, Horace] dentist USA 1844 He lived 1815 to 1848 and first used nitrous-oxide anesthetic [1844] when he extracted his tooth.

Ali Muhammad [Muhammad, Ali] or The Bab [Bab, The] or Gate philosopher Iran 1844 to 1850 He lived 1819 to 1850, was Muslim, and announced that soon person was to come to unify all people [1844]. Later he said he was Mahdi. Iranian government killed him [1850].

Giuseppe Mazzini [Mazzini, Giuseppe] philosopher Turin, Italy 1844 to 1858 Duties of Man [1844 to 1858] He lived 1804 to 1872, was Hegelian, and founded Young Italy [1831].

Hermann Grassmann [Grassmann, Hermann] mathematician Germany 1844 to 1862 Theory of Linear Extension [1844]; Theory of Extension [1862] He lived 1809 to 1877 and invented hypercomplex numbers {Grassmann variable}. Hypernumbers can represent tensors, quaternions, matrices, determinants, and all number types. Grassmann variables anti-commute: m . n = - n . m. He studied calculus of extension. Perhaps, space-time has extra, Grassmann dimensions to allow supersymmetry and supergravity.

Kit Carson [Carson, Kit] scout West USA 1845 He lived 1809 to 1868 and fought against American natives.

Frederick [Douglass, Frederick] biographer USA 1845 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave [1845: biography] He lived 1818 to 1895.

Sarah Margaret Fuller [Fuller, Sarah Margaret] feminist USA 1845 She lived 1810 to 1850.

Carlotta Grisi [Grisi, Carlotta] ballerina France 1845 Pas de Quatre [1845: with Carlotta Grisi, Marie Taglioni, Lucille Grahn, and Fanny Cerrito] She lived 1819 to 1899.

Max Stirner [Stirner, Max] or Johann Schmidt [Schmidt, Johann] philosopher Leipzig, Germany 1845 Ego and Its Own [1845] He lived 1806 to 1856 and was of Hegelian left wing. Personal egos are reality and should use ideas and things for themselves. There should be no state, government, law, property, religion, family, ethics, or love. There should be no compulsion.

Elizabeth Barrett Browning [Browning, Elizabeth Barrett] poet England 1845 to 1846 How Do I Love Thee? [1845: in Sonnets from the Portuguese]; Go from Me [1845: in Sonnets from the Portuguese]; If Thou Must Love Me [1845: in Sonnets from the Portuguese]; Sonnets from the Portuguese [1846] She lived 1806 to 1861.

James K. Polk [Polk, James K.] president USA 1845 to 1849 He lived 1795 to 1849, was follower of Andrew Jackson, reduced tariffs, directed Mexican War [1845 to 1848], annexed Texas [1845], settled trouble over Oregon Territory [1846], and got California, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona land [1848]. Treasury system became independent of banks.

George Gabriel Stokes [Stokes, George Gabriel] mathematician Ireland 1845 to 1849 Dynamical Theory of Diffraction [1849] He lived 1819 to 1903 and invented Stokes theorem [1845], fluid-dynamics Navier-Stokes equations, and Stokes lines. Navier-Stokes equations extend Newton's second dynamics law and linear constitutive stress relation.

Henry David Thoreau [Thoreau, Henry David] essayist/political scientist Boston, Masschusetts 1845 to 1849 Walden [1845]; On Civil Disobedience [1849: essay] He lived 1817 to 1862 and was New England Transcendentalist. He advocated return to nature. He advocated non- violent disobedience of unjust laws, and acceptance of punishment, to force repeal or modification.

Emil Heinrich Du Bois-Reymond [Du Bois-Reymond, Emil Heinrich] physiologist Germany 1845 to 1877 Researches on Animal Electricity [1848 and 1860: two volumes] He lived 1818 to 1896. Nerve cells have resting potential [1845] that decreases with nerve impulse. Nerves conduct electricity. Nerve impulses transmit chemically [1877].

Leopold Kronecker [Kronecker, Leopold] mathematician Germany 1845 to 1887 On Complex Units [1845]; Foundation of an Arithmetic Theory of General Algebra [1882]; On the Concept of Numbers [1887] He lived 1823 to 1891 and helped develop intuitionism. He invented Kronecker delta function and studied fields [1881].

Edward Hicks [Hicks, Edward] painter USA 1846 Peaceable Kingdom [1846] He lived 1780 to 1849.

Elias Howe [Howe, Elias] inventor USA 1846 lock stitch sewing machine [1846] He lived 1819 to 1867 {lock stitch sewing machine}.

Edward Lear [Lear, Edward] poet USA 1846 Owl and the Pussycat [1846] He lived 1812 to 1888 and wrote limericks and nonsense verse.

Elisha Graves Otis [Otis, Elisha Graves] inventor USA 1846 to 1852 railway safety brake [1846 to 1852]; elevator brake [1852] He lived 1811 to 1861 {railway safety brake}.

John Ruskin [Ruskin, John] critic/essayist England 1846 to 1853 Modern Painters [1846: essay]; Seven Lamps of Architecture [1849: essay]; Stones of Venice [1853: essay] He lived 1819 to 1900 and praised Arts and Crafts movement [1880 to 1900].

Franz von Suppe [Suppe, Franz von] composer Dalmatia/Austria 1846 to 1866 Poet and Peasant [1846: opera, includes the Poet and Peasant Overture]; Light Cavalry [1866: opera, includes the Light Cavalry Overture] He lived 1819 to 1895.

Friedrich Engels [Engels, Friedrich] philosopher Germany/England 1846 to 1884 German Ideology [1846: with Marx]; Communist Manifesto [1848: with Marx]; Condition of the Working Class in England [1844]; Socialism: Utopian and Scientific [1870]; Anti-Dühring [1878]; Dialectics of Nature [1875 to 1882]; Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State [1884] He lived 1820 to 1895 and was Young Hegelian. He met Marx [1842], founded Communism [1848], and organized revolutionary movements in Europe. Epistemology Practical results determine truth. Metaphysics Nature develops through dialectic {dialectical materialism}. Matter has opposites and contradictions, whose dialectic gives motion and development to matter. Dialectic causes quantitative and then qualitative change. Change results in loss or negation and thus leads to new things. Matter gives thought form, which is the dialectic. Matter came before consciousness. Politics Society develops through dialectical materialism. History is struggle between classes.

Charlotte Brontë [Brontë, Charlotte] novelist England 1847 Jane Eyre [1847] She lived 1816 to 1855.

Emily Brontë [Brontë, Emily] novelist England 1847 Wuthering Heights [1847] She lived 1818 to 1848.

Placide Cappeau [Cappeau, Placide]/Adolphe-Charles Adam [Adam, Adolphe-Charles] composer France/USA 1847 [1847: translated by John Sullivan Dwight] Cappeau lived 1808 to 1877. Adam lived 1803 to 1856.

Friedrich von Flotow [Flotow, Friedrich von] composer Germany 1847 Martha [1847: opera, including M'appari Tutt' Amor] He lived 1812 to 1883.

Henry F. Lyte [Lyte, Henry F.]/William H. Monk [Monk, William H.] lyricist/composer USA 1847 Abide with Me [1847: music is Eventide, 1861] Lyte lived 1793 to 1847. Monk lived 1823 to 1889.

Karl von Staudt [Staudt, Karl von] mathematician Nuremberg, Germany 1847 Geometry of Position [1847] He lived 1798 to 1867 and analyzed projective geometry without metric and without congruence.

George Boole [Boole, George] mathematician England 1847 to 1854 Mathematical Analysis of Logic [1847]; Investigation of the Laws of Thought, on which are founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities [1854] He lived 1815 to 1864 and studied symbolic logic and logic of classes or extensional logic. Arithmetic and algebras have axioms and theorems allowing independent term or variable meanings. Axioms and theorems can be statements, sets, classes, events, or durations. Syllogisms can use arithmetic notation, and algorithm can prove them {Boolean algebra, Boole}. Boolean algebra has sets, union operation, intersection operation, complement operation, zero element, and unit element. Arithmetic axioms hold for elements and operations. Epistemology Mind has ability to conceive class, designate individual class members by common name, perform other logical tasks, and think logically {laws of thought, Boole}. Thought laws are innate and inherited.

Matthew Townsend [Townsend, Matthew] inventor England 1847 to 1856 latch needle for knitting [1847 to 1856] He lived 1817 to ?. Knitting needles {latch needle} can open and close.

Stephen A. Douglas [Douglas, Stephen A.] senator USA 1847 to 1858 He lived 1813 to 1861 and debated Lincoln [1858]. He advocated Squatter Sovereignty, permitting slavery in territories and allowing state applying for statehood to vote to be slave or free. At Freeport [1860], he said that territories can exclude slavery by voting, lost southern-Democrat support, and lost presidential race against Lincoln.

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis [Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp] biologist Hungary/Vienna, Austria 1847 to 1861 Etiology, Concept, and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever [1861] He lived 1818 to 1865 and started hand washing in chlorine solution [1847].

Alexandr Herzen [Herzen, Alexandr] philosopher Russia/Paris, France 1847 to 1862 Who Is to Blame? [1847]; From the Other Shore [1848 to 1849]; My Past and Thoughts [1855]; Bell [1857 to 1862] He lived 1812 to 1870 and was Hegelian historian. Chance causes all things to be contingent.

Francis Parkman [Parkman, Francis] historian USA 1847 to 1885 Oregon Trail [1847]; History of the Conspiracy of Pontiac [1851]; Montcalm and Wolfe [1885] He lived 1823 to 1893.

George Henry Corliss [Corliss, George Henry] inventor USA 1848 steam valve gear [1848] He lived 1817 to 1888 {steam valve gear}.

Elizabeth Stanton [Stanton, Elizabeth] feminist USA 1848 She lived 1815 to 1902 and worked for women's rights.

Johann Strauss, Sr. [Strauss, Sr., Johann] composer Austria 1848 Radetsky March [1848] He lived 1804 to 1849.

William Makepeace Thackeray [Thackeray, William Makepeace] novelist England 1848 Vanity Fair [1848] He lived 1811 to 1863.

Jean [Foucault, Jean] physicist France 1848 to 1850 He lived 1819 to 1868, invented Foucault pendulum [1848], and studied refraction index [1850].

Robert Mills [Mills, Robert] architect Washington, DC 1848 to 1855 Washington Monument [1848 to 1885: concrete and iron obelisk] He lived 1781 to 1855.

Stephen C. [Foster, Stephen C.] composer USA 1848 to 1865 Oh Susanna [1848]; De Camptown Races [1850]; Ah! May the Red Rose Live Alway! [1850]; Old Folks at Home or Swanee River [1851]; My Old Kentucky Home [1853]; I Dream of Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair [1854]; Old Black Joe [1860]; Beautiful Dreamer [1862]; Voices That Are Gone [1865] He lived 1826 to 1864.

Nasseroddin Shah shah Persia 1848 to 1896 He lived 1831 to 1896 and was Qajar. Amir Kabir was Premier [1848 to 1851].

Charles Bernard Renouvier [Renouvier, Charles Bernard] philosopher Paris, France 1848 to 1901 Republican Manual of the Man and Citizen [1848]; Dilemmas of Pure Metaphysics [1901] He lived 1815 to 1903 and was Idealist. Belief is voluntary. Nature is indeterminate, finite, and relative.

Martin Van Buren [Van Buren, Martin] candidate USA 1848.11 He lived 1782 to 1862 and ran for president as Free-Soil Party candidate.

Louis Napoleon or Napoleon III president/emperor France 1848.12 to 1870 He lived 1808 to 1873. After trying to become emperor in 1836 and 1840, he returned to France, and assembly elected him president of Republic [1848], promising democracy and order. He dissolved legislature, crushed worker revolt, and ended Second Republic. He founded Second Empire of France [1852]. He granted more power to legislature and reigned in prosperity. He built Suez Canal [1859 to 1869], adventured in Mexico, got China Lands, fought Crimean War, restored the pope, and controlled Papal States. He fought Franco-Prussian War [1869 to 1870], but Prussia captured and deposed him.

Francis Joseph I or Franz Joseph I emperor Austria 1848.12 to 1916 He lived 1830 to 1916 and reorganized Austrian Empire [1867] as Austro-Hungary. He lost Lombardy and Venetia in Austro-Prussian War or Seven Weeks War, which Peace of Prague settled.

Arnold A. Berthold [Berthold, Arnold A.] biologist Berlin, Germany 1849 Transplantation of Testes [1849] He lived 1803 to 1861 and studied hormones [1849] and transplantation.

Arthur Hugh Clough [Clough, Arthur Hugh] poet England 1849 Say Not the Struggle Nought Availeth [1849] He lived 1819 to 1861.

Richard Owen [Owen, Richard] physician/naturalist Britain 1849 On Parthenogenesis [1849] He lived 1804 to 1892 and found horse intermediate fossils. All vertebrates have body plans based on repeating vertebrae, which can evolve.

Arnold Ruge [Ruge, Arnold] philosopher Germany/England 1849 Religion of Humanity [1849] He lived 1802 to 1880 and was humanist and Theist.

Nathaniel Currier [Currier, Nathaniel] lithographer USA 1849 to 1850 Way They Come from California [1849]; Son and Daughter of Temperance [1850] He lived 1813 to 1888.

Zachary Taylor [Taylor, Zachary] president USA 1849 to 1850 He lived 1784 to 1850. Before 1849, 12th president fought American Indians and fought in Mexican War.

Carlo Cattaneo [Cattaneo, Carlo] philosopher Lugano, Italy 1849 to 1855 History of the Revolution of 1848 [1849]; Triennial Archive of Italian History [1850 to 1855] He lived 1801 to 1869 and was of Comtian School.

Gustave Courbet [Courbet, Gustave] painter France 1849 to 1855 Stone Breakers [1849]; Burial at Ornano [1849]; Interior of My Studio [1855] He lived 1819 to 1877.

Christian Hermann Weisse [Weisse, Christian Hermann] philosopher Leipzig, Germany 1849 to 1862 Future of the Protestant Church [1849]; Philosophical Dogmatics of Christian Philosophy [1855 and 1860 and 1862] He lived 1801 to 1866 and was Theist. Being is free-personality self-production.

Edwin Booth [Booth, Edwin] actor USA 1849 to 1864 He lived 1833 to 1893.

Claude Bernard [Bernard, Claude] physiologist Paris, France 1849 to 1865 Lessons on Phenomena of Life in Animals and Plants [1863]; Introduction to the study of internal medicine [1865] He lived 1813 to 1878, studied pancreas [1849], studied liver and carbohydrates [1851], and noted curare's effects on nerve transmission to muscle [1853]. Anesthetics affect single cell organisms, such as green slime mold, amoebae, and paramecia [1875]. Internal environments {milieu interieur} can have constancies {homeostasis, Bernard}.

Frederick W. Faber [Faber, Frederick W.]/Henri F. Hemy [Hemy, Henri F.]/James G. Walton [Walton, James G.] lyricist/composer/composer England 1849 to 1871 Faith of Our Fathers [1849: music is Hemy's St. Catherine, 1864, as adapted by Walton, 1871] Faber lived 1814 to 1863. Hemy lived 1818 to 1888. Walton lived 1821 to 1905.

James Russell Lowell [Lowell, James Russell] poet USA 1849 to 1888 Once to Every Man and Nation [1849: hymn]; On Democracy [1868]; Heartsease and Rue [1888: poems] He lived 1819 to 1891.

William III king Netherlands 1849 to 1890 He lived 1817 to 1890.

Robert Bingham [Bingham, Robert] inventor England 1850 He lived 1824 to 1870 and invented dry collodion process. Process became efficient later [1871].

Sanford C. [Faulkner, Sanford C.] composer USA 1850 Arkansas Traveler [1850] He lived 1806 to 1874.

Charles A. Saint-Beuve [Saint-Beuve, Charles A.] poet France 1850 Causeries du Lundi or Monday Chats [1850] He lived 1804 to 1869.

François Millet [Millet, François] painter France 1850 to 1855 Sower [1850]; Peasant Spreading Manure [1855] He lived 1814 to 1875 and was of Barbizon School.

William R. Hamilton [Hamilton, William R.] mathematician Ireland/Scotland 1850 to 1856 Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic [1869] He lived 1788 to 1856 and belonged to school of intuition. He invented quaternions and -Hamilton theorem. He studied non-commutative algebras. His student was H.L. Mansel. People can know the finite, but people know the rest by faith, based on Kant.

Millard Fillmore [Fillmore, Millard] president USA 1850 to 1857 He lived 1800 to 1874. 13th president tried to implement Fugitive Slave act, avoided foreign affairs, and tried to advance Whig party. Later, he was Know-Nothing Party candidate.

Rudolf [Clausius, Rudolf] physicist/chemist Germany 1850 to 1865 He lived 1822 to 1888 and noted energy conservation [1850], studied gas kinetic theory, and invented virial theorem. Entropy always increases [1865].

Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz [Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von] physiologist/physicist/inventor Germany 1850 to 1867 Treatise on Physiological Optics [1856 to 1867]; On the Sensations of Tone [1863]; ophthalmoscope [1851]; ophthalmometer He lived 1821 to 1894 and founded perceptual physiology {ophthalmoscope, Helmholtz}. He developed Young- Helmholtz trichromatic color-vision theory and studied lens accommodation. He first timed nerve-signal conduction rate and muscle-action times [1850]. Speed at which electrical impulses travel along nerve fibers limits human reaction time. Pitch discrimination depends on resonance {fixed pitch theory}. Epistemology People cannot know external physical events and only have neural signals. Neural signals from senses gain meaning from learned associations, which depend on assumptions that can be incorrect. Perceptions are unconscious inferences. People cannot experience or introspect how they perceive or think. People cannot know data on which brain bases perceptions and beliefs. During perceptions and decisions to perform muscle movements, nerve signals switch. Body sense receptors receive and analyze physical energies from outside world to make independent, simple, and unnoticeable sensations, and brains learn to perceive objects and events that probably produced sensations {classical theory of psychology}.

David F. Strauss [Strauss, David F.] philosopher Germany 1850 to 1874 Life of Jesus [1835] He lived 1808 to 1874 and was of Hegelian left wing.

Moritz Lazarus [Lazarus, Moritz] philosopher Berlin, Germany 1850 to 1883 Leadership of the Prussians in Germany [1850]; Life of the Soul [1855 to 1857 and 1883]; Journal of National Psychology and Linguistics [1860: with Heymann Steinthal]; Synthesis of Thoughts on National Psychology [1865] He lived 1824 to 1903 and developed a new psychology {Folk Psychology, Lazarus} {Comparative Psychology, Lazarus} [1854: with Heymann Steinthal].

Frederick Scott Archer [Archer, Frederick Scott] photographer USA 1851 He lived 1813 to 1857 and used wet collodion process.

James Prescott Joule [Joule, James Prescott] physicist England 1851 He lived 1818 to 1889 and studied heat in conductors. Work and heat are energies [1851].

Joseph Paxton [Paxton, Joseph] architect Sydenham, England 1851 Crystal Palace [1851: Three tiers of long parallel halls inside a glass and iron shell had a central entrance hall 35 meters high with trees inside] He lived 1801 to 1865. Crystal Palace was at Great Exhibition, the first World's Fair. In 1854, it moved to Hyde Park until 1939. Sydenham is now in London.

Franz Grillparzer [Grillparzer, Franz] writer Germany 1851 to 1855 Libussa [1851]; Die Jüdin von Toledo or Jewess of Toledo [1855] He lived 1791 to 1872.

Danilo II king Montenegro 1851 to 1860 He lived 1826 to 1860 and became archbishop [1851].

Thomas U. Walter [Walter, Thomas U.] architect Washington, DC 1851 to 1865 Capitol Dome and Wings [1851 to 1865: Neoclassical] He lived 1804 to 1887.

Henry Longueville Mansel [Mansel, Henry Longueville] philosopher Scotland 1851 to 1866 Introduction to Logic [1851]; Metaphysics [1860]; Philosophy of the Conditioned [1866] He lived 1820 to 1871 and was intuitionist and idealist.

Matthew Arnold [Arnold, Matthew] poet England 1851 to 1869 Dover Beach [1851: poem]; Culture and Anarchy [1869: essay] He lived 1822 to 1888. People need liberal education, to know what is and what is best.

Edward Caswell [Caswell, Edward]/John Goss [Goss, John] lyricist/composer England 1851 to 1871 Christ Is Born in Bethlehem [1851: music, 1871] Caswell lived 1814 to 1873. Goss lived 1800 to 1880.

Herman Melville [Melville, Herman] novelist USA 1851 to 1891 Moby Dick [1851]; Billy Budd, Foretopman [1891] He lived 1819 to 1891.

Kuno Fischer [Fischer, Kuno] philosopher Heidelberg, Germany/Baden, Germany 1852 System of Logic und Metaphysics [1852] He lived 1812 to 1870 and founded neo-Kantian Heidelberg School or Baden School or Southwest German School. Mind uses logic and other a priori tools to make things valid.

Peter Mark Roget [Roget, Peter Mark] essayist England 1852 Roget's Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases [1852: thesaurus] He lived 1779 to 1869.

Harriet Beecher Stowe [Stowe, Harriet Beecher] novelist USA 1852 Uncle Tom's Cabin [1852] She lived 1811 to 1896.

Alexandre Dumas (fils) [Dumas (fils), Alexandre] novelist France 1852 to 1858 Camille [1852]; Le Demi-Monde or Underworld [1855]; Le Fils Naturel or Natural Child [1858] He lived 1824 to 1895.

Ford Madox Brown [Brown, Ford Madox] painter England 1852 to 1865 Work [1852 to 1865: Pre-Raphaelite] He lived 1821 to 1893.

Arthur Michel Saint Léon [Saint Léon, Arthur Michel] ballet dancer/choreographer France 1852 to 1870 Stenochorégraphie [1852: book about choreography notation]; Coppelia or Girl with Enamel Eyes [1870: ballet with music by Léo Delibes] He lived 1815 to 1870.

Rudolf von Jhering [Jhering, Rudolf von] lawyer Germany 1852 to 1889 Spirit of Roman Law [1852 to 1878]; Struggle for Justice [1872]; Instrument of Law or Law as a Means to an End [1877 to 1883]; Jurisprudence in Jest and in Earnest [1884]; Intent to Possess [1889] He lived 1818 to 1892 and was an international lawyer and Roman-law scholar.

Richard F. Burton [Burton, Richard F.] historian England 1853 Pilgrimage to Mecca [1853] He lived 1821 to 1890 and translated Kama Sutra and Arabian Nights.

William Rankine [Rankine, William] physicist Scotland 1853 He lived 1820 to 1872, developed Rankine temperature scale, and invented first energy-conservation law.

Matthew Perry [Perry, Matthew] commodore Japan 1853 to 1854 He lived 1794 to 1858. Japan granted trade concessions to USA. He opened Japan to outside commerce and shipping, soon followed by trade agreements with other nations.

Franklin Pierce [Pierce, Franklin] president USA 1853 to 1857 He lived 1804 to 1869. 14th president got Gadsen Purchase [1853] from Mexico in south Arizona. Sectionalism increased with Kansas-Nebraska Bill [1854]. The squatter controversy resulted in bloodshed.

Edward Caswell [Caswell, Edward]/Joseph Barnby [Barnby, Joseph] lyricist/composer USA 1853 to 1868 When Morning Gilds the Skies [1853 and 1858: Caswell translated from German, music is Laudes Domini, 1868] Barnby lived 1838 to 1896.

Bartolome Mitre [Mitre, Bartolome] leader Argentina 1853 to 1870 He lived 1821 to 1906, changed constitution [1853], became president [1862 to 1870], and began reforms.

Charles Gounod [Gounod, Charles] composer Germany/France 1853 to 1882 Meditation on the First Prelude of Bach or Ave Maria [1853]; Faust [1859: opera]; Romeo and Juliet [1864: opera]; La Redemption [1882: chorale] He lived 1818 to 1893.

Jenny Lind [Lind, Jenny] soprano Sweden 1854 Few Days [1854] She lived 1820 to 1887.

Florence Nightingale [Nightingale, Florence] nurse Crimea 1854 She lived 1820 to 1910 and founded hospitals in Crimean War, bettered soldier lives, and reformed nurse training to emphasize cleanliness, knowledge, and organization.

Bertrando Spaventa [Spaventa, Bertrando] philosopher Naples, Italy 1854 Letter on the Doctrine of Bruno [1854] He lived 1817 to 1882 and was Hegelian.

Karl Weierstrass [Weierstrass, Karl] mathematician Germany 1854 On the Theory of Abelian Functions [1854] He lived 1815 to 1897, used arithmetic concepts for mathematical analysis, and studied real number theory, analytic and elliptic functions, and uniform convergence. He invented Weierstrass-Bolzano theorem [1854]. To remove contradictions introduced by infinitesimals, he reformulated calculus using limits and exhaustion method. Elliptic complex functions are sums of convergent power functions. Irrational numbers are rational-number-series convergences.

Georg Bernhard Riemann [Riemann, Georg Bernhard] mathematician Germany 1854 to 1859 On the hypotheses that lie at the foundations of geometry [1854]; Theory of Abelian functions [1857]; On the number of primes less than given magnitude [1859] He lived 1826 to 1866. He studied non-Euclidean geometry, differential geometry, complex functions, multiple-valued functions, mapping, prime-number theorems, analytic number theory, and singularities. He invented Riemann surfaces, Riemann-Darboux integral, Riemann zeta function, Riemann mapping theorem, and Riemann hypothesis. Riemann integrals are sums over infinity of step functions. All closed line segments have the same number of points. All points, in plane touching Riemann sphere at South Pole, map to sphere points, with points at infinity mapping to North Pole. Compact-plane points can thus map to limited, closed, and bounded surfaces.

Heymann Steinthal [Steinthal, Heymann] philosopher Germany 1854 to 1860 Journal of National Psychology and Linguistics [1860: with Lazarus] He lived 1823 to 1899 and developed new psychology {Folk Psychology, Steinthal} {Comparative Psychology, Steinthal} [1854], with Lazarus.

James Clerk Maxwell [Maxwell, James Clerk] physicist Britain 1854 to 1865 He lived 1831 to 1879, developed feedback-regulation mathematical formulas, and invented electromagnetism and electromagnetic-wave laws [1865], using first-order partial-differential-equation systems. Mixing red, green, and blue primary colors can make all colors [1854].

John Bartlett [Bartlett, John] editor USA 1855 Familiar Quotations [1855: dictionary] He lived 1820 to 1905.

Thomas Bulfinch [Bulfinch, Thomas] writer London, England 1855 Mythology [1855] He lived 1796 to 1867.

Arthur Cayley [Cayley, Arthur] mathematician England 1855 Determinants used before Matrices [1855] He lived 1821 to 1895 and studied matrix theory and invariant theory.

Karl Fortlage [Fortlage, Karl] philosopher France/Germany 1855 System of Psychology [1855] He lived 1820 to 1900. Source of existence is will.

Donald McKay [McKay, Donald] inventor Canada/USA 1855 clipper ship [1855] He lived 1810 to 1880 {clipper ship}.

Joseph M. Scriven [Scriven, Joseph M.]/Charles C. Converse [Converse, Charles C.] lyricist/composer USA 1855 What a Friend We Have in Jesus [1855: music, 1868] Scriven lived 1820 to 1886. Converse lived 1832 to 1918.

Anthony Trollope [Trollope, Anthony] novelist England 1855 to 1867 Barsetshire Chronicles [1855 to 1867: novels]; Warden [1855: Barsetshire Chronicles first novel]; Barchester Towers [1857: Barsetshire Chronicles second novel]; Framley Parsonage [1861: Barsetshire Chronicles third novel]; Last Chronicle of Barset [1867: Barsetshire Chronicles fourth novel] He lived 1815 to 1882.

Walt Whitman [Whitman, Walt] poet USA 1855 to 1870 There Was a Child Went Forth [1855]; Song of Myself [1855]; I Hear America Singing [1855]; Leaves of Grass [1855: poems]; Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking [1859]; O Captain! My Captain! [1866 and 1881: in Memories of President Lincoln]; When Lilacs Last in the Courtyard Bloom'd [1866 and 1881: in Memories of President Lincoln]; Noiseless Patient Spider [1868]; Ethiopia Saluting the Colors [1870] He lived 1819 to 1892.

Alexander Bain [Bain, Alexander] philosopher London, England 1855 to 1876 Senses and the Intellect [1855]; Emotions and the Will [1859]; Mind and Body [1872]; Mind [1876: journal] He lived 1818 to 1903. Nearness in time and space, not causes or logic, causes idea associations.

Alexander II czar Russia 1855 to 1881 The Tsar liberator lived 1818 to 1881, was Romanov, and freed serfs [1861] but did not allow them to leave their villages without permission. He started local assembly {zemstvo} and new judicial system. He fought Crimean War over Russian influence in southeast Europe. Someone assassinated him.

Louis Pasteur [Pasteur, Louis] biologist Paris, France 1855 to 1883 Germ Theory and its Application to Medicine and Surgery [1878] He lived 1822 to 1895 and studied yeast and fermentation [1855], developed pasteurization [1864], and developed rabies vaccine [1883]. Organic molecules can have chirality. Cells come from cells, with no spontaneous generation.

Herbert Spencer [Spencer, Herbert] philosopher Britain 1855 to 1884 Principles of Psychology [1855]; Programme of a System of Synthetic Philosophy [1860]; Education [1861]; First Principles [1862]; Principles of Biology [1864]; Study of Sociology [1873]; Principles of Ethics [1879]; Principles of Sociology [1880]; Man versus the State [1884] He lived 1820 to 1903 and was determinist. He developed a system {Social } of thought and reality based on evolution. He promoted and defended Darwin's theory. He believed in human progress, as necessary to natural, organic society development. He emphasized individualism, laissez-faire economics, energy, optimism, and confidence. Epistemology Thinking relates two things {synthetic philosophy}, and so it is only real for phenomena. Outside phenomena, both science and religion have unknowables. Homogeneous things are unstable. Multiplying effects and segregating things lead to heterogeneity. Incongruity between actual and expected explains humor {incongruity theory} [1860]. Ethics Doing good makes life longer and better, integrates group more, and coordinates life better. Ethics depends on society type. Laissez-faire economics is good. In evolution, pleasure associates with good, and pain associates with bad. Evolution determines morality. Ethics involves adapting, without preventing others from adapting. Metaphysics Nature always seeks equilibrium and always becomes more diverse. Adaptation leads to acquiring new characteristics, which can evolve. Evolution is matter integration and motion dissipation, moving from homogeneity to coordinated heterogeneity. Dissolution is opposite of evolution. Life is continuous adjustment to external by internal. Survival of fittest and struggle for existence are life principles. Politics Societies move toward perfection by evolution, like organism. Religious-military-monarchy and industrial-peaceful- democracy are the two society types.

Theodor Mammsen [Mammsen, Theodor] lawyer/historian Berlin, Germany 1855 to 1885 History of Rome [1855 and 1885] He lived 1817 to 1903 and was an international lawyer and Roman-law historian.

Heinrich Lissauer [Lissauer, Heinrich] psychologist Germany 1855 to 1890 Contribution on the Pathological Anatomy of Tabes dorsalis [1885]; Case of visual agnosia with contribution to theory [1889]; Thalamus Lesions in Progressive Paralysis [1890: Lissauer's paralysis] He lived 1861 to 1891, found tractus dorsolateralis or Lissauer's tract [1855], and invented model for visual recognition [1890]. Patients can fail to form associations between memories and perceptions or fail to form perceptions {mind- blindness} [1879].

Henry Bessemer [Bessemer, Henry] inventor England 1856 open-hearth process [1856] He lived 1813 to 1898 and invented cheaper steel manufacturing process {open-hearth process}.

Pierre Larousse [Larousse, Pierre] editor France 1856 Larousse Dictionary [1856: dictionary] He lived 1817 to 1875.

Joseph Mazilier [Mazilier, Joseph] choreographer France 1856 Le Corsaire [1856: especially the pas de deux, music by Adolph Adam] He lived 1797 to 1868.

Hamilton Smith [Smith, Hamilton] inventor USA 1856 tintype or ferrotype He invented tintype.

William Smith [Smith, William] architect Royal Deeside, Scotland 1856 Balmoral Castle [Gothic] He lived 1817 to 1891. It is near Aberdeen.

Thomas Vernon Wollaston [Wollaston, Thomas Vernon] anatomist England 1856 Variation of Species [1856] He lived 1822 to 1878.

Karl Göschel [Göschel, Karl] philosopher Germany 1856 to 1857 Immortality: Psychology of the Bible [1856]; Hegel and His Time [1857] He lived 1784 to 1862 and was of Hegelian right wing.

Rudolf H. Lotze [Lotze, Rudolf H.] philosopher Germany 1856 to 1881 Microcosmus: An Essay concerning Man and His Relation to the World [1856 to 1864] He lived 1817 to 1881 and was Teleological Idealist.

Paul Gustave Doré [Doré, Paul Gustave] painter/illustrator France 1856 to 1887 Contes Drolatiques by Balzac or Droll Stories by Balzac [1856: illustrations]; Divine Comedy [1861 to 1868: illustrations]; Scripture Reader in a Night Shelter [1865]; Paradise Lost [1866: illustrations]; Don Quixote in His Library [1887]; Men Setting Their Watches by the Noon Gun He lived 1832 to 1883.

Charles Baudelaire [Baudelaire, Charles] poet France 1857 Flowers of Evil [1857] He lived 1821 to 1867.

James Buchanan [Buchanan, James] president USA 1857 He lived 1791 to 1868. 15th president dealt with slavery issues.

Gustave [Flaubert, Gustave] novelist France 1857 Madame Bovary [1857: novel]; Three Tales [1872: stories]; Simple Heart [1872: Three Tales first story]; St. Julian the Hospitaler [1872: Three Tales second story]; Aucassin et Nicolette [1872: Three Tales third story] He lived 1821 to 1880.

John Henry Hopkins, Jr. [Hopkins, Jr., John Henry] composer USA 1857 We Three Kings of Orient Are [1857] He lived 1820 to 1891.

William S. Pitts [Pitts, William S.] lyricist/composer USA 1857 Church in the Wildwood [1857] He lived 1830 to 1918.

Henry Thomas Buckle [Buckle, Henry Thomas] philosopher London, England 1858 History of Civilization [1858] He lived 1821 to 1862 and developed evolutionary laws of history. History has three stages. Theological stage depends on supernatural and has rule by priests. Metaphysical stage depends on concepts and has rule by judges. Positive or scientific stage depends on experimental laws and has rule by businessmen.

Stanislao Canizzaro [Canizzaro, Stanislao] chemist Italy 1858 He lived 1826 to 1910 and defined the mole [1858], found atomic weights, and invented molecular formulas.

Joseph Fawkes [Fawkes, Joseph] inventor USA 1858 steam plow [1858] He lived 1804 to 1886 {steam plow}.

Ivan Goncharov [Goncharov, Ivan] writer Russia 1858 Oblomov [1858] He lived 1812 to 1891.

Anton Rubinstein [Rubinstein, Anton] pianist Russia 1858 Melody in F [1858] He lived 1829 to 1894.

Rudolf Virchow [Virchow, Rudolf] biologist Germany 1858 Cell Pathology [1858] He lived 1821 to 1902 and studied cell theory. Cells arise from each other over continual generations {Omnis cellula e cellula}.

Charles Hermite [Hermite, Charles] mathematician France 1858 to 1864 On a new development in function series [1864] He lived 1822 to 1901 and invented Hermitean operators and Hermite functions [1858 to 1864].

Jacques Offenbach [Offenbach, Jacques] composer France/Germany 1858 to 1866 Orpheus in the Underworld [1858: opera]; Tales of Hoffman [1864: opera]; Beautiful Helene [1864: opera]; Parisian Life [1866: opera] He lived 1819 to 1880.

Ferdinand de Lesseps [Lesseps, Ferdinand de]/Alois Negrelli [Negrelli, Alois] diplomat/architect France/Austria/Egypt 1858 to 1869 Suez Canal [1858 to 1869: iron canal from Port Said on Mediterranean to Suez on Red Sea] Negrelli lived 1799 to 1858 and was from Austria. Lesseps lived 1805 to 1894 and was from France.

Benito Juarez [Juarez, Benito] president Mexico 1858 to 1871 He lived 1806 to 1872, led War of Reform, opposed Santa Anna, and resisted attempt of Maximilian to set up French Empire, He led after Emperor Maximilian was overthrown [1867] and changed constitution. He put down rebellion by Diaz [1871].

Johann Strauss, Jr. [Strauss, Jr., Johann] composer Austria 1858 to 1899 Tritsch Tratsch Polka [1858]; Blue Danube [1867]; Tales from the Vienna Woods [1868]; Die Fledermaus or Flying Mouse [1874: opera]; Emperor Waltz [1889]; Vienna Blood [1899: waltz] He lived 1825 to 1899 and composed operettas.

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff [Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert] chemist/inventor Germany 1859 spectroscope [1865] He lived 1824 to 1887, discovered spectra absorption lines [1859], and discovered cesium and rubidium.

Henry Walter Bates [Bates, Henry Walter] biologist England 1859 to 1862 Contributions to an Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley [1862] He lived 1825 to 1892, studied mimicry [1862] {Batesian mimicry}, and was a naturalist in Amazon [1848 to 1859].

George Meredith [Meredith, George] novelist/poet England 1859 to 1862 Ordeal of Richard Feveral [1859]; Modern Love [1862] He lived 1828 to 1909.

Alexander John Cusa [Cusa, Alexander John] prince Walachia/Moldavia 1859 to 1866 He lived 1820 to 1873, was prince of Romania [1859 to 1866], and led Danubian Principalities of Walachia and Moldavia [1859].

Charles Robert Darwin [Darwin, Charles Robert] naturalist Britain 1859 to 1872 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection [1859]; Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex [1871]; Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals [1872] He lived 1809 to 1882. He developed plant and animals evolution theory. Natural selection of variations leads to the most-successful reproduction {survival of the fittest, Darwin}. Species evolved from earlier species, making branching evolutionary trees. Evolution has caused changes without needing causer. Evolution has support from organism location, because similar environments in different locations have different organisms, and similar, mutually accessible, locations with different environments have similar organisms. Evolution has support from , because different species have similar hand bones, and species have vestigial structures. Evolution has support from embryology, because segmented-worm and unsegmented-mollusc larvae are similar, and vertebrate embryos have gills. Evolution has support from the fossil record, which shows intermediate forms. Changes have billions of years to happen. Ancient rocks and environment differ from now, and fossil life forms differ from now. Current animals adapted to present environment, not to ancient one. Finches of Galapagos Islands and barnacles were test cases. He also studied emotions. Human emotional-response and facial-expression origins are pre-human species behaviors.

George Eliot [Eliot, George] or Mary Ann Evans [Evans, Mary Ann] novelist England 1859 to 1876 Adam Bede [1859]; Mill on the Floss [1860]; Silas Marner [1861]; Middlemarch [1872]; Daniel Deronda [1876] She lived 1819 to 1880.

Edward [FitzGerald, Edward] poet/translator England 1859 to 1879 Omar Khayyam's Rubaiyat or Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam [1859 and 1879: translated poem] He lived 1809 to 1883 and rhymed stanza first, second, and fourth lines {FitzGerald stanza}.

Pasquale Villari [Villari, Pasquale] philosopher/historian Florence, Italy 1859 to 1901 History of Girolamo Savonarola and His Times [1859 to 1861]; Letters from Meridionali Province [1875]; Niccolo Machiavelli and His Times [1877 to 1882]; Barbarian Invasion in Italy [1901] He lived 1826 to 1917, was Positivist, and studied history.

Giuseppe Garibaldi [Garibaldi, Giuseppe] leader Italy 1860 He lived 1807 to 1882 and unified Italy under his 1000 armed citizen followers {red shirts} by defeating Naples and Sicily [1860]. He gave his conquests to King Victor Emmanuel II.

Adolf Krupp [Krupp, Adolf] manufacturer Germany 1860 He lived 1812 to 1887 and started munitions factory.

Anna B. Warner [Warner, Anna B.]/Susan Warner [Warner, Susan]/William B. Bradbury [Bradbury, William B.] lyricist/composer USA 1860 Jesus Loves Me [1860] Anna Warner lived 1820 to 1915. Susan Warner lived 1819 to 1885. Bradbury lived 1816 to 1868.

William Dix [Dix, William]/Conrad Kocher [Kocher, Conrad] composer England 1860 to 1861 As with Gladness Men of Old [1860] Dix lived 1837 to 1898. Kocher lived 1786 to 1872.

Matthew B. Brady [Brady, Matthew B.] photographer USA 1860 to 1865 He lived 1823 to 1896. His Civil War photographs used dry collodion process.

Robert Wilhelm Bunsen [Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm] chemist/inventor Germany 1860 to 1865 spectroscope [1865]; spectrum analysis He lived 1811 to 1899, improved Bunsen burner [1860], and discovered cesium and rubidium. He discovered hydrated- iron-oxide antidote for arsenic poisoning.

Emily Dickinson [Dickinson, Emily] poet USA 1860 to 1865 I Never Saw a Moor or Chartless [1860 to 1865]; My Life Closed Twice Before Its Close [1860 to 1865]; Because I Could Not Stop for Death [1863]; Tell All The Truth But Tell It Slant [1860 to 1865]; The Only News I Know [1860 to 1865]; Soul Selects [1862] She lived 1830 to 1886.

James S. Pierpont [Pierpont, James S.] composer USA 1860 to 1870 Jingle Bells [1860 to 1870] He lived 1822 to 1893.

Edmund Sears [Sears, Edmund]/Richard Willis [Willis, Richard] lyricist/composer USA 1860 to 1870 It Came upon a Midnight Clear [1860 to 1870] Sears lived 1810 to 1876. Willis lived 1819 to 1900.

Werner Siemens [Siemens, Werner] inventor Germany 1860 to 1870 electric dynamo [1860 to 1870] He lived 1816 to 1892.

C. Mordaunt Spencer [Spencer, C. Mordaunt]/Charles Glover [Glover, Charles] lyricist/composer Ireland 1860 to 1870 Rose of Tralee [1912] Spencer lived ? to 1888. Glover lived 1806 to 1863.

Boss Tweed or William M. Tweed [Tweed, William M.] leader New York, New York 1860 to 1870 He lived 1823 to 1878, controlled Tammany Hall as Democrat, and accumulated a fortune by graft.

Gustav Theodor Fechner [Fechner, Gustav Theodor] philosopher/physicist Germany 1860 to 1876 Elements of Psychophysics [1860]; Pre-school of Aesthetics [1876] He lived 1801 to 1887. Sensation intensity is proportional to logarithm of stimulus {Weber-Fechner law, Fechner} {Weber's law, Fechner}. Logarithmic scale measures sensation intensity: S = k * log(I) + A, where S = sensation, k = relative-difference ratio, I = intensity, and A = absolute threshold. The law applies if sensations have categories {category scaling}. To detect just noticeable difference in sensation at higher intensities, stimulus intensity must increase in geometrical proportion. Sense qualities and psychological functions relate to stimuli {psychophysics, Fechner}. Aesthetics Method of paired comparisons can judge aesthetic preferences.

Samuel Francis Smith [Smith, Samuel Francis] lyricist/composer USA 1860 to 1890 America or My Country, 'Tis of Thee [1860 to 1890] He lived 1808 to 1895.

Nicholas I king Montenegro 1860 to 1910 He lived 1841 to 1921 and helped Montenegro gain independence from Bulgaria and Ottomans [1878].

William [Crookes, William] physicist/inventor England 1861 spinthariscope He lived 1832 to 1919 and invented cathode rays [1861] {spinthariscope}.

Julia Ward Howe [Howe, Julia Ward]/William Steffe [Steffe, William] lyricist/composer USA 1861 Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory or Battle Hymn of the Republic [1861: music is American camp meeting tune] Howe lived 1819 to 1910. Steffe lived 1830 to 1890.

Henry Maine [Maine, Henry] lawyer London, England 1861 Ancient Law [1861: law history] He lived 1822 to 1888 and studied change from status system to contract system.

Alexander Parkes [Parkes, Alexander] inventor England 1861 nitrocellulose plastic [1861] He lived 1813 to 1890 {nitrocellulose plastic}.

Carl Spohr [Spohr, Carl] composer USA 1861 Band Polka [1861]

Ivan Turgenev [Turgenev, Ivan] novelist Russia 1861 Fathers and Sons [1861] He lived 1818 to 1883.

George Frederick Root [Root, George Frederick] lyricist/composer USA 1861 to 1862 Battle Cry of Freedom [1861]; Two Brothers or One Wore Blue, One Wore Gray [1862] He lived 1820 to 1895 and wrote songs about the Civil War.

Thomas Jackson [Jackson, Thomas] or Stonewall Jackson [Jackson, Stonewall] general Virginia 1861 to 1863 He lived 1824 to 1863 and tied first Battle of Bull Run, won Shenandoah Valley Campaign, won second Battle of Bull Run, and died at Chancellorsville.

Jefferson Davis [Davis, Jefferson] president South USA 1861 to 1865 He lived 1808 to 1889 and led Confederate States of America.

Abraham Lincoln [Lincoln, Abraham] president/essayist/orator USA 1861 to 1865 Emancipation Proclamation [1863]; Gettysburg Address [1864: oration]; Second Inaugural Address [1865: oration] He lived 1809 to 1865. 16th-president election started Civil War. South believed it needed slaves to produce cotton, which it exported for profit. He had trouble with divided cabinet, discontent over war, bad generals, and abolitionists. John Wilkes Booth assassinated Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theater in Washington. Emancipation Proclamation [1863] freed 4,000,000 slaves, mostly on cotton plantations. This act diminished states' rights.

Charles Garnier [Garnier, Charles] architect Paris, France 1861 to 1875 Paris Opera House [1861 to 1875: Neo-Baroque theater] He lived 1857 to 1874.

Paul Pierre Broca [Broca, Paul Pierre] surgeon/anthropologist Paris, France 1861 to 1878 On the principal of cerebral localizations [1861]; New observation of aphasia produced by lesion in the posterior part of second and third convolution of the left frontal lobe [1861]; Memoranda of Anthropology [1871 to 1878: three volumes] He lived 1824 to 1880, developed skull-measuring instruments, and studied prehistoric skull trephining. He first described Cro-Magnon and Aurignacian man. He disproved theory {Celtic myth} that Celts constituted a racial group with inherited characteristics [1866]. Frontal-lobe-third or inferior-gyrus damage {Broca's area, Broca} makes people unable to speak [1861].

Victor Emmanuel II king Italy 1861 to 1878 He lived 1820 to 1878 and led wars of Risorgimento as Sardinia king, with Garibaldi as general. After victory over Papal States, Florence was capital. He ruled as constitutional monarch.

Edward Burnett Tylor [Tylor, Edward Burnett] anthropologist England 1861 to 1881 Anahuac or Anahuac Civilization of Mexico [1861: Mexica was last Anahuac civilization, 1325 to 1521]; Researches into the Early History of Mankind and the Development of Civilization [1865]; Primitive Culture [1871]; Anthropology [1881] He lived 1832 to 1917, studied folklore and societies {ethnology, Tylor} {ethnography, Tylor}, and founded social anthropology. All humans have same mind type. Religion is superstition and belief in spiritual beings or persons {animism, Tylor}. People see difference between living and death, sleep, or trance and have dreams and visions of people and other living things, so they think everything has a living soul, which can be independent of body. Evil spirits can enter bodies. One spirit can become supreme. Magic and myth require narrative with rational associations. Rational culture improves over time, but ancient superstitions still survive.

William I king Prussia 1861 to 1888 He lived 1797 to 1888 and was emperor of Germany [1871 to 1888] and king of Prussia [1861 to 1888]. His minister was Bismarck. Prussia and Austria fought Denmark over Schleswig-Holstein [1864]. began [1871].

Friedrich Argelander [Argelander, Friedrich] astronomer Germany 1862 Bonner Survey [1862] He lived 1799 to 1875 and found 300,000 star positions.

Pierre Beauregard [Beauregard, Pierre] general South USA 1862 He lived 1818 to 1893 and was Confederate general.

Guillaume Duchenne [Duchenne, Guillaume] biologist Paris, France 1862 Mechanism of Human Physionomy [1862] He lived 1806 to 1875 and located innervated muscles for behaviors, gestures, and expressions. He studied locomotor ataxia and tried electrical stimulation therapy.

Ulysses S. Grant [Grant, Ulysses S.] general USA 1862 to 1865 He lived 1822 to 1885. After he fought at Shiloh in Virginia, Vicksburg in Mississippi, and Chattanooga, Tennessee, he led Wilderness Campaign for the North, which led to Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia [1865].

Robert E. Lee [Lee, Robert E.] general South USA 1862 to 1865 He lived 1807 to 1872. Confederate general stopped march on Richmond in Seven Days battles, won second Battle of Bull Run, fought to standstill at Antietam while trying to invade North, won at Fredericksburg, won at Chancellorsville, lost at Gettysburg, fought Grant in Wilderness Campaign, endured siege at Petersburg, and surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse [1865].

Alfred Clebsch [Clebsch, Alfred] mathematician Germany 1862 to 1866 Theory of Elasticity in Fields [1862]; On the Applications of Abelian Functions in Geometry [1864]; Theory of Abelian Functions [1866: with Paul Gordan] He lived 1833 to 1872 and studied genus of curves {Clebsch-Gordan coefficients}.

Ernst Haeckel [Haeckel, Ernst] biologist Berlin, Germany 1862 to 1868 Radiolaria [1862]; History of Creation [1868] He lived 1834 to 1919 and studied marine invertebrates. Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny {theory of recapitulation}. Sperm are mostly nucleic acid [1868].

Christina Rossetti [Rossetti, Christina] poet England 1862 to 1881 Goblin's Market [1862]; Pageant and Other Poems [1881] She lived 1830 to 1894.

William Stanley Jevons [Jevons, William Stanley] economist/philosopher England 1862 to 1882 General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy [1862: marginal-utility theory of value]; Coal Question [1865]; Theory of Political Economy [1871]; Principles of Science [1874]; State in Relation to Labour [1882] He lived 1835 to 1882. He started the marginalist revolution [1871] and developed marginal-utility theory of value. He advocated deductive science based on probability. In logic, he studied inclusive OR and developed logic of similar objects.

Franz Brentano [Brentano, Franz] philosopher Germany/Austria/Italy 1862 to 1889 Several Senses of Being in Aristotle [1862]; Psychology of Aristotle [1867]; Psychology from the Empirical Standpoint [1871]; Descriptive Psychology [1874]; Origin of Our Knowledge of Right and Wrong [1889] He lived 1838 to 1917. Epistemology Psychology is about mental states, which can be mental/intentional or physical/sensational. Phenomena are physical, such as color, cold, sound, smell, or mental, such as presentations from senses or imagination, emotion, judgment. Physical phenomena require object. Like language, mental phenomena can reference objects in thought {intentionality, Brentano} and can be conscious or unconscious. The mental is about something else. However, some conscious states are not representational, and some representations are not conscious. Awareness relates to objects and events external to people and their awareness, so awareness has intentionality. Subjective experiences refer to perceptions or mental ideas, independent of their external objects. Intention objects can also be selves {psychological immanentism}. All and only mental phenomena have intentionality {irreducibility thesis}. Mental states are always intentional {Brentano's thesis} {aboutness}. However, sensations seem not to be about something else. Mental states are intentional states {propositional attitude, Brentano}. All intentional states are intentional, but not vice versa. Intentional states causally relate to their objects, including non-existing objects. Consciousness acts are constitutive powers of self and are subjective experiences. Intuition can describe all subjective experience. Subjective experiences have classes {act psychology} {descriptive phenomenology} {phenomenognosis} that find causal relations between phenomena. Intentionality grounds object concepts. Emotions and judgments use presentation with acts of judging or emoting. Mind Mental is personal and self-referencing. Mental phenomena cannot be physical phenomena.

Otto von Bismarck [Bismarck, Otto von] or Iron Chancellor premier Prussia 1862 to 1890 He lived 1815 to 1898 and was first chancellor. He started Austro-Prussian War [1866]. He organized Germany under Prussia as North German Confederation. He started Franco-Prussian War [1869]. He created German Empire under King William I. He passed social security and labor laws to block more socialism. Kaiser Wilhelm II dismissed him [1890].

Sarah Bernhardt [Bernhardt, Sarah] actor France/USA 1862 to 1912 Camille [1912]; Queen Elizabeth [1912] She lived 1844 to 1923.

Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. [Holmes, Jr., Oliver Wendell] chief justice/inventor USA 1862 to 1932 stereoscope [1862]; Common Law [1881] He lived 1841 to 1935. As USA Supreme Court Chief Justice [1902 to 1932], he emphasized human rights over property rights.

Julia Ward Howe [Howe, Julia Ward] poet USA 1863 Battle Hymn of the Republic [1863: hymn] She lived 1819 to 1910.

Gregor Mendel [Mendel, Gregor] biologist März, Austria 1863 to 1866 Experiments in Plant Hybridization [1865] He lived 1822 to 1884 and developed Mendel's inheritance laws by studying dominant and recessive characteristics of pea-plant independent and discrete heredity units.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow [Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth]/John Baptiste Calkin [Calkin, John Baptiste] lyricist/composer USA 1863 to 1872 I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day [1863 to 1872: music is from Waltham and from Mainzer] Calkin lived 1827 to ?.

Camille Saint-Saens [Saint-Saens, Camille] composer France 1863 to 1877 Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso [1863]; Danse Macabre [1874]; Omphale's Spinning Wheel [1871]; Samson and Delilah [1877: opera] He lived 1835 to 1921 and composed symphonies and operas.

Ismail Pasha or Ismail the Magnificent pasha Egypt 1863 to 1879 He lived 1830 to 1895 and was Ibrahim Pasha's son. Debt caused him to allow France and Britain to take over Egyptian government. He sold Suez Canal [completed in 1869] to Britain [1876].

Ernest Renan [Renan, Ernest] historian Paris, France 1863 to 1881 History of the Origins of Christianity [1863 to 1881: seven volumes] He lived 1823 to 1892 and studied Judaism and Christianity.

Eduardo Manet [Manet, Eduardo] painter France 1863 to 1882 Luncheon on the Grass [1863]; Olympia [1863]; Fifer [1866]; Bar at the Folies-Bergere [1882] He lived 1832 to 1883 and was the first Impressionist, for whom painting itself was reality.

Mirza Huseyn Ali [Ali, Mirza Huseyn] or Baha'u'llah or Glory of God philosopher Baghdad, Iraq/Iran 1863 to 1890 Hidden Words [1857]; Book of Certitude [1863]; Seven Valleys and the Four Valleys [1870 to 1890]; Epistle to the Son of the Wolf [1870 to 1890]; Most Holy Book [1870 to 1890]; Prayer and Meditations [1870 to 1890] He lived 1817 to 1892 and was Babi. He then claimed he was the Promised One of all ages [1863]. He had to leave Iran, and Ottomans imprisoned him in Acre, Lebanon.

Auguste [Rodin, Auguste] sculptor France 1863 to 1900 Man with the Broken Nose [1863: bronze mask]; Age of Bronze [1876: bronze]; Gates of Hell [1880 to 1917: bronze]; Thinker [1881: bronze]; Eve [1881: bronze]; Burghers of Calais [1884 to 1886: bronze]; Kiss [1886: bronze]; Balzac [1893 to 1897: bronze]; Walking Man [1900: bronze] He lived 1840 to 1917.

Thomas Henry Huxley [Huxley, Thomas Henry] biologist/paleontologist/philosopher England 1863 to 1910 Man's Place in Nature [1863]; Lessons in Elementary Physiology [1866]; Animal Automatism and Other Essays [1884]; Agnosticism [1893]; Methods and Results [1910] He lived 1825 to 1895, was evolutionary theorist, and promoted and defended Darwin's theory. Epistemology People cannot know the Absolute. Ethics It is immoral to believe if one cannot justify the belief from what one knows. Mind Animals are machines but are conscious {conscious automata}. Consciousness does not cause anything {epiphenomenalism, Huxley}.

George I king Greece 1863 to 1913 He lived 1845 to 1913.

Numa Denys Fustel de Coulanges [Coulanges, Numa Denys Fustel de] archaeologist Paris, France 1864 Ancient City [1864] He lived 1830 to 1889 and studied Greek and Roman morals, traditions, and religion in city-states.

Robert Lowry [Lowry, Robert] lyricist/composer USA 1864 Shall We Gather at the River [1864: music is Hanson Place] He lived 1826 to 1899.

John Henry Newman [Newman, John Henry] essayist/cardinal England 1864 Apology for His Life [1864: essay] He lived 1801 to 1890. People need well-rounded liberal education, to know things and see relations between things.

Maximilian emperor Mexico 1864 to 1867 He lived 1832 to 1867. Napoleon III sent him to aid Mexican conservatives against Juarez. Someone killed him after French soldiers left. He was brother of Francis Joseph II of Austria.

Frans Donders [Donders, Frans] physiologist Utrecht, Netherlands 1864 to 1870 On the anomalies of accommodation and refraction of the eye with a preliminary essay on physiologic dioptrics [1864]; Proceedings of the Community Meeting of the Koninlijke Academy of Science [1865]; Speed of Mental Processes [1868]; Physiology of speech sounds, in particular those of the Dutch language [1870] He lived 1818 to 1889 and studied eyes and reaction times.

Charles L. Dodgson [Dodgson, Charles L.] or Lewis Carroll [Carroll, Lewis] storyteller/poet England 1864 to 1871 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland [1864: story]; The Walrus and the Carpenter [1871: poem in Through the Looking Glass]; Jabberwocky [1871: in Through the Looking Glass]; Through the Looking Glass [1871: story]; Father William [1876: poem]; Hunting of the Snark [1876: poem] He lived 1832 to 1898.

Fyodor Dostoyevsky [Dostoyevsky, Fyodor] novelist Russia 1864 to 1880 Notes from Underground [1864]; Crime and Punishment [1866]; Idiot [1869]; Possessed [1872]; Brothers Karamazov [1880] He lived 1821 to 1881.

Edvard [Grieg, Edvard] composer Norway 1864 to 1886 I Love You [1864: song]; Peer Gynt [1876: opera]; Piano Concerto in A Minor; Last Spring [1886: song] He lived 1843 to 1907.

John Graham Chambers [Chambers, John Graham] boxer England 1865 He lived 1843 to 1883 and invented Marquis of Queensberry rules for boxing [1865], published [1867].

Mary Mapes Dodge [Dodge, Mary Mapes] writer USA 1865 Hans Brinker or the Silver Skates [1865] She lived 1830 to 1905.

John Grote [Grote, John] philosopher England 1865 Philosophical Explorations [1865]; Examination of the Utilitarian Philosophy [1865] He lived 1813 to 1866 and was Idealist.

Otto Liebmann [Liebmann, Otto] philosopher Stuttgart, Germany 1865 Kant and the Epigoni [1865] He lived 1840 to 1912 and was of Marburg School of Immanent Philosophy. People cannot know things-in-themselves.

Algernon Swinburne [Swinburne, Algernon] poet England 1865 to 1866 Atalanta in Calydon [1865]; When the Hounds of Spring [1865: in Atalanta in Calydon]; Forsaken Garden [1865]; Garden of Proserpine [1866]; Triumph of Time [1866]; Poems and Ballads [1866: including Hymn to Proserpine] He lived 1837 to 1909.

Andrew Johnson [Johnson, Andrew] president USA 1865 to 1869 He lived 1808 to 1875. 17th president became president after Booth assassinated Lincoln. He proposed mild Reconstruction for South, encouraged Seward to purchase Alaska from Russia [1867], and barely escaped impeachment for trying to remove Stanton, Secretary of War, who was a radical Republican.

Sabine Baring-Gould [Baring-Gould, Sabine]/Arthur S. Sullivan [Sullivan, Arthur S.] lyricist/composer England 1865 to 1871 Onward, Christian Soldiers [1865: music is St. Gertrude, 1871] Baring-Gould lived 1834 to 1924. Sullivan lived 1842 to 1900.

Jules Verne [Verne, Jules] novelist France 1865 to 1873 From the Earth to the Moon [1865]; Journey to the Center of the Earth [1871]; 20,000 Leagues under the Sea [1873]; Tour of the World in 80 Days [1873] He lived 1828 to 1905.

Henry Clay Work [Work, Henry Clay] composer USA 1865 to 1876 Marching Through Georgia [1865]; Grandfather's Clock [1876] He lived 1832 to 1884.

Johannes [Brahms, Johannes] composer Germany 1865 to 1880 Hungarian Dances [1865]; Waltz in A flat or Valse-Berceuse Célèbre [1865]; Cradle Song or Brahm's Lullaby [1868]; German Requiem [1868: mass]; Symphony Number One in C Minor [1876]; Academic Festival Overture [1880] He lived 1833 to 1897.

James H. Stirling [Stirling, James H.] philosopher England 1865 to 1881 Secret of Hegel [1865]; As Regards Protoplasm [1869]; Text Book to Kant [1881] He lived 1820 to 1909 and was Idealist.

Anton [Dvorak, Anton] composer Czech Republic 1865 to 1894 Slavonic Dance No. 1 or Bells of Zlonice [1865]; Songs My Mother Taught Me [1880]; Slavonic Dance No. 2 [1886]; Symphony No. 9 From the New World [1893: symphony]; Humoresque [1894: song] He lived 1841 to 1904.

Charles Sanders Peirce [Peirce, Charles Sanders] philosopher/logician USA 1865 to 1905 Harvard Lectures On the Logic of Science [1865]; On a New List of Categories [1867]; Questions Concerning Certain Faculties Claimed for Man [1868]; Description of a Notation for the Logic of Relatives [1870]; Illustrations of the Logic of Science [1877 to 1878]; Fixation of Belief [1877: in Illustrations of the Logic of Science]; How to Make Our Ideas Clear [1878: in Illustrations of the Logic of Science]; Evolutionary Love [1893]; What is a Sign? [1894]; Reasoning and the Logic of Things [1898]; What Pragmatism Is [1905] He lived 1839 to 1914 and started pragmatism or pragmaticism, as development of Kant. In mathematics, he developed quantification theory [1878] and axiomatized pure mathematics using logic of relations. Epistemology Proposition is true if it corresponds to reality [1871]. However, people cannot experience reality. Direct, subjective, or personal methods such as introspection, faith, will, and authority cannot reliably provide true beliefs. People cannot idealize reality. Thinking only theoretically and logically cannot deduce reliable conclusions, because premises that allow reasoning depend on ideals, not reality. The only method that can approach truth with better and better probability is observing reality objectively, publicly, and scientifically {method of science} {science method}. Science uses reasoning {abduction, reasoning} that can explain available evidence by making new, possibly generic, hypotheses or inferences and testing them using public and objective techniques {inference to the best explanation, Peirce}. Scientific concepts state that operations cause observable consequences. Scientific statements make predictions to test. A statement is true if its cause's predicted effect happens. The same principle applied to belief makes belief clear. Belief practical effects can test belief {pragmaticism, Peirce}. If belief results in good consequences, it is good belief. People can be wrong about beliefs {fallibilism}. Truth takes time, to reach public consensus. Relations can have one, two, or three positions. One-place relations are people's experiences. Two-place relations are physical laws. Three-place relations are meaning, understanding, and consciousness. Meaning is three-place relation among sign, observer, and interpretation {speculative grammar}. Meaning is interpretation sign causes in observers {semeiotics}. Meaning depends on knowing or believing consequences. Signs are singular terms. Sign classes are words {symbol, Peirce} {conventional sign}, pointers {index, Peirce} {natural sign, philosophy}, or pictures {icon, Peirce}. Words can represent object category {type} or object example {token, Peirce}. Words always refer to same object or event. Pointers {indexical word} {demonstrative word} {token- reflexive} are pronouns and words about relative places or times and refer to something else. Indexicals can take different sentence roles and can refer to different things. Icons represent actual or ideal object. Metaphysics Reality is efficient causes, of sense qualities or other effects. Reality is continuous {syncheism}, not discrete. Reality is not deterministic {tychism}.

Roberto Ardigo [Ardigo, Roberto] philosopher Padua, Italy 1865 to 1909 Concourse of Religion [1865]; Science of Education [1893 and 1909] He lived 1828 to 1920 and was of Comtian School.

Leopold II king Belgium 1865 to 1909 He lived 1835 to 1909.

Paul Gordan [Gordan, Paul] mathematician Germany 1866 Theory of Abelian Functions [1866: with Alfred Clebsch] He lived 1837 to 1912.

Jesse James [James, Jesse] outlaw West USA 1866 He lived 1847 to 1882.

Friedrich Albert [Lange, Friedrich Albert] philosopher Iserlohn, Westphalia, Germany 1866 History of Materialism [1866] He lived 1828 to 1875 and was of Marburg School of Immanent Philosophy.

Alfred Nobel [Nobel, Alfred] inventor Sweden 1866 dynamite [1866] He lived 1801 to 1872. His trust provided for Nobel Prizes [1901].

Leopold von Sacher-Masoch [Sacher-Masoch, Leopold von] writer/lawyer Lemberg, Austria 1866 Don Juan of Kolomea [1866] He lived 1835 to 1895 and studied if animal can be masochistic.

Nikolaus Otto [Otto, Nikolaus] or Nicholas Otto [Otto, Nicholas] inventor Germany 1866 to 1867 internal combustion engine using Otto cycle [1866 to 1867] He lived 1832 to 1891.

Alphonse Daudet [Daudet, Alphonse] writer France 1866 to 1869 Les lettres de mon moulin or Letters from My Windmill [1866 to 1869] He lived 1840 to 1897.

Joseph Lister [Lister, Joseph] biologist England 1866 to 1877 He lived 1827 to 1912, used carbolic acid on wounds to prevent infection [1866], and studied bacteria, antiseptics, heat sterilization, and operative techniques [1877].

Bedrich Smetana [Smetana, Bedrich] composer Czech Republic 1866 to 1879 Bartered Bride [1866: opera]; Moldau [1875]; From My Life [1876]; My Fatherland [1879] He lived 1824 to 1884.

Carol I prince Romania 1866 to 1881 He lived 1839 to 1914. Romania gained independence from Ottoman Empire [1881]. Romania had pogroms and laws against Jews.

Henry Hobson Richardson [Richardson, Henry Hobson] architect Chicago, Illinois 1866 to 1887 Richardson House [1866: Romanesque]; Trinity Church [1872 to 1877: Romanesque]; Marshall Field Wholesale Store [1885 to 1887: Beaux Arts style seven-story building used iron and concrete and was dismantled in 1930] He lived 1838 to 1886.

Miguel II king Portugal 1866 to 1920 He lived 1853 to 1927 and abdicated [1920] when republic formed.

Louisa May Alcott [Alcott, Louisa May] novelist USA 1867 Little Women [1867] She lived 1832 to 1888.

Horatio Alger, Jr. [Alger, Jr., Horatio] novelist USA 1867 Ragged Dick [1867] He lived 1832 to 1898 and wrote novels {Horatio Alger story} in which young man overcomes adversity and succeeds.

J. G. Hunting [Hunting, J. G.] composer USA 1867 Happy Uncle Joe [1867]

Thaddeus Stevens [Stevens, Thaddeus] senator USA 1867 He lived 1792 to 1868, was Senator, and wanted to punish South.

Charles Sumner [Sumner, Charles] senator USA 1867 He lived 1811 to 1874, was Senator from Massachusetts, and wanted to punish South.

Cornelius Vanderbilt [Vanderbilt, Cornelius] businessman New York 1867 He lived 1873 to 1942 and started New York Central railroad and shipping lines.

Joseph P. Webster [Webster, Joseph P.]/Sanford F. Bennett [Bennett, Sanford F.] lyricist/composer USA 1867 In the Sweet By and By [1867] Webster lived 1819 to 1875. Bennett lived 1836 to 1898.

Benjamin Disraeli [Disraeli, Benjamin] prime minister England 1867 to 1880 He lived 1804 to 1881, was Conservative {Tory}, and passed Reform Bill, widening right to vote to workingmen. He annexed Fiji Islands, Transvaal, and Cyprus. He fought Afghanistan and Zulu tribe in Africa. He bought control of Suez Canal. He reduced Russian power in Balkans at Congress of Berlin. In 1874, he became Prime Minister again.

Mark Twain or Samuel Langhorn Clemens [Clemens, Samuel Langhorn] novelist USA 1867 to 1889 Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County [1867: story]; Innocents Abroad [1869]; Tom Sawyer [1876]; Prince and the Pauper [1882]; Huckleberry Finn [1884]; Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court [1889] He lived 1835 to 1910.

Phillips [Brooks, Phillips]/Lewis Henry Redner [Redner, Lewis Henry] lyricist/composer USA 1868 O Little Town of Bethlehem [1868] Brooks lived 1835 to 1893. Redner lived 1830 to 1908.

Willkie Collins [Collins, Willkie] novelist England 1868 Moonstone [1868] He lived 1824 to 1889.

George Leybourne [Leybourne, George] lyricist/composer USA 1868 Man on the Flying Trapeze [1868] He lived 1842 to 1884.

Christopher Sholes [Sholes, Christopher]/S. W. Soule [Soule, S. W.]/G. Glidden [Glidden, G.] inventor USA 1868 typewriter [1868] He lived 1819 to 1890.

Bret Harte [Harte, Bret] novelist USA 1868 to 1869 Luck of Roaring Camp [1868]; Outcast of Poker Flats [1869] He lived 1836 to 1902.

Wilhelm Mannhardt [Mannhardt, Wilhelm] anthropologist Berlin, Germany 1868 to 1877 Spirits of the Corn [1868]; Tree-Worship of the Germans [1875]; Ancient Worship of Forest and Field [1877] He lived 1831 to 1880 and studied customs and mythology.

John Muir [Muir, John] naturalist USA 1868 to 1890 Treasure of the Yosemite [1890]; Features of the Proposed National Park [1890] He lived 1838 to 1942 and wrote about the beauty and meaning of nature, especially after visiting Yosemite [1868].

William E. Gladstone [Gladstone, William E.] prime minister England 1868 to 1894 He lived 1809 to 1898. Liberal passed Irish Land Act, enacted civil-service reform, started ballot vote, ended sale of army commissions, reformed Parliament, and started public education. His career ended when he advocated Home Rule for Ireland.

Edgar Dégas [Dégas, Edgar] painter France 1868 to 1895 Orchestra at the Opera [1868]; Prima Ballerina [1876]; Dancer at the Bouquet [1876]; Rehearsal in the Foyer of the Opera [1895] He lived 1834 to 1917.

Claude [Monet, Claude] painter France 1868 to 1906 River [1868]; Impression: Sunrise [1872]; Water Lilies [1906] He lived 1840 to 1926.

Mutsuhito or Meiji emperor Japan 1868 to 1912 Shogun had surrendered to Perry. In Meiji Restoration [1868], clans took capital, Kyoto, from shogun. Mutsuhito lived 1852 to 1912 and ruled Japan [1873 to 1912]. Capital moved to Edo (Tokyo). Emperor owned all land. Government had prefectures. Conscription built army. Clans industrialized and built ships, weapons, and cotton mills. They studied navigation and other western techniques.

Richard Blackmore [Blackmore, Richard] novelist England 1869 Lorna Doone [1869] He lived 1825 to 1900.

Eduard von Hartmann [Hartmann, Eduard von] philosopher Germany 1869 Philosophy of the Unconscious [1869] He lived 1842 to 1906. The Absolute contains both idea and will, and will's pain and suffering always persists with idea order and spirit.

Friedrich Miescher [Miescher, Friedrich] biologist Germany 1869 He lived 1844 to 1895 and discovered DNA in trout sperm [1869]. Blood carbon dioxide level regulates breathing.

Francesco De Sanctis [De Sanctis, Francesco] philosopher Italy 1869 to 1871 Critical essays [1869]; Critical essay on [1869]; History of Italian Literature [1871] He lived 1817 to 1882 and was Hegelian.

Ulysses S. Grant [Grant, Ulysses S.] president USA 1869 to 1877 He lived 1822 to 1885. 18th president allowed passage of harsh Reconstruction Act for South. He allowed legal tender notes {greenback money} to stay in circulation after Panic of 1873, though gold and silver reserves backing the money were low. He associated with dishonest politicians. His secretary of state was Hamilton Fish.

Auguste [Renoir, Auguste] painter France 1869 to 1881 Le Grenoullière or Froggery [1869: inn on river north of Paris]; Dance at Le Moulin de la Galette or Dance at the Pancake Mill [1876]; Luncheon of the Boating Party [1881] He lived 1841 to 1919.

Francis Galton [Galton, Francis] biologist England 1869 to 1883 Hereditary Genius [1869]; English Men of Science [1874]; Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development [1883] He lived 1822 to 1911 and studied human mental-property and physical-property genetics. He collected and classified fingerprints {fingerprinting}. He studied human individual differences, using imagery, psychological questionnaires, twin life histories, and family and talented-people educational backgrounds. He developed the correlation coefficient. He participated in scientific exploration to unexplored Africa. He discovered air pressure systems and invented weather maps [1875]. He invented a polyhedron {Galton's Polyhedron} of possible structural forms to which organisms can jump. More intellectually gifted people have less vivid imagery [1883].

John Augustus Roebling [Roebling, John Augustus] architect Germany/New York, New York 1869 to 1883 Brooklyn Bridge [1869 to 1883: iron bridge has span of 160 meters from Manhattan Island to Brooklyn] He lived 1806 to 1869 and patented wire rope, used in suspension bridges.

Paul Verlaine [Verlaine, Paul] poet France 1869 to 1889 A la promenade or At the promenade [1869: from Fêtes galantes]; A la manière or In the manner [1869 to 1889: from Parallèlement]; A la princesse Roukhine [1889: from Parallèlement] He lived 1844 to 1896.

Dmitri Mendeleyev [Mendeleyev, Dmitri] chemist/physicist Russia 1869 to 1890 He lived 1834 to 1907 and invented the periodic law and element periodic table [1869].

Pyotr I. Tchaikowsky [Tchaikowsky, Pyotr I.] composer Russia 1869 to 1893 Romeo and Juliet [1869 and 1880: ballet]; Piano Concerto No. 1 in B Flat Minor [1875]; Marche Slave Overture [1876]; Swan Lake [1876: ballet]; [1876: symphonic poem]; Violin Concerto in D [1878]; Eugene Onegin [1878: opera]; Fourth Symphony [1878]; 1812 Overture [1880]; Fifth Symphony [1888]; Sleeping Beauty [1889: ballet]; Queen of Spades [1890: opera]; Nutcracker [1892: ballet, including Waltz of the Flowers]; Sixth Symphony or Pathetique [1893] He lived 1840 to 1893.

Marius [Petipa, Marius] ballet dancer/choreographer St. Petersburg, Russia 1869 to 1898 Don Quixote [1869: music by Ludwig Minkus, including the Pas de Deux]; La Bayadere or Temple Dancer [1877: music by Ludwig Minkus, including Act IV, In the Kingdom of the Shades]; Sleeping Beauty [1890 and 1910: music by Tchaikowsky]; Raymonda [1898: music by Glazounov] He lived 1818 to 1910 and choreographed at the Imperial Theater.

Leo Tolstoy [Tolstoy, Leo] novelist Russia 1869 to 1899 War and Peace [1869]; Anna Karenina [1877]; Death of Ivan Ilyich [1884: story]; Kreutzer Sonata [1889: story]; Resurrection [1899] He lived 1828 to 1910.

Christian Johansson [Johansson, Christian] ballet dancer/teacher Russia/Sweden 1869 to 1903 He lived 1841 to 1903.

Thomas Alva [Edison, Thomas Alva] inventor USA 1869 to 1910 stock ticker tape [1869]; automatic telegraph [1872]; phonograph [1877]; carbon button microphone [1878]; incandescent light bulb [1879]; electric dynamo [1879]; electrical distribution system [1880]; experimental electric railroad [1880]; Edison effect [1883]; silent movies [1893]; projector [1896]; storage battery [1900 to 1910] He lived 1847 to 1931, found Edison effect [1883], and invented light bulb {light bulb}, movies, phonograph, and electric generator {electric dynamo}. He projected kinetoscopes onto screens and showed vaudeville acts [1896].

Gustav Fritsch [Fritsch, Gustav]/Eduard Hitzig [Hitzig, Eduard] biologist Germany 1870 On the Electrical Excitability of the Cerebrum [1870] Fritsch lived 1838 to 1927. Hitzig lived 1838 to 1907. They studied Broca's-area localized motor functions.

Shadworth H. Hodgson [Hodgson, Shadworth H.] philosopher England 1870 Theory of Practice [1870] He lived 1832 to 1912, started New Realism, and emphasized stream of consciousness. People know things as somethings. Physical events cause conscious events, but conscious events cause nothing. The future is the test of truth.

Thomas Nast [Nast, Thomas] cartoonist New York, New York 1870 He lived 1840 to 1902 and caricatured Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall. He used donkey for Democrats and elephant for Republicans.

Bernhard A. von Gudden [Gudden, Bernhard A. von] biologist Germany 1870 to 1874 Anomalies of the Human Skull [1870]; Experimental Studies of Skull Growth [1874] He lived 1824 to 1886. After axons are cut, neuron cell bodies often die and disappear {retrograde cell degeneration} [1870], providing method to study nerve pathways.

Henry George [George, Henry] lawyer USA 1870 to 1877 Our Land and Land Policy [1870]; Progress and Poverty [1877] He lived 1839 to 1897, was against laissez-faire, and favored taxing only real estate.

Walter Flemming [Flemming, Walter] biologist USA 1870 to 1879 He lived 1843 to 1905 and studied mitosis [1870], meiosis, and chromatin role [1879].

Eadweard Muybridge [Muybridge, Eadweard] photographer England 1870 to 1880 He lived 1830 to 1904. His action photographs used dry collodion process.

Booker T. Washington [Washington, Booker T.] founder/historian/biographer USA 1870 to 1901 Up from Slavery [1901: autobiography] He lived 1856 to 1915 and started Tuskegee Institute.

Alfred Russel Wallace [Wallace, Alfred Russel] naturalist Britain 1870 to 1903 Contributions of the Theory of Natural Selection [1870]; Geographical Distribution of Animals [1876]; Island Life [1880]; On Miracles and Modern Spiritualism [1881]; Darwinism [1889]; Man's Place in the Universe [1903] He lived 1823 to 1913 and independently developed evolution theory with survival of fittest. He studied animal geography and life in Amazon River basin and Malay Archipelago.

Richard Dedekind [Dedekind, Richard] mathematician France 1870 to 1916 Essay on the Theory of Numbers [1870] He lived 1831 to 1916 and studied fields, algebraic numbers, and irrational numbers.

Mikhail Bakunin [Bakunin, Mikhail] anarchist/philosopher Russia/Paris, France 1871 God and State [1871: including What is Authority?] He lived 1814 to 1876. People should form voluntary cooperative groups with no private property {collectivism}. Revolutions {anarchism} should end repression by politicians, give freedom, and end political power by bourgeois or proletariat.

Phineas T. Barnum [Barnum, Phineas T.] showman USA 1871 He lived 1810 to 1891 and owned circus called "The Greatest Show on Earth". He organized American Museum of freaks.

Ludwig Boltzmann [Boltzmann, Ludwig] chemist Austria 1871 He lived 1844 to 1906 and studied entropy and probability [1871].

Edward Eggleston [Eggleston, Edward] novelist USA 1871 Hoosier Schoolmaster [1871] He lived 1837 to 1902.

Joseph Funk [Funk, Joseph] arranger USA 1871 Swing Low, Sweet Chariot [1871: spiritual] He lived 1778 to 1862. It is traditional.

Felix Klein [Klein, Felix] mathematician Germany 1871 On the So-called Non-Euclidean Geometry [1871]; Program [1872: Erlanger is town in Germany]; Riemann's Theory of Algebraic Functions and their Integrals [1882] He lived 1849 to 1925 and set forth Erlangen program [1872]. He invented Klein's bottle and metric. In three dimensions, all metric geometries are projective geometry augmented by a quadric {absolute, geometry} or a curve related to absolute.

Jean N. Arthur Rimbaud [Rimbaud, Jean N. Arthur] novelist France 1871 Drunken Boat [1871] He lived 1854 to 1891.

Henry Stanley [Stanley, Henry] discoverer England/Africa 1871 He lived 1841 to 1904 and found Dr. Livingstone. Later, he helped Belgium rule Congo and Britain rule other African lands.

James Abbott McNeill Whistler [Whistler, James Abbott McNeill] painter USA/England 1871 to 1877 Arrangement in Black and Gray: the Artist's Mother or Whistler's Mother [1871]; Nocturne in Black and Gold: the Falling Rocket [1877] He lived 1834 to 1903.

Carl Menger [Menger, Carl] economist Austria 1871 to 1892 Principles of Economics [1871]; Method of the Social Sciences with Special Reference to Economics [1883]; Theory of Capital [1888]; Money [1892] He lived 1840 to 1921, started the marginalist revolution [1871], and founded Austrian School. There was Methodenstreit {methodological debate} between German Historical School and Austrian School [1884].

John William Strutt [Strutt, John William] or Lord Rayleigh [Rayleigh, Lord] physicist England 1871 to 1894 He lived 1842 to 1919, studied traveling waves, studied hydrodynamics {hydrodynamic similarity}, studied frictionless-tube compressible flow with heat transfer {Rayleigh flow} [1885], discovered argon [1894], and described light scattering [1871]. He calculated black-body radiation distribution at low and high frequencies {Rayleigh-Jeans radiation}, with James Jeans [1900], which indicated that all energy goes into higher field frequencies over time {ultraviolet catastrophe}, which is impossible.

Sarah O. Jewett [Jewett, Sarah O.] or Sarah O. Sweet [Sweet, Sarah O.] essayist USA 1871 to 1909 Spendthrift Doll [1871]; Bit of Foolishness [1881]; White Heron [1886]; Little Captive Maid [1891: Irish story]; Country of the Pointed Firs [1909] She lived 1849 to 1909.

Luther Burbank [Burbank, Luther] biologist USA 1871 to 1921 Burbank potato [1871]; Shasta daisy [1901]; July Elberta peach [1905 to 1910]; Santa Rosa plum [1905 to 1910]; Flaming Gold nectarine [1905 to 1910]; How Plants Are Treated to Work for Man [1921] He lived 1849 to 1926 and developed new plant varieties.

John Wesley Hyatt [Hyatt, John Wesley] inventor USA 1872 celluloid plastic [1872] He lived 1837 to 1920 {celluloid plastic}.

Johanna Spyri [Spyri, Johanna] or Johanna Heuser [Heuser, Johanna] novelist Switzerland 1872 Heidi [1872] She lived 1827 to 1901.

Georges Bizet [Bizet, Georges] composer France 1872 to 1875 L'Arlésienne or Woman from Arles [1872: opera]; Carmen [1875: opera] He lived 1838 to 1875.

Eugen Dühring [Dühring, Eugen] philosopher Berlin, Germany 1872 to 1875 Critical Study of Theoretical Principles of Mechanics [1872]; Course of Philosophy [1875] He lived 1833 to 1871 and was Optimist, materialist, positivist, atheist, and utopian.

Heinrich Schliemann [Schliemann, Heinrich] archaeologist Germany/Troy, Asia Minor 1872 to 1876 He lived 1822 to 1890 and excavated Troy [1872 to 1973] and Mycenae [1876]. He found gold at Troy [1874]. He discovered gold jewelry from -1550 at Mycenae [1876].

Friedrich Max Muller [Muller, Friedrich Max] linguist/anthropologist Germany/England 1872 to 1893 Lectures on the Science of Religion [1872]; Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion [1878]; Natural Religion [1881]; Physical Religion [1890]; Anthropological Religion [1892]; Theosophy or Psychological Religion [1893] He lived 1823 to 1900. Religion began as nature worship and personified natural forces. As Hindu, Greek, and Roman Aryan languages changed, storytelling {mythology, Muller} began.

John Philip Sousa [Sousa, John Philip] composer USA 1872 to 1896 Moonlight on the Potomac [1872]; Semper Fidelis or Always Faithful [1888]; Washington Post March [1889]; Thunderer [1889]; Stars and Stripes Forever [1896] He lived 1854 to 1932 and composed marches.

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche [Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm] philosopher Germany/Basel, Switzerland 1872 to 1901 Birth of Tragedy [1872]; Untimely Meditations [1874]; Human, All too Human [1878]; Gay Science [1882 and 1887]; Thus Spake Zarathustra [1883 to 1885]; Beyond Good and Evil [1886]; On the Genealogy of Morals [1887]; Twilight of the Gods or Twilight of the Idols [1888]; Case of Wagner [1888]; Antichrist [1888]; Ecce Homo or Behold Mankind or Behold Humanity [1888]; Will to Power [1901] He lived 1844 to 1900. Schopenhauer influenced him. Aesthetics Art can have restraint {Apollonian} or be free {Dionysian}. Epistemology People cannot know truth. All things are in flux, including truth. Therefore, all things must have continual study from many perspectives, accounting for all cases and situations. Ethics Values should depend on world as it is, humans as they are, and all their possibilities. Morals are always changing as world and people change. People should accept material world and human life as they are. People should express their instincts, be fully alive, have desire for power, and exercise power. People should feel free, powerful, creative, and independent {overman} {superman}, by intellectually controlling and exercising their will-to-power as much as possible. For supermen, good and evil are meaningless. The best morality for the present time is morality for masters and free, independent persons. Only the strong ought to survive and/or rule. Anything that delays arrival of the supermen is wrong or goes against nature. Conventional morals and society are just escapes for the weak. People deny that anything is important or any action has significance {nihilism, Nietzsche}. Nihilism, old values, old interpretations, and old thinking ways, such as theology and metaphysics, are slave or herd morality for the powerless and weary. For example, the old value of sympathy perpetuates the unfit. Old values make people sensitive to injury, inferiority, oppression, frustration, or humiliation, and they react to them with hatred, tricks, and dishonesty {resentment} {slave mentality}. Old values should have re-examination {transvaluation} {revaluation} to find relations to creative and powerful life values. Will and intellect oppose each other. People that can only will must suffer, as things thwart their will or they conflict with others. Intellect should control will and engage in creative, powerful, and life-affirming activities. Truth and happiness are not important, only expression of will-to-power. Metaphysics Irrational-force interactions {will-to-power} have no objective purposes and no structure and create and maintain physical and biological worlds. "God is dead" and does not exist. Mind People can only will. Therefore, they must suffer. Politics Society can develop people's awareness and activity.

Samuel Butler [Butler, Samuel] novelist England 1872 to 1902 Erewhon [1872]; Way of All Flesh [1903] He lived 1835 to 1902.

Ernst Mach [Mach, Ernst] physicist/philosopher Vienna, Austria 1872 to 1916 History and Root of the Law of the [1872]; Science of Mechanics: a Critical and Historical Account of its Development [1883]; Contributions to the Analysis of Sensations and the Relation of the Physical to the Psychical [1885]; Popular Scientific Lectures [1894]; Knowledge and Error [1905]; Space and Geometry in the Light of Physiological, Psychological and Physical Inquiry [1906]; Principles of Physical Optics: an Historical and Philosophical Treatment [1916] He lived 1838 to 1916. He studied gas flow, sound speed, optic Doppler effect, shock waves, and perception {Mach band, Mach}. He studied how observers relate to sensations and objects and studied reference frames. Epistemology Accelerations and rotations are relative to universe mean mass {Mach's principle, Mach}, and so relative to fixed stars. Object and physical knowledge cannot depend on sensations, because methods by which people perceive determine sensations. Science terms describe and predict {instrumentalism} but do not refer to physical objects, which people cannot know. Only sensory experience can verify science ideas {empirio-criticism}.

Enrico Cecchetti [Cecchetti, Enrico] ballet dancer Italy 1872 to 1927 He lived 1850 to 1928 and was balletmaster of Diaghilev's Ballet Russes.

Winslow Homer [Homer, Winslow] painter USA 1873 Morning Bell [1873] He lived 1836 to 1910.

Augusto Vera [Vera, Augusto] philosopher Naples, Italy 1873 Trendelenburg as Opponent of Hegel [1873] He lived 1813 to 1885 and was Hegelian.

Rutherford B. Hayes [Hayes, Rutherford B.] president USA 1873 to 1877 He lived 1822 to 1893 and was the 19th president.

Gus Williams [Williams, Gus] composer USA 1873 to 1878 German Polka [1873]; Belle of the Ball [1873]; Banner Song [1874]; See That My Grave Is Kept Clean [1878] He lived 1847 to 1915.

Walter Pater [Pater, Walter] essayist England 1873 to 1885 Studies in the History of the Renaissance [1873: essay]; Marius the Epicurean [1885: essay] He lived 1839 to 1894 and was in Aesthetic Movement.

David Ferrier [Ferrier, David] physician Britain 1873 to 1890 Experimental researches in cerebral physiology and pathology [1873]; Croonian Lecture: Experiments on brain of monkeys (second series) [1875]; Croonian Lectures on Cerebral Localisation [1890] He lived 1843 to 1928 and developed operations to treat brain injuries and diseases. Cerebral functions are in fixed brain areas.

Camillo Golgi [Golgi, Camillo] biologist Italy 1873 to 1909 Nerves of the Spinal Column [1873] He lived 1843 to 1926 and found Golgi cells [1883] and Golgi apparatus [1909]. If silver chromate stains neural tissue, some nerve cells stain black and become visible among unstained, transparent cells [1873].

Wilhelm Max Wundt [Wundt, Wilhelm Max] psychologist Germany 1873 to 1920 Principles of Physiological Psychology [1873 and 1920] He lived 1832 to 1920 and founded experimental and physiological psychology. He studied attention, apperception, sense processes, and reaction times. He trained himself in introspection [Wundt, 1873]. Melancholic and choleric emotional types of Galen have strong emotional reactions, but phlegmatic and sanguine emotional types do not. Epistemology Ideas are mental processes, not objects. Mind combines units to make objects and perceptions {structuralism, Wundt}.

Pedro Alarçon [Alarçon, Pedro] or Pedro Antonio de Alarcon y Ariza [Alarcon y Ariza, Pedro Antonio de] writer Spain 1874 El Sombrero de Tres Picos or Three-Cornered Hat [1874] He lived 1833 to 1891.

Sophus Lie [Lie, Sophus] mathematician Germany 1874 Theory of Integrability Factors [1874] He lived 1842 to 1899 and studied transformation groups and finite continuous groups {Lie group, Lie}.

Knowles Shaw [Shaw, Knowles]/George Minor [Minor, George] lyricist/composer USA 1874 Bringing in the Sheaves [1874: music in 1880] Shaw lived 1834 to 1878. Minor lived 1845 to 1904.

Juan Valera y Alcala Galiano [Valera y Alcala Galiano, Juan] writer Spain 1874 Pepita Jimenez [1874] He lived 1824 to 1905.

Jacobus Van't Hoff [Van't Hoff, Jacobus] chemist Netherlands 1874 He lived 1852 to 1911 and studied stereochemistry and diamond structure [1874].

Léon Walras [Walras, Léon] or Marie-Ésprit-Léon Walras [Walras, Marie-Ésprit-Léon] economist France 1874 Elements of Pure Economics [1874] He lived 1834 to 1910, created general equilibrium theory [1874], and founded Lausanne School. His student was Vilfredo Pareto. He contributed to the marginalist revolution.

Carl Wernicke [Wernicke, Carl] neurologist/psychiatrist Germany 1874 Aphasic Syndrome [1874] He lived 1848 to 1905, studied sensory aphasia and word-usage and word-choice disorders, and invented language brain-flow diagrams. Alcoholics often have thiamine deficiency, which can cause encephalopathy.

William Kingdon Clifford [Clifford, William Kingdon] mathematician/philosopher England 1874 to 1877 Body and Mind [1874]; Ethics of Belief [1877] He lived 1845 to 1879 and invented geometric product and Clifford algebras. He studied complex analysis. Addition does not necessarily combine two units of same kind but instead defines relations, as in complex numbers or hypernumbers. People have innate learning, which developed through evolution {evolutionary epistemology, Clifford}. Mind grows by evolution {creative evolution}.

John Tyndall [Tyndall, John] philosopher England 1874 to 1879 Belfast Address [1874]; Fragments of Science: A Series of Detached Essays, Addresses, and Reviews [1879] He lived 1820 to 1893 and studied science.

Modeste Mussorgsky [Mussorgsky, Modeste] composer Russia 1874 to 1880 Boris Godunov [1874: opera]; Pictures at an Exhibition [1874: symphony]; Night on Bald Mountain [1880: symphony] He lived 1839 to 1881.

Henry Sidgwick [Sidgwick, Henry] philosopher England 1874 to 1886 Methods of Ethics [1874]; Outlines of the History of Ethics for English Readers [1886] He lived 1838 to 1900 and was Utilitarian. Only conscious states have value, because people experience and appreciate them. Achievement, success, or satisfaction value transfers to conscious state.

Thomas Hardy [Hardy, Thomas] novelist England 1874 to 1895 Far From the Madding Crowd [1874]; Return of the Native [1878]; Mayor of Casterbridge [1886]; Tess of the Durbervilles [1891]; Jude the Obscure [1895] He lived 1840 to 1928.

Emil Fischer [Fischer, Emil] chemist Germany 1874 to 1906 He lived 1852 to 1919 and studied enzymes and carbohydrate chemistry [1874 to 1906].

Calamity Jane or Martha Jane Canary-Burke [Canary-Burke, Martha Jane] frontierswoman South Dakota 1875 She lived 1852 to 1903.

Thomas Eakins [Eakins, Thomas] painter USA 1875 Gross Clinic [1875] He lived 1844 to 1916.

Karl Verner [Verner, Karl] linguist Germany 1875 He lived 1846 to 1896. In all languages, sound changes follow same rules {Verner's Law} [1875].

Thomas Westendorf [Westendorf, Thomas] composer USA 1875 I'll Take You Home Again, Kathleen [1875] He lived 1848 to 1923.

Jean-Martin Charcot [Charcot, Jean-Martin] neurologist/psychologist France 1875 to 1877 On cerebral localizations [1875]; Lectures on the Diseases of the Nervous System [1877] He lived 1825 to 1893 and studied multiple sclerosis, hysteria, hypnosis, and tabes dorsalis "shooting pains" {lightning pains}.

Sidney Lanier [Lanier, Sidney] poet USA 1875 to 1881 Symphony [1875]; Song of the Chattahoochee [1877]; Marshes of Glynn [1879]; Ballad of Trees and the Master [1881] He lived 1842 to 1881.

Alphonso XII king Spain 1875 to 1885 He lived 1857 to 1885 and became king after Carlists revolted and lost.

Geronimo chief Arizona 1875 to 1886 He lived 1829 to 1909, led Bedonkohe band of Apache, was Apache chief, and fought USA army in Arizona until he surrendered [1886], ending wars against Native Americans.

William Ernest Henley [Henley, William Ernest] poet England 1875 to 1891 Invictus [1875]; England, My England [1888 to 1891] He lived 1849 to 1903.

Henrik [Ibsen, Henrik] playwright Norway 1875 to 1899 Peer Gynt [1875]; Doll's House [1879]; Enemy of the People [1882]; Wild Duck [1884]; Hedda Gabler [1890]; Master Builder [1892]; When We Dead Awaken [1899] He lived 1828 to 1906.

Paul Rée [Rée, Paul] philosopher Germany/Italy 1875 to 1903 Psychological Investigations [1875]; Origin of the Moral Sentiments [1877]; Illusion of Free Will [1885]; Philosophy [1903] He lived 1849 to 1901. Morals depend on society.

Kwang Hsu emperor China 1875 to 1908 He lived 1871 to 1908. Of Ch'ing dynasty, he tried to reform China with Hundred Days reform [1898], but Tz'u Hsi blocked reform, forced his resignation [1908], and became empress.

James Hickok [Hickok, James] or Wild Bill Hickok [Hickok, Wild Bill] marshal/scout Kansas 1876 He lived 1837 to 1876.

Gerald Manley Hopkins [Hopkins, Gerald Manley] poet England 1876 Wreck of the Deutschland [1876] He lived 1844 to 1889.

William Thomson [Thomson, William] or Lord Kelvin [Kelvin, Lord] physicist England 1876 He lived 1824 to 1907, invented Kelvin temperature scale [1876], and studied thermodynamics.

Cesare Lombroso [Lombroso, Cesare] philosopher Turin, Italy 1876 Criminal Man During Autopsy [1876] He lived 1835 to 1909, was Positivist, and studied criminology.

Louis Merante [Merante, Louis] choreographer France 1876 Sylvia [1876: music by Leo Delibes] He lived 1828 to 1887.

Midhat Pasha grand vizier Istanbul, Turkey 1876 He lived 1822 to 1883 and published a constitution for Ottoman Empire [1876].

Amilcare Ponchielli [Ponchielli, Amilcare] composer Italy 1876 La Gioconda or Mona Lisa [1876: opera] He lived 1834 to 1886.

J. Wellman [Wellman, J.] composer USA 1876 Branigan's Band [1876]

Randolph Caldecott [Caldecott, Randolph] writer England 1876 to 1886 Irving's Old Christmas [1876]; House that Jack Built [1878]; Diverting History of John Gilpin [1878]; Ride a Cockhorse to Banbury Cross; Babes in the Wood; Frog He Would A-Wooing Go; Sing a Song for Sixpence [1880] He lived 1846 to 1886.

Robert Koch [Koch, Robert] biologist Wollstein, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany 1876 to 1890 Anthrax [1877] He lived 1843 to 1910, stained bacteria [1877], grew bacterial colonies [1890], studied anthrax [1876], tuberculosis, and cholera, and developed tuberculin test [1890]. He developed Koch's postulates about disease.

Tewfik Pasha pasha Egypt 1876 to 1892 He lived 1852 to 1892 and reformed law and education. He lost some of Sudan to Britain.

Alexander Graham Bell [Bell, Alexander Graham] inventor USA 1876 to 1901 telephone [1876]; audiometer [1879]; photophone [1880]; metal locator [1881]; wax cylinders for recording [1886]; tetrahedral kite [1901] He lived 1847 to 1922.

Porfirio Diaz [Diaz, Porfirio] president Mexico 1876 to 1911 He lived 1830 to 1915 and increased foreign investment, but it only helped the wealthy. His term ended with revolution.

Francis Herbert Bradley [Bradley, Francis Herbert] philosopher England 1876 to 1914 Ethical Studies [1876]; Principles of Logic [1883]; Appearance and Reality [1893]; Essays on Truth and Reality [1914] He lived 1846 to 1924 and was utilitarian and Idealist. Epistemology Appearance has many objects in many relations. Relations can be independent of objects, be aspects of objects, or be parts of whole system. People experience the whole through appearances. Experience continually revises knowledge systems, and statements are revisable {coherence theory of knowledge}. Judgments assign predicates to reality. People have direct knowledge only of perceptions and can build descriptions and conclusions about reality from them. Logic itself is such conclusion and is mental system. Ethics Morality must provide people with unity, understanding, and goal for self {self-realization}. Pleasure seeking does not supply goals. Kantian duty or rationality assigns role to self but not goal. Hegelian morality provides only duties in context of society and history. People should try to realize their best self {ideal morality}, using everyone's pleasures, all duties, all societies, and analysis and reasoning about them. Metaphysics True reality is mental, eternal, self-experiencing, unified, and Absolute. Mind People are parts of the Absolute. The Absolute only appears to people in certain forms or appearances.

Henry Martyn Robert [Robert, Henry Martyn] writer San Francisco, California 1876 to 1914 Robert's Rules of Order [1876 to 1914: parliamentary procedure rules] He lived 1837 to 1923, was general, and as engineer built Galveston Seawall.

Chief Joseph chief USA 1877 Joseph lived 1840 to 1904, was Nez Perce chief, and surrendered to USA [1877].

Crazy Horse/Dull Knife surrender Red Cloud Agency, South Dakota 1877 Crazy Horse lived 1840 to 1877 and was Oglala Lakota chief. Dull Knife lived 1810 to 1883 and was Northern Cheyenne chief.

Paul Du Bois-Reymond [Du Bois-Reymond, Paul] mathematician France 1877 On the paradoxes of the infinitary calculus [1877] He lived 1831 to 1889 and classified partial differential equations.

Mary A. Lathbury [Lathbury, Mary A.]/William F. Sherwin [Sherwin, William F.] lyricist/composer USA 1877 Day Is Dying in the West [1877: music is Chautauqua, 1877] Lathbury lived 1841 to 1913. Sherwin lived 1826 to 1888.

George Henry Lewes [Lewes, George Henry] philosopher England 1877 Physical Basis of Mind [1877] He lived 1817 to 1878.

Lewis Henry Morgan [Morgan, Lewis Henry] anthropologist USA 1877 Ancient Society [1877] He lived 1818 to 1881 and studied society types.

Chauncey Wright [Wright, Chauncey] philosopher USA 1877 Philosophical Discussions [1877] He lived 1830 to 1875 and was evolutionist.

James A. Garfield [Garfield, James A.] president USA 1877 to 1881 He lived 1831 to 1881. 20th president opposed boss and Senator Roscoe Conkling and prosecuted frauds involving mail routes {star route, Garfield}.

Henry Sweet [Sweet, Henry] linguist/philologist England 1877 to 1888 Handbook on Phonetics [1877]; Oldest English Texts [1885]; Icelandic Primer [1888] He lived 1845 to 1912.

Lev Ivanov [Ivanov, Lev] ballet dancer/choreographer Russia 1877 to 1892 Swan Lake [1877: music by Tchaikowsky, updated by Marius Petipa in 1895]; Nutcracker [1892: music by Tchaikowsky] He lived 1834 to 1901.

Will S. Hays [Hays, Will S.] lyricist/composer USA 1877 to 1895 Roll Out! Heave Dat Cotton [1877]; Drummer Boy of Shiloh [1895] He lived 1837 to 1907.

Willy Kuhne [Kuhne, Willy] physiologist Heidelberg, Germany 1877 to 1900 On the red of the retina [1877] He lived 1837 to 1900 and found rhodopsin retinal pigment {visual purple} in rod photoreceptors for twilight vision [1877].

Alexius Meinong [Meinong, Alexius] philosopher Germany 1877 to 1910 Human Studies [1877 and 1882]; On Assumptions [1907 and 1910] He lived 1853 to 1920 and was Brentano's student. Reality can be objects {Objektives} of intentions or states of affairs. Word meanings are objects or objectives. Objectives or objects have analyzable properties {theory of objects} {object theory}. Objectives or objects have existence and obey law of contradiction, which applies only to existing things. Facts can refer to non-existent things, but law of contradiction does not apply.

Eduard Pfluger [Pfluger, Eduard] physiologist Bonn, Germany 1877 to 1910 Teleological Mechanics of Nature [1877] He lived 1829 to 1910. Organisms have goal-directed feedback mechanisms to stabilize output.

Ferdinand Georg Frobenius [Frobenius, Ferdinand Georg] mathematician Germany 1878 He lived 1849 to 1917 and studied linear algebra [1878], series, and groups.

Ewald Hering [Hering, Ewald] physiologist Austria 1878 Theory of Light Sensing [1878] He lived 1834 to 1918. Lung receptors signal distension, stop inspiration {Hering-Breuer reflex}, and partly control respiration. He explained brightness perception, color vision, afterimages, and complementary colors by starting from neutral point and moving in anabolic or catabolic direction {opponent color theory, Hering}. Yellow does not subjectively appear to mix green and red and is stable over intensity changes, so yellow is a primary-color complement. Eye-movement, color-detection, and brightness-detection mechanisms are inborn. People see unique blue, unique green, and unique yellow, because they affect all three cones and, at that wavelength, people perceive no other color mixed in. People do not see unique red, because only two cones affect red. Brain substance can contain memories, and memory is a material process, because memory survives unconsciousness and sleep.

Lydia Liliuokalani [Liliuokalani, Lydia] composer/lyricist Hawaii 1878 Aloha Oe or Farewell to Thee [1878] She lived 1838 to 1917 and was last queen of Hawaii [1891 to 1893].

Louis-Antoine Ranvier [Ranvier, Louis-Antoine] anatomist Paris, France 1878 Lessons on the histology of the nervous system [1878] He lived 1835 to 1922 and studied neuron axons and conduction [1878].

Pablo de Sarasate [Sarasate, Pablo de] or Pablo Martín Melitón de Sarasate y Navascuéz [Sarasate y Navascuéz, Pablo Martín Melitón de] composer Spain 1878 Zigeunerweisen or Gypsy Ways [1878] He lived 1844 to 1908.

Eugene Veron [Veron, Eugene] philosopher Paris, France 1878 Aesthetics [1878] He lived 1825 to 1889. People should express what they feel {emotive theory of art, Veron}.

Hermann Munk [Munk, Hermann] psychologist Germany 1878 to 1879 He lived 1839 to 1900 used the term mind-blindness [1878] and found optic chiasm [1879].

James A. Bland [Bland, James A.] composer USA 1878 to 1881 Carry Me Back to Old Virginia [1878]; Oh, Dem Golden Slippers [1879]; In the Evening by the Moonlight [1880]; Colored Hop [1881] He lived 1854 to 1911.

Carl Gustav P. Laval [Laval, Carl Gustav P.] biologist/inventor Sweden 1878 to 1883 cream separator [1878]; centrifuge [1883] He lived 1845 to 1913.

William S. Gilbert [Gilbert, William S.]/Arthur Sullivan [Sullivan, Arthur] lyricist/composer England 1878 to 1888 H.M.S. Pinafore [1878: musical]; Pirates of Penzance [1879: musical]; Mikado [1885: musical, including A Wandering Minstrel]; Ruddigore [1887]; Yeomen of the Guard [1888: musical] Gilbert lived 1836 to 1911. Sullivan lived 1842 to 1900.

Humbert I king Italy 1878 to 1900 He lived 1844 to 1900.

Vladimir Solovyov [Solovyov, Vladimir] philosopher St. Petersburg, Russia 1878 to 1900 Lectures on Godmanhood [1878] He lived 1853 to 1900. People can realize their perfect human natures and so become like Jesus, both God and man {godmanhood}. World-soul {Sophia} left God to make the world and will return to God as world progresses, a Gnostic idea.

Van Alexander [Alexander, Van] or Al Feldman [Feldman, Al] composer USA 1879 A-Tisket A-Tasket [1879: adapted in 1920]

Felix Lincke [Lincke, Felix] engineer/inventor Germany 1879 mechanical relay [1879] He lived 1840 to 1917 and studied feedback loops {mechanical relay}. Loops {feedback loop} can continuously measure output {indicator, feedback}, modify feedback-loop input {executive organ, feedback}, connect indicator and executive organ {transmitter, feedback}, and supply energy {motor, feedback}. Difference between intended goal and indicator measurement modifies feedback-loop input, to bring system output nearer to goal.

Julio Roca [Roca, Julio] leader Argentina 1879 He lived 1843 to 1914 and defeated South American natives, opened south Argentina, set up federal system, and settled boundary with Chile.

Robert Louis Stevenson [Stevenson, Robert Louis] novelist/poet England 1879 to 1889 Requiem [1879: poem]; Treasure Island [1883: novel]; Child's Garden of Verses [1885: poems]; Kidnapped [1886: novel]; Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde [1886: novel]; Master of Ballantrae [1889: novel] He lived 1850 to 1894.

César [Franck, César] composer Belgium/France 1879 to 1890 Les Beatitudes [1879]; Prelude, Choral, and Fugue [1884]; Variations Symphoniques [1885]; Symphony in D Minor [1888]; Trois Chorales or Three Chorals [1890] He lived 1822 to 1890.

Gottlöb Frege [Frege, Gottlöb] mathematician Jena, Germany 1879 to 1892 Calculus of Concepts or Concept Script [1879]; Fundamental Laws of Arithmetic [1884]; Function and Concept [1891]; Concept and Object [1892]; Sense and Reference [1892] He lived 1848 to 1925, axiomatized counting numbers using equivalence and symbolic logic, and axiomatized arithmetic. He founded axiomatic logic, using sets and propositions with quantifiers, to make the first propositional calculus. Epistemology All mathematics is formal {logicism, Frege}. Numbers and arithmetic form logical systems {analytic system}. They are not about intuition or empirical fact {synthetic system}. Number is not an object property or subjective idea. Numbers are objective objects, and statements about numbers are objective. Number {number, Frege} is set of elements whose quantity is the number. For example, two is set of all pairs. Zero is set of all sets having same number of elements as set of elements not identical to themselves. Classes have an element, number of elements, and number of elements {successor, Frege} not identical to element. Higher object or set category {ancestor, Frege} includes lower category {ancestral relation}. Second-order logic needs this concept. Symbol systems {propositional calculus, Frege} can show truth or falsehood of logical statements containing IF ... THEN ..., AND, OR, and NOT, depending on clause truth. In particular, symbol system can express ideas of ALL, SOME, ANY, EVERY, and NONE {quantification theory}. First-order predicate calculus, second-order predicate calculus, and set theory can develop from propositional calculus. Expressions {saturated expression} can be about objects and have completed senses. Expressions {unsaturated expression} can be functions and need objects to complete them. Language objects, concepts, features, phrases, or sentences {reference, Frege} can denote {bedeutung}. Logical statement terms should have references. Objects, concepts, or sentences can connote {sense, idea} {sinn}. Word sense is reference method used, so all words, even proper names, have sense. Word sense is constant objective fact, not subjective idea. Logic laws are not laws of thought. Sentence is function with arguments and should be either true or false. Declarative sentence represents situation. Word meanings and sentence structures supply conditions for understanding sentences {truth-condition, Frege}. Sentence meaning is conditions that make sentence true {truth-conditional semantics, Frege} {model-theoretic semantics, Frege} {Situation Semantics, Frege}. Only whole sentences have meaning. Truth depends on objective-reality state that sentence depicts, not on mental judgments or ideas. Sentences with same meaning can be in different forms.

Paul Cézanne [Cézanne, Paul] painter France 1879 to 1897 Self-Portrait [1879 and 1895]; Mont Sainte-Victoire Seen from Bibemus Quarry [1897] He lived 1839 to 1906, was Post-Impressionist, and articulated foreground and background.

Henry James [James, Henry] novelist USA 1879 to 1904 Daisy Miller [1879]; Washington Square [1880]; Portrait of a Lady [1881]; Turn of the Screw [1898]; Wings of the Dove [1902]; Ambassadors [1903]; Golden Bowl [1904] He lived 1843 to 1916.

Jean Henri Fabré [Fabré, Jean Henri] entomologist Paris, France 1879 to 1907 Souvenirs of Entomology [1879 to 1907] He lived 1823 to 1915 and studied insect behavior and sense capacities.

Albert Pinkham Ryder [Ryder, Albert Pinkham] painter USA 1879 to 1919 Toilers of the Sea [1919: realist]; Dead Bird [1879: realist] He lived 1847 to 1917.

Joseph Breuer [Breuer, Joseph] physician Vienna, Austria 1880 Case of Anna O. [1880] He lived 1842 to 1925, studied hysteria using hypnosis, and discussed catharsis. Vagus nerve controls breathing. Semicircular canals are for balance.

James Martineau [Martineau, James] philosopher England 1880 Temple Not Made with Hands [1880] He lived 1805 to 1900 and was Unitarian. Motivations are the basis of morals {agent-relative morality, Martineau}.

John Venn [Venn, John] mathematician USA 1880 On the Diagrammatic and Mechanical Representation of Prepositions and Reasonings [1880] He lived 1834 to 1923 and invented Venn diagrams.

Guy du Maupassant [Maupassant, Guy du] storyteller/essayist France 1880 to 1884 Tallow Ball [1880: story]; Necklace [1883: story]; Piece of String [1884: story]; Miss Harriet [1884: story] He lived 1850 to 1893 and was French Realist.

Alexander Borodin [Borodin, Alexander] composer Russia 1880 to 1890 In the Steppes of Central Asia [1880]; Prince Igor [1890: with the Polovtzian Dances] He lived 1833 to 1887.

Hermann Ebbinghaus [Ebbinghaus, Hermann] psychologist Germany 1880 to 1890 On Memory [1885] He lived 1850 to 1909 and tried to find human-memory laws [1880 to 1890]. He invented novel syllables {nonsense syllable, Ebbinghaus}, with vowel between two consonants, to ensure learning had no previous associations. Memories can last for minutes or longer. Repetition strengthens memory. Memory content involves storing basic units, such as shapes, sizes, motions, and qualities. Memory strength is number of stored or recalled units. Complex memories have same laws as basic unit memories.

James Whitcomb Riley [Riley, James Whitcomb] poet USA 1880 to 1890 When the Is on the Punkin [1880]; Little Orphan Annie [1885]; Raggedy Man [1890] He lived 1849 to 1916.

Colin K. Urquhart [Urquhart, Colin K.] lyricist USA 1880 to 1890 Far Above Cayuga's Waters [1880 to 1890: Cornell University. music is Annie Lisle]

Johannes van der Waals [van der Waals, Johannes] physicist Netherlands 1880 to 1890 Molecular theory of a substance composed of two different species [1890] He lived 1837 to 1923, discovered Van der Waals forces [1880], and studied equilibrium matter states [1890].

Émile [Zola, Émile] novelist France 1880 to 1898 Nana [1880]; Germinal [1885]; J'Accuse or I Accuse [1898] He lived 1840 to 1902 and wrote in Naturalistic style.

Henry Adams [Adams, Henry] novelist USA 1880 to 1906 Democracy [1880: essay]; History of the United States of America [1889 to 1891]; Education of Henry Adams [1906: history] He lived 1838 to 1918.

Gustav Fauré [Fauré, Gustav] composer France 1880 to 1915 Barcarolle No. 1 in A minor [1880]; Pelleas and Melisande [1903: opera]; Barcarolle No. 11 in G minor [1915] He lived 1845 to 1924.

Enrico Ferri [Ferri, Enrico] philosopher Turin, Italy 1880 to 1929 Criminal Sociology [1884] He lived 1846 to 1929, was Positivist, and studied criminology.

Lou Dockstader [Dockstader, Lou] composer USA 1881 Colored Band [1881]

E. Emmert [Emmert, E.] psychologist USA 1881 Large Environment Effects on Afterimages [1881] Visual afterimage has larger size if is thought to be far away and smaller size if it is thought to be nearby, so afterimage apparent size directly relates to apparent distance {Emmert's law, Emmert}.

Josiah Willard Gibbs [Gibbs, Josiah Willard] chemist/mathematician USA 1881 Elements of Vector Analysis [1881] He lived 1839 to 1903 and studied vectors and thermodynamic equilibrium in many-particle systems.

Billy Mortimer [Mortimer, Billy]/Dan Lewis [Lewis, Dan] lyricist/composer USA 1881 I Had But Fifty Cents [1881]

Dante Gabriel Rossetti [Rossetti, Dante Gabriel] poet/painter England 1881 Blessed Damozel [1881]; House of Life He lived 1828 to 1882 and was painter.

Giovanni Verga [Verga, Giovanni] writer Italy 1881 House by the Medlar Tree [1881] He lived 1840 to 1922.

Chester A. Arthur [Arthur, Chester A.] president USA 1881 to 1885 He lived 1830 to 1886. 21st president passed Civil Service Act.

Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi [Bartholdi, Frederic-Auguste] architect Liberty Island, New York 1881 to 1886 Statue of Liberty or Liberty Enlightening the World [1881 to 1886: Iron statue is 50 meters tall, on a 50-meter pedestal, and is copper over an iron and steel frame] He lived 1834 to 1904. Eiffel built the frame. Liberty Island is part of New York City.

Adolf Bastian [Bastian, Adolf] anthropologist/ethnologist Germany 1881 to 1887 History of Ethnology [1881]; Perceived World under Differences of Folk Thought [1887] He lived 1826 to 1905. Everyone has same brain physiology {psychic unity of mankind} and has same elementary ideas {Elementargedanken}, so people differ only in culture and history. Societies develop from simple to complex according to laws {genetic principle}, and societies have collective representations and folk ideas. Studying collective representations and folk ideas from many cultures can reveal elementary ideas.

John Hughlings Jackson [Jackson, John Hughlings] neurologist Britain 1881 to 1887 Croonian Lectures on Evolution and Dissolution of the Nervous System [1881 to 1887] He lived 1835 to 1911. He noted focal-epilepsy involuntary-movement sequences and deduced motor-cortex excitable- area spatial patterns. Patients can utter words or phrases under stress or during high emotion, though they cannot speak voluntarily.

George Romanes [Romanes, George] biologist England 1881 to 1888 Animal Intelligence [1881]; Physiological Selection: An Additional Suggestion on the Origin of Species [1886]; Mental Evolution in Man [1888] He lived 1848 to 1894. Animals learn by imitation [1886].

Alexander III czar Russia 1881 to 1894 He lived 1845 to 1894, was Romanov, and promoted peace and industry. The Black Hundred beat people and robbed Jewish homes and shops.

Jules Massenet [Massenet, Jules] composer France 1881 to 1894 Herodiade [1881: opera]; Le Cid [1885: opera]; Manon [1893: opera]; Werther [1893: opera]; Thaïs [1894: opera] He lived 1842 to 1912.

Anatole France [France, Anatole] or Jacques Anatole François Thibault [Thibault, Jacques Anatole François] novelist France 1881 to 1908 Crime of Sylvester Bonnard [1881]; Penguin Island [1908] He lived 1844 to 1924.

Samuel Gompers [Gompers, Samuel] founder USA 1881 to 1924 He lived 1850 to 1924 and founded and led American Federation of Labor (AFL), which was against socialism and profit sharing.

Thomas Masaryk [Masaryk, Thomas] president Prague, Czech Republic 1881 to 1937 Suicide [1881]; Foundations of Concrete Logic [1885]; Social Question [1898]; Spirit of Russia [1913] He lived 1850 to 1937. He helped found Czechoslovakia [1918] and had problems with extremists.

Moritz Pasch [Pasch, Moritz] mathematician Germany 1882 He lived 1843 to 1930 and studied geometry foundations [1882], especially line and point interchangeability.

Sri Ramakrishna [Ramakrishna, Sri] philosopher India 1882 Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna [1882: about Tantric Buddhism] He lived 1836 to 1886, followed Vedanta, and was a mystic. All religions are about uniting with God. People can be divine by serving others and God, expressing one spirit. His student was Swami Vivekananda.

Loie Fuller [Fuller, Loie] ballerina USA 1882 to 1906 She lived 1862 to 1928.

Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov [Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolai] composer Russia 1882 to 1907 Snow Maiden [1882: opera]; Capriccio Espagnole or Spanish Caprice [1887]; Scheherazade [1888]; Russian Easter Overture [1888]; Ivan the Terrible [1892: opera]; Flight of the Bumblebee [1900]; Le Coq d'Or or Golden Rooster [1907: opera] He lived 1844 to 1908 and composed symphonies and operas.

Harald Hoffding [Hoffding, Harald] philosopher Denmark 1882 to 1910 Outlines of Psychology [1882]; History of Modern Philosophy [1894]; Human Thought [1910] He lived 1843 to 1931 and was Relativist. Consciousness builds concept by synthesis. Concepts change over history as science advances.

Joseph Pulitzer [Pulitzer, Joseph] essayist/journalist USA 1882 to 1911 He lived 1847 to 1911.

René Lalique [Lalique, René] designer France 1882 to 1934 SS Normandie dining room and grand salon lighted glass walls and columns [1934: Art Deco] He lived 1860 to 1945 and was jewelry maker instrumental in Art Nouveau and Art Deco. He worked in glass, enamel, and stones.

Emilia Bazan [Bazan, Emilia] writer Spain 1883 Critical Issue [1883] She lived 1852 to 1921.

William F. Cody [Cody, William F.] or Buffalo Bill showman/scout USA 1883 He lived 1845 to 1917.

Carlo Collodi [Collodi, Carlo] or Carlo Lorenzini [Lorenzini, Carlo] writer Italy 1883 Pinocchio [1883] He lived 1826 to 1890.

P. Percy [Percy, P.] composer USA 1883 Sambo's Double Shuffle [1883]

Osborne Reynolds [Reynolds, Osborne] physicist England 1883 to 1889 He lived 1842 to 1912 and studied hydraulics and hydrodynamics, especially turbulent flow and when fluid transitions from laminar to turbulent flow {hydrodynamic stability} [1883 to 1889].

Carl Stumpf [Stumpf, Carl] psychologist Germany 1883 to 1890 Psychology of Sound [1883 and 1890] He lived 1848 to 1936 and studied tone and music psychology {act psychology, Stumpf} at School of Graz. He studied experimental phenomenology [Stumpf, 1890].

Thomas Hill Green [Green, Thomas Hill] philosopher England 1883 to 1895 Prolegomena to Ethics or Introduction to Ethics [1883]; Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation [1895] He lived 1836 to 1882 and was Idealist.

Manuel Gutiérrez Nájera [Nájera, Manuel Gutiérrez] writer Mexico 1883 to 1898 Cuentos frágiles or Gossamer Stories [1883]; Cuentos de color de humo or Smoke-colored Stories [1898] He lived 1859 to 1895.

August Weismann [Weismann, August] biologist Germany 1883 to 1902 On Inheritance [1883]; Essays upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems [1889]; Lecture on Descendency Theory [1902] He lived 1833 to 1914. Specialized cells carry genetic information {germ line} {germ plasm theory} [1883]. Selection can operate at levels below and above organisms.

Wilhelm Dilthey [Dilthey, Wilhelm] philosopher/historian Berlin, Germany 1883 to 1910 Introduction to the Human Sciences [1883]; Poetry and Experience [1906]; Formation of the Historical World in the Human Sciences [1910] He lived 1833 to 1911 and was historian of culture. By studying other cultures and life, people can gain higher understanding in world-view {weltanschaungen}, such as materialism, pantheism, vitalism, or idealism. People understand history, writers, and artists by imagining their lives, cultures, and work's spirit {Verstehen, Dilthey}. Life contains meaning and purpose, which continually change.

Emil Kraepelin [Kraepelin, Emil] psychiatrist Germany 1883 to 1927 Textbook of Psychiatry [1883 to 1927]; Directions of Psychiatric Research [1887] He lived 1856 to 1926 and determined that manic-depressive psychosis [1899] and schizophrenia [1893] differ [1899]. Mental disorders can arise from metabolic or other defects that are not psychological adaptations. They show neurological signs for different behavioral and psychological mental-disease syndromes. They associate with painful symptom {distress} or impaired functioning {disability}. They involve behaviors that are persistent or repetitive, resist modification, and do not remove anxiety sources.

Vito J. Volterra [Volterra, Vito J.] mathematician/ecologist Italy 1883 to 1930 Theory of Functionals and of Integral and Integro-Differential Equations [1930] He lived 1860 to 1940 and studied integral equations [1883]. Mating, dying, or other-species effects cause predator- number and prey-number change rates {Lotka-Volterra differential equations, Volterra} [1926]. In ecosystems, predator and prey numbers can oscillate until reaching steady state, can continue to oscillate, or can become zero, so species is extinct.

Svante Arrhenius [Arrhenius, Svante] chemist Sweden 1884 He lived 1859 to 1927 and studied electrolytic ion solutions [1884].

G. Clifton Bingham [Bingham, G. Clifton]/James Molloy [Molloy, James] lyricist/composer Ireland 1884 Love's Old Sweet Song [1884] Molloy lived 1837 to 1909.

Ed Haley [Haley, Ed]/Robert A. Keiser [Keiser, Robert A.] composer USA 1884 While Strolling in the Park One Day [1884]

Joris Huysmans [Huysmans, Joris] or Charles-Marie-Georges Huysmans [Huysmans, Charles-Marie-Georges] writer France/Netherlands 1884 A Rebours or Against the Grain [1884] He lived 1848 to 1907 and was Aesthetic and Decadent.

Helen Hunt Jackson [Jackson, Helen Hunt] writer USA 1884 Ramona [1884] She lived 1830 to 1885.

Henri Louis Le Chatelier [Le Chatelier, Henri Louis] chemist Paris, France 1884 General Statement of the Laws of Chemical Equilibrium [1884] He lived 1850 to 1936 and invented Le Chatelier's reaction-direction principle [1884].

Théodule Ribot [Ribot, Théodule] psychologist Paris, France 1884 Diseases of Memory [1884] He lived 1839 to 1916 and studied retrograde amnesia. Brain injury damages recent memories more than older ones {Ribot's law, Ribot}.

Juventino Rosas [Rosas, Juventino] or José Juventino Policarpo Rosas Cadenas [Rosas Cadenas, José Juventino Policarpo] composer Mexico 1884 Sobre las Olas or Over the Waves [1884: waltz] He lived 1868 to 1894.

George [Eastman, George] inventor USA 1884 to 1888 roll film [1884]; Kodak camera [1888] He lived 1854 to 1932 and invented roll film and cameras.

Georges Seurat [Seurat, Georges] painter France 1884 to 1888 Bathers at Asnieres [1884 and 1887]; Side Show [1888] He lived 1859 to 1891 and used color dots {Pointillism} {Divisionism}.

William Morris [Morris, William] designer England 1884 to 1896 Morris chair [1880 to 1890] William Morris lived 1834 to 1896 and led Arts and Crafts movement.

Frederick T. Trouton [Trouton, Frederick T.] chemist England 1884 to 1902 Results of an Electrical Experiment [1902] He lived 1863 to 1922 and studied vaporization entropy. Vaporization entropy is approximately 87 Joules/Kelvin per mole for most liquids {Trouton's rule} [1884].

William James [James, William] psychologist USA 1884 to 1911 What is an emotion? [1884: with Carl Lange]; Principles of Psychology [1890]; Psychology: The Briefer Course [1892]; Will to Believe [1897]; Human Immortality [1898]; Varieties of Religious Experience [1902]; Pragmatism [1907]; Pluralist Universe [1909]; Meaning of Truth [1909]; Some Problems in Philosophy [1911]; Essays in Radical Empiricism [1912] He lived 1842 to 1910 and was pragmatist, radical empiricist, and Swedenborgian. Epistemology Things that people experience are real. Conjunctions {association, James} between perceptions and their parts organize experience. Ideal forms or categories do not organize experience. Hypothesis is true if consequences of believing it lead to personal well-being, success, and satisfaction {pragmatism, James}. The best test of theory is what happens when using it. True beliefs have good practical effects in thinking and acting. They help people, are profitable, correspond to actual events, or are expedient in most situations. Useful hypothesis makes prediction about experience or behavior. Statements do not have objective truth. Sshort-term memory can last from seconds to minutes and be in current experience. Long-term memory can last for days and require going back to the past. Overt body behavior, especially in viscera, causes human and animal emotion, in response to internal or external stimulation or perception {James-Lange theory of emotion}. Fear of loud noises is innate, but conditioning and stimulus generalization cause most fears. Sense and motor systems interact {ideomotor theory}, so actions have representations about their effects, and the representations control further actions. Actions have predicted consequences. Ethics Will and attention seem to require effort, which indicates self-exerted force. Will is active and purposeful consciousness. Belief requires effort of will {will-to-believe}. One then acts according to one's beliefs. Free will is active attention to choose or maintain belief and choose behavior. The will-to-believe allows one to choose belief in situations in which one must choose belief, and so action, without knowing consequences. Reason does not work in such situation. Believing is good, because people might believe the truth, whereas avoiding error is not practical and cannot lead to truth. People choose not believing when they fear trickery or mistakes, but it is better to have false hope than false fear. People should not reject hypothesis if results are good. Therefore, people should believe in God. Metaphysics Pure experience is the only reality {radical empiricism}. Experiences contain knower {consciousness, James}, known {perception, James}, and their relations. Living things both participate in pure experience and can reflect on it later. Experience is neither mind nor matter {neutral monism, James}. Experience is pluralistic. Soul, self, Ideas, and matter do not exist. God is being and existence itself. Nothing else can determine God. Thus, God cannot not be, and so is necessary and sufficient. Because necessary and sufficient, God is perfect and absolute. Because limitation is non-existence, God has no limits from within or without and so is infinite. Because God is infinite, God is one and only one. Because God is one and only, God is indivisible. God has no potentiality, because potential can lose or gain, thus contradicting necessity and absoluteness. God contains all actuality already and is immutable. Because God has no limits, God is boundless. If God has bound, God is in space and thus is composite. God is omniscient, because God knows all causes as itself. God is pervasive and omnipresent, because God is present in all time. God is omnipotent for all things that do not have logical contradictions. If God has physical substances or anything inside, they have cause other than God, so God is non-physical and spiritual. If God is material, God has parts, which something not-God must combine, which is contradiction. Therefore, God must be simple. God's nature or essence and existence or being must be the same. Potential and actual, substance and accidents, being and activity, existence and attributes unite in God. Because God has all attributes of persons, God is a person. Because God is object and subject of its activity, God is a living self- sufficient person. Because people have will and intelligence, God has them, because cause must have more than effect. The object of those things in God is God itself. God wills itself, knows itself, and must do these things. God is eternal. If God does not exist from the beginning, God needs a prior cause. If God is not present at end, God is not necessary. If God has succession, God is mutable. God can create being from non-divine substance or out of nothing. God can will to create, because everything outside God can change. God creates to exercise his freedom and manifest his glory. God creates out of love, to make rational creations that can know and love God. God implants the Ideas in us, but people perceive them from finite viewpoint. Evil is negation, and so God cannot be evil. God permits evil in free beings but does not will it. Mysticism is passive, transient, ineffable, and noetic. Mind Brain as whole makes continuous, personal, active, and changing experience {stream of consciousness, James}, which is about near past and near future. The stream of consciousness can affect brain. Person's individual experience can interact with other's experiences. Mind can use different means in different situations to reach fixed goals. An "I" {subjective self} thinks and knows. A "Me" {empirical self} {objective self} is the body {material self}, social acts {social self}, and spirit or soul {spiritual self}, which has reasoning, will, goals, conscience, and sensory experiences. Spiritual self attends, judges, and acts {active element}. The "I" is whole set of Me's, holds thoughts, and is a special thought type that remembers, selects, unifies {unity, self}, and continues {continuity, self} into next such thought, making stream of consciousness. "...thought itself is ..." Consciousness can cause attention {cause theory}, or brain can direct it {effect theory}.

William Morris [Morris, William]/John Ruskin [Ruskin, John]/Gustav Stickley [Stickley, Gustav] designer England/USA 1884 to 1916 Arts and Crafts [1884 to 1916] Morris lived 1834 to 1896. Ruskin lived 1819 to 1900. Stickley lived 1858 to 1942. They started a craft style {Arts and Crafts movement}.

Woodrow Wilson [Wilson, Woodrow] college professor/president USA 1884 to 1921 Congressional Government [1884]; Fourteen Points [1918] He lived 1856 to 1924. 28th president [1913 to 1921] started New Freedom reforms. He sent Marines to Vera Cruz, Mexico [1914]. He occupied Haiti and Santo Domingo [1914 to 1916]. He passed Farm Loan Act [1916]. He set up Federal Reserve. USA became a creditor nation, as Allies paid in gold, sold their assets, and bought goods from USA. He entered World War I [1917] after earlier neutrality. He presented 14 points for peace at Paris Peace Conference [1919]. Republicans under Lodge blocked USA entry into League of Nations [1920]. His health broke while campaigning [1920] and he died [1921].

Sarah Winchester [Winchester, Sarah] owner/architect San José, California 1884 to 1922 Winchester Mansion [1884 to 1922: Romantic-style wood house has eight stories and 160 rooms and cost five million dollars] She lived 1837 to 1922.

Georg [Cantor, Georg] mathematician Halle, Germany 1885 Contributions to the Founding of the Theory of Transfinite Numbers [1885] He lived 1845 to 1918 and studied set theory, infinity, continuity, transfinite numbers, union, intersection, conjunction, disjunction, bound, extension principle, abstraction principle, and one-to-one correspondence. He invented continuum hypothesis. Cardinal-number series and ordinal-number series are infinite. Irrational numbers in closed intervals are rational-number-series limits. Sets of limits can have sets of limits, and so on, to infinity. Geometrical-figure or space topologies are points related by distance functions or limits. For any real number n, 2^n > n.

Gottfried Daimler [Daimler, Gottfried] inventor Germany 1885 motorcycle [1885] He lived 1834 to 1900 {motorcycle}.

Theodor Escherich [Escherich, Theodor] biologist Graz, Germany 1885 On Intestinal Bacteria of Infants [1886]; Escherichia coli discovered [1885] He lived 1857 to 1911.

William Dean Howells [Howells, William Dean] novelist USA 1885 Rise of Silas Lapham [1885] He lived 1837 to 1920.

William LeBaron Jenney [Jenney, William LeBaron] architect Chicago, Illinois 1885 Home Insurance Company Building [1885: first to use steel skeleton] He lived 1832 to 1907. Home Insurance had ten stories.

Carl Georg Lange [Lange, Carl Georg] psychologist/philosopher Copenhagen, Denmark 1885 Emotions [1885] He lived 1834 to 1900 and was materialist. Only humans can understand and use number system. Ability to use number system and abstract space properties is innate. Emotion is bodily changes evoked by perceiving external stimuli.

Frank W. Meacham [Meacham, Frank W.] composer USA 1885 American Patrol [1885] He lived 1856 to 1909.

Hermann Amandus Schwarz [Schwarz, Hermann Amandus] mathematician Germany 1885 He lived 1843 to 1921 and invented Schwarz statistics criterion, Schwarz's inequality [1885], and Schwarz's paradox.

Joseph John Thomson [Thomson, Joseph John] chemist/physicist England 1885 He lived 1856 to 1940 and studied gas electrons and electrical conduction [1885].

Grover Cleveland [Cleveland, Grover] president USA 1885 to 1889 He lived 1837 to 1908 and was 22nd president.

John T. McFarland [McFarland, John T.]/William J. Kirkpatrick [Kirkpatrick, William J.] composer Germany 1885 to 1895 Away in a Manger [1885 and 1895] McFarland lived 1851 to 1913. Kirkpatrick lived 1838 to 1932. First two verses are anonymous [1885].

Karl Friedrich Benz [Benz, Karl Friedrich] inventor Germany 1885 to 1896 automobile [1885 to 1896] He lived 1844 to 1929.

Max von Frey [Frey, Max von] physiologist Göttingen, Germany 1885 to 1904 Journal of Mathematical Physics [1896]; Four Cutaneous Senses [1904]; heart-lung machine [1885] He lived 1852 to 1932 and studied pain and touch sensations.

Josiah Royce [Royce, Josiah] philosopher USA 1885 to 1908 Religious Aspect of Philosophy [1885]; Philosophy of Loyalty [1908] He lived 1855 to 1916 and was Idealist. The Absolute Mind includes all minds. Will properties or essence explain motivation.

Ivan [Bunin, Ivan] poet Russia 1885 to 1920 Russian Requiem [1885 to 1920: poems] He lived 1870 to 1953.

Richard von Krafft-Ebing [Krafft-Ebing, Richard von] neurologist Germany 1886 Psychopathy of Sex [1886] He lived 1840 to 1902 and studied syphilitic infection, which can cause insanity and paralysis.

Emma Lazarus [Lazarus, Emma] poet USA 1886 New Colossus [1886: on Statue of Liberty] She lived 1849 to 1887.

François Raoult [Raoult, François] chemist France 1886 He lived 1830 to 1901 and invented Raoult's vapor-pressure law [1886].

José [Rizal, José] leader Philippines 1886 He lived 1861 to 1896 and led independence from Spain movement.

William Stanley, Jr. [Stanley, Jr., William] inventor USA 1886 transformer [1886] He lived 1858 to 1916.

Adolph Strasser [Strasser, Adolph] leader USA 1886 He lived 1844 to 1939. American Federation of Labor (AFL) formed.

Julien Viaud [Viaud, Julien] or Pierre Loti [Loti, Pierre] writer France 1886 to 1897 Pêcheur d'Islande or Iceland Fisherman [1886]; Ramuntcho [1897] He lived 1850 to 1923.

James McKeen Cattell [Cattell, James McKeen] psychologist USA 1886 to 1902 Psychometric Investigation [1886]; Time of Perception as a Measure of Differences in Intensity [1902] He lived 1860 to 1944, experimentally tried hashish, and measured reaction times and small perception differences [1902].

James Ward [Ward, James] psychologist England 1886 to 1918 Psychology [1886]; Psychological Principles [1918] He lived 1843 to 1925 and wrote psychology textbook.

Alphonso XIII king Spain 1886 to 1931 He lived 1886 to 1941.

Arturo Toscanini [Toscanini, Arturo] conductor Italy 1886 to 1954 He lived 1867 to 1957.

Edward Bellamy [Bellamy, Edward] novelist USA 1887 Looking Backward [1887] He lived 1850 to 1898.

George Trumbull Ladd [Ladd, George Trumbull] psychologist USA 1887 Elements of Physiological Psychology [1887] He lived 1842 to 1921 and studied perception and behavior physiology.

Nicola Tesla [Tesla, Nicola] inventor Italy 1887 magnetic coil [1887]; rotating magnetic field [1887] He lived 1856 to 1943 {magnetic coil}.

Ferdinand Tonnies [Tonnies, Ferdinand] sociologist Germany 1887 Community and Society [1887] He lived 1855 to 1936. Human will depends on either instinctive force {essential will} or reasoned purpose or goal {arbitrary will}. Communities {Gemeinschaft}, such as cities and states, can depend on essential will, to gain essential needs. Societies {Gesellschaft}, such as families and neighborhoods, can form to reach goals.

Vincent [van Gogh, Vincent] painter France 1887 to 1889 Self-Portrait [1887]; Wheat Field and Cypress Trees [1889]; Potato Eaters [1889]; Starry Night [1889] He lived 1853 to 1890, was Post-Impressionist, and painted landscapes filled with emotion and bright colors.

Sergei Korsakoff [Korsakoff, Sergei] neuropsychiatrist Russia 1887 to 1893 Alcohol Paralysis [1887]; Diseases of Memory and Their Diagnosis [1890]; Textbook of Psychiatry [1893] He lived 1854 to 1900, discovered amnesia type [1887], and studied Korsakoff syndrome [Korsakoff, 1887].

Arthur Conan Doyle [Conan Doyle, Arthur] novelist England 1887 to 1902 Study in Scarlet [1887]; Sign of the Four [1890]; Final Problem [1893]; Hound of the Baskervilles [1902] He lived 1859 to 1930 and wrote stories about detective Sherlock Holmes and his assistant Dr. Watson.

August [Strindberg, August] playwright/novelist Sweden 1887 to 1907 Father [1887]; Miss Julie [1888]; Inferno [1894]; Son of a Servant [1896]; Dream Play [1907] He lived 1849 to 1912.

Ferdinand king Bulgaria 1887 to 1918 He lived 1861 to 1948 and was Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Bulgaria became independent [1908].

Edmund Gustav Albert Husserl [Husserl, Edmund Gustav Albert] philosopher Germany 1887 to 1937 On the Concept of Number [1887]; Philosophy of Arithmetic [1891]; Logical Investigations [1900 to 1901]; Lectures on the Phenomenology of Internal Time-Consciousness [1905]; Thing and Space [1907]; Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy, First Book: General Introduction to a Pure Phenomenology [1913]; Cartesian Meditations [1931]; Crisis of the European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology [1935] He lived 1859 to 1938, was a psychologist, read Frege, and became a philosopher. He developed phenomenology by extending Brentano's intentionality theory. Epistemology People know knowledge types only by psychological effects {psychologism}, which are subjective experiences. Psychology is about psychological effects and subjective experiences themselves and so about consciousness. People cannot know physical scientific facts or how subjective experience relates to them. Psychology needs postulates, but psychology cannot prove these fundamental ideas. Logical structures exist independently of psychological activities, but people can only understand logical structures from psychological effects. To study mental processes and what is in conscious mind, start with no assumptions about perception, objects, concepts, causes, or consequences. Suspend judgment {epoché, Husserl} about actual existence. First, classify phenomena {phenomenology, Husserl} and then find their essences {eidos} and origins. People have meaningful and logical object representations {intention, Husserl} in consciousness {phenomena, Husserl}, which reflect universals or essences {noema}. People can experience and remember unique and individual intentions in consciousness and consciousness itself {noesis}. Conscious acts are intentional and direct towards objects. Phenomena are mental object representations {profile, Husserl}. Profiles are object-essence aspects. Essence is sum of all possible profiles, and people find it by intuition {eidetic intuition} using intentions about profiles {transcendental subjectivity} {transcendental ego, Husserl}. Finding object essence makes that essence, and so consciousness is constitutive. Eidetic intuition both finds object essence and develops its existence {eidetic reduction}. Phenomena have ontology, because they are in object essence. Intentions have ontology, because they are about object essence. Knowing object essence relates phenomena to intentions {phenomenological reduction}. Provisional connections {bracketing} {einklam-merung} are between objects and intentions, which both refer to noema. After analyzing intentions, find all possible meaningful intentional relations {transcendental reduction}. Intentions cannot refer directly to objects, because objects are not contingent, but intentions and subjects are contingent. Phenomenology is better way to establish physical world facts. In Western world, science appears to be the only fact source {objectivism, Husserl}. However, facts are intentions from conscious activity, and subjective experience is all people can know about world. Empiricism should account for subject, observer, and methodology. Including life, history, and society subjective experiences requires an epistemological phenomena theory, such as phenomenology. Psychologically, numbers develop from counting set elements. Logically, numbers are symbols and wholes, which people do not count but manipulate. Awareness has unrepresented features and has space and time {horizon of awareness} {awareness horizon}. The horizon is necessary to perception, meaning, and understanding. Mind Mind knows only phenomena appearances, not reality. Egos or subjects are not consciousness or mental-experience physical objects but transcend both categories {transcendentalism, Husserl}. People's egos can know each other {the Other, Husserl}. The living world {Lebenswelt} {life-world} is people's subjective natural state, before science and history, which has essences upon which to build knowledge. Conscious experience has viewpoint and object {intentionality, Husserl}. Conscious experiences have many meanings and appearances, some sensory and some non-sensory {superposition, Husserl}. Imaginary objects have arbitrary properties, but perceived objects have definite and often more properties {transcendence, Husserl}. Perceived objects have stable part relations {relational constancy}; have no affect from interruptions or other perception changes, will or other mental states; allow perception by different senses {perceptual invariance}; and allow improvement in perception {corrigibility}. Perceived objects associate with objects in the past and future {temporality}, including themselves, and so have history {retention} and expectations {protention}. Consciousness moments {primal impression} include past and future. People know viewpoint or object changes by object comparisons at different times. Perceived objects have duration, and events have monotonic order. Time is global and unitary. Events nest recursively. People have lived-in bodies {leib, Husserl} and bodies as intentional objects {körper, Husserl}. Sensations relate to proprioceptive and kinesthetic information from physical body, which allows action. Sense-organ and body movements create egocentric space, which makes intentions and experience. The sense of self is implicit, not known by higher- order thought or itself. Pain and color sensations {hyle} (material) are not intentional but are sense contents and lead to intentions and consciousness.

Franz Boas [Boas, Franz] anthropologist/linguist Germany/USA 1887 to 1940 Principles of Ethnological Classification [1887]; On Alternating Sounds [1889]; Anthropology [1907: essay]; Mind of Primitive Man [1910 and 1938]; Growth of Children, 1896 to 1904 [1911]; Culture and Race [1913]; Methods of Ethnology [1920: essay]; Primitive Art [1927]; Anthropology and Modern Life [1928 to 1938]; General Anthropology [1938: editor]; Race, Language, and Culture [1940] He lived 1858 to 1942 and studied Pacific-Northwest native societies [1910]. He studied perception and sensation, such as not hearing spoken sounds {sound blindness} and seeing color categories, and believed that contexts determined them.

William Randolph Hearst [Hearst, William Randolph] journalist USA 1887 to 1940 He lived 1863 to 1951 and wanted war with Spain, opposed World War I and international dealings, and specialized in sensationalism and scandal {muckraking} {yellow journalism}.

Frances Hodgson Burnett [Burnett, Frances Hodgson] writer England 1888 Secret Garden [1888] She lived 1849 to 1924.

Heinrich Hertz [Hertz, Heinrich] physicist Germany 1888 He lived 1857 to 1894 and invented radio waves [1888].

Johannes Rydberg [Rydberg, Johannes] chemist Germany 1888 He lived 1854 to 1919 and studied element emission lines, making Rydberg formula [1888].

Theodor Storm [Storm, Theodor] writer Germany 1888 Der Schimmelreiter or The White Horse Rider or The Dykemaster [1888] He lived 1817 to 1888.

Howard Pyle [Pyle, Howard] writer USA 1888 to 1892 Otto of the Silver Hand [1888]; Men of Iron [1892] He lived 1853 to 1911.

Eugene Field [Field, Eugene] poet USA 1888 to 1904 Little Boy Blue [1888]; Winken, Blinken and Nod or A Dutch Lullaby [1890]; Poems of Childhood [1904: including Winken, Blinken, and Nod]; Winken, Blinken, and Nod [1904] He lived 1850 to 1895.

Gustav [Mahler, Gustav] composer Austria 1888 to 1909 Symphony 1 or Titan [1888]; Symphony 5 [1902]; Das Lied von der Erde or Songs of the Earth [1909] He lived 1860 to 1911 and composed nine symphonies.

Walther H. Nernst [Nernst, Walther H.] physicist Germany 1888 to 1918 He lived 1864 to 1941, invented thermodynamic energy equation or Nernst equation [18], and studied matter at absolute zero and thermodynamics, including photo chain reactions [1918].

Wilhelm II or William II kaiser Germany 1888 to 1918 He lived 1859 to 1941, led German Empire, dismissed Bismarck [1890], built commerce, took colonies, and built up navy. He had Entente Cordiale with Britain and France. He formed Triple Entente of Britain, France, and Russia. He formed Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Austro-Hungary. He had to abdicate after World War I.

Erik Satie [Satie, Erik] composer France 1888 to 1924 Gymnopedies [1888]; Uspud [1892]; Entr'Acte or Intermission [1924] He lived 1866 to 1925.

Joseph Bertrand [Bertrand, Joseph] mathematician Paris, France 1889 Calculation of Probabilities [1889] He lived 1822 to 1900. Because circle chords can have varying angles to tangents, for example perpendicular to radius and parallel to tangent, different ways of selecting chords lead to different probabilities that chord is less than inscribed-equilateral-triangle side {Bertrand's paradox}.

Thomas Alva Edison [Edison, Thomas Alva]/George Eastman [Eastman, George] inventor USA 1889 film strip Edison lived 1847 to 1931. Eastman lived 1854 to 1932. They invented frame-lined celluloid strip {filmstrip}.

Alexandre Gustave Eiffel [Eiffel, Alexandre Gustave] architect Paris, France 1889 Eiffel Tower [1889: International-Exposition iron tower is tallest building in Europe at 350 meters, with four base columns that merge 200 meters above ground into one tower] He lived 1832 to 1923. Stephen Sauvestre [1874 to 1919] added design.

Gerhart [Hauptmann, Gerhart] writer Germany 1889 Before Sunrise [1889] He lived 1862 to 1946 and was of German Naturalism.

Sonja Kowalewski [Kowalewski, Sonja] or Sophie Kowalewski [Kowalewski, Sophie] or Sofia Kovalevskia [Kovalevskia, Sofia] mathematician Russia 1889 On the problem of rotation of solid body around fixed point [1889] She lived 1850 to 1891 and studied elliptic functions and power-series sums.

Charles Mayo [Mayo, Charles]/William Mayo [Mayo, William] doctor USA 1889 Charles lived 1865 to 1939. William lived 1861 to 1939. They performed surgery at Mayo Clinic [1889].

Benjamin Harrison [Harrison, Benjamin] president USA 1889 to 1893 He lived 1833 to 1901, was 23rd president, was under control of Republicans in Senate, approved McKinley Tariff Act for high tariffs, and held first Pan-American Conference.

Franz Carl Müller-Lyer [Müller-Lyer, Franz Carl] psychologist Germany 1889 to 1896 Optical Illusions [1889]; Concerning the Theory of Optical Illusions: on Contrast and Confluxion [1896] He lived 1857 to 1916 and invented illusion {Müller-Lyer illusion, Muller-Lyer} [1889]. Mind uses both figure and ground to perceive object {confluxion principle} {principle of confluxion}.

Hugo [de Vries, Hugo] botanist Netherlands 1889 to 1905 Theory of Mutations [1901]; Species and Varieties: Their Origin by Mutation [1905] He lived 1848 to 1935, studied evening-primrose mutations [1900], and developed inheritance laws based on cell factors {pangenesis, de Vries} [1889]. Plants can jump from form to form, unconstrained by structures. Phylogenesis results from species selection.

Charles I king Portugal 1889 to 1908 He lived 1863 to 1908.

Armando Palacio Valdes [Valdes, Armando Palacio] writer Spain 1889 to 1911 La hermana San Sulpicio or Joy of Captain Ribo [1889]; La aldea perdida or Lost Village [1911] He lived 1853 to 1938.

Menelik II king Ethiopia 1889 to 1913 He lived 1844 to 1913 and became king with Italy's help.

Samuel Alexander [Alexander, Samuel] philosopher Australia/England 1889 to 1920 Moral Order and Progress [1889]; Space, Time and Deity [1920] He lived 1859 to 1938, was New Realist, and developed evolutionary system.

Henri-Louis Bergson [Bergson, Henri-Louis] philosopher Paris, France 1889 to 1932 Essay on the Immediate Givens of Consciousness or Time and Free Will [1889]; Matter and Memory [1896]; Laughter, an Essay on the Meaning of the Comic [1900]; Introduction to Metaphysics [1903]; Creative Evolution [1907]; Time and Free Will [1910]; Two Sources of Morality and Religion [1932] He lived 1859 to 1941. Epistemology Consciousness can only know the present. However, people intuit continuous time, as irreversible, never-repeating, and always-altering change {duration, Bergson}. People must feel psychological truth by instinct. Memory interacts alive, current, and active mind and inert, past, and passive matter. Memory recollects past states during present activity. Perceptions are limitations to and uses for active life force. Life and movement are beyond science, so philosophy is intuitions about life force, time, and matter. Laughter happens when people see humans acting mechanically. Ethics Life and will are free and creative, make unpredictable products, have no purpose or end, and are just action. Creation is good in itself. Action is for its own sake. Metaphysics Change is the basis of reality. The life force {élan vital, Bergson} causes purposeful evolution through change and development against matter's passive resistance. The life force is dynamic, while matter is inert. Life and matter necessarily oppose. Life tries to organize and unify matter into new forms while matter tends toward separateness. Time is essence of life. Duration is dynamic and continuous and not a series of states. Mind Through acting, life has produced instinct and intellect. Intellect is passive. Instinct is active. Intellect can deal with things as stable states, in separate objects or in series, explaining why matter appears as objects. Instinct deals with things in time, by harmonizing and blending present and past states.

Richard Avenarius [Avenarius, Richard] philosopher Zurich, Switzerland 1890 Critique of Pure Experience [1890] He lived 1843 to 1896 and was realist. All science ideas should be verifiable by sensory experience {empirio-criticism, Avenarius}.

Joseph Chamberlain [Chamberlain, Joseph] mayor Birmingham, England 1890 He lived 1836 to 1914 and had city develop water supply and public transportation.

Carrie Jacobs-Bond [Jacobs-Bond, Carrie] composer USA 1890 I Love You Truly [1890] She lived 1862 to 1946.

Karl Lueger [Lueger, Karl] mayor Vienna, Austria 1890 He lived 1844 to 1910 and had city develop water supply and public transportation.

Alfred Marshall [Marshall, Alfred] economist Cambridge, England 1890 Principles of Economics [1890] He lived 1842 to 1924 and invented equation relating money supply to income, utility and cost pricing {Cambridge equation, Marshall}.

Pietro Mascagni [Mascagni, Pietro] composer Italy 1890 Cavalleria Rusticana or Rustic Chivalry [1890: opera] He lived 1863 to 1945.

Michael Nolan [Nolan, Michael] composer USA 1890 Little Annie Rooney [1890]

Giuseppe Peano [Peano, Giuseppe] mathematician Turin, Italy 1890 Mathematical Formulas [1890] He lived 1858 to 1932. He invented logical notation, which Russell used. He studied axiomatic number systems. He invented Peano's postulates about rational numbers, based on Dedekind's work. He used reflexive, symmetric, and transitive axioms to derive rational numbers from natural numbers.

Max Reger [Reger, Max] composer Germany 1890 String Trio [1915] He lived 1873 to 1916 and composed symphonies.

Jacob Riis [Riis, Jacob] photographer USA 1890 Studies of the Tenements of New York [1890]; How the Other Half Lives [1890] He lived 1849 to 1914 and photographed slums.

William Robertson Smith [Smith, William Robertson] historian Scotland 1890 Lectures on the Religion of the Semites [1890] He lived 1846 to 1894. Tribe kinship groups had sacred totem animals. Marriages were between groups.

Louis Sullivan [Sullivan, Louis] architect USA 1890 to 1899 Wainwright Building [1890: steel-framed first skyscraper, in St. Louis]; Carson, Pirie, Scott and Co. [1899: in Chicago] He lived 1856 to 1924 and was father of modernism. He was of Chicago school and founded Prairie School of architecture.

Edith Nesbit Bland [Bland, Edith Nesbit] composer England 1890 to 1900 Christmas Is Coming [1890 to 1900] She lived 1858 to 1924. Lyrics are traditional.

Honoré Daumier [Daumier, Honoré] painter France 1890 to 1902 Good Samaritan [1890]; Don Quixote Attacking the Windmill [1902] He lived 1808 to 1879.

Anton [Chekhov, Anton] playwright Russia 1890 to 1904 Boor [1890]; Sea Gull [1896]; Uncle Vanya [1899]; Three Sisters [1901]; Cherry Orchard [1904] He lived 1860 to 1904 and wrote in Realistic style.

Claude Débussy [Débussy, Claude] composer France 1890 to 1913 Suite Bergamasque [1890: with Claire de Lune]; Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun [1894]; Nocturnes [1899]; Pelléas et Mélisande [1902: opera]; La Mer or The Sea [1905]; Children's Corner [1908]; La Cathedral Engloutie or Cathedral Beneath the Waves [1910]; Jeux or Games [1913: ballet] He lived 1862 to 1918, was Impressionist, and used pentatonic and six-tone whole-tone scales.

Pierre Duhem [Duhem, Pierre] philosopher Paris, France 1890 to 1916 Evolution of Mechanics [1903]; Aim and Structure of Physical Theory [1905]; To Save the Phenomena: An Essay on the Idea of Physical Theory from Plato to Galileo [1908] He lived 1861 to 1916. Phenomena are effects from mathematical-theory complexes, not from single theories. Data sets can have theories that vary greatly in assumptions {underdetermination} {Duhem-Quine thesis}.

James George Frazer [Frazer, James George] anthropologist Scotland 1890 to 1922 Golden Bough [1890 to 1915, abridged 1922]; Totemism and Exogamy [1910]; Folklore in the Old Testament [1918] He lived 1854 to 1941 and studied myths and comparative religions. Primitive people first believe in magic through similarity and in magic through contact. Magician has social power and is often tribal chief. Later, people replace magic with spirits and so have animistic religion, in which they pray to or propitiate beings. Kings arise, who are priests, have priests, or are gods themselves. Rituals and social behaviors follow from beliefs. Primitive thought links to magic. Magic can involve homeopathy, contagion, sympathetic magic, taboos, sorcery, charms, voodoo dolls, and envoutement. Magic can involve showing gods what people want. Primitive thought involved customs and institutions. Sacred marriages and orgiastic festivals encouraged fecundity, fertility, and more crops. The saturnalia festival was period of anarchy each year, held in Rome and elsewhere. Ceremonies for fertility, solar year, harvest, and king's death used fire, because the king represented the people, not like a priest or magician. Primitive thought involved souls. Bodies also have souls, which can leave body and return, through body openings. Shadows and reflections can be souls. Souls can occupy portraits. Death is not real, because soul is separate. Science later replaces religion.

Conway Lloyd Morgan [Morgan, Conway Lloyd] psychologist Britain 1890 to 1923 Animal Life and Intelligence [1890]; Introduction to Comparative Psychology [1894 and 1903]; Emergent Evolution [1923] He lived 1852 to 1936 and studied trial-and-error learning. He emphasized carefully observing behavior in natural settings where conditions systematically vary. He advocated finding minimal behavior causes {law of parsimony} {Morgan's canon} [1894], using higher concepts only if necessary. Evolution makes higher systems by emergence from lower ones.

Constantine Cavafy [Cavafy, Constantine] poet Greece 1890 to 1933 Passions and Ancient Days [1903: including September 1903 and December 1903] He lived 1863 to 1933.

Wilhelmina queen Netherlands 1890 to 1948 She lived 1880 to 1962.

Andrew Carnegie [Carnegie, Andrew] businessman Scotland/USA 1891 He lived 1835 to 1919, was steel manufacturer and philanthropist, and built 2800 libraries and Carnegie Hall in New York City.

Christian von Ehrenfels [Ehrenfels, Christian von] philosopher/psychologist Austria 1891 On Gestalt Qualities [1891] He lived 1859 to 1933. Shape or melody directly relates to sense-stimulation pattern, but perception infers and selects figure {gestalt, Ehrenfels} from ground. Shape or object has constancies and change directions, and these are the most- basic gestalt properties.

Hamlin Garland [Garland, Hamlin] novelist USA 1891 Main-traveled Roads [1891] He lived 1860 to 1940.

Charles Graham [Graham, Charles] composer USA 1891 Picture That's Turned to the Wall [1891]

Henry Sayers [Sayers, Henry] composer USA 1891 Ta-ra-ra Boom der-e or Ta-Ra-Ra-Boom-Dee-Ay [1891]

Charles Proteus Steinmetz [Steinmetz, Charles Proteus] inventor USA 1891 alternating current [1891]; Law of Hysteresis or Steinmetz's Law [1891] He lived 1865 to 1923.

Paul [Gauguin, Paul] painter France 1891 to 1893 Women of Tahiti [1891]; Offerings of Gratitude [1893] He lived 1848 to 1903 and was Post-Impressionist. He used folk art, stained glass, and flat picture with strong colors, in pre-Renaissance style {synthetism, Gauguin}. His later work is his Tahitian period.

Arthur W. Pinaro [Pinaro, Arthur W.] playwright England 1891 to 1900 Times [1891]; Second Mrs. Tanqueray [1893]; Trelawny of the Wells [1900]; Gay Lord Quex [1900] He lived 1855 to 1934.

Rudyard [Kipling, Rudyard] novelist/poet England 1891 to 1902 Light that Failed [1891: novel]; Gunga Din [1892: poem]; Mandalay or Road to Mandalay [1892: poem]; Jungle Book [1894: stories]; Recessional 1897 [1897: poem]; Captain's Courageous [1901: novel]; Kim [1901: novel]; Just So Stories [1902: stories] He lived 1865 to 1936.

Joaquin Machado de Assis [Machado de Assis, Joaquin] writer Brazil 1891 to 1904 Heritage of Quincas Borba [1891]; Esau and Jacob [1904] He lived 1839 to 1908.

Paul Dresser [Dresser, Paul] composer USA 1891 to 1905 Pardon came Too Late [1891]; On the Banks of the Wabash [1897]; My Gal Sal [1905] He lived 1858 to 1906.

Oscar Wilde [Wilde, Oscar] writer England 1891 to 1905 Portrait of Dorian Gray [1891: novel]; Importance of Being Ernest [1895: novel]; Ballad of Reading Gaol [1898: poem]; De Profundis or From the Depths [1905: essay] He lived 1854 to 1900 and was in Aesthetic Movement.

Paul [Ehrlich, Paul] doctor Frankfurt, Germany 1891 to 1925 He lived 1854 to 1915. He used methylene blue as antimalarial drug [1891], trypan red and trypaflavin against trypanosomiasis, acriflavine as antibacterial, arsenical compounds (Carbarsone) against amoebas, arsenical compounds (Salvarsan and oxophenarsine) against syphilis bacteria [1907 to 1909]. He discovered drug resistance [1925].

Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller [Schiller, Ferdinand Canning Scott] philosopher Germany/England/USA 1891 to 1929 Riddles of the Sphinx [1891]; Studies in Humanism [1912]; Problems of Belief [1924]; Logic for Use [1929] He lived 1890 to 1940, was Pragmatist, and wrote about ethics.

Susan B. Anthony [Anthony, Susan B.] feminist USA 1892 She lived 1820 to 1906 and worked for women's rights.

Harry Dacre [Dacre, Harry] composer USA 1892 Bicycle Built for Two or Daisy Bell [1892] He lived 1860 to 1922.

William Kennedy-Laurie Dickson [Dickson, William Kennedy-Laurie] inventor USA 1892 kinetoscope He lived 1860 to 1935. Film was for viewing in window {kinetoscope, Dickson}. William Heise invented camera {kinetograph, Heise} to make the film. Kinetoscope parlors showed slapstick comedy and pornography.

Rudolf Diesel [Diesel, Rudolf] inventor Germany 1892 diesel engine [1892] He lived 1858 to 1913.

George Francis Fitzgerald [Fitzgerald, George Francis] physicist Ireland 1892 He lived 1844 to 1894 and tried to measure electric wavelength. He said that matter moving near light speed contracts in motion direction {Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction} [1892].

Charles K. Harris [Harris, Charles K.] lyricist/composer USA 1892 After the Ball Is Over [1892] He lived 1867 to 1930.

Charles H. Hoyt [Hoyt, Charles H.]/Percy Gaunt [Gaunt, Percy] lyricist/composer USA 1892 Bowery [1892] Gaunt lived 1852 to 1896. Hoyt lived 1859 to 1900.

John D. Rockefeller [Rockefeller, John D.] businessman USA 1892 He lived 1839 to 1915, headed Standard Oil Company, and started Rockefeller Foundation.

Ruggiero Leoncavallo [Leoncavallo, Ruggiero] composer Italy 1892 to 1897 Pagliacci [1892: opera]; La Bohème or The Bohemian [1897] He lived 1858 to 1919.

Jean Sibelius [Sibelius, Jean] composer Finland 1892 to 1903 En Saga [1892]; Finlandia [1899: symphony]; Valse Triste or Sad Waltz [1903: waltz] He lived 1865 to 1957.

Wilhelm Windelband [Windelband, Wilhelm] philosopher Heidelberg, Germany/Baden, Germany 1892 to 1903 Textbook of the History of Philosophy [1892/1903: including History of Ancient Philosophy and History of Western Philosophy] He lived 1848 to 1915, was Hegelian historian, and was of Heidelberg School, Baden School, or Southwest German School. Sciences can generalize {nomothetic science} or individualize {ideographic science}.

Hendrik Lorentz [Lorentz, Hendrik] physicist Netherlands 1892 to 1904 He lived 1853 to 1928. He studied Zeeman effect [1892]. He said that matter moving near light speed contracts in motion direction {Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction, Lorentz} [1892]. He invented motion equations {Lorentz equations of motion} for charged particles in electromagnetic fields [1895], whereas Maxwell's equations are for electromagnetic- field changes. He invented -Lorentz transformations [1904].

William Osler [Osler, William] surgeon USA 1892 to 1905 Principles and Practice of Medicine [1892]; Fixed Period [1905] He lived 1849 to 1919.

Maurice Maeterlinck [Maeterlinck, Maurice] playwright/essayist Belgium 1892 to 1909 Pelléas et Mélisande [1892]; Monna Vanna [1902]; Bluebird [1909] He lived 1862 to 1949.

Vladimir M. Bekhterev [Bekhterev, Vladimir M.] psychologist Russia 1892 to 1913 Nervous Diseases in Separate Observations [1892]; Objective Psychology [1913] He lived 1857 to 1927 and studied token economies [Bekhterev, 1913].

Abbas II pasha Egypt 1892 to 1914 He lived 1874 to 1944.

Abdu'l-Baha philosopher Iran 1892 to 1921 He lived 1844 to 1921 and was Baha'u'llah's oldest son. Baha'u'llah appointed him to lead Bahaism [1892 to 1921].

Sergei [Rachmaninoff, Sergei] composer Russia 1892 to 1936 Prelude in C Sharp Minor [1892]; Second Piano Concerto [1900]; Prelude in G Minor [1901]; Second Symphony [1907]; Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini [1936: symphony] He lived 1873 to 1943.

James M. Black [Black, James M.] lyricist/composer USA 1893 When the Roll Is Called up Yonder [1893] He lived 1856 to 1938.

Paul Laurence Dunbar [Dunbar, Paul Laurence] poet USA 1893 Sympathy [1893] He lived 1872 to 1906.

Vladimir I. Stepanov [Stepanov, Vladimir I.] choreographer Russia 1893 He lived 1866 to 1896 and developed ballet notation.

Francis Thompson [Thompson, Francis] poet England 1893 Hound of Heaven [1893] He lived 1859 to 1907.

Lew Wallace [Wallace, Lew] novelist USA 1893 Ben-Hur [1893] He lived 1827 to 1905.

Edvard [Munch, Edvard] painter Norway 1893 to 1894 Scream [1893]; Madonna [1894] He lived 1863 to 1944.

Stephen Crane [Crane, Stephen] novelist USA 1893 to 1895 Maggie: A Girl of the Streets [1893]; Red Badge of Courage [1895] He lived 1871 to 1900.

Grover Cleveland [Cleveland, Grover] president USA 1893 to 1897 He lived 1837 to 1908, was 24th president upheld the gold standard, broke Pullman strike with army [1894], forced Venezuela boundary dispute to arbitration, and wanted low tariffs but got high tariffs from Congress.

Georg Elias Müller [Müller, Georg Elias] psychologist Germany 1893 to 1900 Experimental Contributions to the Science of Memory [1900: with Alfons Pilzecker] He lived 1850 to 1934 and studied memory consolidation over time [1893: with Alfons Pilzecker].

Aubrey Beardsley [Beardsley, Aubrey] illustrator England 1893 to 1909 Bon-Mots Series or Witticisms Series [1893 to 1897]; Enter Herodias [1893]; Salome [1894]; Mysterious Rose Garden [1895: in The Yellow Book]; Messalina and her Companion [1895]; Portrait of Miss Winifred Emery [1895: in The Yellow Book]; Ave Atque Vale or Hail Brother Farewell or Hail and Farewell [1896: poem]; Antoinette at her Dressing Table [1909] He lived 1872 to 1898.

Englebert Humperdinck [Humperdinck, Englebert] composer Germany 1893 to 1910 Hansel and Gretel [1893: opera]; Die Königskinder or The King's Children [1910: opera] He lived 1854 to 1921.

Giacomo [Puccini, Giacomo] composer Italy 1893 to 1910 Manon Lescaut [1893: opera]; La Boheme [1895: opera]; Tosca [1900: opera]; Madame Butterfly [1904: opera]; Girl of the Golden West [1910: opera] He lived 1858 to 1924.

Katherine Lee Bates [Bates, Katherine Lee]/Samuel A. Ward [Ward, Samuel A.] lyricist/composer USA 1893 to 1913 America the Beautiful [1893 to 1913] Bates lived 1859 to 1929. Ward lived 1847 to 1903.

Émile Durkheim [Durkheim, Émile] sociologist Paris, France 1893 to 1917 Division of Labor in Society [1893]; Rules of Sociological Method [1895]; Suicide: a Study in Sociology [1897]; Primitive Classification [1903]; Elementary Forms of Religious Life [1912]; Professional Ethics and Civic Morals [1917] He lived 1858 to 1917. Suicide happens in individuals dissociated from their groups {anomie, Durkheim}, who lose social rules or have social- rule conflicts. Social cohesion minimizes suicide risk {social cohesion theory}, but communities do not always have values and beliefs adequate to current social problems. Societies have behavior norms. Social institutions and relations, such as language, law, customs, values, traditions, inventions, family, religion, and work, shape individual behavior and beliefs. Religion and morals are main society parts, and all change together. Religion is about the sacred, not magic, supernatural, or spirits. Community shares the sacred. Taboos separate sacred from profane, by special places and days. However, primitive peoples do separate natural and supernatural, and some do not have sacred things. Totem is sacred, has totem symbol, and represents clan. Clans have larger groups {phratry, Durkheim}, and their totems have groups. All things in life have categories, and categories have totems, so all things link to form unity. Totemism is thus the first religion. People feel power in totem {totemic principle}. The power is mana in Melanesia, manitou in North America, orenda, or wakan. The power is not spirit or person. Soul is part of totemic principle and is conscience. Sacrifices are to share in power. Social events and ceremonies concentrate on totem but actually unify clan in shared excitement and joy. Rituals reinforce idea of community. Rituals can be about death {piacular ritual} and allow society to heal. Ancestor worship is about past souls and clans and leads to the idea of gods, which are for and about tribes, not clans. Tribes often have supreme god. Societies have principles not derivable from biology or psychology. Society is a collective of norms and is more than sum of individual effects.

Oswald Külpe [Külpe, Oswald] philosopher/psychologist Würzburg, Germany 1893 to 1922 Basics of Psychology [1893]; Introduction to Philosophy [1898]; Lectures on Psychology [1922] He lived 1862 to 1917 and was at Würzburg School of experimental psychology in Bavaria. Before performing tasks, people prepare for doing any task, prepare for doing particular task, actively recall needed information and possible responses, and select from among possible associations and responses. Mental states such as confidence or doubt have no image, representation, or object {imageless thought, Külpe} and cannot be sensations, images, volitions, or feelings {denkpsychologie} {thought psychology}.

William Butler [Yeats, William Butler] poet England 1893 to 1926 Song of Wandering Aengus [1893]; Long-Legged Fly; Responsibilities [1914]; Second Coming [1919]; Sailing to Byzantium [1926] He lived 1865 to 1939 and was Symbolist.

William Bateson [Bateson, William] biologist England 1894 Materials for the Study of Variation [1894] He lived 1861 to 1926 and invented the word genetics for heredity study. Genes carry genetic information and are in chromosomes. New species come from repeated-body-segment structure and number changes. Such modifications can lead to similarity with existing part {homeosis, Bateson}. Parts can have jumps. For example, upper thoracic vertebrae can have no ribs or lower cervical vertebrae can have ribs.

Anton Bruckner [Bruckner, Anton] composer Austria 1894 Ninth Symphony [1894] He lived 1824 to 1896 and composed nine symphonies and string quartet.

Gabriele d'Annunzio [d'Annunzio, Gabriele] writer Italy 1894 Triumph of Death [1894] He lived 1863 to 1879.

Vincent d'Indy [d'Indy, Vincent] musician France 1894 He lived 1851 to 1931 and founded the Schola Cantorum early-music school [1894] in Paris as alternative to the Paris Conservatory.

Arthur Evans [Evans, Arthur] scientist England 1894 He lived 1851 to 1941. He discovered Minoan palace at Knossos [1894] and restored it somewhat.

Joe Hayden [Hayden, Joe]/Theodore Mertz [Mertz, Theodore] composer USA 1894 Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight or Hot Times (In the Old Town Tonight) [1894]

Charles Lawlor [Lawlor, Charles]/James Blake [Blake, James] composer USA 1894 Sidewalks of New York or East Side, West Side [1894] Lawlor lived [1852 to 1925].

Pierre Louys [Louys, Pierre] writer France 1894 Chansons de Bilitis or Songs of Bilitis [1894] He lived 1870 to 1925.

Thomas Stieltjes [Stieltjes, Thomas] mathematician Netherlands 1894 Researches on continuous fractions [1894] He lived 1856 to 1894 and invented Stieltjes integral.

Kazimierz Twardowski [Twardowski, Kazimierz] philosopher Poland 1894 On the Content and Object of Presentation [1894] He lived 1866 to 1938 and was Brentano's student. Phenomenon has content and object. The object of thought is not in the thought, which has different content type. All thoughts are about objects, but objects do not have to exist. Actions differ from products.

Charles L. Van Baar [Van Baar, Charles L.] composer USA 1894 Yale Society Two-Step [1894]

Frank Wedekind [Wedekind, Frank] writer Germany 1894 to 1895 Pandora´s Box: A Monstre Tragedy [1894: in the Lulu cycle]; Earth Spirit [1895: in the Lulu cycle] He lived 1864 to 1918.

Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro [Ricci-Curbastro, Gregorio] mathematician Italy 1894 to 1900 Methods of calculating absolute differentials and their applications [1900: with Levi-Civita] He lived 1853 to 1925 and studied absolute differential calculus [1894]. He started tensors, spinors, invariance, covariant, contravariant, version orientation-entanglement relation, and bivector wedge product.

Louis Lumiere [Lumiere, Louis]/Auguste Lumiere [Lumiere, Auguste] director France 1894 to 1903 sprocket holes in film strips; cinématographe [1894]; public film showing [1895]; Autochrome Lumière [1903: color photography] Louis lived 1864 to 1948. Auguste lived 1862 to 1954.

Santiago Ramon y [Ramon y Cajal, Santiago] anatomist Spain 1894 to 1904 Textbook of the Human and Vertebrate Nervous System [1894 to 1904] He lived 1852 to 1934 and studied neurons and brain microscopic structure. Nerve signal goes from neuron axon to next-neuron dendrite.

Alfred Dreyfus [Dreyfus, Alfred] trial France 1894 to 1906 He lived 1859 to 1935 and was French army officer. He had a German and Jewish background, so a faction accused him of treason for passing secret documents, and a court convicted him [1894] {Dreyfus Affair}. His brother reopened case [1897], which split France for nine years into military, royalist, Catholic, republican, socialist, and anti-cleric factions. The state cleared him later [1906]. Dreyfus Affair spurred church and state separation.

Nicholas II czar Russia 1894 to 1917 He lived 1868 to 1917, was Romanov, and tried to keep the peace at Hague Conference. He lost Russo-Japanese War [1905] and then faced Revolution of 1905, which established legislature or Duma. He blocked Duma with his premier Stolypin but allowed some land reform. He led army in World War I. Rasputin came to control his family. Revolutionaries killed him after Russian Revolution [1917].

Charles Dodgson [Dodgson, Charles] or Lewis Carroll [Carroll, Lewis] mathematician England 1895 What the Tortoise Said to Achilles [1895] He lived 1832 to 1898 and studied symbolic logic. Assuming inference rule is not the same as assuming conditional statement.

Guglielmo Marconi [Marconi, Guglielmo] physicist/inventor Italy 1895 radio [1895] He lived 1874 to 1937 and invented wireless communication telegraphy, radio [1895], filters, amplifiers, and tuners {radio, Marconi}.

Albert A. Michelson [Michelson, Albert A.] physicist USA 1895 He lived 1852 to 1931 and proved light speed is constant [1895].

John F. Palmer [Palmer, John F.] or Jack Palmer [Palmer, Jack]/Charles B. Ward [Ward, Charles B.] composer USA 1895 Band Played On [1895] Ward lived 1865 to 1917.

Wilhelm Roentgen [Roentgen, Wilhelm] chemist/physicist Germany 1895 He lived 1845 to 1923 and discovered x-rays [1895].

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec [Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de] painter France 1895 At the Moulin Rouge [1895] He lived 1864 to 1901.

James Mark Baldwin [Baldwin, James Mark] sociologist USA 1895 to 1896 Mental Development in the Child and the Race [1895]; Consciousness and Evolution [1896] He lived 1861 to 1934. People behave in different ways in the presence of others {social facilitation}. People can acquire knowledge and build it into structure by adding more knowledge {genetic epistemology}. Children learn to differentiate knower and known, in both themselves and others, and to reintegrate such knowledge. Infants do not differentiate between subjects and objects or self and others {adualism}. They learn by observation and imitation to see other behavior {projective behavior}, then do it and feel it {subjective behavior}, and then infer it in others {ejective behavior}. Consciousness structure develops by this process until about age 13.

Ben Harney [Harney, Ben] composer USA 1895 to 1899 You've Been a Good Old Wagon but You've Done Broke Down [1895]; Mister Johnson Turn Me Loose [1896]; Cake Walk in the Sky [1899] He lived 1871 to 1938.

Antonio Labriola [Labriola, Antonio] philosopher Rome, Italy 1895 to 1901 In Memory of the "Communist Manifesto" [1895]; On Materialist History. Preliminary Elucidation [1896]; Discourse on Socialism and Philosophy [1898]; From One Century to the Next [1901] He lived 1843 to 1904, was of Comtian School, and was Spaventa's student.

Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky [Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin E.] novelist Russia 1895 to 1903 Dreams of the Earth [1895: science fiction novel] He lived 1857 to 1935. He invented equations {rocket equation} [1903] that calculate fuel mass to incrementally increase rocket speed {delta-v} and exhaust velocity.

Hans Driesch [Driesch, Hans] biologist/philosopher France/Jena, Germany 1895 to 1905 History and Theory of Vitalism [1905] He lived 1867 to 1941. Cell from 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, or 16-cell frog embryo can develop into complete adult, which can spawn complete children [1895]. Cell non-material transcendental order moves animal development toward adulthood {entelechy, Driesch}.

Mozzaffar-oddin Shah shah Persia 1895 to 1907 He lived 1853 to 1907, was Qajar, and signed new constitution [1906].

Ramon Valle-Inclan [Valle-Inclan, Ramon] poet/playwright Spain 1895 to 1920 Divine Words; Silver Face; Femeninas or Women [1895]; Sonatas [1902 to 1905]; Aromas de leyenda or Aroma of a Legend [1907: poem]; Águila de blasón or Eagle of Honor [1907: play]; La Marquesa Rosalinda [1913: play in verse]; La pipa de Kif or Marijuana Pipe [1919: poem]; Luces de Bohemia or Bohemian Lights [1920] He lived 1866 to 1936.

Herbert George Wells [Wells, Herbert George] or H. G. Wells [Wells, H. G.] novelist England 1895 to 1920 Time Machine [1895: science fiction novel]; War of the Worlds [1898: science fiction novel]; Outline of History [1920] He lived 1866 to 1946.

Sigmund [Freud, Sigmund] psychoanalyst Austria 1895 to 1939 Studies in Hysteria [1895: with Marcel Breuer]; Project for a Scientific Psychology [1898 to 1899]; Interpretation of Dreams [1900]; Psychopathology of Everyday Life [1901]; Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious [1905]; Three Contributions to the Theory of Sexuality [1906]; Five Lectures on Psycho-Analysis [1909]; Totem and Taboo [1913]; Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis [1915 to 1917]; Beyond the Pleasure Principle [1920]; Ego and the Id [1923]; Question of Lay Analysis [1926]; Civilization and Its Discontents [1930]; New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis [1933]; Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety [1936]; Moses and Monotheism [1939]; Outline of Psycho- Analysis [1939] He lived 1856 to 1939. He invented a psychodynamic topographic mental model [1900], with rational conscious awareness, rational preconscious memories, and irrational unconscious desires. Later [1926 to 1933], he invented a psychodynamic structural model, with id ("it" in German), ego ("I" in German), and superego ("above-me" in German). Dreams have meaning, can be about infantile wishes and thoughts, and have understandable symbols. Dream has images {manifest dream content}. Dreams have underlying ideas {latent dream content}, which are wishes, memories, and fantasies about emotional reactions that happened in early infancy. Latent content transforms into manifest content by condensation, displacement, dramatization, and representation, followed by secondary elaboration or revision {dream work}. Dream work tries to evade latent-content censorship by choosing acceptable manifest content. Dream transforms many or separated ideas into one image {condensation, dream}. Dream can attribute emotional significance to unimportant object {displacement, dream}. Dream can transpose thought into imagery. Dream can represent abstract ideas metaphorically by concrete images {representation, dream}. Dreams further distort or elaborate after waking {secondary elaboration}. Symbolic representations {primal symbolism} can be consistent in human dreams. Such symbols always have censored meaning, independent of manifest content, for example, symbols for male and female genitalia. Repetitive dreams reenact traumatic episode in recent experience. In diagnosing hysteria, he used free association to reveal unconscious desires and used proper interpretation to find hysteria causes. Neurosis can result as people actively try not to remember painful, distressing, or stressful events or try to repress desires, typically sexual desires {libido, Freud}, and become unconscious of their motivations {repression, Freud}. Desires begin in infantile sexual molestation {seduction theory}, incestual feelings, or sexual desire {polymorphous perversity}. However, many supposed experiences are imaginary fantasies that started in early years, even in infancy. Morals block instinctual motivations, causing conflict, which causes repression of motive into unconscious. Mind can repress memories, fantasies, and thoughts associated with painful, embarrassing, or anxious emotions. Mind breaks links between ideas and emotions, but mind cannot repress emotions, which build up unless released. From fear of punishment, drives cause anxiety. Repression causes desires to express in unusual or pathological ways. Repression of bad memories becomes available after age five. Repression causes amnesia about childhood. In neuroses, instinctual energy expresses itself in hysteria. If people can perceive what the ways actually mean, using analysis supplied by trained person, pathology can stop {psychoanalysis, Freud}. Revealing underlying emotion and drive can treat hysteria {abreaction, Freud}. He treated hysteria using hypnosis. Hypnosis can reenact experiences that cause hysteria, to express emotions freely {catharsis, emotion}. In psychoanalysis, hypnosis involves identification. Humor is mixture of incongruity, relief, and conflict theories [1905]. Sexual development starts in infancy with oral phase, then anal phase, and then sexual phase. Development can stop at any stage. Young children love opposite-sex parent and hate same-sex parent {Oedipus complex, Freud}. Child development can stop if rivalry with same-sex parent does not resolve through identification with parent. Child development can stop if sexual feelings for opposite-sex parent do not transfer to sexual partner outside family. Relationship between mother and child before this development stage affects oedipal impulses. People start with unconscious instinctual energy {id}, for needs, drives, impulses, and emotions, which uses no logic, ignores external reality, and depends on the pleasure principle. They develop rational conscious mental structures and processes {ego, Freud}, which reject id, from id and adapt to maximize pleasure and minimize unpleasant. They consciously learn morality, social values, and unconscious identification with parents and their values, which cause conscience, shame, guilt, and internal standard that regulates moral conduct {super-ego} {ego-ideal}, which represses bad thoughts and gets energy from id. Superego is part of ego and develops before age five or six {oedipal period}. Judgments and prohibitions internalize {introjection, Freud} in early childhood, before child is able to question them. Feelings of hostility towards either or both parents neutralize. Conscience originates in identifying with parents and repudiating childhood. Later, teachers, admired friends, and social and moral education influence superego. Successful personality development {ego strength} depends on defenses against instinctual drives and on adaptations to social situations. People can learn to accept society external authority more than their internal drives and values {adaptation, society}. Unconscious mind contains repressed fantasies, memories, and thoughts, which can be self-destructive. Unconscious impulses {death-wish} can wish to end individual existence. People have instinctual sexual-drive libido. Sexual energy builds up in body with unmet biological needs {cathexis}. Pleasure results when biological-need gratification discharges stored energy {pleasure principle}. Frustrating gratification builds stored energy {hypercathexis} and causes unpleasure. Failure to protect peripheral receptors from excessive or prolonged stimulation can cause unpleasure. Libido can channel into socially acceptable behavior {sublimation, desire}. Theology Eros is life instincts of sex libido, hunger, and thirst. Thanatos is death instincts of aggression, self-destruction, and sadism. Totems represent father, in oedipal conflict. Taboos represent, at first, renunciating incest. Religion involves love and fear of God. God is like father to religious believers, who are like his children. People wish this state to be true and so have illusion.

Émile Borel [Borel, Émile] mathematician Paris, France 1895 to 1946 Risk [1913]; Space and time [1921]; Treatise on calculation of probability and its applications [1924 to 1934]; Paradoxes of infinity [1946] He lived 1871 to 1956 and studied functions using series and measure theory [1895], invented Heine-Borel theorem, and helped develop intuitionism.

Henri Becquerel [Becquerel, Henri] physicist France 1896 He lived 1852 to 1908 and studied radioactivity [1896].

William Jennings Bryan [Bryan, William Jennings] populist USA 1896 He lived 1860 to 1925 and gave the "Cross of Gold" speech in defense of free silver coinage. Later, he defended religious fundamentalism in Scopes "monkey trial".

William Kennedy-Laurie Dickson [Dickson, William Kennedy-Laurie]/Herman Casler [Casler, Herman]/Henry Marvin [Marvin, Henry]/Elias Koopman [Koopman, Elias] inventor USA 1896 Biograph projector Dickson lived 1860 to 1935. Casler lived 1867 to 1939. Biograph projector showed motion pictures on a large screen.

J. H. Ellis [Ellis, J. H.] composer USA 1896 Remus Takes the Cake [1896]

Fanny Farmer [Farmer, Fanny] cook USA 1896 She lived 1857 to 1915 and wrote first household cookbook [1896].

Paul Emil Flechsig [Flechsig, Paul Emil] biologist Leipzig, Germany 1896 Brain and Mind [1896] He lived 1847 to 1929. Cortex association areas myelinate after birth, while sense and motor areas myelinate before birth.

Umberto Giordano [Giordano, Umberto] composer USA 1896 La Mamma Morta or Dead Mother [1896: in Andrea Chenier. also in the film Philadelphia, 1993, sung by Peter Gabriel] He lived 1867 to 1948.

A. E. Housman [Housman, A. E.] poet England 1896 Shropshire Lad [1896: poems]; When I Was One-and-Twenty [1896: in A Shropshire Lad]; Be Still My Soul [1896: in A Shropshire Lad]; To an Athlete Dying Young [1896: in A Shropshire Lad]; On Wenlock Edge [1896: in A Shropshire Lad]; Bredon Hill [1896: in A Shropshire Lad]; Loveliest of Trees [1896: in A Shropshire Lad] He lived 1859 to 1936.

Alfred Marks [Marks, Alfred] composer USA 1896 Sambo at the Cake Walk [1896]

Maude Nugent [Nugent, Maude] lyricist/composer USA 1896 Sweet Rosie O'Grady [1896] Nugent lived 1877 to 1958.

Katherine E. Purvis [Purvis, Katherine E.]/James M. Black [Black, James M.] lyricist/composer USA 1896 When the Saints Go Marching In [1896] Black lived 1856 to 1938.

Henryk Sienkiewicz [Sienkiewicz, Henryk] novelist Poland 1896 Quo Vadis or Whither Thou Goest [1896] He lived 1846 to 1916.

George M. Stratton [Stratton, George M.] psychologist USA 1896 to 1897 Some preliminary experiments on vision without inversion of retinal image [1896] He lived 1865 to 1957. Distorting lenses make background appear to move at first, but soon users learn and background becomes stationary [1896 to 1897].

Joseph Jastrow [Jastrow, Joseph] psychologist Poland 1896 to 1900 Community of Ideas of Men and Women [1896]; Fact and Fable in Psychology [1900] He lived 1863 to 1944 and invented duck-rabbit illusion [1899], which relates to aspect perception using concepts.

Fatima belly dancer Chicago, Illinois 1896 to 1901 Danse du Ventre or Dance of the Wind [1896: film in Egyptian style]; Fatima, Muscle Dancer [1896: film]; Fatima's Coochee-Coochee Dance [1901: film] She performed at Chicago World's Fair.

Charles Booth [Booth, Charles] sociologist England 1896 to 1903 Life and Labour of the People in London [1896 to 1903] He lived 1840 to 1916.

Rubén [Darío, Rubén] poet Nicaragua 1896 to 1905 Prosas Profanas or Profane Proses [1896: poems]; Azul or Blue [1905: collected works]; Cantos de Vida y Esperanza or Songs of Life and Hope [1905: poems] He lived 1867 to 1916 and began modernismo in Latin America [1899].

Alexander Scriabin [Scriabin, Alexander] composer Russia 1896 to 1910 Piano Concerto [1896]; Symphony No. 3 or Divine Poem [1903]; Poem of Ecstasy [1907]; Prometheus [1910] He lived 1872 to 1915.

Max Beerbohm [Beerbohm, Max] essayist/caricaturist/critic England 1896 to 1912 Works of Max Beerbohm [1896]; Happy Hypocrite [1897]; Zuleika Dobson [1911]; Christmas Garland [1912] He lived 1872 to 1956.

Richard Strauss [Strauss, Richard] composer Germany/Austria 1896 to 1912 Thus Spake Zarathustra [1896: opera]; Don Quixote [1897: opera]; Ein Heldenleben or Life of a Hero [1898: opera]; Till Eulenspiegel [1898: opera]; Don Juan [1889: opera]; Death and Transfiguration [1889: opera]; Salome [1905: opera]; Elektra [1909: opera]; Der Rosenkavalier or Rose Cavalier [1910: opera]; Ariadne auf Naxos [1912: opera] He lived 1864 to 1949 and composed symphonies and operas.

Vilfredo Pareto [Pareto, Vilfredo] economist/sociologist Italy 1896 to 1916 Course of Political Economy [1896 to 1897]; Manual of Political Economy [1906]; Textbook of General Sociology [1916] He lived 1848 to 1923 and studied social stability, talent, and governing class. If people have defined preferences between all good and service pairs, Pareto optimum goods-and-services distribution happens, if no one person can satisfy more preferences while leaving other people the same. Politics People's emotions or beliefs {residues}, of which there are six types, cause actions, which people then justify {derivations}. Residues include need to associate with others, need to maintain social groups, and tendency to combine things.

Paul Valéry [Valéry, Paul] or Ambroise-Paul-Touissaint-Jules Valéry [Valéry, Ambroise-Paul-Touissaint-Jules] poet France 1896 to 1920 La Soirée avec M. Teste or Evening with Mr. Teste [1896]; La Jeune Parque or Yellow Park [1917: long poem]; Le Cimetière marin or Graveyard by the Sea [1920] He lived 1871 to 1945 and was Symbolist.

George Washington [Carver, George Washington] biologist/inventor USA 1896 to 1923 peanut products [1897 to 1930]; crop rotation [1897 to 1930] He lived 1864 to 1943 and developed soil improvements and new peanut, soybean, and cotton uses. He rotated peanuts with cotton.

John Dewey [Dewey, John] philosopher/educator USA 1896 to 1938 Psychology [1887]; Study of Ethics [1894]; Reflex arc concept in psychology [1896]; School and Society [1907]; How We Think [1910]; Democracy and Education [1916]; Human Nature and Conduct [1922]; Experience and Nature [1925 and 1929]; Quest for Certainty [1929]; Art as Experience [1934]; Logic [1938] He lived 1859 to 1952, was pragmatist, and studied social and psychological processes of problem solving and inquiry. In logic, he developed the idea of statement truth based on context {warranted assertibility}. Aesthetics Aesthetics is about consummatory experience and secondary qualities. Education Children should learn by doing practical things and experiments and by having social experiences. In this way, they learn how to solve problems. They can have more equality, with less social division. People learn by doing {theory of inquiry}. Epistemology Inquiry involves having problem in a context, making hypothesis about solution, testing hypothesis in context, refining hypothesis, and retesting. Inquiry is a way of adjusting to environment and is how people unify and order contexts. Inquiry solves problem in context, so people can take proper action for that context. Inquiry can be useful for science, society, and individuals. Testing ideas involves observing effects {instrumentalism, Dewey}. If idea works or is good, people believe it, but only in proper context. Theories give truths only about observable world. Truth is not final, eternal, or perfect but evolves with time and environment. All knowledge can be false {fallibilism, Dewey}. Ethics Human action is for solving psychological and social problems. Through inquiry, people can grow in ability and experience. Means and ends can unify. Metaphysics Human action shapes reality. Reality changes and grows. Politics Experienced empirically derived laws determine political values. Democracy is an experiment to allow people and society to grow stably.

George M. Cohan [Cohan, George M.] composer USA 1896 to 1942 Hot Alley [1896]; Warmest Baby in the Bunch [1896]; Yankee Doodle Dandy or Yankee Doodle Boy [1904]; Little Johnny Jones [1904: musical, including Give My Regards to Broadway and Yankee Doodle Dandy]; Mary [1905]; Mary's a Grand Old Name [1906]; Forty-five Minutes from Broadway [1906]; Grand Old Flag or You're a Grand Old Flag [1906]; George Washington, Jr. [1906: including You're a Grand Old Flag]; Harrigan [1907]; Over There [1917: song]; Yankee Doodle Boy [1942: in the film Yankee Doodle Dandy] He lived 1878 to 1942.

George Santayana [Santayana, George] or Jorge Agustín Nicolás de Santayana [Santayana, Jorge Agustín Nicolás de] philosopher Spain/USA 1896 to 1952 Sense of Beauty [1896]; Sonnets and Other Verses [1896: poems]; Reason in Art [1903]; Life of Reason or the Phases of Human Progress [1906]; Skepticism and Animal Faith [1923]; Realms of Being [1927 to 1940]; Last Puritan [1935: novel]; Realm of Spirit [1940]; Persons and Places [1944 to 1952: autobiography] He lived 1863 to 1952 and was skeptical. Aesthetics Beauty is pleasure in thinking about object and is object quality. Epistemology People unite instinct and reason in a form of common sense. People know only their immediate perceptions. People have faith in them, animal faith. Mind perceives object essences {Critical Realism}. Ethics Religion is myth and untrue but is useful and has poetic beauty. Metaphysics Universe is mechanistic and materialist, but man must have faith in the unknowable, which is outside religion. Politics History realizes God's plan for man's salvation.

Michel Bréal [Bréal, Michel] linguist Paris, France 1897 Essay on Semantics [1897: Metaphors can cause language changes] He lived 1832 to 1915. Metaphors are common.

Cesare Burali-Forti [Burali-Forti, Cesare] mathematician Italy 1897 Question about Transfinite Numbers [1897] He lived 1861 to 1931. Ordinal numbers are well-ordered by definition. Ordinal-number sets must then have a greatest ordinal number. However, the set can be infinite and not have greatest ordinal number. Therefore, infinite ordinal- number sets cannot exist {Burali-Forti paradox}. Ordinal-number sets are higher-ordinal-number-set subsets.

Benny David [David, Benny]/Philip Braham [Braham, Philip] lyricist/composer USA 1897 Walkin' for Dat Cake [1897]

William H. Krell [Krell, William H.] composer USA 1897 Mississippi Rag [1897]

Arthur Lamb [Lamb, Arthur]/Henry W. Petrie [Petrie, Henry W.] lyricist/composer USA 1897 Asleep in the Deep [1897] Petrie lived 1857 to 1925.

Gustave Le Bon [Le Bon, Gustave] sociologist Paris, France 1897 Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind [1897] He lived 1841 to 1931.

Stéphane Malarmé [Malarmé, Stéphane] poet France 1897 One Toss of the Dice Never Will Abolish Chance [1897] He lived 1842 to 1898 and was Symbolist.

Kerry Mills [Mills, Kerry] composer USA 1897 At a Georgia Campmeeting [1897: cakewalk] He lived 1869 to 1948.

Ted Morse [Morse, Ted] composer USA 1897 Coontown Capers [1897: cakewalk] Morse lived 1873 to 1924.

Johnson Oatman, Jr. [Oatman, Jr., Johnson]/Edwin O. Exell [Exell, Edwin O.] lyricist/composer USA 1897 Count Your Blessings [1897] Oatman lived 1856 to 1922.

Bram Stoker [Stoker, Bram] novelist England 1897 Dracula [1897: horror novel about vampire] He lived 1847 to 1912.

Vilhelm Erik Svedelius [Svedelius, Vilhelm Erik] linguist Sweden 1897 Analysis of Language [1897] He lived 1816 to 1889. Event and relation communications differ in meaning and grammar. Relation communications nest and invert phrases. Event communications can use word sequences in event order, with no transformations.

J. R. Todd [Todd, J. R.] composer USA 1897 Shuffling Coon [1897]

Ned Wayburn [Wayburn, Ned]/Stanley Whiting [Whiting, Stanley] composer USA 1897 Syncopated Sandy [1897] Wayburn lived 1874 to 1942.

Sigbert J. M. Ganser [Ganser, Sigbert J. M.] psychologist Germany 1897 to 1898 On a peculiar hysterical state [1898] He lived 1853 to 1931 and discovered prisoners who imitated psychotic behavior {Ganser syndrome} [1897 to 1898].

William McKinley [McKinley, William] president USA 1897 to 1901 He lived 1843 to 1901. 25th president insisted on the gold standard and worked for business interests with Mark Hanna, Republican leader. After USS Maine sank in Havana, Cuba [1898], he instigated Spanish-American War, though Spain wanted to avoid war. Spanish fleet lost at Manila Bay and later near Cuba. He obtained Hawaii. He started Open Door Policy in China, allowing no foreign intervention, just trading. Currency Act [1900] ensured the gold standard. Someone assassinated him.

Theodore Lipps [Lipps, Theodore] philosopher/psychologist Germany 1897 to 1903 Empathy, Inner Imitation and Sense-Feelings [1890 to 1910]; Foundation of Aesthetics [1903] He lived 1851 to 1914. People can have a feeling of belonging to, and associating with, something else {einfuhlung} {empathy, aesthetics} [1897]. Empathy explains aesthetics.

Arthur Pryor [Pryor, Arthur] lyricist/composer USA 1897 to 1905 Ye Boston Tea Party [1897]; Whistler and His Dog [1905] He lived 1870 to 1942.

Alfred Stieglitz [Stieglitz, Alfred] photographer USA 1897 to 1907 Hand Camera: its present importance [1897] He lived 1864 to 1946.

Havelock Ellis [Ellis, Havelock] psychologist USA 1897 to 1910 Psychology of Sex [1897 to 1910] He lived 1859 to 1939. Psychotherapy can link cognitions and emotions, so thoughts can control emotions {rational- emotive therapy, Ellis}. Therapist argues and discusses {insightful countersuggestion, Ellis}, to attack patient's irrational beliefs.

Henri Rousseau [Rousseau, Henri] painter France 1897 to 1910 Sleeping Gypsy [1897]; Exotic Landscape [1908]; Dream [1910] He lived 1844 to 1910.

David Hilbert [Hilbert, David] mathematician Germany 1897 to 1912 Report on Numbers [1897]; Foundations of Geometry [1899]; 23 Unsolved Problems of Mathematics [1900: at International Congress of Mathematicians, Paris]; Elements and Principles of Mathematics [1912] He lived 1862 to 1943 and studied formal systems, proof theory, metamathematics, and Erlanger Program. He studied real numbers using connection, calculation, order, and continuity axioms. He invented Hilbert space and Hilbert- Schmidt theorem. He posed problems {Hilbert program} for 20th century mathematicians to solve [1900]. His tenth problem {Entscheidungsproblem} asked if theorem-proving algorithms are possible. Integral equations and complete orthogonal-system theories relate. Epistemology Mathematics can depend on proofs using symbol language {formalism, Hilbert}. Mathematics branches can be formal and studied at higher level {metamathematics, Hilbert}, but do not need infinitely high level. Meaningful mathematics is about finite objects and relations. The infinite hotel {Hilbert hotel} has an infinite number of rooms, so it has infinitely many vacancies, no matter how many people.

Joseph Conrad [Conrad, Joseph] or Josef Korzeniowski [Korzeniowski, Joseph] novelist England 1897 to 1915 Nigger of the "Narcissus" [1897]; Youth [1898: story]; Lord Jim [1900]; Typhoon [1901]; Heart of Darkness [1902]; Nostromo [1904]; Secret Sharer [1910]; Under Western Eyes [1911]; Victory [1915] He lived 1857 to 1924.

Edwin Arlington Robinson [Robinson, Edwin Arlington] poet USA 1897 to 1921 Luke Havergall [1897]; Richard Cory [1916]; Man against the Sky [1916]; Miniver Cheevy [1921] He lived 1869 to 1935.

George Bernard Shaw [Shaw, George Bernard] playwright England 1897 to 1925 Devil's Disciple [1897]; Candida [1898]; Caesar and Cleopatra [1901]; Man and Superman [1903: includes the scene Don Juan in Hell]; Major Barbara [1905]; Doctor's Dilemma [1906]; Androcles and the Lion [1913]; Pygmalion [1916]; Heartbreak House [1919]; Back to Methuselah [1921]; Arms and the Man [1924]; Saint Joan [1925] He lived 1856 to 1950.

Charles Scott Sherrington [Sherrington, Charles Scott] physiologist Britain 1897 to 1946 Synapse [1897]; Integrative Action of the Nervous System [1906]; Mammalian Physiology [1919]; Reflex Activity in the Spinal Cord [1932: with Richard S. Creed]; Man on His Nature [1942]; Endeavor of Jean Fernel [1946] He lived 1857 to 1952, named neuron junctions "synapses", showed that transmission slowed there, and studied antagonistic-muscle reciprocal innervation. He studied peripheral and spinal reflexes, including dog scratch reflex, and relations between reflexes and behavior patterns. He studied sense exteroceptors, interoceptors, and proprioceptors. Exteroceptive distance receptors detect movements and are at animal leading edges. Distance receptors receive stimuli far from physical source. Brains can build space- time relations to represent environment. Interoceptive receptors receive stimuli where physical sources contact body surface. Proprioceptive receptors receive stimuli from inside body. Precurrent receptors initiate behavior, and non-precurrent receptor activity stops behavior. Behavior relies on body hierarchical spatio-temporal subsystems that evolution built and linked for survival. Body-limit perception affects behavior. Organisms evolved to allow more exploration and autonomy, as distance receptors and brain integration evolved. Organisms had more prey and predator knowledge. Anticipatory responses extended control over space and time, so reaction time increased and immediate receptor responses lasted longer.

Theodor Herzl [Herzl, Theodor] founder Austria 1898 He lived 1860 to 1904 and started Zionist Movement to create Jewish state in Palestine.

William O'Hare [O'Hare, William] composer USA 1898 Levee Revels [1898]

Chauncey Olcott [Olcott, Chauncey] composer USA 1898 My Wild Irish Rose [1898] He lived 1858 to 1932.

Edmond Rostand [Rostand, Edmond] playwright France 1898 Chanticleer; de Bergerac [1898] He lived 1868 to 1918 and was Romantic.

Marie-Thérèse de Subligny [Subligny, Marie-Thérèse de] ballerina France 1898 She lived 1666 to 1736.

Wilhelm Wien [Wien, Wilhelm] physicist Germany 1898 He lived 1864 to 1928 and studied black body radiation [1898].

Gabriel Tarde [Tarde, Gabriel] sociologist Paris, France 1898 to 1904 Social Laws [1898]; Outline of Sociology [1904] He lived 1843 to 1904.

Georges Melies [Melies, Georges] director France 1898 to 1912 La Caverne maudite or Cave of the Demon [1898: first double exposure]; Un Homme de tête or A Man's Head [1898: first split-screen shot]; Cendrillon [1899: first dissolve]; Cinderella [1900]; Cabinet of Dr. Caligari [1919: first horror film] He lived 1861 to 1938 and used double exposure, stop action, speed changes, animation, dissolves, and fades.

Leo Frobenius [Frobenius, Leo] historian Halle, Germany 1898 to 1913 African Masks and Secret Societies [1898]; Voice of Africa [1913] He lived 1873 to 1938.

Scott [Joplin, Scott] composer/pianist USA 1898 to 1914 Swipsy [1898]; Banjo Rag Time [1899]; Maple Leaf Rag [1899]; Entertainer [1902: lyrics by John Brimhall]; Cascades [1904]; Paragon Rag [1909]; New Rag [1912]; Magnetic Rag [1914] He lived 1868 to 1917. Ragtime.

Vicente Ibanez [Ibanez, Vicente] or Vicente Blasco Ibáñez [Ibáñez, Vicente Blasco] writer Spain 1898 to 1918 La barraca or The Cabin [1898]; Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse [1918] He lived 1867 to 1928.

Rainer Maria [Rilke, Rainer Maria] poet Germany 1898 to 1923 Book of Images [1898 to 1906: four poem books]; Tale of Love and Death of Cornet Christopher Rilke [1906]; Duinese Elegies [1922]; Sonnets to Orpheus [1923] He lived 1875 to 1926.

Constantin Stanislavsky [Stanislavsky, Constantin] actor Moscow, Russia 1898 to 1936 Actor Prepares; Building a Character; Creating a Role; My Life in Art [1924] He lived 1863 to 1938. He taught actors to interpret role subjectively {method acting}, rather use stylizations. He cofounded, with Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, the Moscow Art Theater [1898].

Jane Addams [Addams, Jane] social worker Chicago, Illinois 1899 She lived 1860 to 1935 and founded Hull House, settlement house.

Giovanni Capurro [Capurro, Giovanni]/Eduardo di Capua [Capua, Eduardo di] lyricist/composer Italy 1899 O Sole Mio or My Sunshine [1899] Capurro lived 1825 to 1920. Capua lived 1865 to 1917.

Will Marion Cook [Cook, Will Marion] composer USA 1899 Darktown is Out Tonight [1899] He lived 1869 to 1944.

Charles N. Daniels [Daniels, Charles N.] composer USA 1899 You Tell Me Your Dreams [1899] He lived 1878 to 1943.

Sam Walter Foss [Foss, Sam Walter] poet USA 1899 House by the Side of the Road [1899]; Songs of War and Peace [1899] He lived 1858 to 1911.

Francis Gotch [Gotch, Francis] biochemist England 1899 He lived 1853 to 1913 and studied nerve impulse, which has refractory period [1899].

Harry Guy [Guy, Harry] lyricist/composer USA 1899 Belle of the Creoles [1899]

Joseph Howard [Howard, Joseph]/Ida Emerson [Emerson, Ida] composer USA 1899 Hello My Baby [1899: perhaps, composed by Maxwell Marcuse] Howard lived 1878 to 1961.

Louis-Philippe Laurendeau [Laurendeau, Louis-Philippe] composer Canada/USA 1899 Daphne Schottische [1899] He lived 1861 to 1916.

Maurice Levi [Levi, Maurice] composer USA 1899 Ethiopian Mardi Gras [1899: cakewalk]

Edwin Markham [Markham, Edwin] poet USA 1899 Man with the Hoe [1899] He lived 1852 to 1940.

Pee Wee Russell [Russell, Pee Wee] composer USA 1899 Happy Mose [1899: cakewalk] He lived 1906 to 1969.

Alfred von Schlieffen [Schlieffen, Alfred von] field marshal Germany 1899 He lived 1833 to 1912. He formulated a military plan (Schlieffen Plan) to go through Belgium to Paris and defeat France in 42 days.

Jean Schwartz [Schwartz, Jean] composer USA 1899 Dusky Dudes [1899: cakewalk] He lived 1878 to 1956.

Frederick Winslow Taylor [Taylor, Frederick Winslow] engineer/inventor USA 1899 Taylor-White process [1899: heat-treated steel tools, with Maunsel White] He lived 1856 to 1915 {Taylor-White process}.

Theodore Moses Tobani [Tobani, Theodore Moses] composer USA 1899 Hearts and Flowers [1899] He lived 1855 to 1933.

Edward Elgar [Elgar, Edward] composer England 1899 to 1901 Enigma Variations [1899: symphony]; Pomp and Circumstance [1901: March No. 1] He lived 1857 to 1934.

Frank Norris [Norris, Frank] novelist USA 1899 to 1901 Blix [1899]; Pit [1903]; Octopus [1901] He lived 1870 to 1902.

Thorstein Veblen [Veblen, Thorstein] economist USA 1899 to 1904 Theory of the Leisure Class [1899]; Theory of Business Enterprise [1904] He lived 1857 to 1929.

Harriet Brooks [Brooks, Harriet] physicist Canada 1899 to 1907 She lived 1876 to 1933 and studied radioactivity and element transmutation [1899 to 1907]. She discovered radon and nuclei recoil after radioactivity.

Shelford Bidwell [Bidwell, Shelford] barrister Britain 1899 to 1909 Curiosities of Light and Vision [1899] He lived 1848 to 1909. Alternating flashing lights can make afterimages {Bidwell's ghost}.

Charles L. Johnson [Johnson, Charles L.] composer USA 1899 to 1909 Doc Brown's Cakewalk [1899]; Dill Pickles Rag [1906: two-step]; Tabasco [1909: rag time waltz] He lived 1876 to 1950.

Anna [Pavlova, Anna] ballerina Russia 1899 to 1909 Autobiography [1922: book] She lived 1881 to 1931.

Harry Houdini [Houdini, Harry] magician/escape artist USA 1899 to 1926 He lived 1874 to 1926.

Arnold Schönberg [Schönberg, Arnold] or Arnold Schoenberg [Schoenberg, Arnold] composer Austria 1899 to 1942 Verklarte Nacht or Transfigured Night [1899]; Erwartung or Expectation [1909]; Five Orchestral Pieces [1910]; Herzgewächse or Heart Growth [1911]; Pierrot Lunaire [1912]; Accompaniment to a Cinematographic Scene [1930]; Moses and Aron [1933]; Suite for Piano [1924]; Ode to Napoleon Buonaparte [1942] He lived 1874 to 1951 and used tone-row technique.

George Edward Moore [Moore, George Edward] philosopher Britain 1899 to 1953 Nature of Judgment [1899]; Principia Ethica or Ethical Principles [1903]; Ethics [1912]; Philosophical Studies [1922]; Some Main Problems of Philosophy [1953] He lived 1873 to 1958, was neo-realist, and developed criteria for meaning based on common sense. Epistemology Analysis of true common-sense propositions finds equivalent concepts and propositions. Experience and its object are two separate things, and object is not mental. Ethics Goodness is basic, simple, unanalyzable, non-natural quality. Good does not depend on human reason, emotions, God, or nature. The word "good" has no definition in terms of natural qualities, because natural qualities are good or bad {naturalistic fallacy}. Confusing the good with particular objects or traits is invalid. Wrong and right are indefinable, because they are fundamental.

Robert Sessions Woodworth [Woodworth, Robert Sessions] psychologist USA 1899 to 1954 On the Accuracy of Voluntary Movement [1899]; Dynamic Psychology [1918]; Contemporary Schools of Psychology [1931]; Experimental Psychology [1938 and 1954] He lived 1869 to 1962, measured individual differences, and invented objective emotional-stability tests.

L. Frank Baum [Baum, L. Frank] or Lyman Frank Baum [Baum, Lyman Frank] writer USA 1900 Wonderful Wizard of Oz [1900] He lived 1856 to 1919.

Will Cobb [Cobb, Will]/Gus Edwards [Edwards, Gus] composer USA 1900 I Can't Tell Why I Love You, But I Do [1900] Cobb lived 1876 to 1930. Edwards lived 1879 to 1945.

Arthur Gillespie [Gillespie, Arthur]/Herbert Dillea [Dillea, Herbert] lyricist/composer USA 1900 Absence Makes the Heart Grow Fonder [1900]

Alexander Gorsky [Gorsky, Alexander] choreographer Russia 1900 Don Quixote [1900] He lived 1871 to 1924.

Abe Holzmann [Holzmann, Abe] composer USA 1900 Hunky Dory [1900: cakewalk] He lived 1874 to 1939.

Arthur Lamb [Lamb, Arthur]/Harry Von Tilzer [Von Tilzer, Harry] lyricist/composer USA 1900 Bird in a Gilded Cage or She's Only a Bird in a Gilded Cage [1900] Von Tilzer lived 1872 to 1946.

J. B. Lampe [Lampe, J. B.] or Ribe Danmark [Danmark, Ribe] composer USA 1900 Creole Belles [1900: 2-Step] He lived 1869 to 1929.

Thomas Lipton [Lipton, Thomas] businessman Scotland/England 1900 He lived 1850 to 1931 and was tea merchant and started America's Cup sailboat racing.

Jacques Loeb [Loeb, Jacques] biologist Germany 1900 Comparative Physiology of the Brain and Comparative Psychology [1900] He lived 1859 to 1924. Simple animals have forced tropism movements. Animals move towards stimulus source {positive tropism} or away from it {negative tropism}. Simple animals have paired receptors, such as eyes, which send signals to paired muscles, such as legs. When both receptors send equal signals, tension balances between both muscles, and animal moves in straight lines {tonus hypothesis}. However, tonus hypothesis is not true for simple or higher animals.

Peter C. Lutkin [Lutkin, Peter C.] lyricist/composer USA 1900 Lord Bless You And Keep You [1900] He lived 1858 to 1931.

Alice Mack [Mack, Alice]/Andrew Mack [Mack, Andrew] composer USA 1900 Heart of My Heart or Story of the Rose [1900]

Carry Nation [Nation, Carry] temperance worker USA 1900 She lived 1846 to 1911 and used hatchet to destroy saloons.

Frederick Edward Weatherly [Weatherly, Frederick Edward]/George Petrie [Petrie, George] lyricist/composer USA 1900 Danny Boy [1900: music is Londonderry Air of 1855] Weatherly lived 1848 to 1929.

Bert Williams [Williams, Bert]/George Walker [Walker, George] composer USA 1900 Voodoo Man [1900]; Blackville Strutters Ball [1900] Williams lived 1874 to 1922. Walker lived 1873 to 1911.

Wilhelm Ostwald [Ostwald, Wilhelm] chemist Germany 1900 to 1902 He lived 1853 to 1932, studied chemical equilibrium [1900], reaction rates, and color, and invented Ostwald process for nitric acid [1902].

Max Planck [Planck, Max] physicist Berlin, Germany 1900 to 1906 Theory of Heat Radiation [1906] He lived 1858 to 1947 and found Plank's constant [1900]. He studied blackbody radiation, radiation absorption and emission quantum theory, and electromagnetic radiation energy. Light has energy proportional to frequency. Blackbody radiation intensity is proportional to temperature, because many oscillators with different, discrete frequencies cause radiation [1900]. Sum of frequency intensities is not infinite.

Georg Simmel [Simmel, Georg] philosopher Berlin, Germany 1900 to 1911 Philosophy of Money [1900]; Sociology [1908]; Philosophical Culture [1911] He lived 1858 to 1918, was Relativist, and studied event social interactions.

Andrei A. Markov [Markov, Andrei A.] mathematician Russia 1900 to 1913 He lived 1856 to 1922, invented probability theory using continued fraction [1900], and invented Markov process [1913].

Billy Sunday [Sunday, Billy] preacher USA 1900 to 1920 He lived 1862 to 1935.

Edward [Curtis, Edward] photographer USA 1900 to 1930 He lived 1868 to 1952 and took still and moving American-Indian pictures.

James Jeans [Jeans, James] physicist England 1900 to 1943 Dynamical Theory of Gases [1903]; Theoretical Mechanics [1906]; Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism [1908]; Universe around Us [1929]; Mysterious Universe [1930]; Stars in their Courses [1931]; New Background of Science [1933]; Through Space and Time [1934]; Physics and Philosophy [1943] He lived 1877 to 1946. He calculated black-body-radiation distribution at low and high frequencies {Rayleigh-Jeans radiation, Jeans} {Rayleigh-Jeans law}, with Rayleigh [1900]. All energy seemed to go into higher field frequencies over time, which is impossible {ultraviolet catastrophe, Jeans}: energy density = 8 * pi * k * T / (lambda^4), where T = temperature, k = Boltzmann constant, and lambda = wavelength. Large-enough {Jeans mass} {Jeans instability} {Jeans length} interstellar clouds can collapse to form stars, depending on temperature, mass, and density. Two things that can interact share a feature. For example, things that interact gravitationally both have mass. Perhaps, thoughts about perceptions relate to stimulus energies.

Victor Emmanuel III king Italy 1900 to 1946 He lived 1869 to 1947 and appointed Mussolini [1922]. He dismissed Mussolini [1943] to make peace.

Mohandas Gandhi [Gandhi, Mohandas] or Mahatma Gandhi [Gandhi, Mahatma] leader India 1900 to 1948 He lived 1869 to 1948 and led India nationalist movement. He was pacifist, followed strict abstinence, and used passive resistance and hunger strikes. He first used non-violence {satyagraha} in South Africa to protest racism. He used same practices in India against class system and colonialism. He advocated home industries and end to untouchable class. Ethics People should not hurt other living things. Persuasion, self-control, and self-denial are good, but the process requires zeal for truth.

Maltbie D. Babcock [Babcock, Maltbie D.]/Franklin L. Sheppard [Sheppard, Franklin L.] lyricist/composer England 1901 This Is My Father's World [1901: music is modified traditional English melody, Terra Beata] Babcock lived 1858 to 1901. Sheppard lived 1852 to 1930.

Euclides da Cunha [Cunha, da] writer Brazil 1901 Os Sertões or Rebellion in the Backlands [1901] He lived 1866 to 1909.

Walther von Dyck [Dyck, Walther von] mathematician Netherlands 1901 He lived 1856 to 1934 and combined equation group theory, group number theory, and infinite transformation groups {abstract group theory} [1901].

Henri Lebesgue [Lebesgue, Henri] mathematician Paris, France 1901 On a generalization of the definite integral [1901] He lived 1875 to 1941 and invented Lebesgue integral and Riemann-Lebesgue lemma, studied measure theory [1901], and helped develop intuitionism.

Tullio Levi-Civita [Levi-Civita, Tullio] mathematician Padua, Italy 1901 Note on the resistance of fluids [1901] He lived 1873 to 1941 and studied tensors.

John Pierpont Morgan [Morgan, John Pierpont] financier USA 1901 He lived 1837 to 1913 and financed railroads and U.S. Steel.

Frederic William Henry Myers [Myers, Frederic William Henry] writer Britain 1901 Human Personality and Its Survival of Bodily Death [1901] He lived 1843 to 1901.

Ethelbert Nevin [Nevin, Ethelbert] composer USA 1901 Mighty Like a Rose [1901] He lived 1862 to 1901.

Thomas L. Tully [Tully, Thomas L.] businessman Los Angeles, California 1901 movie theater He lived 1908 to 1982.

Theodore Roosevelt [Roosevelt, Theodore] president USA 1901 to 1905 He lived 1858 to 1919. He led invading horsemen {Rough Riders} in Spanish-American War in Cuba [1898]. The 26th president split big businesses with Sherman Anti-Trust Act. He encouraged conservation. He established Roosevelt corollary to Monroe Doctrine and used money and threats in Latin America, especially at Santo Domingo in Caribbean. He kept Open Door policy in China and mediated Russo-Japanese War. He founded Bull Moose Party.

Edward VII king England 1901 to 1910 He lived 1841 to 1910, was Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and cooperated with Asquith in limiting House of Lords veto power. His era is Edwardian Era. The next rulers in the family changed house name to Windsor: George V, Edward VIII, George VI, and Elizabeth II.

Edward Bradford Titchener [Titchener, Edward Bradford] psychologist USA 1901 to 1915 Experimental Psychology: a Manual of Laboratory Practices [1901 and 1905]; Lectures on the Elementary Psychology of Feeling and Attention [1908]; Lectures on the Experimental Psychology of the Thought Processes [1904]; Text-book of Psychology [1909 to 1910]; Beginner's Psychology [1915] He lived 1867 to 1927, studied sensation and attention, and trained in introspection. He invented Titchener-circles illusion. He tried to catalog all mental elements, to find consciousness structure. Mind combines units to make objects and perceptions {structuralism, Titchener}.

Gustav Stickley [Stickley, Gustav] designer USA 1901 to 1916 Mission [1901 to 1916]; Stickley [1901 to 1930] He lived 1858 to 1942. Oak furniture design derived from English Arts and Crafts. Gustav Stickley and Roycroft Community were in upstate New York State. Craftsman Magazine [1901] featured its designs.

Maurice Prendergast [Prendergast, Maurice] painter Canada/USA 1901 to 1923 Central Park, New York [1901]; Sunset and Sea Fog [1923] He lived 1858 to 1924.

Ralph Vaughan Williams [Williams, Ralph Vaughan] composer England 1901 to 1930 Linden Lea [1901: song]; Songs of Travel [1904]; In the Fen Country [1904]; Sea Symphony [1910]; Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis [1910]; London Symphony [1913]; Job [1930] He lived 1872 to 1958.

Booth Tarkington [Tarkington, Booth] novelist USA 1901 to 1935 Monsieur Beaucaire [1901]; Penrod [1914]; Magnificent Ambersons [1918]; Seventeen [1918]; Alice Adams [1935] He lived 1869 to 1946.

Thomas Mann [Mann, Thomas] novelist Germany 1901 to 1947 Buddenbrooks [1901]; Death in Venice [1911]; Confessions of Felix Krull Confidence Man [1922]; Magic Mountain [1924]; Dr. Faustus [1947] He lived 1875 to 1955.

Hughie Cannon [Cannon, Hughie] composer USA 1902 Bill Bailey, Won't You Please Come Home [1902] He lived 1877 to 1912.

Augustine P. Conniff [Conniff, Augustine P.] lyricist USA 1902 Alma Mater or Holy Cross, Old Holy Cross [1902: music is Maryland]

Giambattista de Curtis [de Curtis, Giambattista]/Ernesto de Curtis [de Curtis, Ernesto] lyricist/composer Italy 1902 Torna a Surriento or Come Back to Sorrento [1902] He lived 1875 to 1937.

Paul [Drude, Paul] physicist Germany 1902 He lived 1863 to 1906 and studied metal free electrons [1902].

Peter Kropotkin [Kropotkin, Peter] anarchist/philosopher Russia 1902 Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution [1902] He lived 1842 to 1921 and was communist and anarchist. State, law, police, courts, armies, teachers, capitalists, and parents aid ruling class. Rulers rule for themselves, not the people. Anarchism is against such authoritarianism. People left alone will be peaceful, cooperate, and produce. Living in communes, with property sharing and no authoritarianism, is best.

John Masefield [Masefield, John] poet England 1902 On Growing Old [1902]; Sea-Fever [1902: in Salt-Water Ballads]; Cargoes [1902: in Salt-Water Ballads] He lived 1878 to 1967.

Paul Natorp [Natorp, Paul] philosopher Marburg, Germany 1902 Plato's Ideas [1902] He lived 1854 to 1924 and was of Marburg School of Immanent Philosophy.

Lilla Cayley Robinson [Robinson, Lilla Cayley]/Paul Lincke [Lincke, Paul] lyricist/composer USA 1902 Shine Little Glow Worm or Glow Worm [1902] Lincke lived 1866 to 1946.

John Singer Sargeant [Sargeant, John Singer] painter USA 1902 Mrs. Knowles and Her Children [1902] He lived 1856 to 1925.

Ren Shields [Shields, Ren]/George Evans [Evans, George] lyricist/composer USA 1902 In the Good Old Summertime [1902] Shields lived 1868 to 1913.

Owen Wister [Wister, Owen] novelist USA 1902 Virginian [1902] He lived 1860 to 1938.

Beatrix Potter [Potter, Beatrix] writer/storyteller England 1902 to 1905 Tale of Peter Rabbit [1902]; Tale of Squirrel Nutkin [1903]; Tailor of Gloucester [1903]; Tale of Two Bad Mice [1904]; Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle [1905] She lived 1866 to 1943.

Bob Cole [Cole, Bob] or Robert Cole [Cole, Robert] composer USA 1902 to 1906 Under the Bamboo Tree [1902]; Countess of Alagazam [1906]

Edith Nesbit [Nesbit, Edith] writer England 1902 to 1907 Five Children and It [1902]; Railway Children [1906]; Enchanted Castle [1907] She lived 1858 to 1924.

Edwin S. Porter [Porter, Edwin S.] director USA 1902 to 1907 Life of an American Fireman [1902]; Great Train Robbery [1903]; Uncle Tom's Cabin [1907] He lived 1869 to 1941 and used close-ups and crosscutting.

James Barrie [Barrie, James] playwright Scotland 1902 to 1908 Admirable Crichton [1902]; Peter Pan [1904]; What Every Woman Knows [1908] He lived 1860 to 1937.

Julius Bernstein [Bernstein, Julius] biochemist Germany 1902 to 1912 Investigations into the Thermodynamics of Bioelectrical Currents [1902]; Electrobiology [1912] He lived 1839 to 1917 and measured nerve-impulse conduction speed [1902]. Neural ion concentrations change slightly during nerve impulses and cause nerve potential differences and action potentials {membrane theory} [1902 to 1912]. Local electric current flows between axon resting region and impulse region and causes depolarization {local circuit hypothesis}. This was idea of Ludimar Hermann.

Hermann Cohen [Cohen, Hermann] philosopher Berlin, Germany 1902 to 1912 Logic of Pure Cognition [1902]; Ethic of Pure Will [1904]; Aesthetics of Feeling [1912] He lived 1842 to 1918 and founded Marburg School of Immanent Philosophy. To approach truth, mind creates categories, such as science, ethics, and law, and does so in context of culture.

Tamara Karsavina [Karsavina, Tamara] ballerina Russia 1902 to 1912 Thamar [1912] She lived 1885 to 1978.

H. B. Blanke [Blanke, H. B.] composer USA 1902 to 1913 Cubanola [1902]

Maxim Gorky [Gorky, Maxim] or Alexander Peshkov [Peshkov, Alexander] storyteller/playwright/novelist Russia 1902 to 1913 Twenty-six Men and a Girl [1899: story]; Foma Gordeyev or Gordeyev Family [1899: novel]; Chelkash [1895: story]; Decadence [1902: play]; Lower Depths [1902: play]; Malva [1906: story]; Mother [1906: novel]; Life of Klim Samgin [1925 to 1936: novels]; My Childhood [1913: biography] He lived 1868 to 1936.

Benedetto Croce [Croce, Benedetto] philosopher Rome, Italy 1902 to 1917 Philosophy of the Spirit [1902 to 1917]; Notes on Aesthetics: Four Lessons [1917] He lived 1866 to 1952 and was idealist. Aesthetics Art is individual and not categorizable but embodies universals in individuality. Art is to make beautiful objects embodying artist feelings. Art involves imagination, which conceives images to express subjects or objects. It needs no skill. Art enjoyment comes from pleasure that people feel inside as they form same perfect underlying image that they observe. Epistemology People use intuition to know particular things and other things that have no concepts. Metaphysics Spirit has four aspects: aesthetic, economic, ethical, and logical.

Grazia Deledda [Deledda, Grazia] storyteller Sardinia, Italy 1902 to 1922 After the Divorce [1902: story]; Elias Portolu [1903: story]; Mother [1922: story] She lived 1875 to 1936 and wrote in Verismo style.

Robert LaFollette [LaFollette, Robert] senator Wisconsin 1902 to 1924 He lived 1855 to 1925 and was Progressive governor and senator from Wisconsin. His program was Wisconsin Idea. He led Progressive Party in 1924.

André Gide [Gide, André] novelist France 1902 to 1926 Immoralist [1902]; Straight Is the Gate [1909]; Counterfeiters [1926] He lived 1869 to 1951.

Charles Horton Cooley [Cooley, Charles Horton] sociologist USA 1902 to 1927 Human Nature and the Social Order [1902]; Social Organization [1909]; Social Process [1918]; Life and the Student [1927] He lived 1864 to 1929 and studied primary groups and how self relates to groups.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov [Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich] physiologist St. Petersburg, Russia 1902 to 1927 Work of the Digestive Glands [1902]; Conditional Reflexes [1927] He lived 1849 to 1936 and studied neurosis, peripheral nerves, digestion physiology, classical conditioning, and reflexes. Contradictory stimuli can disturb balance between nervous-system excitatory and inhibitory processes, and personality affects whether neurosis develops. Vagus nerve controls blood pressure, and four nerves control and vary heartbeat rhythm and intensity. Depending on saliva and food, tasting food {sham feeding} can release gastric juice, which has enzymes {enterokinase}. Dogs associate neutral stimulus with reflex. Conditional reflex forms more easily if unconditional stimulus, such as food, follows conditional stimulus, such as bell, than if they are simultaneous or if conditional stimulus follows unconditional stimulus. Conditional reflex forms more easily if conditional stimulus is nearer in time to unconditional stimulus. Conditional stimulus that starts just before unconditional stimulus is as effective as conditional stimulus that started long before unconditional stimulus and lasted until just before. More intense conditional and unconditional stimuli cause greater conditioned responses. Training conditional stimulus allows testing similar conditional stimuli to investigate animal sense discriminations. External inhibition, internal inhibition, new environments, and new stimuli affect conditioning. If conditional and unconditional stimuli no longer pair, conditioned reflex gradually decreases. Maintaining conditioned reflex requires regular reinforcement. Conditioned reflex is similar to other reflexes. Conditional reflex formation is adaptation whereby animal can survive better in changing environment.

Maurice [Ravel, Maurice] composer France 1902 to 1928 Pavane pour une Infante Défunte or Pavane for a Dead Infant [1902: dance]; Rhapsodie Espagnole or Spanish Rhapsody [1908: symphony]; Valse Nobles et Sentimentales or Noble and Sentimental Waltz [1911: waltz]; Ma Mere l'Oye or Mother Goose [1911: ballet]; Daphnis et Chloe [1912: ballet]; La Valse or Waltz [1914 and 1920: waltz]; La Tombeau de Couperin or Fall of Couperin [1917 and 1918]; Pictures at an Exhibition [1922: orchestration]; Bolero [1928: symphony] He lived 1875 to 1937.

Alfred Binet [Binet, Alfred] psychologist Paris, France 1903 Experimental Study of Intelligence [1903]; Development of Intelligence in Children [1916: with Theodore Simon] He lived 1857 to 1911 and developed Binet intelligence scale and intelligence quotient.

Marie-Antoine Carême [Carême, Marie-Antoine] chef France 1903 He lived 1783 to 1833, was chef to Talleyrand and Alexander I of Russia, and carved marzipan, fat, and sugar {pièce montée}.

Marie Sklodowska [Curie, Marie Sklodowska] physicist Poland/France 1903 She lived 1867 to 1934 and discovered radium [1903].

Auguste Escoffier [Escoffier, Auguste] chef France 1903 Guide Culinaire oe Culinary Guide [1903] He served courses from menu and used stock, at Ritz Hotel.

Richard Gerard [Gerard, Richard]/Harry Armstrong [Armstrong, Harry] lyricist/composer USA 1903 Sweet Adeline [1903] Gerard lived 1876 to 1948. Armstrong lived 1879 to 1951 and was a boxer.

Helen Adams Keller [Keller, Helen Adams] biographer USA 1903 Story of My Life [1903: autobiography about experience of being blind] She lived 1880 to 1968.

Eddie Leonard [Leonard, Eddie]/Eddie Munson [Munson, Eddie] lyricist/composer USA 1903 Ida, Sweet as [1903]

Glen MacDonough [MacDonough, Glen]/Victor Herbert [Herbert, Victor] composer USA 1903 Toyland [1903] MacDonough lived 1870 to 1924. Herbert lived 1859 to 1924.

Tom Turpin [Turpin, Tom] composer USA 1903 St. Louis Rag [1903] He lived 1871 to 1922.

Josef Franz Wagner [Wagner, Josef Franz] lyricist/composer USA 1903 Under the Double Eagle [1903] He lived [1856 to 1908].

Kate Douglas Wiggin [Wiggin, Kate Douglas] novelist USA 1903 Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm [1903] She lived 1856 to 1923.

Wilbur Wright [Wright, Wilbur]/Orville Wright [Wright, Orville] inventor Kitty Hawk, North Carolina 1903 controlled powered airplane flight [1903] Wilbur lived 1867 to 1912 {controlled powered airplane flight}. Orville lived 1871 to 1948.

Jack London [London, Jack] novelist/essayist USA 1903 to 1908 Call of the Wild [1903]; Sea Wolf [1904]; White Fang [1906]; To Build a Fire [1908] He lived 1876 to 1916.

Korbinian Brodmann [Brodmann, Korbinian] biologist Germany 1903 to 1909 Comparative Localization Studies on the Neocortex in their Differentiation on the Basis of Cell Density [1909] He lived 1868 to 1918 and mapped 52 cortical areas [1903 to 1908].

Edward Lee Thorndike [Thorndike, Edward Lee] psychologist USA 1903 to 1911 Educational Psychology [1903]; Animal Intelligence [1911] He lived 1874 to 1949 and studied learning, education, testing, and animal intelligence. He studied instrumental learning, law of effect, law of exercise, law of readiness, operant conditioning, puzzle-box, reinforcement, and learning transfer [Thorndike, 1911]. Imitation is seeing action, remembering it, and then doing it.

Karl Schwarzschild [Schwarzschild, Karl] physicist Germany 1903 to 1916 He lived 1873 to 1916 and used to model static universes {Schwarzschild space-time} and stars [1916]. He found Schwarzschild limit. Schwarzschild [1903], Tetrode, and Fokker developed perfect absorption to renormalize Maxwell's equations.

Leos Janacek [Janacek, Leos] composer Czech Republic 1903 to 1926 Jenufa [1903: opera]; Taras Bulba [1918: opera]; Glagolitic Mass [1926] He lived 1854 to 1928.

Isadora Duncan [Duncan, Isadora] modern dancer/choreographer USA 1903 to 1927 My Life [1927] She lived 1878 to 1927 and choreographed modern expressive dances.

Marcus Loew [Loew, Marcus] theater owner USA 1903 to 1927 He lived 1870 to 1927 and built arcades and movie theaters.

Pierre Janet [Janet, Pierre] psychologist Paris, France 1903 to 1929 Neuroses and Fixed Obsessions and Psychoasthenia [1903]; Major Symptoms of Hysteria [1907]; Psychological Healing [1925]; Evolution of Memory and the Notion of Time [1929] He lived 1859 to 1947 and studied neuroses, psychasthenia, anxiety states, phobias, obsessional disorders, and dissociation. Neurosis reduces integration {sentiment d'incomplétude} among psychological functions, which ordinarily form hierarchy. People can have dependency wish {amae, Janet}. All human communities use logical inference as thinking basis.

Hugo von Hofmannsthal [Hofmannsthal, Hugo von] writer Germany 1903 to 1933 Elektra [1903: Richard Strauss opera]; Der Rosenkavalier or Rose Cavalier [1911: Richard Strauss opera]; Ariadne auf Naxos [1912: Richard Strauss opera]; Arabella [1933: Richard Strauss opera] He lived 1874 to 1929.

John Lang Sinclair [Sinclair, John Lang] lyricist/composer USA 1903 to 1936 Eyes of Texas [1903: University of Texas theme song became a hit in 1936] He lived ? to 1947.

Pablo [Picasso, Pablo] painter Spain 1903 to 1943 Old Guitarist [1903]; Les Demoiselles d'Avignon or Young Women of Avignon [1907]; Ambroise Voillard [1910]; Still Life with Chair Caning [1912]; Three Musicians [1921]; Mother and Child [1921]; Three Dancers [1925]; Guernica [1937]; Bull's Head [1943: sculpture] He lived 1881 to 1973, had a Blue period, and then had a Rose period. He used shaded wedges and open spaces {Cubism} and pasted collages.

Jacques Hadamard [Hadamard, Jacques] mathematician France 1903 to 1945 Mathematician's Mind or Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field [1945] He lived 1865 to 1963 and studied functionals [1903], characteristic equations and helped develop intuitionism.

Juan Jimenez [Jimenez, Juan] poet Spain 1903 to 1953 Complete Perfectionist: A Poetics of Work; Three Hundred Poems, 1903-1953 [1953] He lived 1881 to 1958. Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío influenced him.

Irving Berlin [Berlin, Irving] or Isidore Baline [Baline, Isidore] composer Russia/USA 1903 to 1962 Babes in Toyland [1903: musical with Victor Herbert]; Marie from Sunny Italy [1907]; Everybody's Doin' It [1911]; Alexander's Ragtime Band [1911]; Play a Simple Melody [1913: from Watch Your Step]; Watch Your Step [1914: musical]; Girl on the Magazine Cover [1915: from Stop Look and Listen]; I Love a Piano [1915: from Stop Look and Listen]; Century Girl [1916: musical with Victor Herbert]; Oh How I Hate to Get up in the Morning [1918: from Yip Yip Yaphank]; Mandy [1919: from Yip, Yip, Yaphank]; Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody [1919: from Ziegfield Follies]; (I'll See You In) C-U-B-A [1920]; Tell Me Little Gypsy [1920: from Ziegfeld Follies]; Say It with Music [1921: from 1st Music Box Revue]; Lady of the Evening [1922: from Music Box Revue 1922]; All Alone [1924]; Who [1924: from Music Box Revue]; Lazy [1924]; Always [1925]; Song Is Ended [1927]; Blue Skies [1927: from the musical Betsy and in the film the Jazz Singer]; My Mammy [1927: from the Jazz Singer]; Toot, Toot, Tootsie [1927: from the Jazz Singer]; Shaking the Blues Away [1927: from Ziegfeld Follies of 1927]; Puttin' on the Ritz [1928: from the movie Puttin' on the Ritz]; How about Me [1928]; Little Things in Life [1930]; Let Me Sing and I'm Happy [1930: sung by Jolson]; Face the Music [1931: musical]; How Deep Is the Ocean [1932]; Say It Isn't So [1932]; I'm Playing with Fire [1932]; Soft Lights and Sweet Music [1932: from Face the Music]; Easter Parade [1933]; Harlem on My Mind [1933: from As Thousands Cheer]; Yesterdays [1933]; Not for All the Rice in China [1933: from As Thousands Cheer]; Maybe It's Because I Love You Too Much [1933]; Supper Time [1933: from As Thousands Cheer]; How's Chances [1933: from As Thousands Cheer]; Heat Wave [1933: sung by Ethel Waters from As Thousands Cheer]; Isn't This a Lovely Day [1935: from Top Hat]; Cheek to Cheek [1935: in the film Top Hat]; Top Hat [1935]; Top Hat, White Tie and Tails [1935: from the film Top Hat]; Let's Face the Music and Dance [1935: from the movie Follow the Fleet]; Follow the Fleet [1936]; You're the Top [1936: from the film Anything Goes]; Change Partners [1937: from the movie Carefree]; I've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm [1937: from On the Avenue]; God Bless America [1938]; Now It Can Be Told [1938: from Alexander's Ragtime Band]; White Christmas [1941: from Holiday Inn]; This Is the Army [1942: musical]; Easter Parade [1942: from the film Holiday Inn]; Holiday Inn [1942: including White Christmas]; White Christmas [1942: from Holiday Inn]; Be Careful, It's My Heart [1942]; Annie Get Your Gun [1946: musical, including Anything You Can Do, Doin' What Comes Naturally, Girl That I Marry, I Got the Sun in the Morning, There's No Business Like Show Business, They Say It's Wonderful]; Girl That I Marry [1946: from Annie Get Your Gun]; I Got Lost in His Arms [1946: from Annie Get Your Gun]; I've Got the Sun in the Morning [1946: from Annie Get Your Gun]; My Defenses Are Down [1946: from Annie Get Your Gun]; They Say It's Wonderful [1946: from Annie Get Your Gun]; Doin' What Comes Natur'lly [1946: from Annie Get Your Gun]; You Can't Get a Man with a Gun [1946: from Annie Get Your Gun]; Anything You Can Do (I Can Do Better) [1946: from Annie Get Your Gun]; There's No Business Like Show Business [1946: from Annie Get Your Gun]; Couple of Swells [1948: from Easter Parade]; Steppin' Out With My Baby [1948: from the film Easter Parade]; Shine on Your Shoes [1948]; It Only Happens When I Dance with You [1948: from Easter Parade]; Miss Liberty [1948: musical]; Call Me Madam [1950: musical]; Best Thing for You (Is Me) [1950: from Call Me Madam]; It's a Lovely Day [1950: from Call Me Madam]; You're Just in Love [1950: from Call Me Madam]; Count Your Blessings instead of Sheep [1954: from the film White Christmas]; Mr. President [1962: musical] He lived 1888 to 1989. His piano had a lever to shift the keyboard and thus transpose music. He composed using mostly black keys.

Bertrand Arthur William Russell [Russell, Bertrand Arthur William] philosopher Britain 1903 to 1969 Principles of Mathematics [1903]; On Denoting [1905: in Mind]; Principia Mathematica or Principles of Mathematics [1910 to 1913: about symbolic logic, with Whitehead]; Problems of Philosophy [1912]; Our Knowledge of the External World [1914]; Logical Atomism [1918]; Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy [1918]; Analysis of Mind [1921]; Outline of Philosophy [1927]; Analysis of Matter [1927]; Marriage and Morals [1929]; ABC of Relativity [1935 and 1958]; Inquiry into Meaning and Truth [1940]; History of Western Philosophy [1945]; Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Its Limits [1948]; Logic and Knowledge [1956]; Why I Am Not a Christian [1957]; Autobiography [1967 to 1969] He lived 1872 to 1970 and was neo-realist. In logic, he developed theories of types, classes, and descriptions, to distinguish between logical and grammatical proposition subjects. He invented method of stating problems in logical symbols {philosophical logic}, to transform ordinary language into propositions. He axiomatized counting numbers and logic {logicism, Russell}. Epistemology Philosophy is about meaning and therefore language and logic. Philosophy also uses science. "What science cannot tell us, mankind cannot know." Mathematics does not assert anything about physical world, only about logic and language. Mind can know mental facts based on language or logic {knowledge by description, Russell}. These facts can be true or false. Mind has special relation to certain mental objects such as perceptions, introspections, and certain memory types {knowledge by acquaintance, Russell}. These are not about truth. Knowledge by description depends on objects known by knowledge by acquaintance, which provides definitions and meanings by representation. Propositional functions form a hierarchy {proposition types}, based on variable and function categories. Variable type is one level below propositional-function type {theory of types, ramified} {ramified theory of types}. Propositional functions cannot apply to selves {theory of types, Russell}. Function types can be equivalent to first-order functions {axiom of reducibility, Russell}. Existence, identity, and predication differ. Proper nouns identify individual things. Predicates identify object classes. Existence and description are separate and independent. Asserting existence {theory of descriptions} {descriptions theory} requires class descriptions of subject and predicate. Existences are not individual things, subjects, or predicates. Asserting quantification requires subjects or descriptions, not predicates. Quantifiers do not apply for all functions or types. Phrases like "the x" {definite description} indicate unique existence. Phrases like "an x" {indefinite description} indicate non-unique existence. Meaningful-proposition subjects can refer to objects that do not exist. Descriptions do not refer to anything, so knowledge does not need acquaintance. Numbers are classes of classes, and so mathematics can be a logical system. Sentence symbols {incomplete symbol} can have meaning only in context. All conditions define class {comprehension axiom}. This axiom is not consistent, because class can be about all things not in the class {Russell paradox, Russell}. Instead of "class", use the word "function" in these statements. People have innate postulates, allowing inferences. If statements change truth over time, change has happened. Something began or changed shape, size, position, or orientation. Beliefs, wants, and desires relate person to proposition {propositional attitude, Russell}. Appearances that radiate from objects go to minds and become sense-data, which are external to mind but phenomenal. Sense-data cause mental images, which are how appearances exist in nervous systems. Mental images can also arise from within mind. Sensed appearances relate to other appearances, so brain can distinguish them from unsensed appearances, which have no such relations. Intention objects are not mental objects but physical objects. People feel assent or dissent to belief content. Ethics Desire starts behavior, and satisfaction ends behavior. Metaphysics Reality is elementary predicates or sensations, which are either instantaneous or outside time {logical atomism, Russell}. Logical analysis can discover these logical atoms, which are independent and are neither physical nor mental {neutral monism, Russell}. Complex things, physical and mental, come from logical atoms by logical methods. Logical atoms radiate from physical event to cause appearances. However, negative statements, independence, and exclusion cause problems for logical atomism, as does the possibility of logical analysis for complex statements like beliefs. Mind Mind can acquaint with itself as subject {ego, Russell}. Mind is not the set of all received appearances.

Theron Catlen Bennett [Bennett, Theron Catlen] composer USA 1904 St. Louis Tickle [1904] She lived 1879 to 1937.

Granville Stanley Hall [Hall, Granville Stanley] psychologist USA 1904 Adolescence [1904] He lived 1844 to 1924 and studied many children.

William H. Hudson [Hudson, William H.] novelist England 1904 Green Mansions [1904] He lived 1841 to 1922.

William Kindt [Kindt, William] composer USA 1904 Wabash Cannonball [1904: sung in 1943]

Andrew Sterling [Sterling, Andrew]/Kerry Mills [Mills, Kerry] lyricist/composer USA 1904 Meet Me in St. Louis [1904] Sterling lived 1874 to 1955. Mills lived 1869 to 1948.

James R. Angell [Angell, James R.] psychologist USA 1904 to 1905 Psychology: An Introductory Study of the Structure and Function of Human Consciousness [1904 and 1905] He lived 1869 to 1949 and founded Chicago functionalist school {functionalism, Angell}. He emphasized physiological processes underlying cognition and behavior. Reaction times depend on both sense and muscle reaction times. Practicing reduces individual reaction-time differences.

Herbert Spencer Jennings [Jennings, Herbert Spencer] zoologist USA 1904 to 1906 Contributions to the Study of the Behavior of Lower Organisms [1904]; Behavior of the Lower Organisms [1906] He lived 1868 to 1947 and studied invertebrates.

Alfred Noyes [Noyes, Alfred] poet England 1904 to 1906 Barrel-Organ [1904]; Highwayman [1906] He lived 1880 to 1958.

O. Henry [Henry, O.] or William Sydney Porter [Porter, William Sydney] storyteller USA 1904 to 1907 Friends in San Rosario [1903: story]; A Retrieved Reformation [1903: story]; Cabbages and Kings [1904: stories]; Cop and the Anthem [1904: story]; A Municipal Report [1904: story]; Gift of the Magi [1905: story]; After Twenty Years [1905: story]; Compliments of the Season [1906: story]; Furnished Room [1906: story]; Four Million [1906: stories, including The Gift of the Magi, The Cop and the Anthem, After Twenty Years, Compliments of the Season, and The Furnished Room]; Trimmed Lamp [1907: stories including The Last Leaf and The Pendulum]; Pendulum [1907: story]; Last Leaf [1907: story]; Ransom of Red Chief [1910: story] He lived 1862 to 1910.

Herta Ayrton [Ayrton, Herta] or Hertha Ayrton [Ayrton, Hertha] or Sarah Marks [Marks, Sarah] physicist England 1904 to 1908 She lived 1854 to 1923 and determined that removing air from streetlamps and shaping arc ends prevented hissing in electric arcs, with William Edward Ayrton.

Ernst Zermelo [Zermelo, Ernst] mathematician Germany 1904 to 1908 He lived 1871 to 1956 and invented Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory [1904 to 1908]. Infinite sets can contain sets with no elements in common. Methods to choose one element from each set must exist {axiom of choice, Zermelo}. If sets have no defined choice function, sets must use axiom of choice.

Lincoln Steffens [Steffens, Lincoln] novelist USA 1904 to 1909 Shame of the Cities [1904]; Upbuilders [1909] He lived 1866 to 1936.

Hector Hugh Munro [Munro, Hector Hugh] or Saki essayist England 1904 to 1912 Reginald [1904]; Reginald in Russia [1910]; Chronicles of Clovis [1912] He lived 1870 to 1916.

Charles Ives [Ives, Charles] composer USA 1904 to 1914 Third Symphony or the Camp Meeting [1904]; Three Places in New England [1914: symphony]; In Flanders Fields [1919: lyrics by McCrae. part of Three Songs of War] He lived 1874 to 1954.

Ludwig Prandtl [Prandtl, Ludwig] physicist Germany 1904 to 1920 He lived 1875 to 1953. Flow has two regions. One is potential flow, with incompressible and non-rotating fluid. The other is thin boundary layer next to tube or obstruction, where there are viscous effects and where surface interacts thermally and mechanically with fluid [1904]. Wing induces drag as it lifts {lifting line theory, Prandtl} [1920].

Alexander A. Bogdanov [Bogdanov, Alexander A.] or Malinovsky philosopher Moscow, Russia 1904 to 1922 Empirio-Monism [1904 to 1906]; Socially Organized Society: Socialist Society [1919 to 1922] He lived 1873 to 1928 and led "proletarian culture". He emphasized science {tektology} of organizations in general.

Frank Bunker Gilbreth [Gilbreth, Frank Bunker]/Lillian Moller Gilbreth [Gilbreth, Lillian Moller] engineer USA 1904 to 1924 He lived 1868 to 1924. She lived 1878 to 1972. They studied industrial production methods and quality controls. He studied job-task times and motions {time-and-motion study, Gilbreth}. He analyzed motions into elements {therblig}.

Pio Baroja y Nessi [Baroja y Nessi, Pio] writer Spain 1904 to 1928 La lucha por la vida or Struggle for Existence [1904]; La busca or The Quest [1922]; Mala hierba or Weeds [1923]; Aurora roja or Red Dawn [1924]; Memórias de un hombre de acción or Memoirs of a Man of Action [1913 to 1928] He lived 1879 to 1956, was Basque, and was of Generation of '98.

Elie [Cartan, Elie] mathematician France 1904 to 1945 Exterior differential systems and their geometric applications [1945] He lived 1869 to 1951 and studied hypercomplex numbers, Lie group theory, differential geometry [1904], and exterior derivatives.

Maxfield Parrish [Parrish, Maxfield] painter USA 1904 to 1962 Air Castles [1904]; Daybreak [1920]; Knave of Hearts [1925: book]; Brown and Bigelow calendars [1937 to 1962] He lived 1870 to 1966 and was Art Nouveau.

Guillaume Apollinaire [Apollinaire, Guillaume] poet France 1905 Alcools or Alcohols [1905] He lived 1880 to 1918.

Vincent Bryan [Bryan, Vincent]/Gus Edwards [Edwards, Gus] composer USA 1905 In My Merry Oldsmobile [1905] Bryan lived 1883 to 1937. Edwards lived 1879 to 1945.

Franz Lehar [Lehar, Franz] lyricist/composer Hungary/Austria 1905 Merry Widow [1905: musical] He lived 1870 to 1948.

Heinrich Mann [Mann, Heinrich] writer Germany 1905 Professor Unrat [1905] He lived 1871 to 1950.

Baroness Emmuska Orczy [Orczy, Baroness Emmuska] novelist France 1905 Scarlet Pimpernel [1905] She lived 1865 to 1947.

Jules Antoine Richard [Richard, Jules Antoine] philosopher France 1905 He lived 1862 to 1956. Integers are describable in words with a finite number of letters. An integer exists that is the least integer not describable in 100 or less letters. However, that phrase has less than 100 letters {Richard's paradox} [1905].

Andrew Sterling [Sterling, Andrew]/Harry Von Tilzer [Von Tilzer, Harry]/Vincent Bryan [Bryan, Vincent]/Gus Edwards [Edwards, Gus] composer USA 1905 Wait 'Til the Sun Shines, Nellie [1905] Sterling lived 1874 to 1955. Von Tilzer lived 1872 to 1946. Bryan lived 1883 to 1937.

Harry H. Williams [Williams, Harry H.]/Egbert van Alstyne [Alstyne, Egbert van] composer USA 1905 In the Shade of the Old Apple Tree [1905] Alstyne lived 1878 to 1951.

Antoni Gaudí [Gaudí, Antoni] architect Barcelona, Spain 1905 to 1907 Casa Mila or La Pedrera or Quarry [1905 to 1907: Art Nouveau apartment building]; Parque Güell or Güell Park [1900 to 1926] He lived 1852 to 1926.

Jules Henri Poincaré [Poincaré, Jules Henri] mathematician/philosopher Paris, France 1905 to 1908 Science and Hypothesis [1905]; Foundations of Science [1908] He lived 1854 to 1912, helped develop intuitionism, and studied function theory, differential equations, orbits, and combinatorial topology. He found special-relativity equations [1905]. He showed how to keep distances constant as observed from different constant motions in flat space-time {Poincaré motion} {inhomogeneous Lorentz motion}, by lengthening light-cone along space dimensions and shrinking light-cone along time dimension. After systems reach largest phase-space region, they can return to all smaller regions over times much longer than universe age {Poincaré recurrence}. Epistemology Mathematical thinking is purely mental and so can reveal what is essential in mind. Unconscious thinking has preceded insight. Mind unconsciously selects possible solutions using innate or consciously formulated rules. Thinking appears to move in one direction and has purpose. Aesthetic value is an important creativity component. Thinking converges on truth, but absolute truth is unattainable. Statement is possibly true if it is not necessary that it is not true. Contradictions are necessarily not true. Statements that do not involve contradiction state logical possibility. Not all contradictions are apparent. Nature contains contradictions, so contradictions can state possibilities. Science decides what is naturally possible and naturally impossible. Epistemic possibility is what is consistent with human knowledge states. Possible truth is true in at least one possible world. Necessary truth is true in all possible worlds. Possibility and necessity are arbitrary rules about word use. Concept meaning depends on possible and impossible. Definition can quantify over all class objects {vicious-circle principle, Poincaré} {impredicative definition, Poincaré} or not include them {predicative definition, Poincaré}.

Anton Breinl [Breinl, Anton]/Harold Wolferstam Thomas [Thomas, Harold Wolferstam] doctor Germany/England 1905 to 1909 Report on trypanosomes, trypanosomiasis and sleeping sickness [1905] Breinl lived 1880 to 1944 {sleeping sickness, drug}. Atoxyl kills trypanosomes [1905], which cause human trypanosomiasis. Thomas studied yellow fever.

Michael Fokine [Fokine, Michael] ballet dancer/choreographer Russia 1905 to 1912 Dying Swan [1905: music by Saint-Saens and dance by Anna Pavlova]; Les Sylphides [1909: ballet blanc with music by Chopin]; Prince Igor [1909]; Scheherazade [1910: music by Rimsky-Korsakov]; Firebird [1910: music by ]; Petrouchka [1911: comic ballet with music by Stravinsky]; Le Spectre de la Rose or Spirit of the Rose [1912: especially the pas de deux, music by von Weber] He lived 1890 to 1942.

Max Weber [Weber, Max] sociologist Germany 1905 to 1914 Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism [1905]; Theory of Social and Economic Organizations [1912]; Economy and Society [1914] He lived 1864 to 1920. Social norms reflect meanings in human actions. Social actions reflect ethics, not economics. Ethics Ethics depends on responsibility. People want to have higher status. Politics Stabilizing factors for society are group traditions, common laws, constitutional law, and absolute value standard. Real or supposed personal qualities, such as sanctity, courage, heroism, character, savior, wisdom, and insight are destabilizing factors. Primitive societies have traditional religion, and societies that had crisis have rationalized religion. Protestant ethics underlie capitalism. Authority types are traditional, charismatic, and bureaucratic-rational- legal. Authority is attitude or norm. Authority does not necessarily have power to cause behavior in others. Legitimate power depends on tradition, person's charisma, or law and reason.

Theodore Simon [Simon, Theodore] psychologist France 1905 to 1916 Development of Intelligence in Children [1916: with Binet] He lived 1872 to 1961 and invented intelligence test [1905], Binet-Simon Scale, with Binet.

Sun Yat-sen president China 1905 to 1919 He lived 1866 to 1925 and founded Kuomintang [1905]. After defeating Ch'ing Dynasty, he became president [1911]. He left the government of warlords in north China [1919] and went south, where he organized Kuomintang. He split with Communists [1927].

Zoltan Kodaly [Kodaly, Zoltan] composer Hungary 1905 to 1920 Adagio for Viola and Piano [1905]; Serenade for Two Violins and Viola [1920] He lived 1882 to 1967.

Frederick Frost Blackman [Blackman, Frederick Frost] biologist England 1905 to 1922 Optima and Limiting Factors [1905]; Problem of Plant Respiration considered as a Catalytic Process [1922] He lived 1866 to 1947 and studied light and dark photosynthesis [1905].

George O. Curme [Curme, George O.] linguist USA 1905 to 1935 Grammar of the German Language [1905 and 1922]; College English Grammar [1925]; Grammar of the English Language III: Syntax [1931]; Grammar of the English Language II: Parts of Speech and Accidence [1935] He lived 1860 to 1948 and wrote about syntax.

Albert Einstein [Einstein, Albert] physicist Germany/USA 1905 to 1935 Can a Quantum Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete? [1935: with Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen] He lived 1879 to 1955, discovered photoelectric effect [1905], invented special relativity [1905], and analyzed Brownian motion [1905]. He developed general theory of relativity [1915]. He predicted Bose-Einstein condensation [1924]. He stated Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) ideas [1935]. Crystal vibrations and rotations cause high heat capacity.

Aristide Maillol [Maillol, Aristide] sculptor France 1905 to 1936 La Méditerranée [1905 to 1923]; La Nuit or Night [1909]; Young Woman Seated [1936: bronze] He lived 1861 to 1944.

Haakon VII king Norway 1905 to 1957 He lived 1872 to 1957 and became king after Norway and Sweden split [1905].

Lee [De Forest, Lee] physicist/inventor USA 1906 vacuum tube amplifier [1906] He lived 1873 to 1961 and invented vacuum tube amplifiers [1906] {vacuum tube amplifier}.

Maurice Frechet [Frechet, Maurice] mathematician France 1906 Abstract Spaces [1928] He lived 1878 to 1973 and studied function spaces and topology [1906], introducing metric spaces [1906].

William Jerome [Jerome, William]/Jean Schwartz [Schwartz, Jean] lyricist/composer USA 1906 Chinatown, My Chinatown [1906] Jerome lived 1865 to 1932. Schwartz lived 1878 to 1956.

Upton Sinclair [Sinclair, Upton] novelist USA 1906 Jungle [1906] He lived 1878 to 1968.

George Albert Smith [Smith, George Albert] inventor England 1906 He invented kinemacolor.

Georges Sorel [Sorel, Georges] philosopher Paris, France 1906 Reflections on Violence [1906] He lived 1847 to 1922. Changing society requires revolution. Worker control of capital {syndicalism, Sorel} is best.

Charles A. Zimmermann [Zimmermann, Charles A.]/Alfred Hart Miles [Miles, Alfred Hart] composer USA 1906 Anchors Aweigh [1906: USA Naval College] Zimmermann lived 1861 to 1916. Miles lived 1883 to 1956.

Ernest Flagg [Flagg, Ernest] architect New York, New York 1906 to 1908 Singer Building [1906 to 1908: iron skyscraper is 200 meters tall] He lived 1857 to 1947.

Henri [Matisse, Henri] painter France 1906 to 1910 Joy of Life [1906]; Harmony in Red [1908]; Conversation [1909]; Dance [1910] He lived 1869 to 1954 and was Expressionist and Fauvist.

Henry Ford [Ford, Henry] inventor USA 1906 to 1913 assembly line [1906 to 1913]; standardized parts [1913]; mass production [1913] He lived 1863 to 1947, built automobiles, opposed unions, and started Ford Foundation.

Edward Dunsany [Dunsany, Edward] playwright England 1906 to 1918 Time and the Gods [1906]; Land That Time Forgot [1918] He lived 1878 to 1957.

John McTaggart Ellis McTaggart [McTaggart, John McTaggart Ellis] philosopher Scotland 1906 to 1921 Some Dogmas of Religion [1906]; Nature of Existence [1921] He lived 1866 to 1925 and was Idealist. Events can have sequence {A-series} past, present, and future or sequence {B- series} before and after. Reality has souls, which can love. Time is unreal, and universe has no change.

Martin A. Nexo [Nexo, Martin A.] novelist Scandinavia 1906 to 1921 Pelle the Conqueror [1906 to 1910]; Ditte, Daughter of Mankind [1917 to 1921] He lived 1869 to 1954.

Roald Amundsen [Amundsen, Roald] discoverer Norway/Arctic/Antarctic 1906 to 1926 He lived 1872 to 1928 and sailed Northwest Passage [1906]. He lost race to North Pole [1909]. He found South Pole [1911]. He flew over North Pole [1926].

Frederick M. Taylor [Taylor, Frederick M.] economist USA 1906 to 1929 Some Chapters on Money [1906]; Principles of Scientific Management [1911]; Guidance of Production in a Socialist State [1929] He lived 1855 to 1932, advocated market socialism, and studied management {Taylorism}. He studied job-task times and motions {time-and-motion study, Taylor}.

Roscoe Pound [Pound, Roscoe] lawyer USA 1906 to 1936 Causes of Popular Dissatisfaction with the Administration of Justice [1906]; Theory of Interests [1921] He lived 1870 to 1964 and was dean of Harvard Law School [1916 to 1936]. He wrote about patterns of living together of actual people. Law must determine between conflicting interests. Law is tool for social engineering.

Ruth St. Denis [St. Denis, Ruth] ballerina USA 1906 to 1939 Unfinished Life [1939] She lived 1879 to 1968 and combined theater and dance.

Arthur Anderson [Anderson, Arthur]/Howard Talbot [Talbot, Howard] composer USA 1907 Land Where the Best Man Wins [1907: from The Girl Behind the Counter of Lew Field] Talbot lived 1865 to 1928.

Ada R. Habershon [Habershon, Ada R.]/Charles H. Gabriel [Gabriel, Charles H.] lyricist/composer USA 1907 Will the Circle Be Unbroken? [1907] Habershon lived 1861 to 1918. Gabriel lived 1856 to 1932.

Joel Harris [Harris, Joel Chandler] storyteller USA 1907 Uncle Remus [1907: stories]; Brer Rabbit [1907: story in Uncle Remus]; Brer Fox [1907: story in Uncle Remus]; Brer Bear [1907: story in Uncle Remus] He lived 1848 to 1908.

Ross Granville Harrison [Harrison, Ross Granville] inventor England 1907 tissue culture [1907] He lived 1870 to 1959 {tissue culture}.

William Myddleton [Myddleton, William] composer USA 1907 Down South [1907]

Hastings Rashdall [Rashdall, Hastings] philosopher England 1907 Theory of Good and Evil: A Treatise on Moral Philosophy [1907] He lived 1858 to 1924. The whole system of goods adds value to each good {ideal utilitarianism}.

James Scott [Scott, James] composer USA 1907 Kansas City Rag [1907]

John Millington Synge [Synge, John Millington] playwright Ireland 1907 Playboy of the Western World [1907] He lived 1871 to 1909.

Napoleon LeBrun [LeBrun, Napoleon] architect New York, New York 1907 to 1909 Metropolitan Life Insurance Tower [1907 to 1909: masonry and iron tower is 213 meters tall] He lived 1821 to 1901.

Mohammad-Ali Shah shah Persia 1907 to 1909 He lived 1872 to 1925, was Qajar, and cancelled new constitution.

John Burroughs [Burroughs, John] naturalist USA 1907 to 1910 Camping and Tramping with Roosevelt [1907]; In the Catskills [1910] He lived 1837 to 1921.

William Graham Sumner [Sumner, William Graham] sociologist USA 1907 to 1910 Science of Society [1910: with Albert G. Keller, published in 1927]; Folkways [1907] He lived 1840 to 1910 and studied customs and mores.

Henri Pieron [Pieron, Henri] psychologist Paris, France 1907 to 1913 Physiological Problem of Sleep [1913] He lived 1881 to 1964, founded French experimental psychology, and studied sleep. He claimed to find hypnotoxin or sleep-promoting substance [1907, with Rene Legendre], in cerebrospinal fluid.

Mariano Azuela [Azuela, Mariano] writer Mexico 1907 to 1916 María Luisa [1907]; Los fracasados or The defeated [1908]; Mala Yerba or Ill Weed [1909]; Andrés Pérez, maderista or Andrés Pérez, supporter of Madero [1911]; Los de abajo or Underdogs [1915]; Los caciques or Political Leaders [1916] He lived 1873 to 1952.

Felix Hausdorff [Hausdorff, Felix] mathematician Germany 1907 to 1919 Principles of Set Theory [1914]; Dimension and Outer Measure [1919] He lived 1868 to 1942, invented generalized continuum hypothesis [1907], and invented Hausdorff space.

Vaslav Nijinsky [Nijinsky, Vaslav] ballet dancer/choreographer Poland/Russia 1907 to 1919 Afternoon of a Faun [1912: angular poses, music by ]; Rite of Spring or La Sacre du Printemps [1913: music by Stravinsky] He lived 1890 to 1950. Afternoon of a Faun uses Greek-frieze setting as a tableau.

Edward Alsworth Ross [Ross, Edward Alsworth] sociologist USA 1907 to 1919 Sin and Society: An Analysis of Latter-Day Iniquity [1907]; Social Psychology: An outline and source book [1919] He lived 1866 to 1951.

George David Birkhoff [Birkhoff, George David] mathematician USA 1907 to 1933 Asymptotic Properties of Certain Ordinary Differential Equations with Applications to Boundary Value and Expansion Problems [1907]; Relativity and Modern Physics [1923: with R. E. Langer]; Aesthetic Measure [1933] He lived 1884 to 1944, invented Birkhoff's theorem [1909], proved Poincaré's Last Geometric Theorem [1913], discovered ergodic theorem [1931 to 1932], studied asymptotic series, and helped develop quantum logic.

Maria Montessori [Montessori, Maria] educator Rome, Italy 1907 to 1949 Children's House [1907]; Montessori Method [1916]; Absorbent Mind [1949] She lived 1870 to 1952 and started school for children, emphasizing coordination, senses, and freedom. Children want to learn and discover things for themselves. Children have creative energy. Teachers allow children to express themselves freely. Teachers provide possibilities for action to children, rather than dictating, lecturing, or using set tasks. Children are valued individuals.

Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki [Suzuki, Daisetz Teitaro] philosopher Japan 1907 to 1949 Outlines of Mahayana Buddhism [1907]; Essays in Zen Buddhism [1927 to 1934]; Studies in the Lankavatara Sutra [1932]; Zen Buddhism and Its Influence on Japanese Culture [1938]; Japanese Spirituality [1944]; Introduction to Zen Buddhism [1949]; Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana; Shinran's Kyogyoshinsho: Collection of Passages Expounding the True Teaching, Living, Faith, and Realizing the Pure Land He lived 1870 to 1966 and translated many Buddhist books into English.

Australian ballot USA 1908 By 1908, all states used secret ballot {Australian ballot}.

Nora Bayes [Bayes, Nora] composer USA 1908 Shine on Harvest Moon [1908] She lived 1880 to 1928.

George Botsford [Botsford, George] composer USA 1908 Black and White Rag [1908] He lived 1874 to 1949.

Florence Lawrence [Lawrence, Florence] actor USA 1908 She lived 1886 to 1938 and was the Biograph girl and the Imp girl.

Émile Meyerson [Meyerson, Émile] philosopher Paris, France 1908 Identity and Reality [1908] He lived 1859 to 1933. People search for physical laws.

Hermann Minkowski [Minkowski, Hermann] mathematician Russia/Germany 1908 He lived 1864 to 1909 and unified space and time {space-time, Minkowski} in four dimensions [1908]. Light travels at 45-degree angle to make a light-cone, inside which events can affect future events and past events can affect point. Distances between events involve positive time and negative distances: s^2 = t^2 - x^2 - y^2 - z^2.

Jack Norworth [Norworth, Jack]/Albert Von Tilzer [Von Tilzer, Albert] lyricist/composer USA 1908 Take Me Out to the Ball Game [1908] Norworth lived 1879 to 1959. Von Tilzer lived 1872 to 1946.

Michael J. Shea [Shea, Michael J.]/John F. Shea [Shea, John F.] composer USA 1908 Notre Dame Fight Song [1908]

Elmer Ambrose Sperry [Sperry, Ambrose] inventor USA 1908 gyroscopic compass [1908] He lived 1860 to 1930 and invented gyroscopic compass.

Henry Van Dyke [Van Dyke, Henry] lyricist/composer England 1908 Joyful, Joyful, We Adore Thee [1908: music is Hymn to Joy by Ludwig van Beethoven] He lived 1852 to 1933.

Percy Wenrich [Wenrich, Percy] composer USA 1908 Memphis Rag [1908] He lived 1880 to 1952.

Manuel II king Portugal 1908 to 1910 He lived 1889 to 1932.

Harvey Cushing [Cushing, Harvey] biologist USA 1908 to 1912 Pituitary Body and its Disorders [1912] He lived 1869 to 1939, stimulated brains and elicited sensation without movement [1908], and described Cushing's syndrome [1912].

Henrietta Swan Leavitt [Leavitt, Henrietta Swan] astronomer USA 1908 to 1912 She lived 1868 to 1921. Cepheid-variable brightness varies directly with logarithm of period {period-luminosity relationship} [1908 and 1912].

Lucy Maud Montgomery [Montgomery, Lucy Maud] writer Canada 1908 to 1915 Anne of Green Gables [1908]; Anne of Avonlea [1909]; Anne of the Island [1915] She lived 1874 to 1942.

Amadeo Modigliani [Modigliani, Amadeo] painter/sculptor Italy/France 1908 to 1917 Jewess [1908: painting]; Head [1912: sculpture]; Caryatid [1914: sculpture]; Moise Kisling [1915]; Nude [1917] He lived from 1884 to 1920.

Enrico [Caruso, Enrico] tenor Italy 1908 to 1921 He lived 1873 to 1921 and sang opera music.

Luitzen E. J. Brouwer [Brouwer, Luitzen E. J.] mathematician Netherlands 1908 to 1924 Unreliability of the Logical Principles [1908]; Intuitionistic Reflections on Formalism [1927] He lived 1881 to 1966, tried to define numbers, and helped develop quantum logic. He helped develop the idea that mathematics requires mental constructions for truth {intuitionism, Brouwer} [1924]. Unconstructed and non-existent things cannot be the basis for truth. Infinities cause excluded-middle-law contradiction, so mathematics cannot use this law.

Edward Morgan Forster [Forster, Edward Morgan] novelist England 1908 to 1924 Room with a View [1908]; Howard's End [1910]; Passage to India [1924] He lived 1879 to 1970.

Kemal Ataturk [Ataturk, Kemal] leader Istanbul, Turkey 1908 to 1938 He lived 1881 to 1938 and led Young Turks who restored constitution to Ottoman Empire [1908]. He was general in World War I and then organized Nationalist Party. He defeated invasion by Greece at Smyrna [1922], abolished sultanate [1922], and founded Turkey [1922]. He obtained peace at Lausanne Conference [1923] and then westernized Turkey.

Kenneth Grahame [Grahame, Kenneth] novelist England 1908 to 1939 Wind in the Willows [1908]; Reluctant Dragon [1939] He lived 1859 to 1932.

Coco Chanel [Chanel, Coco] or Gabrielle Chanel [Chanel, Gabrielle] businesswoman France 1908 to 1970 She lived 1883 to 1971 and created perfumes.

Muhammad Iqbal [Iqbal, Muhammad] poet/philosopher India 1908 to 19348 Development of Metaphysics in Persia [1908]; Secrets of the Self [1915: poem]; Book of Eternity [1934] He lived 1876 to 1938, was Islamic, and combined Neoplatonism and Aristotle. The One is the first mover or cause of all existence.

Carl Beck [Beck, Carl]/W. T. Purdy [Purdy, W. T.] lyricist/composer USA 1909 On Wisconsin [1909: University of Wisconsin]

Frans Alfons Janssens [Janssens, Frans Alfons] biologist Germany 1909 Theory of Crossing-over [1909] He lived 1863 to 1924 and studied crossing-over.

Joseph F. Lamb [Lamb, Joseph F.] lyricist/composer USA 1909 Sensation Rag [1909] He lived 1887 to 1960.

Keith Lucas [Lucas, Keith] biochemist England 1909 He lived 1879 to 1916 and studied nerve impulse, with Francis Gotch. Nerve impulse is all-or-nothing, with refractory period afterward [1909].

Andrija Mohorovicic [Mohorovicic, Andrija] geologist Croatia 1909 He lived 1857 to 1936, studied seisomology, and discovered [1909] discontinuity at crust and mantle {Mohorovicic Discontinuity, Mohorovicic}.

Stanley Murphy [Murphy, Stanley]/Percy Wenrich [Wenrich, Percy] lyricist/composer Ireland/USA 1909 Put on Your Old Gray Bonnet [1909] Murphy lived 1875 to 1919.

Robert E. Peary [Peary, Robert E.] discoverer USA/Arctic 1909 He lived 1856 to 1920 and discovered North Pole and north Greenland.

J. Russel Robinson [Robinson, J. Russel] lyricist/composer USA 1909 Sapho Rag [1909] He lived 1892 to 1963.

Peyton Rous [Rous, Peyton] biologist USA 1909 to 1910 Sarcoma of the common fowl [1910] He lived 1879 to 1970 and discovered first oncovirus, Rous sarcoma virus [1909].

Andrei Bely [Bely, Andrei] writer Russia 1909 to 1912 Silver Dove [1909]; Petersburg [1912] He lived 1880 to 1934.

Giacomo Balla [Balla, Giacomo] painter Italy 1909 to 1913 Street Lamp [1909]; Dog on a Leash [1912]; Rhythms of a Bow [1912]; Abstract Speed [1913] He lived 1871 to 1958, was Futurist, and used Cubist ideas.

Robert Barany [Barany, Robert] physiologist Austria 1909 to 1913 On the Ear Labyrinth [1906]; Tests [1910]; Clinic on the Vestibular Apparatus [1913] He lived 1876 to 1936 and studied ear labyrinth functions.

William Howard Taft [Taft, William Howard] president USA 1909 to 1913 He lived 1857 to 1930. 27th president broke up trusts, intervened in South America at Nicaragua, had high tariffs, favored some businesses, and started income tax, postal savings system, and parcel post. He later was USA Supreme Court Chief Justice.

Thomas Hunt Morgan [Morgan, Thomas Hunt] biologist USA 1909 to 1915 Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity [1915] He lived 1866 to 1945, studied gene linkage, and invented linkage maps, using fruit flies [1909 to 1915]. Genes are in chromosomes.

Shelton Brooks [Brooks, Shelton] composer Canada/USA 1909 to 1917 Some of These Days [1909: sung by Sophie Tucker]; Darktown Strutters Ball [1917] He lived 1886 to 1975.

W. C. Handy [Handy, W. C.] or William Christopher Handy [Handy, William Christopher] or Father of the Blues composer USA 1909 to 1917 Memphis Blues [1909 and 1912]; St. Louis Blues [1914]; Yellow Dog Blues [1914]; Beale Street Blues [1917] He lived 1873 to 1958 and composed blues.

Daniel Jones [Jones, Daniel] linguist/philologist England 1909 to 1918 Pronunciation of English [1909]; Outline of English Phonetics [1918] He lived 1881 to 1967 and invented International Phonetic Alphabet. Cardinal vowels have different articulation places, such as tongue height, mouth front or back, and rounded or unrounded lips.

Serafin Alvarez Quintero [Quintero, Serafin Alvarez]/Joaquin Alvarez Quintero [Quintero, Joaquin Alvarez] writer Spain 1909 to 1919 Papá Juan: centenario or Father John: hundredth anniversary [1909]; Los mosquitos [1928]; Los galeotes or Galley Slaves [1900]; Las flores or Flowers [1901]; Malvaloca [1912]; La calumniada or Calumny [1919] Joaquin lived 1873 to 1944. Serafin lived 1871 to 1938.

Archibald E. Garrod [Garrod, Archibald E.] biologist England 1909 to 1923 Inborn Errors of Metabolism [1923] He lived 1857 to 1936 and studied genetics [1909].

Ahmad Shah shah Persia 1909 to 1924 He lived 1898 to 1930, was Qajar, and revolted and defeated Mohammad-Ali Shah.

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin [Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich] founder Russia 1909 to 1924 Materialism and Empirio-Criticism [1909]; Philosophical Notebooks [1929] He lived 1870 to 1924. He led Russian Revolution [1917] and Bolshevik party. He fought Mensheviks in civil war [1917 to 1919]. He started Soviet Union or Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. He founded Comintern or Third International [1919], to spread Marxism by uniting all Communist countries. He tried New Economic Policy [1922], allowing private enterprise to save economy. Politics Leninism was the idea that imperialism preceded capitalism downfall, and a strong Communist Party must guide the proletariat.

Bronislava Nijinska [Nijinska, Bronislava] ballerina Russia 1909 to 1924 Les Biches or Bad Girls [1924: music by Poulenc, Concerto Grosso in D for Strings] She lived 1891 to 1972.

Serge Diaghilev [Diaghilev, Serge] ballet dancer/choreographer Russia 1909 to 1929 He lived 1872 to 1929 and founded Ballets Russes. Ballets Russes included Anna Pavlova, Tamara Karsavina, Nijinska, Vaslav Nijinsky, Serge Lifan, Ninette de Valois, Leonid Massine, and George .

Charles Samuel Myers [Myers, Charles Samuel] psychologist Britain 1909 to 1937 Text Book of Experimental Psychology [1909]; Mind and Work [1920]; Industrial Psychology in Great Britain [1926]; In the Realm of Mind [1937] He lived 1873 to 1946 and studied work habits.

Van Wyck Brooks [Brooks, Van Wyck] historian/critic USA 1909 to 1947 Finders and Makers series [1909 to 1947: history] He lived 1886 to 1963.

Frank Lloyd Wright [Wright, Frank Lloyd] architect USA 1909 to 1959 Robie House [1909: in Chicago]; Taliesin [1911 and 1925: in Spring Green, Wisconsin]; Imperial Hotel [1916 to 1922: in Tokyo]; Fallingwater [1934, 1938, and 1948: Ohiopyle or Bear Run, Pennsylvania]; Johnson Wax Building [1936 to 1939: in Racine, Wisconsin]; Taliesin West [1937: in Scottsdale, Arizona]; Guggenhiem Museum [1956 to 1959: in New York]; Marin Civic Center [1957: in San Rafael, California]; Organic Architecture [1939: book] He lived 1867 to 1959 and used Cubist ideas. Horizontal houses {prairie house} integrate with surroundings. Well- designed houses {Usonian house} can be affordable.

Robert Baden-Powell [Baden-Powell, Robert] founder England 1910 He lived 1857 to 1941 and started Boy Scouts.

Lucien Denny [Denny, Lucien] composer USA 1910 Red Devil Rag [1910]

William Dillon [Dillon, William]/Harry Von Tilzer [Von Tilzer, Harry] lyricist/composer USA 1910 I Want a Girl Just Like the Girl [1910] Dillon lived 1877 to 1966. Von Tilzer lived 1872 to 1946.

Abraham Flexner [Flexner, Abraham] biologist USA 1910 Experimental poliomyelitis in monkeys: active immunization and passive serum protection [1910: with Paul A. Lewis]; Medical Education in the United States and Canada [1910] He lived 1866 to 1959. He studied polio [1910].

Bill Hansen [Hansen, Bill]/Filippo D. Marchetti [Marchetti, Filippo D.] lyricist/composer USA 1910 Fascination or Valse Tzigane [1910] Marchetti lived 1831 to 1902.

Iraj Mirza [Mirza, Iraj] or Jal'ul Mamalik [Mirza Jal'ul Mamalik, Iraj] poet Germany 1910 Book of the Veil [1910: in Farsi] He lived 1874 to 1925.

Ren Shields [Shields, Ren]/Bert Leighton [Leighton, Bert]/Frank Leighton [Leighton, Frank] lyricist/composer/composer USA 1910 Steamboat Bill [1910] Shields lived 1868 to 1913.

Ernst Steinitz [Steinitz, Ernst] mathematician Germany 1910 Algebraic Theory of Fields [1910] He lived 1871 to 1928 and studied algebraic field theory.

Tell Taylor [Taylor, Tell] lyricist/composer USA 1910 Down by the Old Mill Stream [1910] He lived 1876 to 1937.

William Tracey [Tracey, William]/Lewis F. Muir [Muir, Lewis F.] composer USA 1910 Play That Barber Shop Chord [1910] Muir lived 1883 to 1915.

Stanford White [White, Stanford]/Charles Follen McKim [McKim, Charles Follen] architect New York, New York 1910 Great Hall of Penn Station [1910: Beaux Arts Neoclassical building was dismantled in 1964] White lived 1853 to 1906. McKim lived 1847 to 1909.

Beth Slater Whitson [Whitson, Beth Slater]/Leo Friedman [Friedman, Leo] composer USA 1910 Let Me Call You Sweetheart [1910] Friedman lived 1869 to 1927.

Rida Johnson Young [Young, Rida Johnson]/Victor Herbert [Herbert, Victor] lyricist/composer USA/Ireland 1910 Ah, Sweet Mystery of Life [1910: also in the film Naughty Marietta, 1935] Young lived 1869 to 1926. Herbert lived 1859 to 1924.

Zane Grey [Grey, Zane] novelist USA 1910 to 1912 Heritage of the Desert [1910]; Riders of the Purple Sage [1912] He lived 1872 to 1939 and wrote western stories.

Thornton W. Burgess [Burgess, Thornton W.] writer USA 1910 to 1913 Old Mother West Wind [1910]; Adventures of Reddy Fox [1913] He lived 1874 to 1965.

John Bunny [Bunny, John]/Flora Finch [Finch, Flora] actor USA/England 1910 to 1915 Bunnygraphs or Bunnyfinches or Bunnyfinchgraphs [1910 to 1915] Bunny lived 1863 to 1915. Finch lived 1869 to 1940. They were in comic one-reelers, with fat erring husband and shrewish wife.

Francisco Villa [Villa, Francisco] or Pancho Villa [Villa, Pancho] revolutionary Mexico 1910 to 1915 He lived 1878 to 1923, helped Madero in Mexican Revolution, controlled north Mexico with Emil Zapata, and took Mexico City [1915]. Later, he raided USA border.

Gilbert Anderson [Anderson, Gilbert] or Max Aronson [Aronson, Max] or Broncho Billy actor USA 1910 to 1918 Bronco Billy series [1910 to 1918: 400 silent movie westerns] He lived 1880 to 1971.

Oswald Veblen [Veblen, Oswald] mathematician England 1910 to 1918 Projective Geometry [1910 to 1918: with John Wesley Young, 2 volumes] He lived 1880 to 1960 and axiomatized geometry using ideas of point and order.

James Brockman [Brockman, James]/Abe Olman [Olman, Abe] lyricist/composer USA 1910 to 1920 Down among the Sheltering Palms [1910 to 1920] Olman lived 1888 to 1984.

Vernon Castle [Castle, Vernon]/Irene Castle [Castle, Irene] ballroom dancer USA 1910 to 1920 Fox Trot; Castle Walk; Maxixe; One Step; Two Step He lived 1887 to 1918. She lived 1893 to 1969.

Howard E. Johnson [Johnson, Howard E.]/Theodore Morse [Morse, Theodore] lyricist/composer USA 1910 to 1920 M-O-T-H-E-R [1910 to 1920] Johnson lived 1887 to 1941. Morse lived 1873 to 1924.

Papa Jack or George Vital Laine [Laine, George Vital] drummer/arranger USA 1910 to 1920 He lived 1873 to 1966 and played Dixieland.

Sam M. Lewis [Lewis, Sam M.]/Joe Young [Young, Joe]/Jean Schwartz [Schwartz, Jean] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1910 to 1920 Rock-a-bye Your Baby with a Dixie Melody [1910 to 1920] Lewis lived 1885 to 1959. Young lived 1889 to 1939. Schwartz lived 1878 to 1956.

Manuel Perez [Perez, Manuel] or Manole Perez [Perez, Manole] cornetist USA 1910 to 1920 He lived 1871 to 1946 and played Dixieland.

Ed Rose [Rose, Ed]/Abe Olman [Olman, Abe] lyricist/composer USA 1910 to 1920 Oh Johnny, Oh Johnny, Oh! [1910 to 1920] Rose lived 1875 to 1935. Olman lived 1888 to 1984.

Shepherd Ivery Franz [Franz, Shepherd Ivery] neuropsychologist USA 1910 to 1923 Functions of the Anterior and Posterior Association Areas of the Cerebrum [1910]; Handbook of Mental Examination Methods [1912]; Nervous and Mental Re-education [1923] He lived 1874 to 1933 and studied focal cerebral-cortex lesions, frontal-lobe functions, motor-center variability, and aphasia.

Anton Webern [Webern, Anton] composer Austria 1910 to 1928 Six Pieces for Orchestra [1910 and 1928: symphony] He lived 1883 to 1945.

Hoot Gibson [Gibson, Hoot] or Edmund Richard Gibson [Gibson, Edmund Richard] actor USA 1910 to 1929 Pride of the Range [1910: western] He lived 1892 to 1962.

Tom Mix [Mix, Tom] or Thomas E. Mix [Mix, Thomas E.] actor USA 1910 to 1929 Pride of the Range [1910: western] He lived 1880 to 1940.

Buddy Bolden [Bolden, Buddy] trumpeter USA 1910 to 1930 He lived 1877 to 1931 and played Dixieland, New Orleans, and blues.

Kid Ory [Ory, Kid] or Edward Ory [Ory, Edward] trombonist/composer USA 1910 to 1930 He lived 1886 to 1973 and played Dixieland and New Orleans Revival: New Orleans Tailgate Trombonists.

Cass Gilbert [Gilbert, Cass] architect New York, New York 1910 to 1931 Woolworth Building [1910 to 1913: iron skyscraper is 260 meters tall]; George Washington Bridge [1925 to 1931: iron and concrete suspension bridge connects New York and New Jersey across Hudson River] He lived 1859 to 1934.

Ignace Paderewski [Paderewski, Ignace] pianist Poland 1910 to 1932 He lived 1860 to 1941.

Alfred North Whitehead [Whitehead, Alfred North] mathematician/philosopher Britain/USA 1910 to 1938 Principia Mathematica or Principles of Mathematics [1910 to 1913: with Russell]; Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Natural Science [1919]; Concept of Nature [1920]; Principle of Relativity with Applications to Physical Science [1922]; Science and the Modern World [1925]; Religion in the Making [1926]; Process and Reality [1929]; Adventures of Ideas [1933]; Modes of Thought [1938] He lived 1861 to 1947 and was idealist. He studied logical analysis, axiomatized logic, and developed logicism. Events can relate {process, Whitehead}. Relations and events transform object properties. Objects are always changing properties or property values. Reality is about such changes {process philosophy, Whitehead}. Since no properties exist for significant times, processes and relations are more important than matter, time, and position. All things interconnect and continually adjust to environment {philosophy of organism, Whitehead}. Higher properties emerge from lower systems. God is always becoming, and this unifies universe. Qualities are not substances but are mind-activity results.

Wassily Kandinsky [Kandinsky, Wassily] painter Russia/Dresden, Germany/Munich, Germany 1910 to 1939 Improvisation 7 [1910]; Compositions [1911 to 1939: I to X]; Concerning the Spiritual in Art [1912: book] He lived 1866 to 1944, led Die Brucke or the Bridge, and was the first non-objective or non-representational painter {non-representational art} {non-objective art, Kandinsky}. He was Fauvist. He, Franz Marc, and other German expressionists formed Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) [1911 to 1014].

Charles Evans Hughes [Hughes, Charles Evans] judge USA 1910 to 1941 Supreme Court of the United States [1928] He lived 1862 to 1948 and was USA Supreme Court Associate Justice [1910 to 1916 and 1930 to 1941].

Yvette Guilbert [Guilbert, Yvette] singer France 1910 to 1944 She lived 1865 to 1944 and spoke her songs.

Ramana or Bhagavan Sri Ramana Maharishi [Ramana Maharishi, Bhagavan Sri] philosopher Arunachala, Tamil, India 1910 to 1950 Essence of Instruction [1910 to 1950]; Hymn to Arunachala [1910 to 1950] He lived 1879 to 1950 and was Tantric Buddhist.

Junichiro Tanizaki [Tanizaki, Junichiro] writer Japan 1910 to 1950 Tattooer [1910]; Reed Cutter [1932]; Captain Shigemoto's Mother [1950] He lived 1886 to 1965.

Igor Stravinsky [Stravinsky, Igor] composer Russia 1910 to 1965 Firebird [1910: ballet]; Sacre du Printemps or Rite of Spring [1913: ballet]; Soldiers Tale [1918]; Oedipus Rex or Oedipus the King [1927: opera]; Symphony of Psalms [1930]; Orpheus [1947: ballet]; Petrouchka [1947: ballet]; Rake's Progress [1951: opera]; Cantata [1952]; Septuor or Composition for Seven Voices [1953: chorale]; Agon or Struggle [1953 and 1957: chorale]; Pulcinella [1965] He lived 1882 to 1971 and used serial technique.

Roberto Assagioli [Assagioli, Roberto] psychologist Italy/USA 1910 to 1973 Psychosynthesis: A Manual of Principles and Techniques [1965]; Act of Will [1973] He lived 1888 to 1974. Will and self connect {psychosynthesis}, because self acts through will in all sensations, emotions, desires, imaginings, thoughts, and intuitions [1910].

Ernst Barlach [Barlach, Ernst] sculptor Germany 1911 Man Drawing a Sword [1911: Post-Impressionist wood sculpture] He lived 1870 to 1938.

Eugen Bleuler [Bleuler, Eugen] psychiatrist Zurich, Switzerland 1911 Dementia Praecox [1911] He lived 1857 to 1939 and studied schizophrenia and hysteria. Schizophrenia begins in adolescence or early adult life, is endogenous, and gets progressively worse if untreated [1911].

Marc Chagall [Chagall, Marc] painter Russia/France 1911 I and the Village [1911: Cubist and Romanticist] He lived 1887 to 1985.

L. Wolfe Gilbert [Gilbert, L. Wolfe]/Lewis F. Muir [Muir, Lewis F.] composer Russia/USA 1911 Waiting for the Robert E. Lee [1911] Gilbert lived 1886 to 1970. Muir lived 1883 to 1915.

Ejnar Hertzsprung [Hertzsprung, Ejnar] astronomer Germany 1911 He lived 1873 to 1067 and studied star classification and evolution {Hertzsprung-Russell diagram} [1911].

Nishida Kitaro [Kitaro, Nishida] philosopher Kyoto, Japan 1911 Inquiry into the Good [1911] He lived 1870 to 1945, started Kyoto School, and tried to unite Zen Buddhist and Western philosophy, especially that of James and Bergson.

Cecil Macklin [Macklin, Cecil] lyricist/composer USA 1911 Tres Moutarde or Too Much Mustard [1911]

Robert Michels [Michels, Robert] political scientist Marburg, Germany/Italy 1911 Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy [1911] He lived 1876 to 1936 and studied skill and privilege, loyalty, and power. Political parties tend toward oligarchy, authoritarianism, and bureaucracy {iron law of oligarchy}.

Robert A. Milliken [Milliken, Robert A.] physicist USA 1911 He lived 1868 to 1953 and measured electron charge [1911].

George A. Norton [Norton, George A.]/Maybelle E. Watson [Watson, Maybelle E.]/Ernest M. Burnett [Burnett, Ernest M.] composer USA 1911 My Melancholy Baby [1911]

Heike Kammerlingh Onnes [Onnes, Heike Kammerlingh] physicist Netherlands 1911 He lived 1853 to 1926 and discovered superconductivity [1911].

Peter D. Ouspensky [Ouspensky, Peter D.] philosopher Moscow, Russia 1911 Third Organon [1911] He lived 1878 to 1947 and followed Gurdjieff {Fourth Way School}.

Ernest Rutherford [Rutherford, Ernest] physicist England 1911 He lived 1871 to 1937 and discovered atom central nucleus [1911], orbited by electrons.

Harlow Shapley [Shapley, Harlow] astronomer USA 1911 Flights from Chaos: A Survey of Material Systems from Atoms to Galaxies [1923]; Galaxies [1943] He lived 1885 to 1972 and measured star distances and Sun galaxy position [1911].

Gregorio Martinez Sierra [Sierra, Gregorio Martinez] writer Spain 1911 Canción de cuna or Cradle Song [1911] He lived 1881 to 1947.

Ernst Troeltsch [Troeltsch, Ernst] philosopher Baden, Germany/Heidelberg, Germany 1911 to 1912 Significance of the Historical Existence of Jesus for Faith [1911]; Christian faith [1912] He lived 1848 to 1915 and was of Baden School of Neo-Kantism.

Hans Vaihinger [Vaihinger, Hans] psychologist/philosopher Germany 1911 to 1912 Philosophy of As-If [1911]; Neurotic Character [1912] He lived 1852 to 1933, was Neo-Kantian, and studied Nietzsche. Efforts to protect self-esteem and habits cause neurotic symptoms. Epistemology Only emotions and sensations are real. All knowledge, even logic, rests on useful fictions {as-if}. Human character and actions has teleological explanation, using mental constructs or models {fiction}. Human life has fictive goals and plans to achieve goals. Ethics People construct their habits and character based on meanings in their situations. Character builds unconsciously and uniquely. Children need tasks that they can accomplish, to gain confidence and build character.

Arthur Holmes [Holmes, Arthur] geologist England 1911 to 1913 Age of the Earth [1913] He lived 1890 to 1965, did first radiometric rock dating [1911], and championed continental drift and plate spreading.

Nicolai A. Vasiliev [Vasiliev, Nicolai A.] mathematician Russia/Berlin, Germany 1911 to 1913 Imaginary (non-Aristotelian) Logic [1912: non-Aristotelian logic]; Logic and metalogic [1913] He lived 1880 to 1940 and helped develop three-valued logic [1910 to 1913].

Franz Werfel [Werfel, Franz] writer Germany 1911 to 1913 Der Weltfreund or Friend of the World [1911]; Wir sind or We are heroes [1913] He lived 1890 to 1945.

Annie Jump Cannon [Cannon, Annie Jump] astronomer USA 1911 to 1914 Henry Catalog [1914] She lived 1863 to 1941, cataloged many stars, and invented star spectral classification system: O, B, A, F, G, K, and M.

Grigori Rasputin [Rasputin, Grigori] politician Russia 1911 to 1916 He lived 1872 to 1916 and controlled family of Czar Nicholas II through mysticism and supposed healing power.

Carl Pulfrich [Pulfrich, Carl] psychologist Jena, Germany 1911 to 1922 Stereoscopic Vision and Measurement [1911]; Stereoscopy in the Service of Isochromatic and Heterochromatic Photometry [1922] He lived 1858 to 1927. If people view pendulums with sunglasses over one eye and nothing over other eye, pendulums appear to move in elliptical paths, with depth {Pulfrich's pendulum} {Pulfrich stereophenomenon} [1921]. Perhaps, sunglass delays signal transmission from retina to brain {delay line explanation}, eye sees sunglass-filtered pendulum at previous position compared to uncovered eye, and different positions cause stereoscopic disparity and appearance of depth. Actually, eye adaptation to lower illumination causes delay. Depth effect also happens with stroboscopically lit objects and in television-set "snow".

David Katz [Katz, David] psychologist Germany 1911 to 1925 World of Color [1911]; World of Touch [1925] He lived 1884 to 1953 and studied touch and color vision.

Walter Bradford Cannon [Cannon, Walter Bradford] physiologist USA 1911 to 1932 Mechanical Factors of Digestion [1911]; Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage [1915 and 1929]; Wisdom of the Body [1932] He lived 1871 to 1945 and studied psychosomatic disease and fear and rage biochemistry. Body maintains chemical and function equilibrium {homeostasis, Cannon}. Body uses feedback signals to indicate needs and to initiate action to obtain needs.

William McDougall [McDougall, William] psychologist Britain 1911 to 1933 Body and Mind [1911]; Outlines of Psychology [1923]; Outline of Abnormal Psychology [1926]; Energies of Man [1933] He lived 1871 to 1938. People have purposes and goals that explain thoughts and actions. Emotion happens after thwarted drives. He studied explicit recognition and implicit recognition [McDougall, 1924].

Gilbert Keith Chesterton [Chesterton, Gilbert Keith] essayist England 1911 to 1935 Father Brown short stories [1911 to 1935] He lived 1874 to 1936. People achieve happiness by their decisions as agents motivated by values {distributism, Chesterton}, so people must have private ownership and personal liberty. Distributism is communitarianism against capitalism and socialism.

Bela Bartok [Bartok, Bela] composer Hungary 1911 to 1939 Allegro barbaro or Barbaric Allegro or Magyar Rhapsody No. 2 [1911]; Mikrokosmos [1926 to 1939 symphony]; Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion [1937: symphony] He lived 1881 to 1945.

Gordon Morgan Holmes [Holmes, Gordon Morgan] neurologist Ireland 1911 to 1941 Sensory disturbances from cerebral lesions [1911: with Henry Head] He lived 1876 to 1965 and studied sensation locations and spinal and head injuries. He found Adie's syndrome and Holmes' syndrome [1941], with William Adie.

George Asaf [Asaf, George] or George Powell [Powell, George]/Felix Powell [Powell, Felix] lyricist/composer USA 1912 Pack up Your Troubles in an Old Kit Bag and Smile, Smile, Smile [1912] Asaf lived 1880 to 1951. Powell lived ? to 1942.

Grant Clarke [Clarke, Grant]/Maurice Abrahams [Abrahams, Maurice]/Lewis F. Muir [Muir, Lewis F.] composer USA 1912 Ragtime Cowboy Joe [1912] Clarke lived 1891 to 1931. Muir lived 1883 to 1915.

Walter de la Mare [de la Mare, Walter] poet England 1912 Listeners [1912] He lived 1873 to 1953.

Buddy G. DeSylva [DeSylva, Buddy G.]/Jerome Kern [Kern, Jerome] lyricist/composer USA 1912 Look for the Silver Lining [1912: from Sally] DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950. Kern lived 1885 to 1945.

Thomas Alva Edison [Edison, Thomas Alva] producer USA 1912 What Happened to Mary [1912: first serial, with Mary Fuller] He lived 1847 to 1931.

Jacob Epstein [Epstein, Jacob] sculptor USA/England 1912 Tomb of Oscar Wilde [1912] He lived 1880 to 1959 and was Expressionist.

Rudolf Friml [Friml, Rudolf] composer USA 1912 Indian Love Call [1912: from The Firefly, also in the film Rose-Marie, 1936, sung by Jeanette MacDonald and Nelson Eddy]; Mountie Song [1912: from The Firefly]; Rose Marie [1912: from The Firefly] He lived 1879 to 1972.

Nellie Heim [Heim, Nellie] composer USA 1912 Maurice Tango [1912]; That Old Girl of Mine [1912]

Jack Judge [Judge, Jack]/Harry Williams [Williams, Harry] lyricist/composer USA 1912 It's a Long Way to Tipperary [1912] Williams lived 1901 to 1982.

Edward Madden [Madden, Edward]/Percy Wenrich [Wenrich, Percy] lyricist/composer USA 1912 Moonlight Bay [1912] Madden lived 1878 to 1952. Wenrich lived 1887 to 1952.

Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley [Moseley, Henry Gwyn Jeffreys] chemist England 1912 He lived 1887 to 1915 and found atomic numbers [1912].

Chauncey Olcott [Olcott, Chauncey]/George Graff, Jr. [Graff, Jr., George]/Ernest Ball [Ball, Ernest] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1912 When Irish Eyes Are Smiling [1912] Olcott lived 1858 to 1932. Graff lived 1886 to 1973. Ball lived 1878 to 1927.

Charles Peguy [Peguy, Charles] writer France 1912 Sinners and Saints [1912] He lived 1873 to 1914.

Vesto M. Slipher [Slipher, Vesto M.] astronomer USA 1912 He lived 1875 to 1969, measured extra-galactic-star and galaxy spectra, discovered that most spectra were red-shifted, and calculated their recessional velocities [1912].

Byron D. Stokes [Stokes, Byron D.]/F. Dudleigh Vernor [Vernor, F. Dudleigh] lyricist/composer USA 1912 Sweetheart of Sigma Chi [1912] Vernor lived 1892 to 1974.

Hart A. Wand [Wand, Hart A.]/Lloyd Garret [Garret, Lloyd] composer USA 1912 Dallas Blues [1912]

Arthur Wimperis [Wimperis, Arthur]/Paul A. Rubens [Rubens, Paul A.] lyricist/composer USA 1912 Argentine [1912] Wimperis lived 1874 to 1953. Rubens lived 1875 to 1917.

Georges Braque [Braque, Georges] painter France 1912 to 1913 Man with Guitar [1912]; Le Courrier or Courier [1913] He lived 1882 to 1963.

Ralph Barton Perry [Perry, Ralph Barton] philosopher USA 1912 to 1926 New Realism [1912]; Present Philosophical Tendencies [1925]; General Theory of Value [1926] He lived 1876 to 1957 and started New Realism. Consciousness content is the same as consciousness object. Mind and brain are same. Anything conceived or perceived as outside mind is in mind. However, this cannot prove that nothing is outside mind {egocentric predicament}.

Alfred Adler [Adler, Alfred] psychoanalyst Austria/Munich, Germany 1912 to 1927 Neurotic Constitution [1912]; Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology [1922]; Understanding Human Nature [1927] He lived 1870 to 1937 and founded School of Individual Psychology. People can feel that they are inferior {inferiority complex} and therefore compensate. For example, people can feel physically inferior and compensate by increasing their size or abilities. People can feel their sexual organs are inferior. Small, weak, and dependent children can feel inferior and feminine.

Max Scheler [Scheler, Max] philosopher Germany 1912 to 1928 Resentment in the Structure of Morals [1912]; Formalism in Ethics and the Non-Formal Ethics of Values [1916]; Problems of a Sociology of Knowledge [1926]; Man and History [1926]; Man's Place in Nature [1928] He lived 1874 to 1928 and was New Realist. Ethics Values are objective. Values are about sensation, beauty, religion, and nobility, not about reason. Perhaps, people are perfect beings that have fallen from God's grace, animals with reason, evolved animals, beings that can control their lives and environments, or beings that have lost purpose and motivation. Human nature causes all cultural products. Politics Bourgeoisie have resentment toward their station.

Alfred Wegener [Wegener, Alfred] geologist Brunswick, Germany 1912 to 1928 Origin of the Continents and Oceans [1915] He lived 1880 to 1930 and developed continental-drift theory [1912 to 1928].

William E. Hocking [Hocking, William E.] philosopher USA 1912 to 1932 Meaning of God in Human Experience [1912]; One Thousand Americans [1947: with G. Seldes]; Rethinking Missions [1932] He lived 1873 to 1966, was Idealist, and was Royce's student.

Marcel Duchamp [Duchamp, Marcel] painter France 1912 to 1934 Nude Descending a Staircase (No. 2) [1912]; Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Large Glass) [1915 to 1923]; Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even (The Green Box) [1934] He lived 1887 to 1968 and superimposed movement phases.

Peter [Debye, Peter] physicist Netherlands/USA 1912 to 1936 He lived 1884 to 1966 and invented Debye-Hückel theory [1936] and studied vibration energy. Vibration energy equals mechanical-vibration frequency times Planck constant [1912].

Antoine Meillet [Meillet, Antoine] linguist USA 1912 to 1937 How Words Change Their Meaning [1912]; Introduction to Indo-European Comparative Linguistics [1937] He lived 1866 to 1936.

Martin Johnson [Johnson, Martin]/Osa Johnson [Johnson, Osa] director USA 1912 to 1940 travelogues [1912 to 1940: silent] Martin lived 1884 to 1937. Osa lived 1894 to 1953.

Piet Mondrian [Mondrian, Piet] painter Netherlands 1912 to 1943 Flowering Apple Tree [1912]; Composition with Red, White, and Blue [1921]; Composition in Red, Blue, and Yellow [1930]; Broadway Boogie-Woogie [1943] He lived 1872 to 1944 and used a non-objective style {Neo-Plasticism} {De Stijl} that balanced asymmetrical parts.

Max Wertheimer [Wertheimer, Max] psychologist Germany 1912 to 1945 Experimental Study of Vision in Motion [1912]; Studies on the Theory of Gestalt [1923]; Productive Thinking [1943] He lived 1880 to 1943, founded Gestalt psychology, and studied apparent visual motion.

Amy Lowell [Lowell, Amy] poet USA 1912 to 1955 Dome of Many-Colored Glass [1912]; Sword Blades and Poppy Seed [1914]; Men, Women and Ghosts [1916]; Weather-Cock Points South [1919]; Sisters [1925] She lived 1874 to 1925 and was Imagist.

Anna Akhmatova [Akhmatova, Anna] poet Russia/France 1912 to 1963 Evening [1912]; Requiem [1963] She lived 1889 to 1966.

George Bennard [Bennard, George] lyricist/composer USA 1913 Old Rugged Cross [1913] He lived 1873 to 1958.

Umberto Boccioni [Boccioni, Umberto] sculptor Turin, Italy 1913 Unique Form of Continuity in Space [1913] He lived 1882 to 1916, was Futurist, and used Cubist ideas.

Jim Burris [Burris, Jim]/Chris Smith [Smith, Chris] composer USA 1913 Ballin' the Jack [1913] Smith lived 1879 to 1949.

Enver Pasha dictator Turkey 1913 He lived 1881 to 1922 and led Young Turks.

Fred Fisher [Fisher, Fred]/Alfred Bryan [Bryan, Alfred] composer USA 1913 Come, Josephine, in My Flying Machine [1910]; Peg O' My Heart [1913] Fisher lived 1875 to 1942. Bryan lived 1871 to 1958.

Alain-Fournier or Henri Alban Fournier [Fournier, Henri Alban] writer France 1913 Le Grand Meaulnes or Wanderer [1913] He lived 1886 to 1914.

Enrico Guazzoni [Guazzoni, Enrico] director Italy 1913 Quo Vadis or Whither Goest Thou? or Whither Thou Goest [1913] He lived 1876 to 1949.

Wilhelm Lehmbruck [Lehmbruck, Wilhelm] sculptor Europe 1913 Standing Youth [1913: Post-Impressionist cast stone] He lived 1881 to 1919.

Cecil Mack [Mack, Cecil]/James P. Johnson [Johnson, James P.] composer USA 1913 Charleston [1913] Mack lived 1883 to 1944. Johnson lived 1894 to 1955.

Leonor Michaelis [Michaelis, Leonor] biologist Germany 1913 Kinetics of invertase activity [1913] He lived 1875 to 1940 and studied enzyme kinetics and analyzed enzyme-substrate complexes as chemical equilibria.

Ina Dudley Ogdon [Ogdon, Ina Dudley]/Charles H. Gabriel [Gabriel, Charles H.] lyricist/composer USA 1913 Brighten the Corner Where You Are [1913] Gabriel lived 1856 to 1932.

Eleanor Hodgman Porter [Porter, Eleanor Hodgman] writer USA 1913 Pollyanna [1913] She lived 1868 to 1920.

Luckey Roberts [Roberts, Luckey] composer USA 1913 Junk Man Rag [1913] He lived 1887 to 1968.

Henry Norris Russell [Russell, Henry Norris] astronomer England 1913 He lived 1877 to 1057 and studied star classification and evolution (Hertzsprung-Russell diagram) [1913].

Henry M. Sheffer [Sheffer, Henry M.] mathematician USA 1913 Set of Five Independent Postulates for Boolean Algebras, with application to logical constants [1913] He lived 1883 to 1964. Elements {Sheffer stroke element} can equal "Not AND" and fire if either, but not both, of two input elements fire. Sheffer-stroke-element combinations can make OR element, AND element, and NOT element. Using many Sheffer stroke elements creates devices whose output fires if and only if most inputs fire.

Arnold Sommerfield [Sommerfield, Arnold] physicist England 1913 He lived 1868 to 1951 and studied Bohr atom and elliptical electron orbits [1913].

Juca Storoni [Storoni, Juca] composer USA 1913 Amapa Maxixa [1913: maxixe]

Francis William Aston [Aston, Francis William] chemist England 1913 to 1922 Isotopes [1922] He lived 1877 to 1945 and studied isotopes [1913].

John Drinkwater [Drinkwater, John] playwright/poet England 1913 to 1922 Georgian Poetry [1913 to 1915: poems]; Rebellion [1914: play]; Preludes [1921 to 1922: poems] He lived 1882 to 1937.

Franz Kafka [Kafka, Franz] novelist Prague, Czech Republic 1913 to 1926 Amerika [1913]; Metamorphosis [1915]; Penal Colony [1919]; Trial [1925]; Castle [1926] He lived 1883 to 1924.

Marcel [Proust, Marcel] novelist France 1913 to 1927 Remembrance of Things Past or In Search of Lost Time [1913 to 1927: Swann's Way was first book in 1913 and The Past Recaptured was last book in 1927] He lived 1871 to 1922.

Niels Bohr [Bohr, Niels] physicist Denmark 1913 to 1928 He lived 1885 to 1962, studied electromagnetic radiation energies, and explained atomic spectra. Absorbed or emitted light has electron orbital-transition energies [1913]. Electron angular momentum is shell number times Planck constant divided by 2 * pi. Electron rotation frequencies have discrete values. He philosophized about waves and particle complementarity and invented Copenhagen quantum-mechanics interpretation [1928].

David Herbert Lawrence [Lawrence, David Herbert] novelist/poet England 1913 to 1928 Sons and Lovers [1913: novel]; Rainbow [1915: novel]; Women in Love [1920: novel]; Plumed Serpent [1926: novel]; Lady Chatterly's Lover [1928: novel] He lived 1885 to 1930.

Vachel Lindsay [Lindsay, Vachel] poet USA 1913 to 1928 General William Booth Enters into Heaven [1913]; Congo [1914]; Johnny Appleseed [1923]; Eagle Forgotten [1928] He lived 1879 to 1931.

John Broadus Watson [Watson, John Broadus] psychologist USA 1913 to 1928 Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It [1913]; Behavior: an Introduction to Comparative Psychology [1914]; Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist [1919]; Behaviorism [1924]; Psychological Care of Infant and Child [1928] He lived 1878 to 1958 and founded behaviorism. He emphasized being objective and working only with observables. He studied reinforcement timing in instrumental learning, conditioned responses, and forming associations. Associations can only form between stimulus and response, not between stimuli. All behaviors depend on reflexes. All behavior and thought is stimulus-response, though people cannot observe mental stimuli and responses. Conditioning determines human behavior, so people learn almost all behaviors. Previous-behavior recency and frequency determine subsequent behavior. The goal of psychology is behavior prediction and control. Classical conditioning can change human emotions.

David Wark Griffith [Griffith, David Wark] director USA 1913 to 1930 Judith of Bethulia [1913: first spectacular]; Birth of a Nation [1915: about the Civil War. G. W. Bitzer or Billy Bitzer, cameraman, used close-ups, fade outs, back lighting, iris picture dissolves, fuzzy close-ups, panoramic long shots, cut- backs between simultaneous scenes, last second rescues, and effective lighting. Lillian Gish acted]; Intolerance [1916: Set had palace of Belshazzar of Babylon. Movie used 400 reels and had Babylon, Renaissance-France, Crucifixion, and modern-slum parts. Lillian Gish acted]; Abraham Lincoln [1920]; Way Down East [1920: melodrama]; Isn't Life Wonderful [1924]; Abraham Lincoln [1930: sound] He lived 1875 to 1948.

Rabindranath Tagore [Tagore, Rabindranath] playwright India 1913 to 1930 Gardener [1913: play]; King of the Dark Chamber [1914: play]; Religion of Man [1930: essay] He lived 1861 to 1941.

William Wilson [Wilson, William] physicist England 1913 to 1932 He lived 1875 to 1965 and studied Bohr atom [1913] and semiconductor average drift velocity per unit force [1932].

Georges Ivanovich Gurdjieff [Gurdjieff, Georges Ivanovich] philosopher Russia/Armenia 1913 to 1935 Meetings with Remarkable Men [1913]; All and Everything [1935: including Beelzebub's Tales to his Grandson, Meetings with Remarkable Men, and Life is Real Only Then, When 'I Am'] He lived 1872 to 1949 and was mystic. Means {legominism} can transmit information about certain events of long-past ages. People struggle, through working on themselves, to awaken conscience and create soul.

Joseph McCarthy [McCarthy, Joseph]/James V. Monaco [Monaco, James V.] lyricist/composer Italy/USA 1913 to 1938 You Made Me Love You (I Didn't Want to Do It) [1913]; Dear Mr. Gable (You Made Me Love You) [1938: from the film Broadway Melody of 1937] McCarthy lived 1885 to 1943. Monaco lived 1885 to 1945.

Maud Leonora Menten [Menten, Maud Leonora] biologist Canada 1913 to 1944 Michaelis-Menten equation [1913]; azo-dye method [1944: for alkaline phosphatase] She lived 1879 to 1960 and studied enzyme kinetics and analyzed enzyme-substrate complexes as chemical equilibria.

Robert E. Park [Park, Robert E.] sociologist USA 1913 to 1952 Negro home life and standards of living [1913]; Introduction to the Science of Sociology [1921: with Ernest W. Burgess]; City [1925: with Ernest W. Burgess]; Race and Culture [1950]; Human Communities [1952] He lived 1864 to 1944 and helped start Chicago School of Sociology.

Kenneth J. Alford [Alford, Kenneth J.] or Frederick Joseph Ricketts [Ricketts, Frederick Joseph] composer USA 1914 Colonel Bogey March or Bridge over the River Kwai March [1914: used in the film The Bridge on the River Kwai, 1956] He lived 1881 to 1945.

Harold Atteridge [Atteridge, Harold]/Harry Carroll [Carroll, Harry] lyricist/composer USA 1914 By the Beautiful Sea [1914] Atteridge lived 1886 to 1938. Carroll lived 1892 to 1962.

W. Beardsley [Beardsley, W.] composer USA 1914 Mexi-Tango [1914]

Samuel N. Behrman [Behrman, Samuel N.] playwright USA 1914 Destroyer [1914] He lived 1893 to 1973.

Rupert Brooke [Brooke, Rupert] poet England 1914 Songs of Innocence [1914: poems]; Soldier [1914: sonnet]; Peace [1914: sonnet] He lived 1887 to 1915.

Edgar Rice Burroughs [Burroughs, Edgar Rice] novelist USA 1914 Tarzan of the Apes [1914] He lived 1875 to 1960.

Colin [Campbell, Colin] director USA 1914 Spoilers [1914: first fight] He lived 1883 to 1966.

Giorgio de Chirico [Chirico, Giorgio de] painter Italy/Paris, France 1914 Mystery and Melancholy of a Street [1914] He lived 1888 to 1978 and was Fantasist.

Georges Clemenceau [Clemenceau, Georges] premier France 1914 He lived 1841 to 1929 and allied with Czech, Russia, and China. Ferdinand Foch was marshal of France.

Guy d'Hardelot [d'Hardelot, Guy]/Edward Teschemacher [Teschemacher, Edward] composer/lyricist USA 1914 Because [1914] Teschemacher lived 1875 to 1940.

James P. Europe [Europe, James P.] composer USA 1914 Castle House Rag [1914: for Vernon and Irene Castle]

Arthur Fields [Fields, Arthur]/Walter Donovan [Donovan, Walter] composer USA 1914 Aba Daba Honeymoon [1914] Fields lived 1905 to 1974.

George Goethals [Goethals, George] architect USA 1914 Panama Canal [1914: between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans] He lived 1858 to 1928.

Gustav Hertz [Hertz, Gustav] physicist Germany 1914 He lived 1887 to 1975 and studied photoelectric effect {Franck-Hertz effect}, with James Franck [1914].

Herbert Reynolds [Reynolds, Herbert]/Jerome Kern [Kern, Jerome] lyricist/composer USA 1914 They Didn't Believe Me [1914: from The Girl from Utah] Reynolds lived 1905 to 1988. Kern lived 1885 to 1945.

Pearl White [White, Pearl] actor USA 1914 Perils of Pauline [1914: serial silent movie] She lived 1889 to 1938.

Don Richardson [Richardson, Don] singer USA 1914 to 1916 Arkansas Traveler [1916] He lived 1898 to 1954.

Wilfred Owen [Owen, Wilfred] poet England 1914 to 1918 Greater Love [1914]; Strange Meeting [1918] He lived 1893 to 1918.

William Halse Rivers [Rivers, William Halse] psychologist/ethnologist Britain 1914 to 1923 Kinship and Social Organization [1914]; History of Melanesian Society [1914]; Instinct and the Unconscious [1920]; Conflict and Dream [1923] He lived 1864 to 1922. He postulated that two forms of cutaneous sensation exist, broad {protopathic sensation} and narrow {epicritic sensation}. However, this theory is false. Many dreams are fantasy attempts to resolve current emotional problems.

Mack Sennett [Sennett, Mack] director USA 1914 to 1923 Keystone Kops [1914 to 1917: silent comedies with Mabel Normand, Chester Conklin, and Ben Turpin]; Tillie's Punctured Romance [1914: Charlie Chaplin, Mabel Normand, and Marie Dressler acted]; Sheik of Araby [1923] He lived 1880 to 1960.

William S. Hart [Hart, William S.] actor USA 1914 to 1925 Hell's Hinges [1916]; Narrow Trail [1917] He lived 1870 to 1946 and showed realism in silent westerns.

Ezra Pound [Pound, Ezra] poet USA 1914 to 1925 In a Station of the Metro [1914]; On Immortality [1925] He lived 1885 to 1972 and was Imagist.

Ronco Arbuckle [Arbuckle, Ronco] or Fatty Arbuckle [Arbuckle, Fatty] actor USA 1914 to 1927 Keystone Kops [1914 to 1917] He lived 1887 to 1933, was a comic and Keystone Kop, and was the Prince of Whales.

Gino Fano [Fano, Gino] mathematician Turin, Italy 1914 to 1930 Lessons in Descriptive Geometry [1914]; Lessons in Analytical and Projective Geometry [1930: with Alessandro Terracini] He lived 1871 to 1952 and invented line and space axiomatic systems, building from points to lines to space. The three complete-quadrilateral diagonal points are never collinear {Fano's axiom}.

Edwin Howard Armstrong [Armstrong, Edwin Howard] or Howard Armstrong [Armstrong, Howard] engineer/inventor USA 1914 to 1933 regenerative circuit [1914: amplification using positive feedback]; superheterodyne receiver [1918: signal waves and carrier wave have widely separated frequencies]; super-regenerative circuit [1922: for transmitting]; wide-band frequency modulation [1933: as opposed to narrow band] He lived 1890 to 1954.

Wallace Beery [Beery, Wallace] actor USA 1914 to 1934 Viva Villa! [1934] He lived 1885 to 1949 and was in silent and sound movies.

James Joyce [Joyce, James] novelist/playwright Ireland 1914 to 1939 Dubliners [1914: play]; Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man [1915: novel]; Ulysses [1914 to 1922: novel]; Finnegan's Wake [1939: novel] He lived 1882 to 1941.

Gertrude Stein [Stein, Gertrude] playwright/poet USA 1914 to 1948 Tender Buttons [1914]; Rose is a Rose is a Rose [1934: poem]; Yes is for a Very Young Man [1946: poem]; Four Saints in Three Acts [1948: opera, music by Virgil Thomson] She lived 1874 to 1946.

Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein [Wittgenstein, Ludwig Josef Johann] philosopher Germany/England 1914 to 1951 Tractatus Logico-philosophicus [1921]; Blue and Brown Books [1933 to 1935]; Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics [1937 to 1944]; Culture and Value [1950]; On Certainty [1951]; Philosophical Investigations [1951] He lived 1889 to 1951 and was analytic philosopher. Epistemology Truth is about facts, not objects. Propositions about metaphysics, ethics, religion, aesthetics, logic, propositions, and essences cannot state truth. They have no meaning, because they are about things with variable meanings. Philosophy goals are to describe and to increase understanding. One thing is tautologically identical to itself, but two different things cannot be identical, and so identity cannot be relation {paradox of identity, Wittgenstein} {identity paradox, Wittgenstein}. Identity actually conjoins two propositions. Models of reality need as many elements and relations as reality. Proposition sets can have as many elements and relations as reality and can model reality {picture theory of meaning, Wittgenstein}. Actual language expresses mind's thoughts and intentions. Language description can clarify language usage. Language is not about experience. Grammar specifies how to use words {grammatical proposition}, not how world is. Language cannot explain thought structures or rules or prove them true or self-evident. No argument or appeal to other authority can prove the basic forms or ideas used in human activity or show they are self-evident. In all human activities, such as thinking, solving problems, or using language, people can distinguish correct from incorrect performance based solely on activity, not on verbal criteria or principles. Mathematics is a rule system for using transformations and relations to produce new values or statements. Fundamental logic and mathematics forms and ideas are about nature of thought. Logical propositions are tautological rules. Logical forms cannot have name or description and are inherent in reality. Language alone can reveal them. He described language game, family resemblance, and private language [Wittgenstein, 1953]. Language can be for shared social situations. People can agree about word meaning used in social situations, because they apply same words to same social situations and they realize they do so. The culture maintains social situations and so preserves word meaning. Meaning must be constant to allow people to communicate with others and themselves over time. Using language of social situations, people can communicate about what happens in minds, because same social situations shape mental images of perception words. Sentences about emotions or sense qualities refer to internal things. Sentences about perceptual or physical phenomena name public reference object. Sentences about pain and anger are only about mental phenomena and have no physical object but still have public criteria through shared social situations and have constant meaning. Like words, sentences have contingencies or applications that make them true and meaningful {truth-condition, Wittgenstein}. Using correct sentence structure determines truth and meaning, by determining truth-conditions. Truth and meaning do not depend on underlying thoughts. Mind can only assent to, dissent from, or abstain from thinking about sentences and applications. Factual statements are the most-common statements, and conditions that make factual statements true are the best- understood statements. People judge other statement types in reference to factual statements, using assimilation or contrast. Factual statements represent the physical world but can also represent alternative possible worlds. Factual statement represents image. Factual statements should have same abstract form as the fact reported. Factual statements can express everything that people can say and so limit what people can imagine or conceive. Factual statement has sense. The sense of factual statements is what makes them true. Scrambled factual messages have no sense and are meaningless. Factual statements are truth assertions, because sense is about truth. Other statement types do not have sense but still can have meaning, by revealing physical-world or human-life features. Things people do or use can rest on doing and thinking methods and so are not knowledge or truth but are all there is. Mind does not have or follow definitions, templates, principles, or rules. Mind interprets what to do and applies behaviors and language in particular situations. Definitions, templates, principles, rules, and understanding follow from ability to apply word to situation. Templates are not accessible to others, so people cannot know meaning. Templates typically do not precisely conform to situations, so meaning is not clear or true. Templates can change without person or others being aware of change. Templates can be wrong. Interpretation is verbal and so itself can have interpretation. "If you can say, here is one hand, we'll grant you all the rest."

Gabriela [Mistral, Gabriela] or Lucila Alcayaga [Alcayaga, Lucila] poet Chile 1914 to 1954 Sonnets of Death [1914: poems]; Desolation [1922: poems]; Tala or Destruction [1938: poems]; Lagar or Winepress [1954: poems] She lived 1889 to 1957.

Paul von Hindenburg [Hindenburg, Paul von] field marshal Germany 1914.06 to 1918 He lived 1847 to 1934 and was German field marshal in World War I.

Bernard Bosanquet [Bosanquet, Bernard] philosopher England 1915 Three Lectures on Aesthetics [1915] He lived 1848 to 1923 and was Idealist. Whole needs both beautiful and ugly. The beautiful and ugly can have social or moral value. Society defines self.

Henry Fillmore [Fillmore, Henry] composer USA 1915 Lassus Trombone [1915: march and two-step] He lived 1881 to 1956.

Ford Madox Ford [Ford, Ford Madox] novelist England 1915 Good Soldier [1915] He lived 1873 to 1939.

Roger Graham [Graham, Roger]/Spencer Williams [Williams, Spencer]/Dave Peyton [Peyton, Dave] lyricist/composer/composer USA 1915 I Ain't Got Nobody [1915] Williams lived 1889 to 1965.

Edwin Bissell Holt [Holt, Edwin Bissell] philosopher/psychologist USA 1915 Freudian Wish and its Place in Ethics [1915] He lived 1873 to 1946 and was behaviorist.

Stoddard King [King, Stoddard]/Zo Elliott [Elliott, Zo] lyricist/composer USA 1915 There's a Long Long Trail A-Winding [1915] Elliott lived 1891 to 1964.

Eric Maschwitz [Maschwitz, Eric] or Albert Eric Maschwitz [Maschwitz, Albert Eric] or Holt Marvell [Marvell, Holt]/Manning Sherwin [Sherwin, Manning] lyricist/composer England 1915 Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square [1915: from New Faces, sung by Vera Lynn in 1940] Maschwitz lived 1901 to 1969. Sherwin lived 1890 to 1960.

Edgar Lee Masters [Masters, Edgar Lee] poet USA 1915 Spoon River Anthology [1915: poems] He lived 1868 to 1950.

John McCrae [McCrae, John] poet Canada 1915 In Flanders Fields [1915] He lived 1872 to 1918.

Edgar Rubin [Rubin, Edgar] psychologist Denmark 1915 Competing Visual Figures [1915] He lived 1886 to 1951 and studied figure and ground and vase-profile illusion [1915].

Akutagawa Ryunosuke [Ryunosuke, ] writer Japan 1915 Rashomon [1915] He lived 1892 to 1927.

Frederick W. Twort [Twort, Frederick W.] biologist England 1915 bacteriophage discovered [1915] He lived 1877 to 1950. Félix d'Hérelle discovered it in 1917.

Jack Yellen [Yellen, Jack]/George Cobb [Cobb, George] lyricist/composer USA 1915 Alabama Jubilee [1915] Yellen lived 1892 to 1991. Cobb lived 1886 to 1942.

Thoralf Skolem [Skolem, Thoralf]/Leopold Löwenheim [Löwenheim, Leopold] mathematician Norway/Germany 1915 to 1920 Skolem lived 1887 to 1963. Lowenheim lived 1878 to 1957. If countable sets have formal models, domain is countable {Löwenheim-Skolem theorem}, as proved by Löwenheim [1915] and Skolem [1920]. However, real numbers are not countable {Skolem paradox}. Models {nonstandard model} can have elements that are not countable.

Emmy Noether [Noether, Emmy] or Amalie Noether [Noether, Amalie] mathematician Göttingen, Germany/USA 1915 to 1921 Ideal Theory in Ring-Fields [1921] She lived 1882 to 1935, studied invariance, and showed that symmetries relate to conservation laws [1915] {Noether's theorem, Noether}. She also studied rings [1921].

Robert Frost [Frost, Robert] poet USA 1915 to 1936 Mending Wall [1915]; Road Not Taken [1920]; Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening [1936] He lived 1874 to 1963.

Sara Teasdale [Teasdale, Sara] poet USA 1915 to 1937 Rivers to the Sea [1915]; Flame and Shadow [1920 and 1924]; Strange Victory [1933]; Collected Poems [1937] She lived 1884 to 1933.

Jelly Roll Morton [Morton, Jelly Roll] or Ferdinand Morton [Morton, Ferdinand]/Red Hot Peppers pianist/lyricist/composer Chicago, Illinois 1915 to 1939 Jelly Roll Blues [1915]; Frog-i-more Rag [1918]; Pearls [1923]; King Porter Stomp [1924]; Milenberg Joys [1924: with Leon Toppolo, Paul Mares, and Walter Melrose]; Chicago Breakdown [1927]; King Porter Stomp [1939] He lived 1890 to 1941 and played Chicago and New Orleans Revival: Red Hot Peppers.

Arnold Lucius Gesell [Gesell, Arnold Lucius] psychologist USA 1915 to 1940 Embryology of Behavior [1915]; Infancy and Human Growth [1928]; Atlas of Infant Behavior [1934]; First Five Years of Life [1940] He lived 1880 to 1961 and studied child development using movie cameras [1926].

Virginia Woolf [Woolf, Virginia] novelist/critic England 1915 to 1941 Voyage Out [1915]; Night and Day [1919]; Monday or Tuesday [1921: short story]; Jacob's Room [1922]; Mrs. Dalloway [1925]; To the Lighthouse [1927]; Orlando [1928]; Room of One's Own [1929: criticism]; Waves [1931]; Between the Acts [1941]; Haunted House [1941: short story] She lived 1882 to 1941 and was of Bloomsbury Group.

W. Somerset Maugham [Maugham, W. Somerset] novelist England 1915 to 1945 Of Human Bondage [1915]; Moon and Sixpence [1919]; Miss Thompson [1924: story]; Cakes and Ale [1930]; Razor's Edge [1945] He lived 1874 to 1965.

Charlie Chaplin [Chaplin, Charlie] actor USA 1915 to 1947 Tramp [1915]; Easy Street [1917]; Shoulder Arms [1918]; Gold Rush [1925]; City Lights [1931: sound]; Great Dictator [1940: sound]; Monsieur Verdoux [1947: sound] He lived 1889 to 1977.

Eduardo Barrios [Barrios, Eduardo] writer Latin America 1915 to 1948 El niño que se enloqueció de amor or The child who went mad because of love [1915]; Gran señor y rajadiablos or Big Man and Devilish Fellow [1948] He lived 1884 to 1963.

Erté or Romain de Tirtoff [Tirtoff, Romain de] painter Russia/France 1915 to 1973 Symphony in Black [1973: tall slim woman in black dress with long black dog] He lived 1892 to 1990, designed stage and film clothes, and was of Art Deco.

Francis X. Bushman [Bushman, Francis X.] actor USA 1916 Ben-Hur [1916]; Romeo and Juliet [1916] He lived 1883 to 1966.

Henri Fayol [Fayol, Henri] sociologist Paris, France 1916 General and Industrial Management [1916] He lived 1841 to 1925 and discussed rational and efficient business administration, including central control, labor division, hierarchical command, ordered and stable processes, and initiative. He had five principles: forecasting and planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. He stated 14 management principles: labor specialization and division, authority with corresponding responsibility, discipline, unified command, unified direction, individual-interest subordination to general interest, staff remuneration, centralization, scalar authority chain, order, equity, tenure stability, initiative, and esprit de corps.

Clifford Grey [Grey, Clifford]/Nat D. Ayer [Ayer, Nat D.] lyricist/composer USA 1916 If You Were the Only Girl [1916] Grey lived 1887 to 1941. Ayer lived 1887 to 1952.

Raymond Hubbell [Hubbell, Raymond]/John Golden [Golden, John] composer/lyricist USA 1916 Poor Butterfly [1916] Hubbell lived 1879 to 1954. Golden lived 1874 to 1955.

Gus Kahn [Kahn, Gus]/Egbert van Alstyne [Alstyne, Egbert van] lyricist/composer USA 1916 Memories [1916] Kahn lived 1886 to 1941. Alstyne lived 1878 to 1951.

Gus Kahn [Kahn, Gus]/Egbert van Alstyne [Alstyne, Egbert van]/Tony Jackson [Jackson, Tony] lyricist/composer/composer USA 1916 Pretty Baby [1916] Kahn lived 1886 to 1941. Alstyne lived 1878 to 1951. Jackson lived 1876 to 1921.

Ring Lardner [Lardner, Ring] novelist USA 1916 You Know Me Al [1916] He lived 1885 to 1933.

Stanislaw Lesniewski [Lesniewski, Stanislaw] logician Poland/Russia 1916 General Theory of Sets [1916] He lived 1886 to 1939 and invented definition theory. He helped develop quantum logic, based on equivalence {protothetic logic, Lesniewski}, abstract quantifiers {ontology logic, Lesniewski}, and part and whole relations {mereology, Lesniewski}. Logic is not about real world, only about statements. Wholes are not just sets or sums of parts, because parts relate. Because living things can replace parts, modal or temporal logic can maintain integrated wholes by maintaining relations among replaced parts.

Armand J. Piron [Piron, Armand J.]/Clarence Williams [Williams, Clarence] composer USA 1916 I Can Beat You Doing What You're Doing Me [1916: sung by Sophie Tucker, the Last of the Red Hot Mamas] Piron lived 1888 to 1943. Williams lived 1898 to 1965.

Murray Roth [Roth, Murray]/George Gershwin [Gershwin, George] composer USA 1916 When You Want 'Em, You Can't Get 'Em; When You've Got 'Em, You Don't Want 'Em [1916] Gershwin lived 1898 to 1937.

Wilbur C. Sweatman [Sweatman, Wilbur C.] composer USA 1916 Down Home Rag [1916] He lived 1882 to 1961.

Lewis Madison Terman [Terman, Lewis Madison] psychologist USA 1916 Measurement of Intelligence [1916] He lived 1877 to 1956, invented Stanford-Binet test and Terman group intelligence tests, and studied gifted children.

Joseph M. Verges [Verges, Joseph M.] lyricist/composer USA 1916 Camel Walk [1916] He lived 1882 to 1964.

Frederick Edward Weatherly [Weatherly, Frederick Edward]/Haydn Wood [Wood, Haydn] lyricist/composer USA 1916 Roses of Picardy [1916] Weatherly lived 1848 to 1929. Wood lived 1882 to 1959.

P. G. Wodehouse [Wodehouse, P. G.]/Jerome Kern [Kern, Jerome] lyricist/composer USA 1916 My Castle in the Air [1916: from Miss Springtime] Wodehouse lived 1881 to 1975. Kern lived 1885 to 1945.

Sholom Aleichem [Aleichem, Sholom] essayist/storyteller Russia 1916 to 1917 Big Lottery/The Jackpot [1916: story]; Tevye the Milkman [1917: story] He lived 1859 to 1916.

Charles I king Austria 1916 to 1918 He lived 1887 to 1922.

Alexander king Greece 1916 to 1920 He lived 1893 to 1920 and became king after Venizelos forced his father Constantine to abdicate, because Constantine had kept Greece neutral in World War I.

David Lloyd George [Lloyd George, David] prime minister England 1916 to 1922 He lived 1863 to 1945 and ended veto power of House of Lords during social insurance issue [1910]. He opposed imperialism. He participated in Paris Peace Conference [1919].

Thomas Edward Lawrence [Lawrence, Thomas Edward] or Lawrence of Arabia historian England/Arabia 1916 to 1923 Seven Pillars of Wisdom [1923] He lived 1888 to 1935 and helped King Faisal I of Egypt defeat Ottoman Empire in the Arab revolt.

Hans Henning [Henning, Hans] biologist Germany 1916 to 1924 Smell [1916 and 1924]; Qualities of Tastes [1916]; New Example of Complex Synaesthesia [1923] He lived 1885 to 1946. He identified four bitter, salty, sour, and sweet primary tastes [1924], which he put at tetrahedron corners. He identified six primary smells [1916], which he put at prism corners.

Don Marquis essayist/humorist USA 1916 to 1927 Life and Times of Archie and Mehitabel [1916 to 1927: humorous stories] He lived 1878 to 1937.

Will Rogers [Rogers, Will] or William Penn Adair Rogers [Rogers, William Penn Adair] essayist/humorist USA 1916 to 1929 Ziegfeld Follies [1916]; Cowboy Philosopher on the Peace Conference [1919]; Cowboy Philosopher on Prohibition [1919]; Either and Me [1929] He lived 1879 to 1935.

Mykola Dmytrovich Leontovych [Leontovych, Mykola Dmytrovich] composer USA 1916 to 1936 Carol of the Bells or Ukrainian Bell Carol [1916: updated by Peter J. Wilhousky, 1936] He lived 1877 to 1921.

Carl Sandburg [Sandburg, Carl] poet USA 1916 to 1936 Fog [1916]; People, Yes [1936]; Chicago [1916]; Grass [1918]; Fire and Ice [1936] He lived 1878 to 1967.

Louis D. Brandeis [Brandeis, Louis D.] judge USA 1916 to 1939 Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins [1938] He lived 1856 to 1941 and was liberal USA Supreme Court Associate Justice [1916 to 1941] concerned about social justice. Constitution allows experimentation. Justices need to use what public thinks its interest is, not just law or policy.

Winston Churchill [Churchill, Winston] lord admiral/prime minister/historian England 1916 to 1950 Second World War [1948 to 1954]; History of the English Speaking Peoples [1956 to 1958] He lived 1874 to 1965. The government dismissed him after failure in Dardanelles campaign [1916]. He formed Atlantic Charter with Franklin Roosevelt of USA, defining United Nations. He was at conferences of Casablanca, Quebec, Cairo, Yalta, Tehran, and Potsdam [1940 to 1946].

Norman Rockwell [Rockwell, Norman] illustrator USA 1916 to 1958 Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Worship, Freedom from Want, and Freedom from Fear [1942] He lived 1894 to 1978 and painted Saturday Evening Post magazine covers [1916 to 1958].

Samuel Goldwyn [Goldwyn, Samuel] producer USA 1916 to 1959 Arrowsmith [1931]; Dodsworth [1936]; Dead End [1937]; Wuthering Heights [1939]; Little Foxes [1941]; Best Years of Our Lives [1946]; Guys and Dolls [1955]; Porgy and Bess [1959] He lived 1879 to 1974 and produced silent movies and talkies.

Pablo Casals [Casals, Pablo] cellist Spain 1916 to 1973 He lived 1876 to 1973.

Benedict XIV pope Rome, Italy 1917 Constitutions [1740 to 1758] He lived 1675 to 1758.

Harry Thacker Burleigh [Burleigh, Harry Thacker] arranger USA 1917 Swing Low, Sweet Chariot [1917] He lived 1866 to 1949.

James B. Cabell [Cabell, James B.] novelist USA 1917 Cream of the Jest [1917] He lived 1879 to 1958.

Willem [de Sitter, Willem] physicist France 1917 He lived 1872 to 1934, used curved time coordinate (in which distant clocks can run slower or faster), and demonstrated how general relativity required expanding universe [1917]. With curved time coordinate, symmetrical space with no matter or energy can have constant positive curvature (attraction) {de-Sitter space} {de-Sitter space- time}, with no expansion or contraction. (After universe origin, universe probably was like de-Sitter space.) With curved time coordinate, symmetrical space with no matter or energy can have constant negative curvature (repulsion) {anti-de-Sitter space} {anti-de-Sitter space-time}, with no expansion or contraction. In anti-de-Sitter space, object motions are harmonic. Space boundary is constant at infinity, but space radius depends on curvature and is finite.

Harry DeCosta [DeCosta, Harry]/Original Dixieland Jazz Band lyricist/composer USA 1917 Tiger Rag or Hold That Tiger [1917] He lived 1885 to 1964.

Edmund Gruber [Gruber, Edmund] composer USA 1917 Caissons Go Rolling Along or Caisson Song [1917: West Point Army College] He lived 1879 to 1941.

Jack Hanley [Hanley, Jack]/Ballard MacDonald [MacDonald, Ballard] lyricist/composer USA 1917 Indiana or Back Home Again in Indiana [1917] MacDonald lived 1882 to 1935.

Nick La Rocca [La Rocca, Nick] saxophonist/clarinetist/singer/bandleader USA 1917 He lived 1889 to 1961 and played in Dixieland Jazz Band.

Edgar Leslie [Leslie, Edgar]/E. Ray Goetz [Goetz, E. Ray]/George Meyer [Meyer, George] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1917 For Me and My Gal [1917] Goetz lived 1886 to 1954.

Ray Lopez [Lopez, Ray]/Yellow Nuñez [Nuñez, Yellow] or Alcide Nuñez [Nuñez, Alcide] composer USA 1917 Livery Stable Blues [1917] Nuñez lived 1884 to 1934.

George A. Norton [Norton, George A.] lyricist/composer USA 1917 She Wore a Yellow Ribbon [1917]

Rudolf Otto [Otto, Rudolf] theologian Germany 1917 Idea of the Holy [1917] He lived 1869 to 1937. People can have experience of the holy, which is wholly other, beautiful, powerful, and mysterious.

George Riddoch [Riddoch, George] neurologist Scotland 1917 He lived 1888 to 1947. He studied brain injuries [1917]. Blind patients, with V1 area damage, can consciously perceive fast moving highly contrasting stimuli {Riddoch syndrome}.

Larry Shields [Shields, Larry]/Nick La Rocca [La Rocca, Nick] lyricist/composer USA 1917 At the Jazz Band Ball [1917] La Rocca lived 1885 to 1938.

Frank H. Warren [Warren, Frank H.]/S. R. Henry [Henry, S. R.]/Domenico Savino [Savino, Domenico] or Domenico Onivas [Onivas, Domenico] lyricist/composer USA/Italy 1917 Indianola [1917] Savino lived 1888 to 1973.

Harry H. Williams [Williams, Harry H.]/Art Hickman [Hickman, Art] composer USA 1917 Rose Room [1917] Hickman lived 1886 to 1930.

Edna St. Vincent Millay [Millay, Edna St. Vincent] poet USA 1917 to 1923 Renascence [1917]; First Fig [1920]; Few Figs From Thistle [1923] She lived 1892 to 1950.

William I. Thomas [Thomas, William I.] sociologist USA 1917 to 1923 Polish Peasant in Europe and America [1917: with Florian Znaniecki]; Unadjusted Girl [1923] He lived 1863 to 1947.

Siegfried Sassoon [Sassoon, Siegfried] poet England 1917 to 1925 To any dead officer [1917]; Old Huntsman [1918]; Counter-Attack [1918]; Diaries [1923 to 1925] He lived 1886 to 1967.

Ottorino Respighi [Respighi, Ottorino] composer Italy 1917 to 1929 Fountains of Rome [1917: symphony]; Pines of Rome [1924: symphony]; Feste Romane or Roman Festivals [1929: symphony] He lived 1879 to 1936.

Luigi Pirandello [Pirandello, Luigi] playwright Italy 1917 to 1932 Right You Are If You Think So [1917 and 1922]; Six Characters in Search of an Author [1925]; As You Desire Me [1932] He lived 1867 to 1936.

Serge [Prokofiev, Serge] composer Russia 1917 to 1936 Classical Symphony or Symphony No 1 [1917]; Peter and the Wolf [1936: symphony with singing] He lived 1891 to 1953.

D'Arcy Thompson [Thompson, D'Arcy] naturalist England 1917 to 1940 On Growth and Form [1917 and 1940] He lived 1860 to 1948. Dynamical forces and energies make a few main growth and development patterns and determine organism shapes.

Harold J. Laski [Laski, Harold J.] political scientist England/USA 1917 to 1941 Studies in the Problem of Sovereignty [1917]; Authority in the Modern State [1919]; Foundations of Sovereignty and Other Essays [1921]; Rise of Liberalism: Philosophy of a Business Civilization [1936]; Grammar of Politics [1941] He lived 1893 to 1950 and was Marxist.

Marianne Moore [Moore, Marianne] poet USA 1917 to 1941 Sojourn in the Whale [1917]; Fish [1921]; Poems [1921]; Selected Poems [1935]; What Are Years [1941] She lived 1887 to 1972.

Vicente Huidobro [Huidobro, Vicente] poet Chile 1917 to 1948 Tour Eiffel or Eiffel Tower [1917]; Manifestes or Manifestos [1925]; Altazor or Voyage in a Parachute [1931]; Ultimos poemas or Last Poems [1948] He lived 1893 to 1948. Poets are word magicians {creacionismo, Huidobro}.

Thomas Stearns Eliot [Eliot, Thomas Stearns] poet/playwright England/USA 1917 to 1949 Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock [1917: poem]; Waste Land [1922: poem]; Hollow Men [1925: poem]; Ash Wednesday [1930: poem]; Murder in the Cathedral [1935: play]; Four Quartets [1936 to 1944: poems]; Family Reunion [1939: play]; Cocktail Party [1949: play]; Notes towards the Definition of Culture [1948: essay] He lived 1888 to 1965.

Cecil B. DeMille [DeMille, Cecil B.] director USA 1917 to 1956 Joan the Woman [1917: luxury, bath scenes, and parties]; Male and Female [1919]; Feet of Clay [1920]; Manslaughter [1922]; Ten Commandments [1923]; Ben-Hur [1926: Ramon Novarro acted]; King of Kings [1927]; Sign of the Cross [1932: sound]; Cleopatra [1934: sound. Claudette Colbert acted]; Samson and Delilah [1949: sound]; Greatest Show on Earth [1952: sound. Betty Hutton acted]; Ten Commandments [1956: sound. Charlton Heston and Yul Brynner acted] He lived 1881 to 1959.

Carl Gustav Jung [Jung, Carl Gustav] psychologist Zurich, Switzerland 1917 to 1961 On the Psychology of the Unconsciousness [1917]; Psychology and Alchemy [1944]; Man and His Symbols [1944]; Mysterious Conjunctions [1956: about alchemy]; Memories, Dreams, Reflections [1961] He lived 1875 to 1961, founded a psychoanalysis variant {analytic psychology}, and studied psychoanalysis, symbols, myth, and cognitive styles. People have effects {personality complex} that make a personality type. Personality types are meditative, inhibited, and withdrawn {introversion, Jung}; outgoing, active, and lively {extroversion, Jung}; or mixture {ambiversion, Jung}. Personality types depend on two opposites: feeling compared to thinking and sensation compared to intuition. People develop in historical and cultural context, which gives life meaning, dignity, and purpose. People know unconsciousness culture, which has central objects {archetype, culture}. People also have primal symbols, which are innate and independent of history and culture. Dreams and visions include archetypes and symbols with emotional content, which all people share and which indicate destiny. People can undergo crisis in middle life and need to achieve mental integration {individuation, Jung}. Aesthetics Spontaneous emergence of archetypal forms shows that people have innate symbols universally accepted as beautiful. Aesthetic sensibility developed over millions of years, as people learned to make and use tools and to undertake cooperative projects.

Theda Bara [Bara, Theda] actor USA 1918 Cleopatra [1918] She lived 1885 to 1955 and was a vamp.

J. Will Callahan [Callahan, J. Will]/Lee S. Roberts [Roberts, Lee S.] lyricist/composer USA 1918 Smiles [1918: from The Passing Show] Callahan lived 1874 to 1946.

Bob [Carleton, Bob] lyricist/composer USA 1918 Ja Da [1918] He lived 1896 to 1956.

Raymond Egan [Egan, Raymond]/Richard Whiting [Whiting, Richard] lyricist/composer USA 1918 Till We Meet Again [1918]; Japanese Sandman [1920] Egan lived 1890 to 1952. Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Ferdinand Foch [Foch, Ferdinand] marshal France 1918 He lived 1851 to 1929, was Allied supreme commander in World War I, and planned Grand Offensive with Haig [1918].

Joseph Lense [Lense, Joseph] physicist Austria 1918 He stated that relativity causes orbiting-particle orbit-plane precession around a rotating mass, because rotation and angular momentum couple [1918], with Hans Thirring. He studied Lense-Thirring effect, frame dragging, and gravitomagnetism.

Joseph McCarthy [McCarthy, Joseph]/Harry Carroll [Carroll, Harry] lyricist/composer USA 1918 I'm Always Chasing Rainbows [1918] McCarthy lived 1885 to 1943. Carroll lived 1892 to 1962.

Geoffrey O'Hara [O'Hara, Geoffrey] composer USA 1918 K-K-K-Katy [1918] He lived 1882 to 1967.

Sedition Act law USA 1918 Act suppressed dissent.

Oswald Spengler [Spengler, Oswald] philosopher Munich, Germany 1918 Decline of the West [1918] He lived 1880 to 1936, wrote about history, and was pessimist. History has cycles. History begins with culture and becomes civilization.

Hans Thirring [Thirring, Hans] physicist Austria 1918 He lived 1888 to 1976. He stated that relativity causes orbiting-particle orbit-plane precession around a rotating mass, because rotation and angular momentum couple [1918], with Joseph Lense. He studied Lense-Thirring effect, frame dragging, and gravitomagnetism.

César Vallejo [Vallejo, César] writer Peru 1918 Los Heraldos Negros or Black Heralds [1918] He lived 1892 to 1938.

Oliver Wallace [Wallace, Oliver]/Harold Weeks [Weeks, Harold] composer USA 1918 Hindustan [1918] Wallace lived 1887 to 1963.

Mary Pickford [Pickford, Mary] actor USA 1918 to 1921 Daddy Long Legs [1918]; Pollyanna [1920]; Little Lord Fauntleroy [1921]; Poor Little Rich Girl [1921] She lived 1893 to 1979 and was "America's sweetheart".

Henry Creamer [Creamer, Henry]/J. Turner Layton [Layton, J. Turner] lyricist/composer USA 1918 to 1922 After You've Gone [1918: sung by Mildred Bailey]; One Mo' Time [1919: musical, including After You've Gone]; Way Down Yonder in New Orleans [1922]; Spices of 1922 [1922: musical, including Way Down Yonder in New Orleans] Creamer lived ? to 1930. Layton lived 1894 to 1978.

Alexander Friedmann [Friedmann, Alexander] physicist Germany 1918 to 1922 He lived 1888 to 1925 and mathematically demonstrated that general relativity required expanding universe [1918]. He imagined universes {Friedmann space-time} that had uniform matter and energy, expanded forever, were infinite, and had no boundary [1922]. Howard Robertson and Arthur G. Walker [1936] elaborated {Friedmann-Robertson-Walker space-time} {FRW universe}, because universe is like FRW universe.

Charles Beebe [Beebe, Charles] biologist USA 1918 to 1934 Monograph of the Pheasants [1918 to 1922]; bathysphere [1934] He lived 1877 to 1962 and deep-sea dived.

Leon Douglass [Douglass, Leon] inventor USA 1918 to 1935 Cupid Angling [1918: with Ruth Roland] He invented color travelogues. Technicolor came from it [1935], requiring only one exposure.

Boris III king/dictator Bulgaria 1918 to 1943 He lived 1894 to 1943, was dictator [1938 to 1943], and allied with Hitler.

Edvard Benes [Benes, Edvard] founder Czech Republic/Slovakia 1918 to 1948 He lived 1884 to 1948, helped found Czechoslovakia [1918], was president [1935 to 1948], and had problems with extremists.

Louis B. Mayer [Mayer, Louis B.] studio manager USA 1918 to 1948 He lived 1882 to 1957 and produced silent movies and talkies at MGM.

Hermann Weyl [Weyl, Hermann] mathematician Germany/USA 1918 to 1952 Continuum [1918]; Symmetry [1952] He lived 1885 to 1955, studied integral equations, helped develop intuitionism, and studied universe symmetries. Abstract objects exist only if they have predicative definitions {predicative theory, Weyl}. Predicative definition must be countable.

William Strunk, Jr. [Strunk, Jr., William] writer USA 1918 to 1959 Elements of Style [1918 and 1959: nonfiction, in 1959 with Elwyn B. White] He lived 1869 to 1946.

Peter I king Serbia/Croatia/Slovenia 1918.10 to 1921 He lived 1844 to 1921 and became king of Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia.

Sherwood Anderson [Anderson, Sherwood] novelist USA 1919 Winesberg, Ohio [1919] He lived 1876 to 1941.

Irving Caesar [Caesar, Irving]/George Gershwin [Gershwin, George] lyricist/composer USA 1919 Swanee [1919] Caesar lived 1895 to 1996. Gershwin lived 1898 to 1937.

Paul Claudel [Claudel, Paul] poet France 1919 Verlaine [1919] He lived 1868 to 1955.

Al Dubin [Dubin, Al]/Victor Herbert [Herbert, Victor] lyricist/composer USA 1919 Indian Summer [1919] Dubin lived 1891 to 1945. Herbert lived 1859 to 1924.

Arthur [Eddington, Arthur] physicist England 1919 He lived 1882 to 1944 and led expedition to test Einstein's general-relativity theory [1919].

Manuel de Falla [Falla, Manuel de] composer Spain 1919 Three-Cornered Hat [1919: ballet] He lived 1876 to 1946.

Fred Fischer [Fischer, Fred]/Felix Bernard [Bernard, Felix]/Johnny Black [Black, Johnny] lyricist/composer/composer USA 1919 Dardanella [1919] Fischer lived 1875 to 1942. Bernard lived 1897 to 1944. Black lived 1891 to 1936.

Salomon Henschen [Henschen, Salomon] biologist Uppsala, Sweden 1919 dyscalculia [1919] He lived 1847 to 1930. Occipital lobes have topological maps [1919]. People can lose ability to calculate but retain other abilities.

Theodor Kaluza [Kaluza, Theodor] mathematician Poland 1919 He lived 1885 to 1954. If space has some tiny, curled-up spatial dimensions, besides the three long spatial dimensions, general relativity and electromagnetism can unify [1919].

James Kendis [Kendis, James]/James Brockman [Brockman, James]/Nat Vincent [Vincent, Nat]/John William Kellette [Kellette, John William] lyricist/composer USA 1919 I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles [1919] Kendis lived 1883 to 1946. Brockman lived 1886 to 1967.

Eugene Lockhart [Lockhart, Eugene]/Ernest Seitz [Seitz, Ernest] lyricist/composer USA 1919 World is Waiting for the Sunrise [1919] Seitz lived 1892 to 1978.

Joseph McCarthy [McCarthy, Joseph]/Harry Tierney [Tierney, Harry] lyricist/composer USA 1919 Alice Blue Gown [1919] McCarthy lived 1885 to 1943. Tierney lived 1890 to 1965.

L. Z. Phillips [Phillips, L. Z.] lyricist USA 1919 Marines' Hymn [1919: Marine Corps. music is by Offenbach]

C. Mordaunt Spencer [Spencer, C. Mordaunt]/Clarence Williams [Williams, Clarence] composer USA 1919 Royal Garden Blues [1919] Spencer lived ? to 1888. Williams lived 1898 to 1965.

Harry Tierney [Tierney, Harry]/Joseph McCarthy [McCarthy, Joseph] lyricist/composer USA 1919 Irene [1919: musical] Tierney lived 1890 to 1965. McCarthy lived 1885 to 1943.

Ernst Toller [Toller, Ernst] playwright Germany 1919 Letters from Prison [1919] He lived 1893 to 1939.

Charles Warfield [Warfield, Charles]/Clarence Williams [Williams, Clarence] composer USA 1919 Baby Won't You Please Come Home [1919] Williams lived 1898 to 1965.

Paul Whiteman [Whiteman, Paul] or King of Jazz or Pops violist/bandleader USA 1919 He lived 1890 to 1967 and played Swing and Big Band.

Sam M. Lewis [Lewis, Sam M.]/Joe Young [Young, Joe]/Walter Donaldson [Donaldson, Walter] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1919 to 1920 How Ya Gonna Keep 'Em Down on the Farm? [1919]; My Mammy or Sun Shines East [1920] Lewis lived 1885 to 1959. Young lived 1889 to 1939. Donaldson lived 1893 to 1947.

Grant Clarke [Clarke, Grant]/Roy Turk [Turk, Roy]/Joseph Meyer [Meyer, Joseph]/James P. Johnson [Johnson, James P.] composer USA 1919 to 1924 Mandy, Make up Your Mind [1919] Clarke lived 1891 to 1931. Turk lived 1892 to 1934. Meyer lived 1894 to 1987. Johnson lived 1894 to 1955.

Gloria Swanson [Swanson, Gloria] actor USA 1919 to 1928 Male and Female [1919]; Sadie Thompson [1928] She lived 1897 to 1983.

Karl Jaspers [Jaspers, Karl] philosopher Heidelberg, Germany 1919 to 1932 Psychology of World-Views [1919]; Philosophy [1932] He lived 1883 to 1969 and founded existentialism. Self acts of itself and for itself, communicates with other selves, and always faces death and suffering.

Lorenz Hart [Hart, Lorenz]/Richard Rodgers [Rodgers, Richard] lyricist/composer USA 1919 to 1940 Any Old Place with You [1919]; Poor Little Ritz Girl [1920]; I'll Take Manhattan [1925]; Manhattan [1925: from Garrick Gaieties]; Here in My Arms [1925: from Dearest Enemy]; Blue Room [1926: from The Girl Friend]; Girl Friend [1926: musical]; Mountain Greenery [1926: from 2nd Garrick Gaieties]; Thou Swell [1927]; To Keep My Love Alive [1927: from A Connecticut Yankee]; Connecticut Yankee [1927: musical, including Thou Swell]; Present Arms [1928: musical]; My Heart Stood Still [1927: from A Connecticut Yankee]; You Took Advantage of Me [1928: from Present Arms]; Ship Without a Sail [1929]; With a Song in My Heart [1929: from Spring is Here]; Spring Is Here [1929: musical, including with a Song in My Heart]; Simple Simon [1930: musical, including Ten Cents a Dance]; Dancing on the Ceiling [1930: from Evergreen]; I Still Believe in You [1930: from Simple Simon]; Ten Cents a Dance [1930: from Simple Simon. also in the film Love Me or Leave Me, 1955, sung by Doris Day]; Isn't It Romantic [1932: from the film Love Me Tonight]; Lover [1932: from Love Me Tonight]; MiMi [1932: from Love Me Tonight]; Blue Moon [1934]; My Romance [1935: from Jumbo]; Most Beautiful Girl in the World [1935: from Jumbo]; Little Girl Blue [1935: from Jumbo]; Down by the River [1935]; It's Easy to Remember [1935: from Mississippi]; Jumbo [1935: musical]; Boys from Syracuse [1935: musical, including Falling in Love with Love, This Can't Be Love]; On Your Toes [1936: musical]; Have You Met Miss Jones [1937: from I'd Rather Be Right]; Going Home [1937]; Where or When [1937: from Babes in Arms]; Lady Is a Tramp [1937: from Babes in Arms]; My Funny Valentine [1937: from Babes in Arms]; Johnny One Note [1937: from Babes in Arms]; I Wish I Were in Love Again [1937: from Babes in Arms]; My Heart Stood Still [1938]; There's a Small Hotel [1936: from On Your Toes]; Babes in Arms [1937: musical, including Johnny One-Note, Lady Is a Tramp, My Funny Valentine, Where or When]; This Can't Be Love [1938: from The Boys from Syracuse]; Sing for Your Supper [1938: from The Boys from Syracuse]; Falling in Love with Love [1938: from The Boys from Syracuse]; I Didn't Know What Time It Was [1939: from Too Many Girls]; I Could Write a Book [1940: from Pal Joey]; Nobody's Heart (Belongs to Me) [1940]; My Funny Valentine [1940: from Pal Joey]; Bewitched [1940: from Pal Joey]; Wait 'Till You See Her [1940]; Everything I've Got [1940: from By Jupiter]; Pal Joey [1941: musical, including Bewitched, I Could Write a Book, and My Funny Valentine]; By Jupiter [1942: musical] Hart lived 1895 to 1943. Rodgers lived 1902 to 1979.

Hermann Hesse [Hesse, Hermann] novelist Germany 1919 to 1943 Demian [1919]; Siddhartha [1922]; Steppenwolf [1927]; Narcissus and Goldmund [1930]; Magister Ludi or Master Ludi [1943] He lived 1877 to 1962.

Mary Wigman [Wigman, Mary] modern dancer/choreographer Germany 1919 to 1965 She lived 1886 to 1973 and used angular style and strong emotion in modern dances.

Karl Barth [Barth, Karl] theologian Switzerland 1919 to 1968 Epistle to the Romans [1919]; Word of God and the Word of Man [1924]; Church Dogmatics [1932 to 1968]; Credo [1935]; Evangelical Theology, an Introduction [1962] He lived 1886 to 1968. God is unknowable but sent Jesus to those that had the grace of God to know the truth of the gospels.

Perry Bradford [Bradford, Perry] lyricist/composer USA 1920 That Thing Called Love [1920: sung by Mamie Smith]; You Can't Keep a Good Man Down [1920: sung by Mamie Smith] He lived 1893 to 1970.

Jackie Coogan [Coogan, Jackie] actor USA 1920 Kid [1920: Charlie Chaplin acted] He lived 1914 to 1984.

Henry Creamer [Creamer, Henry] composer USA 1920 I'm Looking all Around for a Vampire [1920] He lived 1879 to 1930.

Benny Davis [Davis, Benny]/Com Conrad [Conrad, Com]/J. Russel Robinson [Robinson, J. Russel] lyricist/composer/composer USA 1920 Margie [1920]

William Du Bois [Du Bois, William] writer USA 1920 He lived 1868 to 1963 and was radical editor, educator, and writer.

Al Jolson [Jolson, Al]/Vincent Rose [Rose, Vincent] lyricist/composer USA/Italy 1920 Avalon [1920] Jolson lived 1886 to 1950. Rose lived 1880 to 1944.

William LeBaron [LeBaron, William]/Victor Jacobi [Jacobi, Victor] lyricist/composer USA 1920 Goodbye [1920: from the musical The Half Moon]

André Maurois [Maurois, André] or Emile Salomon Wilhelm Herzog [Herzog, Emile Salomon Wilhelm] writer France 1920 Les silences du colonel Bramble [1920] He lived 1885 to 1967.

Darius Milhaud [Milhaud, Darius] composer France 1920 Creation of the World [1923: symphony] He lived 1892 to 1974.

Armand J. Piron [Piron, Armand J.] composer USA 1920 Purple Rose of Cairo [1920] He lived 1888 to 1943.

John Schonberger [Schonberger, John]/Vincent Rose [Rose, Vincent] lyricist/composer USA 1920 Whispering [1920] Rose lived 1880 to 1944.

Art Swanstrom [Swanstrom, Art]/Carey Morgan [Morgan, Carey] lyricist/composer USA 1920 I'm a Jazz Vampire [1920]

Leon Trotsky [Trotsky, Leon] or Lev Bronstein [Bronstein, Lev] historian Moscow, Russia 1920 Defense of Marxism [1920] He lived 1879 to 1940 and was Bolshevik leader. Stalin exiled him to Mexico and murdered him there.

Constantin Brancusi [Brancusi, Constantin] sculptor Romania 1920 to 1925 Golden Bird [1920]; Bird in Space [1923]; Kiss [1925] He lived 1876 to 1957, was Primevalist, and used primitive influences. He sculpted in metal, marble, and wood.

Albert Ketelbey [Ketelbey, Albert] composer England 1920 to 1925 In a Persian Market [1920]; In a Monastery Garden [1921]; In a Chinese Temple Garden [1923]; In a Lovers' Garden [1925] He lived 1875 to 1959.

Max Born [Born, Max] physicist/chemist Germany/England 1920 to 1926 Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity [1920] He lived 1882 to 1970 and studied time measurement, ion formation, and crystal energy. He contributed to matrix mechanics as quantum mechanics explanation and to electron probability waves [1925]. He developed the Born- Oppenheimer relation between molecular rotation, vibration, and electronic structure [1926].

Robert Flaherty [Flaherty, Robert] director USA 1920 to 1926 Man of Aran [1920: documentary]; Nanook of the North [1921: documentary]; Moana [1926: documentary] He lived 1884 to 1951.

Conrad Aiken [Aiken, Conrad] poet USA 1920 to 1929 House of Dust [1920]; Mr. Arcularis [1929] He lived 1889 to 1973.

Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. [Fairbanks, Sr., Douglas] actor USA 1920 to 1929 Mark of Zorro [1920]; Three Musketeers [1921]; Robin Hood [1922: largest set]; Thief of Baghdad [1924]; Don Q [1925]; Black Pirate [1926]; Iron Mask [1929] He lived 1883 to 1939.

Blind Lemon Jefferson [Jefferson, Blind Lemon] singer/guitarist USA 1920 to 1929 Match Box Blues [1920 to 1929]; Black Snake Moan [1920 to 1929] He lived 1893 to 1929 and sang Texas blues.

Karel Capek [Capek, Karel] writer Czech Republic 1920 to 1930 Rossum's Universal Robots [1920]; Fateful Game of Love [1930] He lived 1890 to 1938.

Johnny Dodds [Dodds, Johnny] clarinetist USA 1920 to 1930 He lived 1892 to 1940 and played Modern.

Bunk Johnson [Johnson, Bunk] trumpeter USA 1920 to 1930 He lived 1889 to 1949 and played Dixieland and New Orleans Revival.

Jim McPartland [McPartland, Jim] trumpeter Chicago, Illinois 1920 to 1930 He lived 1907 to 1991 and played Chicago.

Jimmie Noone [Noone, Jimmie] clarinetist Chicago, Illinois 1920 to 1930 He lived 1895 to 1944 and played Chicago.

Joe Oliver [Oliver, Joe] or King Oliver [Oliver, King] trumpeter/composer Chicago, Illinois 1920 to 1930 He lived 1901 to 1971 and played Dixieland and Chicago.

Ben Pollack [Pollack, Ben] drummer Chicago, Illinois 1920 to 1930 He lived 1903 to 1963 and played Chicago.

Jimmy Yancey [Yancey, Jimmy] or James Edward Yancey [Yancey, James Edward] pianist USA 1920 to 1930 He lived 1898 to 1951 and played Boogie Woogie and Blues.

George Herbert Mead [Mead, George Herbert] sociologist USA 1920 to 1931 Mind, Self, and Society [1934] He lived 1863 to 1931 and was of Chicago School. He developed symbolic interactionism. People and things have several roles and functions simultaneously in society {sociality} [Mead, 1934].

Gian Francesco Malipiero [Malipiero, Gian Francesco] composer Italy 1920 to 1933 Rispetti e Strambotti for String Quartet [1920: Rispetti and strambotti are short poetic forms]; Le Otto Stagioni or Eight Seasons [1933] He lived 1882 to 1973 and composed eight string quartets.

F. Scott Fitzgerald [Fitzgerald, F. Scott] novelist USA 1920 to 1934 This Side of Paradise [1920]; Six Tales of the Jazz Age [1922: stories]; Great Gatsby [1925]; Tender is the Night [1934] He lived 1896 to 1940.

Emil Post [Post, Emil] mathematician USA 1920 to 1936 Introduction to a General Theory of Elementary Propositions [1920] He lived 1897 to 1954. Symbol strings can substitute other symbol strings {Post grammar, Post} {Post machine} [1936], to make formal systems. Start with long symbol string and substitute, using symbol-string precedence rules. Logic can be three-valued {many-valued logic}. Many-valued logic can use cyclic negation, so next truth-value negates previous one. Such systems include all finite-valued logics. Such logics can represent switching circuits with many inputs and/or outputs.

Ronald Aylmer Fisher [Fisher, Ronald Aylmer] statistician/geneticist Scotland 1920 to 1938 Statistical Methods for Research Workers [1925]; Genetical Theory of Natural Selection [1930]; Design of Experiments [1935]; Statistical Tables for Biological, Agricultural, and Medical Research [1938] He lived 1890 to 1962. He developed statistical-significance methods {analysis of variance, Fisher} and Fisher experiment-design theory [1920]. Mendelian inheritance in large populations with great variety can result in gradual evolution, but blending inheritance does not work. Variation frequency varies inversely with variation magnitude. Natural selection can increase allele frequency.

Art Hodes [Hodes, Art] pianist Russia/USA 1920 to 1940 He lived 1904 to 1993 and played Boogie Woogie.

Blind Willie Johnson [Johnson, Blind Willie] guitarist USA 1920 to 1940 He lived 1897 to 1945 and played bottleneck or slide guitar in Big Band.

Bronislaw Malinowski [Malinowski, Bronislaw] anthropologist Poland/England 1920 to 1940 Sex and Repression in Society [1927] He lived 1884 to 1942 and studied South Pacific Trobriand Islanders [1920 to 1940]. He studied functional anthropology, oedipal complex as child's resenting father dominance, and phattic communion.

Colette or Sidonie-Cabrielle Colette [Colette, Sidonie-Cabrielle] novelist France 1920 to 1945 Cheri [1920]; Gigi [1945] She lived 1863 to 1954.

Jacques Maritain [Maritain, Jacques] philosopher Paris, France 1920 to 1947 Art and Scholasticism [1920]; Degrees of Knowledge [1932]; Person and the Common Good [1947] He lived 1882 to 1973, was neo-Thomist, and studied John of St. Thomas. Natural law, which ordinary people can know through reasoning or intuition, determines political values.

Ernst Junger [Junger, Ernst] writer Germany 1920 to 1957 Storm of Steel [1920]; Glass Bees [1957] He lived 1895 to 1998.

James Truslow Adams [Adams, James Truslow] historian USA 1921 Founding of New England [1921] He lived 1878 to 1949.

Benny David [David, Benny]/Milton Ager [Ager, Milton]/Lester Santly [Santly, Lester] composer USA 1921 I'm Nobody's Baby [1921]

Tom Delaney [Delaney, Tom] composer USA 1921 New York Glide [1921]

Buddy G. DeSylva [DeSylva, Buddy G.]/Louis Silvers [Silvers, Louis] lyricist/composer USA 1921 April Showers [1921: sung by Al Jolson from Bombo] DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950.

Herbert McLean Evans [Evans, Herbert McLean]/Joseph Abraham Long [Long, Joseph Abraham] biologist USA 1921 Evans lived 1882 to 1971. Long lived 1879 to 1953. They isolated human growth hormone [1921].

Billy Higgins [Higgins, Billy]/W. Benton Overstreet [Overstreet, W. Benton] lyricist/composer USA 1921 There'll Be Some Changes Made [1921]

Rex Ingram [Ingram, Rex] director USA 1921 Four Horseman of the Apocalypse [1921: Rudolph Valentino acted] He lived 1895 to 1969.

Arthur Jackson [Jackson, Arthur]/George Gershwin [Gershwin, George] lyricist/composer USA 1921 Drifting Along with the Tide [1921: from George White's Scandals of '21] Gershwin lived 1898 to 1937.

Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh [Jamalzadeh, Mohammad Ali] or Mohammad Ali Jamal-Zadegh [Jamal-Zadegh, Mohammad Ali] essayist Persia 1921 Once Upon a Time [1921: essay]; Tender as Rain He lived 1892 to 1997.

Isham Jones [Jones, Isham]/Ray Miller [Miller, Ray] composer USA 1921 I'll See You in My Dreams [1921]

Otto Loewi [Loewi, Otto] biochemist Graz, Austria 1921 He lived 1873 to 1961, proved that neurotransmitters cross junction between nerve cells, using vagus nerve to heart, and so proved that synapses were chemical not electrical [1921], and studied acetylcholine chemical synapse.

Lu Xun or Lu Hsun novelist China 1921 True Story of Ah Q [1921] He lived 1881 to 1936.

Gus Mueller [Mueller, Gus]/Bert Johnson [Johnson, Bert]/Henry Busse [Busse, Henry] composer USA 1921 Wang Wang Blues [1921]

Reza Khan or Reza Pahlavi or Reza Shah premier Iran 1921 He lived 1878 to 1944 and staged coup [1921] to become shah.

Dave Ringle [Ringle, Dave]/Fred Meinken [Meinken, Fred] lyricist/composer USA 1921 Wabash Blues [1921]

Hermann Rorschach [Rorschach, Hermann] psychiatrist Switzerland 1921 Psychodiagnostics [1921] He lived 1884 to 1922 and developed standardized personality test {Rorschach test, Rorschach} using inkblots for free association [1921].

Harry Smith [Smith, Harry]/Francis Wheeler [Wheeler, Francis]/Ted Snyder [Snyder, Ted] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1921 Sheik of Araby [1921]

Olga Spessivtzeva [Spessivtzeva, Olga] ballerina Russia 1921 Sleeping Beauty [1921] She lived 1895 to 1991.

Miguel de Unamuno [Unamuno, Miguel de] or Miguel de Unamuno y Jugo [Unamuno y Jugo, Miguel de] philosopher/philologist Madrid, Spain 1921 Tragic Sense of Life in Men and in Peoples [1921] He lived 1865 to 1936. People need philosophy that life is eternal and significant beyond material world, though people cannot know this. People should have faith only in faith itself. Jesus and Don Quixote lived on this basis.

Louis Delluc [Delluc, Louis] director France 1921 to 1922 Fièvre or Fever [1921]; La Femme de nulle part or Woman from Nowhere [1922] He lived 1890 to 1924.

Karl Abraham [Abraham, Karl] psychologist Berlin, Germany 1921 to 1924 Contributions to the Theory of the Anal Character [1921]; Short Study of the Development of the Libido [1924] He lived 1877 to 1925 and developed a personal-development theory and a psychoanalysis variant. Instinctual energy discharge {discharge of instinct} requires another person or thing. People have emotional involvement with objects or internal representations. Obsession is strong focus on emotional object for fear of losing it. Depression is loss of emotional object, and people attempt to restore it. All children need to attachment to a mother-like person. Medial temporal lobe makes declarative memories but not short-term memory, memory storage, or procedural memories.

Warren G. Harding [Harding, Warren G.] president USA 1921 to 1925 He lived 1865 to 1923. 29th president promised normalcy. He sponsored Washington Naval Conference, limiting ships and protecting China. Teapot Dome Scandal and other scandals happened in his term but he died.

James P. Johnson [Johnson, James P.] or Father of Stride Piano pianist/composer USA 1921 to 1925 Loveless Love [1921]; Carolina Shout [1925] He lived 1894 to 1955 and played Big Band.

Sinclair Lewis [Lewis, Sinclair] novelist USA 1921 to 1927 Main Street [1921]; Babbitt [1922]; Arrowsmith [1925]; Elmer Gantry [1927] He lived 1885 to 1951.

Ninette de Valois [de Valois, Ninette] ballerina Ireland/England 1921 to 1928 She lived 1898 to 2001 and founded Royal Ballet [1928].

Ernst Kretschmer [Kretschmer, Ernst] psychiatrist Germany 1921 to 1929 Physique and Character [1921]; Psychology of Men of Genius [1929] He lived 1888 to 1964 and studied intelligence.

Edward Sapir [Sapir, Edward] linguist USA 1921 to 1929 Culture, Language, Personality [1921]; Status of Linguistics as a Science [1929] He lived 1884 to 1939. Language affects thinking {Sapir-Whorf hypothesis} [1929].

Eubie Blake [Blake, Eubie] or James Hubert Blake [Blake, James Hubert] pianist/composer USA 1921 to 1930 I'm Just Wild about Harry [1921: from Shuffle Along] He lived 1887 to 1983 and played Ragtime.

Ferde Grofe [Grofe, Ferde] composer USA 1921 to 1931 Song of India [1921]; Mississippi Suite [1926: symphony]; Grand Canyon Suite [1931: symphony] He lived 1892 to 1972.

Faisal I king Iraq 1921 to 1933 He lived 1885 to 1933.

Federico García Lorca [Lorca, Federico García] poet/playwright Spain 1921 to 1935 Libro de Poemas or Book of Poems [1921]; Blood Wedding [1933: play]; Lament for the Death of a Bullfighter [1935: poem] He lived 1898 to 1936. He wrote gypsy deep song {cante jondo, Lorca}.

Otto Neurath [Neurath, Otto] linguist/philosopher Vienna, Austria/USA 1921 to 1935 Anti-Spengler [1921]; Scientific World-View [1929: with Hahn and Carnap]; Unified Science and Psychology [1933]; Meaning of Rational Consideration and Action [1935] He lived 1882 to 1945, was of Vienna Circle of Logical Positivism, and led Unity of Science Movement. Movement tried to unite sciences through characteristic actions. Epistemology People can have knowledge through subjective and historic means. Sentence meaning is the publicly accessible outcome {outcome, meaning} of publicly accessible procedures. Group beliefs establish outcomes and procedures, even in science. Cognitive and scientific meaning requires that sentence be expressible in logical language. People have constructed subjects of discourse without foundations, like boats {Neurath's boat} built while at sea.

John Maynard Keynes [Keynes, John Maynard] economist England 1921 to 1936 Treatise on Probability [1921]; Treatise on Money [1930]; General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money [1936] He lived 1883 to 1946 and studied marginal propensities. He suggested deficit spending to expand economy. Epistemology If alternatives have no known probabilities, they receive equal probability {indifference principle} {insufficient reason principle} {principle of indifference} {principle of insufficient reason}. This principle is not true because, if all probabilities are equal, people cannot learn from experience.

Ali Esfandiary [Esfandiary, Ali] or Nima Yushij [Yushij, Nima] poet/novelist Persia 1921 to 1937 Pale Story; Tale [book]; Afsaneh or Fantasy [1921: poem]; Nima's Fable; Oh! Night or City of Night [1922: story]; City of Morning; Bell; Makhula; Manneli; Phoenix [1937] He lived 1894 to 1959.

Felix A. Vening Meinesz [Meinesz, Felix A. Vening] geologist Netherlands 1921 to 1937 Meinesz pendulum He lived 1887 to 1966 and studied gravity. Strong negative isostatic anomalies {Meinesz belts} parallel deep-sea trenches [1921 to 1937]. Downbuckling results from compression between large, rigid crustal blocks.

Diego [Rivera, Diego] painter Mexico 1921 to 1940 Man, Controller of the Universe [1934]; Pan American Unity or Marriage of the Artistic Expression of the North and of the South on this Continent [1940] He lived 1886 to 1957 and painted murals. Jose Clemente Orozco, David Alvaro Siquieros, and Rivera painted public- building frescos in Mexican Mural Renaissance [1921 to 1930].

Nikos Kazantzakis [Kazantzakis, Nikos] novelist Greece/Crete/Germany 1921 to 1946 Last Temptation of Christ [1921]; Alexi Zormpa or Zorba the Greek [1946] He lived 1883 to 1957.

Shoghi Effendi philosopher Haifa, Palestine/Lebanon 1921 to 1957 Gleanings from the Writings of Baha'u'llah [1935]; Bahai World Faith He lived 1897 to 1957 and was Abdu'l-Baha's grandson. He led Bahaism [1921 to 1957] and set up the administrative order.

Mao Tse-Tung founder China 1921 to 1975 He lived 1893 to 1976, founded Communist Party (CCP) [1921], and allied with nationalists. He then lost cities to Kuomintang nationalists [1927]. He directed civil war in rural south China. He ruled Kiangsi province [1930 to 1934]. He led Long March [1934] from Kiangsi through mountains to Shensi in north. He forced Nationalists to flee to Formosa Island (Taiwan) and became People's Republic of China chairman [1949], with government in Beijing. 1,000,000 died. Chou En-lai was Premier. He started Great Leap Forward [1958]. He started Cultural Revolution [1965].

Stefan Banach [Banach, Stefan] mathematician Poland 1922 He lived 1892 to 1945 and studied functional analysis, projection theorem, triangle inequality, and adjoints. He invented Banach spaces, Hahn-Banach theorem [1922], and Banach algebra.

Robert Benchley [Benchley, Robert] essayist/humorist USA 1922 Love Conquers All [1922] He lived 1889 to 1945.

Zez Comfrey [Comfrey, Zez] composer USA 1922 Stumbling [1922]

Émile Coue [Coue, Émile] psychotherapist Paris, France 1922 Suggestion and its Applications [1922] He lived 1857 to 1926 and used self-induced suggestion {auto-suggestion}.

Buddy G. DeSylva [DeSylva, Buddy G.]/Victor Herbert [Herbert, Victor] lyricist/composer USA 1922 Kiss in the Dark [1922] DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950.

Fred Fisher [Fisher, Fred] composer USA 1922 Chicago [1922] He lived 1875 to 1942.

Abraham Fraenkel [Fraenkel, Abraham] or Abraham Fränkel [Fränkel, Abraham] mathematician Germany 1922 He lived 1891 to 1965 and improved Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory [1922].

Douglas Furber [Furber, Douglas]/Phillip Braham [Braham, Phillip] lyricist/composer USA 1922 Limehouse Blues [1922] Braham lived 1909 to 2002.

John Galsworthy [Galsworthy, John] novelist England 1922 Forsythe Saga [1922: novels] He lived 1867 to 1933.

A. H. Gibbs [Gibbs, A. H.] composer USA 1922 Runnin' Wild [1922]

Joe Grey [Grey, Joe]/Leo Wood [Wood, Leo]/A. Harrington Gibbs [Gibbs, A. Harrington] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1922 Runnin' Wild [1922: also in the film Some Like It Hot, 1959, sung by Marilyn Monroe]

Hans Hahn [Hahn, Hans] mathematician Austria 1922 He lived 1879 to 1934 and invented Hahn-Banach theorem [1922].

Otto Jesperson [Jesperson, Otto] linguist Denmark 1922 Language [1922] He lived 1860 to 1943 and developed categorical grammar. Specific factors, such as maximum vocal-tract-constriction location, determine speech-sound articulation. Constriction completely closes for consonants like /p/. Nasal passage opens for consonants like /m/. Voicing onset time is immediate for /b/ but delayed for /p/.

Gus Kahn [Kahn, Gus]/Ernie Erdman [Erdman, Ernie]/Dan Russo [Russo, Dan]/Ted Fiorito [Fiorito, Ted] composer USA 1922 Toot, Toot, Tootsie (Good-bye) [1922] Kahn lived 1886 to 1941.

Katherine Mansfield [Mansfield, Katherine] or Kathleen Murry [Murry, Kathleen] essayist England 1922 Her First Ball [1922]; Garden Party [1922]; Doll's House [1922] She lived 1888 to 1923.

Amedo [Nervo, Amedo] writer Mexico 1922 La amada inmóvil or Immobile Loved One [1922] He lived 1870 to 1919.

Ramon Novarro [Novarro, Ramon] actor Mexico/USA 1922 Prisoner of Zenda [1922] He lived 1899 to 1968.

Emily Post [Post, Emily] essayist USA 1922 Etiquette in Society, in Business, in Politics and at Home [1922] She lived 1862 to 1960.

Heinrich Rickert [Rickert, Heinrich] philosopher Germany 1922 Science and History: A Critique of Positivist Epistemology [1922] He lived 1863 to 1936, was Hegelian historian, and was of Marburg School of Immanent Philosophy.

Harry Ruby [Ruby, Harry]/Joseph Meyer [Meyer, Joseph] composer USA 1922 My Honey's Lovin' Arms [1922] Meyer lived 1894 to 1987.

José Martínez Ruiz [Ruiz, José Martínez] or Azorín writer Spain 1922 Don Juan [1922] He lived 1873 to 1967 and founded the Generation of '98.

Hugo Martin Tetrode [Tetrode, Hugo Martin] physicist Netherlands 1922 He lived 1895 to 1931. Schwarzschild, Tetrode [1922], and Fokker developed perfect absorption to renormalize Maxwell's equations.

Margary Williams [Williams, Margary] writer USA 1922 Velveteen Rabbit or How Toys Become Real [1922] She lived 1881 to 1944.

Dick Winfree [Winfree, Dick]/Phil Boutelje [Boutelje, Phil] composer USA 1922 China Boy [1922]

Kenneth L. Roberts [Roberts, Kenneth L.] storyteller USA 1922 to 1923 Adventures in Budgeting [1922: story]; Ambush of Italy [1923: story] He lived 1885 to 1957.

George II king Greece 1922 to 1924 He lived 1890 to 1947 and became king by Treaty of Lausanne [1922]. Republic formed [1924]. He became king again as republic failed [1935 to 1947].

Isham Jones [Jones, Isham]/Gus Kahn [Kahn, Gus] lyricist/composer USA 1922 to 1924 On the Alamo [1922]; Swinging Down the Lane [1923]; One I Love (Belongs to Somebody Else) [1923]; It Had to Be You [1924]; Spain [1924] Kahn lived 1886 to 1941.

Rudolph Valentino [Valentino, Rudolph] actor USA 1922 to 1924 Blood and Sand [1922]; Sheik [1922: first full-length color film]; Monsieur Beaucaire [1924] He lived 1895 to 1926.

Lucien Lévy-Bruhl [Lévy-Bruhl, Lucien] philosopher/anthropologist Paris, France 1922 to 1926 Primitive Mentality [1922]; How Natives Think [1926] He lived 1857 to 1939. Primitive mentality is imaginative and emotional {prelogical society}, comes from cultural collective representations, and mixes with objects {law of participation} {mystical participation}. Modern mentality is logical, comes from experience, and is separate from objects. Both forms are appropriate.

Mary Astor [Astor, Mary] actor USA 1922 to 1928 Rose of the Golden West [1927] She lived 1906 to 1987 and was in silent movies and talkies.

Gus Kahn [Kahn, Gus]/Walter Donaldson [Donaldson, Walter] lyricist/composer USA 1922 to 1928 Carolina in the Morning [1922]; My Buddy [1922]; Yes Sir, That's My Baby [1925]; Whoopee [1928: musical]; Love Me or Leave Me [1928]; Love Me or Leave Me [1928]; Makin' Whoopee [1928] Kahn lived 1886 to 1941. Donaldson lived 1893 to 1947.

Harold Lloyd [Lloyd, Harold] actor USA 1922 to 1928 Grandma's Boy [1922]; Safety Last [1923]; Why Worry [1923]; Girl Shy [1924]; Freshman [1925]; Speedy [1928] He lived 1893 to 1971.

Clara Bow [Bow, Clara] actor USA 1922 to 1929 It [1927] She lived 1905 to 1965 and was the It Girl.

Edward Estlin Cummings [Cummings, Edward Estlin] poet USA 1922 to 1931 What if a much of a which of a wind [1922]; Enormous Room [1922]; I Sing of Olaf [1931] He lived 1894 to 1962.

Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau [Murnau, Friedrich Wilhelm] director Germany 1922 to 1931 Nosferatu [1922]; Last Laugh [1925]; Tabu [1931: sound] He lived 1888 to 1988.

Charles Prendergast [Prendergast, Charles] painter Canada/USA 1922 to 1932 Fairy Story [1922]; Holiday Beach Scene [1932] He lived 1863 to 1948.

Ivor A. Richards [Richards, Ivor A.] linguist/philosopher USA 1922 to 1936 Foundations of Aesthetics [1922: with James Wood]; Meaning of Meaning [1923: with C. K. Ogden]; Philosophy of Rhetoric [1936]; Practical Criticism [1936] He lived 1893 to 1979. He developed Basic English with C. K. Ogden. Metaphor has actual topic, analogy to that topic, something in common between the topics, and reason for using analogy.

Paul Klee [Klee, Paul] painter Germany 1922 to 1938 Twittering Machine [1922]; Park near Lucerne [1938] He lived 1879 to 1940 and used ideographic and simple shapes.

Vienna Circle philosophic school Vienna, Austria 1922 to 1938 School included the logical positivists Rudolph Carnap, Herbert Feigl, Hans Hahn, Kurt Gödel, Philip Frank, Otto Neurath, Moritz Schlick, and Friedrich Waisman. Preferences in ethics determine political values.

Louis Wirth [Wirth, Louis] sociologist Germany/USA 1922 to 1938 Ghetto [1922]; Urbanism as a Way of Life [1938] He lived 1897 to 1952.

Roger Martin du Gard [Martin du Gard, Roger] writer France 1922 to 1940 Thibaults series [1922 to 1940] He lived 1881 to 1958.

Benito Mussolini [Mussolini, Benito] premier Italy 1922 to 1943 He lived 1883 to 1945 and became Fascist premier by coup d'état [1922]. Italy had high inflation and high unemployment. Fascists terrorized communists and democrats and advocated authoritarianism. He marched nationalist war veterans on Rome during strikes and unrest. He slowly became dictator and suspended legislature [1925]. He formed corporate state and combined employers and employees into guilds controlled by government. He signed Lateran Treaty with the pope. He was victorious in Ethiopia and Albania and allied with Germany in World War II. Allies invaded Italy [1943]. Partisans shot him [1945].

Hal Roach [Roach, Hal] director USA 1922 to 1944 Our Gang or Little Rascals [1922 to 1944: silent and sound comedies] He lived 1892 to 1992.

Will Hays [Hays, Will] clergyman USA 1922 to 1945 He lived 1879 to 1954 and administered movie code [1930 to 1966].

Walter Lippman [Lippman, Walter] sociologist/essayist/journalist USA 1922 to 1947 Public Opinion [1922]; Cold War [1947] He lived 1889 to 1974.

William Fielding Ogburn [Ogburn, William Fielding] sociologist USA 1922 to 1953 Social Change with Respect to Culture and Original Nature [1922 and 1950]; American Marriage and Family Relationships [1928: with Groves]; President's Research Committee on U.S. Social Trends [1930 to 1933]; Social Characteristics of Cities [1937]; Social Effects of Aviation [1946]; Technology and the Changing Family [1953: with Meyer Nimkoff] He lived 1886 to 1959.

Eugene O'Neill [O'Neill, Eugene] playwright USA 1922 to 1953 Hairy Ape [1922]; Great God Brown [1926]; Strange Interlude [1928]; Desire under the Elms [1931]; Mourning Becomes Electra [1931]; Emperor Jones [1933]; Ice Man Cometh [1939]; Long Day's Journey into Night [1940]; Touch of the Poet [1953] He lived 1888 to 1953.

Roy Wood Sellars [Sellars, Roy Wood] philosopher USA 1922 to 1969 Evolutionary Naturalism [1922]; Humanist Manifesto [1933]; Reflections on American Philosophy From Within [1969] He lived 1880 to 1973 and was Critical Realist.

Gus Arnheim [Arnheim, Gus]/Abe Lyman [Lyman, Abe]/Arthur Freed [Freed, Arthur] lyricist/composer USA 1923 I Cried for You [1923] Arnheim lived 1897 to 1955. Lyman lived 1897 to 1957. Freed lived 1894 to 1973.

Johannes Brönsted [Brönsted, Johannes] chemist Germany 1923 He lived 1879 to 1947 and discussed acids as proton transfers [1923].

John Carson [Carson, John] or Fiddling John Carson [Carson, Fiddling John] violinist USA 1923 Little Old Log Cabin in the Lane [1923]; Old Hen Cackled and the Rooster's Going to Crow [1923] He lived 1868 to 1949. His daughter Rosa Lee was Moonshine Kate.

Charlie Chase [Chase, Charlie]/Jim Chase [Chase, Jim] lyricist/composer USA 1923 Charley My Boy [1923]

Arthur [Compton, Arthur] physicist USA 1923 He lived 1892 to 1962 and found Compton radiation [1923].

Carlos Fernandez [Fernandez, Carlos] composer Mexico 1923 Cielito Lindo or Beautiful Heaven [1923] English translation was by Neil C. Wilson [1923] and Jerry Castillo [1935].

Cliff Friend [Friend, Cliff]/Abel Baer [Baer, Abel] composer USA 1923 Mama Loves Papa [1923] Baer lived 1893 to 1976.

Fuad I king Egypt 1923 He lived 1868 to 1936.

Kahlil [Gibran, Kahlil] writer Lebanon 1923 Prophet [1923] He lived 1883 to 1931.

Al Jolson [Jolson, Al]/Buddy G. DeSylva [DeSylva, Buddy G.]/Joseph Meyer [Meyer, Joseph] composer USA 1923 California, Here I Come [1923] DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950. Meyer lived 1894 to 1987.

Gilbert N. Lewis [Lewis, Gilbert N.] chemist USA 1923 He lived 1875 to 1946 and discussed acids as electron pair acceptors and invented Lewis structures [1923].

Georg Lukacs [Lukacs, Georg] philosopher Budapest, Hungary 1923 History and Class Consciousness [1923] He lived 1885 to 1971, was Marxist, and was against psychologism. He founded Sunday Circle. Culture is paramount.

Mae Murray [Murray, Mae] actor USA 1923 French Doll [1923] She lived 1889 to 1965 and popularized bobbed hair, short skirts, the Charleston, rolled stockings, and bee-stung lips.

Gertrude Rainey [Rainey, Gertrude] or Ma Rainey [Rainey, Ma] lyricist/composer USA 1923 See See Rider [1923: blues] She lived 1886 to 1939.

Billy Rose [Rose, Billy]/Mort Dixon [Dixon, Mort]/Ray Henderson [Henderson, Ray] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1923 That Old Gang of Mine [1923] Rose lived 1899 to 1966. Dixon lived 1892 to 1956. Henderson lived 1896 to 1970.

Walter Dill Scott [Scott, Walter Dill] economist USA 1923 Personnel Management [1923: with Robert C. Clothier] He lived 1869 to 1955 and studied scientific management theory.

Lon Chaney, Sr. [Chaney, Sr., Lon] actor USA 1923 to 1925 Hunchback of Notre Dame [1923]; Phantom of the Opera [1925] He lived 1893 to 1930 and was the "man of a thousand faces".

Chaim Soutine [Soutine, Chaim] painter France 1923 to 1926 Still Life with Skate [1923]; Seated Woman [1924]; Dead Fowl [1926: Post-Impressionist] He lived 1893 to 1943, used color dots {Pointillism, Soutine} {Divisionism, Soutine}, and was Post-Impressionist.

Calvin Coolidge [Coolidge, Calvin] president USA 1923 to 1927 He lived 1872 to 1933. 30th president was taciturn, honest, and simple. He preferred laissez-faire economy and small government.

George Gershwin [Gershwin, George] composer USA 1923 to 1928 Rhapsody in Blue [1923]; Piano Concerto in F [1925]; American in Paris [1928] He lived 1898 to 1937.

Joseph Oliver [Oliver, Joseph] or King Oliver [Oliver, King] composer USA 1923 to 1928 Dipper Mouth Blues or Sugar Foot Stomp [1923]; Snag It [1926]; West End Blues [1928] He lived 1885 to 1938.

Serge Lifar [Lifar, Serge] ballet dancer Russia/France 1923 to 1929 He lived 1905 to 1986.

Charles Kay Ogden [Ogden, Charles Kay] linguist USA 1923 to 1930 Meaning of Meaning [1923]; Basic English: A General Introduction with Rules and Grammar [1930] He lived 1889 to 1957 and studied semantics.

José Ortega y Gasset [Ortega y Gasset, José] philosopher Madrid, Spain 1923 to 1930 Theme of Our Time [1923]; Revolt of the Masses [1930] He lived 1883 to 1955. Reality is self and life interactions. Intellectual minority needs to rule to prevent anarchy.

Primo de Rivera [Rivera, Primo de] dictator Spain 1923 to 1930 He lived 1903 and 1936 and became dictator with king's complicity.

Ernst Cassirer [Cassirer, Ernst] philosopher Germany 1923 to 1931 Philosophy of Symbolic Forms [1923 to 1931] He lived 1874 to 1945 and was of Marburg School of Immanent Philosophy.

Albert Schweitzer [Schweitzer, Albert] philosopher Alsace/Africa 1923 to 1931 Quest of the Historical Jesus [1906]; On the Edge of the Primeval Forest [1920]; Decay and Restoration of Civilization [1923]; Civilization and Ethics [1923]; Christianity and the Religions of the World [1924]; Out of My Life and Thought [1931] He lived 1875 to 1965, in Alsace and Africa, and wrote about history. People should revere their own and others' lives {reverence for life}.

Arthur Honegger [Honegger, Arthur] composer Switzerland/France 1923 to 1935 King David or Le Roi David [1923]; Joan of Arc at the Stake or Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher [1935] He lived 1892 to 1955 and composed five symphonies.

Frederic Charles Bartlett [Bartlett, Frederic Charles] psychologist Britain 1923 to 1939 Psychology and Primitive Culture [1923]; Remembering [1932]; Study of Society [1939] He lived 1886 to 1969 and helped found cognitive psychology. He used reaction times and image rotation to learn about representation properties. He studied memory using stories and pictures. Organisms must understand current situation to know how to behave and so search for meaning in environment. Perceiving, recognition, imaging, and recall are for meaning. Thinking uses past experience to solve problems and choose from possible solutions. Thinking is skill, which improves with instruction and practice, by interpolation or extrapolation. Memory is construction from all mental information representations and is easy to forget and distort. Memory and recall have no basic units, because stimuli have multiple responses. Random words or nonsense syllables can have related meanings but do not have higher-level categories, making them poor memory test, because abstract higher-level categories are important for memory. Structures organize motor events, integrate/relate/give meaning to objects and events, and interpret {schema, Bartlett}. Schemas are at every meaning level in semantic hierarchies. Schemas also underlie memory strength. Memory strength depends on object and event relation to constructed schema. Memory content is more meaningful if it matches schema. The schema can alter memory content to fit schema and improve understanding and meaning. People remember meaningful content better. Stories, descriptions, and pictures have meaning. Confusing sentences in stories can test if recall is less and/or distorted, because they cannot be meaningful. People recall ambiguous, complex, unexpected, out-of-context, or illogical sentences relative to constructed schema more weakly and/or with more changes. Higher-order schemas isolate and connect sentences, which integrate with different strengths. People remember sentences that evoke emotion more strongly, because they integrate more, not match cues more. Perceptual codes have no hierarchy. Semantic codes have hierarchy and so last longer. Memories weaken over time and people can forget them.

Ernest Lubitsch [Lubitsch, Ernest] director Hungary/USA 1923 to 1939 Passion [1923: Emil Jannings and Pola Negri acted]; Gypsy Blood [1924: Pola Negri acted]; Ninotchka [1939: sound. Greta Garbo and Melvyn Douglas acted] He lived 1887 to 1954.

Ken Maynard [Maynard, Ken] actor USA 1923 to 1940 Demon Rider [1925: western] He lived 1928 to 1998.

Helmuth Plessner [Plessner, Helmuth] philosopher Germany 1923 to 1941 Unity of the Sense [1923]; Man and the Stages of the Organic [1929]; Laughter and Weeping [1941] He lived 1892 to 1985.

Fats Waller [Waller, Fats] or Thomas Waller [Waller, Thomas] pianist/composer USA 1923 to 1943 Handful of Keys [1930] He lived 1904 to 1943 and played Big Band and Swing.

Edward Steichen [Steichen, Edward] photographer/director USA 1923 to 1947 Family of Man [1923 and 1947]; Fighting Lady [1944: documentary] He lived 1879 to 1973.

Charles Dunbar Broad [Broad, Charles Dunbar] philosopher England 1923 to 1953 Scientific Thought [1923 and 1927]; Mind and its Place in Nature [1925 and 1949]; Five Types of Ethical Theory [1930]; Examination of McTaggart's Philosophy [1933 to 1938]; Ethics and the History of Philosophy [1952]; Religion, Philosophy, and Psychical Research [1953] He lived 1887 to 1971. Epistemology Philosophy should state question clearly, describe all answers, and select the most probable. Materialist philosophy can say that consciousness is not real and only brain states or functions are real {radical materialism}, consciousness is real but is brain state or function {reductive materialism}, or consciousness is real and is a brain higher-order state or function but has properties not reducible to brain states or functions {emergent materialism} [1925]. Physical causes mental being or property, such as qualia, but mental does not cause physical {epiphenomenalism, Broad}. Subjective experience is epiphenomenal. Mental states and forces can arise from human-brain complex structures and functions {emergentist philosophy}. Religion People have had numerous experiences of religious revelation or experience, many with similar phenomena {argument from religious experience, Broad}, which God's existence and action can explain.

Paul Hindemith [Hindemith, Paul] composer Germany/USA 1923 to 1957 Das Marienleben or Life of Maria [1923: songs for Rilke's poems]; Mathis der Maler or Homage to Mahler [1934: symphony]; Der Schwanendreher or Swan-turner [1935: symphony]; Nobilissima Visione or Noblest Vision [1938: symphony]; Die Harmonie der Welt or Harmony of the World [1957: symphony] He lived 1895 to 1963.

Pablo [Neruda, Pablo] poet Chile 1923 to 1959 Crepusculario or Twilight [1923: poems]; Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair [1924: poems]; Residence on Earth [1933: poems]; Canto General or General Song [1950: poems, including Alturas de Macchu Picchu]; One Hundred Love Sonnets [1959: poems] He lived 1904 to 1973.

Martin Buber [Buber, Martin] philosopher Germany 1923 to 1965 I and Thou [1923] He lived 1878 to 1965. Relations can be subjective, rather than objective.

Louis Armstrong [Armstrong, Louis] trumpeter/singer Chicago, Illinois 1923 to 1967 Mack the Knife [1956]; Hello, Dolly! [1964]; What a Wonderful World [1967] He lived 1901 to 1971 and played Chicago, Swing, and New Orleans Revival.

Jean Piaget [Piaget, Jean] psychologist Geneva, Switzerland 1923 to 1971 Language and Thought of the Child [1923]; Child's Conception of the World [1926]; Child's Conception of Physical Reality [1926]; Origins of Intelligence in Children [1952]; Child's Construction of Reality or The Construction of Reality in the Child [1954 or 1955]; Mechanisms of Perception [1961]; Psychology of the Child [1969]; Insights and Illusions of Philosophy [1971: translated by W. Mays] He lived 1896 to 1980 and was constructivist. He studied children's cognitive development and developed cognition tests. He asked children to describe what mountains look like if they are at different locations {mountain test}. He asked what happens to liquid slopes in glass jars as they tilt. He asked what happens to liquid levels if poured into various-diameter jars {conservation test}. He wanted to make epistemology experimental science and so unify biology and logic. Knowledge is symbolic structure. Existing knowledge structures modify perceptual input {assimilation, Piaget} and change to adapt to perceptual input {accommodation, Piaget}. Mind has cognitive processes. Self-regulating processes compare thesis to anti-thesis and synthesize contradictories {constructivism, Piaget} {dialectical constructivism}, by examining context and premises at each step. Psychological development is not only emergence of innate properties through biological maturation but also requires dialectical constructivism, as personal experience conflicts with its anti- thesis. Psychological development thus depends on active exploration to gain experiences. In early childhood, experience involves only behaviors. Later, thought can reconstruct behavior. By middle childhood, knowledge is about objects. In early adolescence, verbal knowledge, formal reasoning, and deductive thinking develop. "Intelligence is what you use when you do not know what to do." Schemas exist in long-term memory and interact with other schemas {Genevan model} {Piagetian model}. Memory strength depends on schema integration. Memory has three factors: external object or fact, unconscious schema sets {memory significate}, and conscious representations {signifier}. Encoding and recall make memory significate.

John Barrymore [Barrymore, John]/Lionel Barrymore [Barrymore, Lionel] actor USA 1924 Beau Brummel [1924] He lived 1882 to 1942.

Hans Berger [Berger, Hans] psychiatrist Germany 1924 He lived 1873 to 1941 and invented electroencephalogram [1924]. Electrodes can measure scalp electrical potentials {electroencephalography, Berger}. Alpha waves are regular 10-Hz oscillations that happen when people relax and close their eyes. Beta waves are faster and less synchronous oscillations that replace alpha waves when people perform mental activity and keep their eyes open.

S. N. Bose [Bose, S. N.] or Satyendra Nath Bose [Bose, Satyendra Nath] or Satyendranath Bose [Bose, Satyendranath] or Satyen Bose [Bose, Satyen] physicist India 1924 He lived 1894 to 1974 and developed Bose-Einstein statistics for bosons [1924].

Louis de Broglie [Broglie, Louis de] physicist France 1924 He lived 1892 to 1987. Matter has wave properties, all particles have associated waves, and electron orbits are resonating waves {theory of the double solution} [1924]. Momentum times wavelength equals Planck constant, so mass in motion has wavelength.

Edouard Claparède [Claparède, Edouard] psychologist/educator Switzerland 1924 On Psychoanalysis [1924] He lived 1873 to 1940, studied -injury and disease psychological consequences, and studied visual object- recognition defects. Amnesic states can have partial recent-memory preservation {implicit memory, Claparède}.

Vernon Dalhart [Dalhart, Vernon] composer/singer USA 1924 Wreck of Old '97 [1924]; Prisoner's Song [1924] He lived 1883 to 1948.

Raymond Dart [Dart, Raymond] biologist South Africa 1924 He lived 1893 to 1988 and found Taung child, Australopithecus africanus [1924].

Buddy G. DeSylva [DeSylva, Buddy G.]/Ballard MacDonald [MacDonald, Ballard]/George Gershwin [Gershwin, George] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1924 Somebody Loves Me [1924: from Scandals of '24] DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950. Gershwin lived 1898 to 1937.

Paul Eluard [Eluard, Paul] or Eugène Grindel [Grindel, Eugène] writer France 1924 Mourir de ne pas or Death of No [1924] He lived 1895 to 1952 and was Surrealist.

Oscar Hammerstein II [Hammerstein II, Oscar]/Otto Harbach [Harbach, Otto]/Rudolf Friml [Friml, Rudolf] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1924 Rose-Marie [1924: musical]; Indian Love Call [1924: from Rose-Marie] Harburg lived 1873 to 1963. Friml lived 1879 to 1972. Hammerstein lived 1895 to 1960.

Edgar Yipsel Harburg [Harburg, Edgar Yipsel] or Yip Harburg [Harburg, Yip]/Vincent Youmans [Youmans, Vincent] composer USA 1924 Tea for Two [1924: from No No Nanette] Harburg lived 1898 to 1981.

Gus Kahn [Kahn, Gus]/Ernie Erdman [Erdman, Ernie]/Elmer Schoebel [Schoebel, Elmer]/Billy Meyers [Meyers, Billy] composer USA 1924 Nobody's Sweetheart [1924] Kahn lived 1886 to 1941.

Sam M. Lewis [Lewis, Sam M.]/Joe Young [Young, Joe]/Harry Akst [Akst, Harry] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1924 Dinah [1924] Lewis lived 1885 to 1959. Young lived 1889 to 1939. Akst lived 1894 to 1963.

Ray Lopez [Lopez, Ray]/Lew Colwell [Colwell, Lew] composer USA 1924 Stack O' Lee Blues [1924]

Cecil Mack [Mack, Cecil]/Lew Brown [Brown, Lew]/Ford Dabney [Dabney, Ford] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1924 Shine [1924] Mack lived 1883 to 1944. Brown lived 1893 to 1958. Dabney lived 1883 to 1958.

Bennie Moten [Moten, Bennie]/Thamon Hayes [Hayes, Thamon] composer USA 1924 South [1924] Moten lived 1894 to 1935.

John F. Palmer [Palmer, John F.] or Jack Palmer [Palmer, Jack]/Spencer Williams [Williams, Spencer] composer USA 1924 Everybody Loves My Baby [1924]

Ole Rolvaag [Rolvaag, Ole] novelist Norway/USA 1924 to 1925 I de dage or In these Days [1924]; Riket gundlaeges or Kingdom Is Founded [1925]; Giants in the Earth [1927: combined In these Days and Kingdom Is Founded] He lived 1876 to 1931.

Edna Ferber [Ferber, Edna] novelist USA 1924 to 1926 So Big [1924]; Show Boat [1926] She lived 1885 to 1968.

Harry Langdon [Langdon, Harry] comedian/actor USA 1924 to 1926 Flickering Youth [1924]; Forgotten Clown [1926] He lived 1884 to 1944 and had a Scottish brogue.

Buster Keaton [Keaton, Buster] actor USA 1924 to 1927 Navigator [1924]; Steamboat Bill Jr. [1925]; General [1927] He lived 1895 to 1966.

Plutarco Calles [Calles, Plutarco] president Mexico 1924 to 1928 He lived 1877 to 1945 and first was reformer but then conservative.

Alan Alexander Milne [Milne, Alan Alexander] novelist/poet England 1924 to 1928 When We Were Very Young [1924: poems]; Winnie the Pooh [1926: story]; Now We Are Six [1927: poems]; House at Pooh Corner [1928: story] He lived 1882 to 1956.

Alicia Markova [Markova, Alicia] ballerina Russia 1924 to 1929 She lived 1910 to 2004.

Ernest Van Stoneman [Stoneman, Ernest Van] or Pop Stoneman [Stoneman, Pop] musician USA 1924 to 1929 Sinking of the Titanic [1924] He lived 1893 to 1968 and was from Blue Ridge Mountains.

Irving Thalberg [Thalberg, Irving] producer USA 1924 to 1932 Big Parade [1925]; Flesh and the Devil [1926]; La Boheme [1926]; Road to Mandalay [1926]; Broadway Melody [1929: sound]; Grand Hotel [1932: sound]; Red Dust [1932: sound] He lived 1899 to 1936.

Clarence Darrow [Darrow, Clarence] lawyer USA 1924 to 1934 He lived 1857 to 1938 and defended at Leopold-Loeb trial [1924], Scopes "monkey trial" [1925], and Massie trial [1934].

Mikhail Zoshchenko [Zoshchenko, Mikhail] writer Russia 1924 to 1934 Changing Model of Authorship [1924 to 1934] He lived 1895 to 1958.

Kurt Koffka [Koffka, Kurt] psychologist Germany 1924 to 1935 Growth of the Mind [1924]; Principles of Gestalt Psychology [1935] He lived 1886 to 1941 and helped found Gestalt psychology.

Ira Gershwin [Gershwin, Ira]/George Gershwin [Gershwin, George] composer USA 1924 to 1937 Lady, Be Good [1924: from Lady Be Good]; Man I Love [1924: from Lady Be Good]; Fascinating Rhythm [from Lady Be Good] [1924]; Someone to Watch Over Me [1926: from Oh Kay!]; Do-Do-Do [1926: from Oh Kay!]; Funny Face [1927: from Funny Face]; S'wonderful [1927: from Funny Face]; He Loves and She Loves [1927]; (I've Got A) Feeling I'm Falling [1928: from Treasure Girl]; How Long Has This Been Going On [1928: from Rosalie]; Soon [1929]; I've Got a Crush on You [1929]; Liza [1929: from Show Girl]; But Not for Me [1930: also in the film Girl Crazy, 1943]; I Got Rhythm [1930: from Girl Crazy]; Biding My Time [1930: from Girl Crazy]; Embraceable You [1930: from Girl Crazy]; Who Cares [1931]; Love is Sweeping the Country [1931: from Of Thee I Sing]; Till Then [1933]; Foggy Day [from A Damsel in Distress] [1937]; Nice Work If You Can Get It [1937: from A Damsel in Distress]; Let's Call the Whole Thing Off [1937: in the film Shall We Dance?]; They All Laughed [1937: in the film Shall We Dance?]; They Can't Take That Away from Me [1937: in the film Shall We Dance?]; Nice Work If You Can Get It [1937: in the film Damsel in Distress]; Shall We Dance? [1937: film]; Damsel in Distress [1937: film]; Love is Here to Stay [1937: from the film Goldwyn Follies]; Love Walked in [1937: from the film Goldwyn Follies] George lived 1898 to 1937. Ira lived 1896 to 1983.

Eric von Stroheim [Stroheim, Eric von] director USA 1924 to 1937 Greed [1924: mobile cameras and unusual camera angles]; Merry Widow [1925]; Grand Illusion [1937: sound] He lived 1885 to 1957. As actor, he was the "man you love to hate".

Hector Villa-Lobos [Villa-Lobos, Hector] or Heitor Villa-Lobos [Villa-Lobos, Heitor] composer Brazil 1924 to 1938 Choros No. 7 [1924: Brazilian dance, in a series]; Bachianas Brasileiras No. 5 [1938: series] He lived 1887 to 1959.

Abdu'l-Husayn Ayati [Ayati, Abdu'l-Husayn] or Husayn Ayati [Ayati, Husayn] or Avarih or Wanderer historian Iran 1924 to 1947 Brilliant Stars [1924]; Uncovering of Deceptions [1947] He is Avarih or Wanderer.

Learned Hand judge USA 1924 to 1951 I Am an American Day Speech [1944] He lived 1872 to 1961.

Joseph Stalin [Stalin, Joseph] dictator Russia 1924 to 1953 He lived 1879 to 1953 and got rid of Leon Trotsky [1927]. Trotsky wanted pure worldwide communism and fled to Mexico. He started Five Year Plans to industrialize nation and collectivize farms [1927]. He purged enemies in 1930's. Germany attacked Russia [1941]. He met with Allied leaders at Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam. Molotov was Premier. Beria was secret-police chief.

Sean O'Casey [O'Casey, Sean] playwright Ireland 1924 to 1956 Juno and the Paycock [1924: play]; Plough and the Stars [1926: play]; Within the Gates [1934: play]; Mirror in My House [1956: autobiography] He lived 1880 to 1964.

Edgard Varese [Varese, Edgard] composer France/USA 1924 to 1958 Hyperprism [1924: symphony]; Ionization [1931: symphony]; Poem Electronique [1958] He lived 1883 to 1965.

Louis Leon Thurstone [Thurstone, Louis Leon] psychologist USA 1924 to 1959 Nature of Intelligence [1924]; Vectors of the Mind [1935]; Multiple-Factor Analysis [1947]; Measurement of Values [1959] He lived 1887 to 1955. He worked on psychometrics, army recruiting tests, mental qualities, attitude scales, learning curves, mental development units, intelligence tests, multiple factor analyses, and psychoneurotic tendencies.

John Ford [Ford, John] director USA 1924 to 1964 Iron Horse [1924]; Lost Patrol [1934: sound]; Stagecoach [1938: sound. Claire Trevor acted]; How Green Was My Valley [1941: sound]; Quiet Man [1952: sound. John Wayne and Maureen O'Hara acted]; Sergeant Rutledge [1960: sound]; Cheyenne Autumn [1964: sound] He lived 1894 to 1973.

J. Edgar Hoover [Hoover, J. Edgar] director USA 1924 to 1972 He lived 1924 to 1972 and was first director of Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). He meddled in politics and investigated suspected communists and leftists.

Mikhail Bakhtin [Bakhtin, Mikhail] philosopher Leningrad, Russia 1924 to 1975 Problem of Content, Material and Form [1924]; Discourse in the Novel [1935]; Dialogic Imagination [1941]; Speech Genres [1979] He lived 1895 to 1975 and discussed dialogism and heteroglossia [Bakhtin, 1986] [Bakhtin, 1983].

Ben Bernie [Bernie, Ben]/Kenneth Casey [Casey, Kenneth]/Maceo Pinkard [Pinkard, Maceo] composer USA 1925 Sweet Georgia Brown [1925] Bernie lived 1891 to 1943.

Ben Black [Black, Ben]/Edwin LeMare [LeMare, Edwin]/Neil Monet [Monet, Neil] composer USA 1925 Moonlight and Roses [1925] Black lived 1889 to 1950.

Richard Byrd [Byrd, Richard] discoverer USA/Arctic 1925 He lived 1888 to 1957 and explored North Pole.

Irving Caesar [Caesar, Irving]/Vincent Youmans [Youmans, Vincent] lyricist/composer USA 1925 Sometimes I'm Happy [1925: from A Night Out] Caesar lived 1895 to 1996. Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.

James Cruze [Cruze, James] director USA 1925 Pony Express [1925] He lived 1884 to 1942.

Buddy G. DeSylva [DeSylva, Buddy G.]/Joseph Meyer [Meyer, Joseph] lyricist/composer USA 1925 If You Knew Susie [1925] DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950. Meyer lived 1894 to 1987.

Theodore Dreiser [Dreiser, Theodore] novelist USA 1925 American Tragedy [1925] He lived 1871 to 1945.

Samuel Goudsmit [Goudsmit, Samuel] physicist Netherlands/USA 1925 He lived 1902 to 1978 and measured electron spin [1925], with Uhlenbeck.

Oscar Hammerstein II [Hammerstein II, Oscar]/Otto Harbach [Harbach, Otto]/Jerome Kern [Kern, Jerome] lyricist/composer USA 1925 Sunny [1925: from Sunny] Hammerstein lived 1895 to 1960. Harburg lived 1873 to 1963. Kern lived 1885 to 1945.

Otto Harbach [Harbach, Otto]/Vincent Youmans [Youmans, Vincent] lyricist/composer USA 1925 No No Nanette [1925: musical, including Tea for Two and I Want to Be Happy] Harbach lived 1873 to 1963. Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.

Friedrich Hund [Hund, Friedrich] chemist Germany 1925 He lived 1896 to 1997 and invented Hund's orbital electron-spin rule [1925].

Pascual Jordan [Jordan, Pascual] physicist Germany 1925 He lived 1902 to 1980 and contributed to matrix mechanics as quantum-mechanics explanation [1925], with Max Born.

Al Lewis [Lewis, Al]/Howard Simon [Simon, Howard]/Richard Whiting [Whiting, Richard] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1925 Sweet Child (I'm Wild about You) [1925] Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Sam M. Lewis [Lewis, Sam M.]/Joe Young [Young, Joe]/Ray Henderson [Henderson, Ray] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1925 Five Foot Two, Eyes of Blue [1925]; I'm Sitting on Top of the World [1925] Lewis lived 1885 to 1959. Young lived 1889 to 1939. Henderson lived 1896 to 1970.

Ange Lorenzo [Lorenzo, Ange]/Richard Whiting [Whiting, Richard] lyricist/composer USA 1925 Sleepy Time Gal [1925] Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Carl Mayer [Mayer, Carl] screenwriter Austria/USA 1925 Das Kabinett des Doktor Caligari or Cabinet of Dr. Caligari [1920]; Der Letzte Man or Last Laugh [1924: for Murnau]; Sunrise [1927: for Murnau] He lived 1894 to 1944.

Milutin Milankovich [Milankovich, Milutin] geologist Russia 1925 He lived 1879 to 1958. Earth-axis variation and atmospheric insulation caused ice ages [1925].

Ferenc Molnar [Molnar, Ferenc] or Ferenc Neumann [Neumann, Ferenc] writer Hungary 1925 Play at the Castle [1925] He lived 1878 to 1952.

Willard Robison [Robison, Willard] composer USA 1925 Peaceful Valley [1925] He lived 1894 to 1968.

Billy Rose [Rose, Billy]/Lew Brown [Brown, Lew]/Ray Henderson [Henderson, Ray] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1925 Don't Bring Lulu [1925] Rose lived 1899 to 1966. Brown lived 1893 to 1958. Henderson lived 1896 to 1970.

George Uhlenbeck [Uhlenbeck, George] physicist Netherlands/USA 1925 He lived 1900 to 1988 and measured electron spin [1925], with Goudsmit. Spectra require particle rotation {spin, Uhlenbeck}, which is angular-momentum component. Spin is required and intrinsic to some particles.

Alfred James Lotka [Lotka, Alfred James] ecologist Italy 1925 to 1926 Elements of Physical Biology [1925] He lived 1880 to 1949. Mating, dying, or other-species effects cause predator-number and prey-number change rates {Lotka-Volterra differential equations, Lotka} [1926]. In ecosystems, predator and prey numbers can oscillate until reaching steady state, can continue to oscillate, or can become zero, so species is extinct.

B. Traven [Traven, B.] or Berwick Traven Torsvan [Traven Torsvan, Berwick] writer Germany 1925 to 1927 Death Ship [1925]; Treasure of the Sierra Madre [1927] He lived 1890 to 1969.

Harry Woods [Woods, Harry] composer USA 1925 to 1927 Paddlin' Madeline Home [1925]; Side by Side [1927] Woods lived 1896 to 1970.

Edgar D. Adrian [Adrian, Edgar D.] doctor England 1925 to 1928 Basis of Sensation [1928] He lived 1889 to 1977 and recorded afferent-nerve impulses, with Lucas' capillary electrometer [1925]. Neurons use impulse-frequency modulation.

James Stevens [Stevens, James] storyteller USA 1925 to 1928 Paul Bunyan [1925]; Brawnyman [1926]; Mattock [1927]; Homer in the Sagebrush [1928] He lived 1892 to 1971.

Wolfgang Pauli [Pauli, Wolfgang] physicist Switzerland/Austria/USA 1925 to 1930 He lived 1900 to 1958, invented Pauli exclusion principle [1925], and predicted neutrinos [1930].

Charlie Poole [Poole, Charlie] banjo player/singer USA 1925 to 1930 Don't Let Your Deal Go Down [1925]; Can I Sleep in Your Barn Tonight, Mister; Old and Only in the Way; White House Blues He lived 1892 to 1931 and led the North Carolina Ramblers.

J. Stuart Blackton [Blackton, J. Stuart]/Albert E. Smith [Smith, Albert E.] inventor New York, New York 1925 to 1933 Vitaphone He lived 1875 to 1941. The Jazz Singer and talking short subjects had sound on a disc {sound movie}.

Paul von Hindenburg [Hindenburg, Paul von] president Germany 1925 to 1934 He lived 1847 to 1934. Junkers or wealthy industrialists controlled Weimar Republic. Stresemann was foreign minister. Economy had recovered from World War I. At end, Hindenburg appointed Adolf Hitler as chancellor.

Lev Semionovich Vygotsky [Vygotsky, Lev Semionovich] psychologist Moscow, Russia 1925 to 1934 Psychology of Art [1925]; Pedagogical Psychology [1926: with Alexei N. Leontiev]; Tool and Symbol in Children's Development [1930]; Thought and Language or Thinking and Speech [1934] He lived 1896 to 1934 and studied significative behavior. Culture, including language, changes consciousness structure. Thought and speech are first independent. Speech is for directly communicating needs. Then children imitate formal culture properties, such as language syntax. Then they internalize them, so they can plan and think about themselves as subjects and objects [Vygotsky, 1930]. People learn best when material is only slightly above their current knowledge {zone of proximal development}.

Alban Berg [Berg, Alban] composer Austria 1925 to 1935 Chamber Concerto [1925: for violin, piano, and 13 winds]; Wozzeck [1925: opera]; Lyric Suite [1926: for string quartet]; Lulu [1928 to 1935: opera]; Der Wein or Wine [1929: for Baudelaire's poems]; Violin Concerto [1935] He lived 1885 to 1935 and composed symphonies and operas.

Leon Chwistek [Chwistek, Leon] mathematician Krakow, Poland 1925 to 1935 Problem of Reality [1935] He lived 1884 to 1937 and defined number.

Ellsworth Faris [Faris, Ellsworth] sociologist USA 1925 to 1937 Psychology of Human Society [1925]; Nature of Human Nature, and Other Essays in Social Psychology [1937] He lived 1874 to 1953.

Allen Tate [Tate, Allen] poet USA 1925 to 1938 Ode [1925]; Reason in Madness [1938] He lived 1899 to 1979.

Mikhail Bulgakov [Bulgakov, Mikhail] writer Russia 1925 to 1940 White Guard [1925]; Master and Margarita [1940] He lived 1891 to 1940.

Cyril Lodowic Burt [Burt, Cyril Lodowic] psychologist Britain 1925 to 1940 Young Delinquent [1925]; Backward Child [1937]; Factors of the Mind [1940] He lived 1883 to 1971. He studied individual ability and character differences and how heredity determined differences. He developed statistical methods to quantify what differed among people {factor analysis, Burt}. He invented a verbal reasoning test.

Wolfgang Köhler [Köhler, Wolfgang] psychologist Germany 1925 to 1940 Mentality of Apes [1925]; Task of Gestalt Psychology [1929]; Place of Value in a World of Facts [1938]; Dynamics in Psychology [1940] He lived 1887 to 1967 and co-founded Gestalt School. Insight, not trial and error, solves problems that involve thought or tool use. Insight involves perception rearrangement {restructuring}, to reveal previously hidden or unnoticed features.

Reza Shah Pahlavi shah Iran 1925 to 1941 He lived 1878 to 1944 and started Pahlavi Dynasty.

Dmitri Shostakovich [Shostakovich, Dmitri] composer Russia 1925 to 1941 First Symphony [1925]; Golden Age [1930: symphony]; Fifth Symphony [1937]; Seventh Symphony or Leningrad Symphony [1941] He lived 1906 to 1975 and composed symphonies.

Sergei Eisenstein [Eisenstein, Sergei] director Russia 1925 to 1943 Battleship Potemkin [1925]; October or Ten Days That Shook the World [1928]; General Line or Old and New [1929]; Ivan the Terrible [1943: sound] He lived 1898 to 1948.

François Mauriac [Mauriac, François] novelist France 1925 to 1947 Desert of Love [1925]; Therèse Desqueyroux [1927]; Viper's Tangle [1947] He lived 1885 to 1970.

Harry Stack Sullivan [Sullivan, Harry Stack] psychoanalyst USA 1925 to 1947 Conceptions of Modern Psychiatry [1953]; Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry [1953]; Personal Psychopathology [1972] He lived 1882 to 1949 and was therapist.

Andres Segovia [Segovia, Andres] guitarist Spain 1925 to 1949 He lived 1893 to 1987.

Myrna Loy [Loy, Myrna] actor USA 1925 to 1950 Don Juan [1926]; Desert Song [1929: sound] She lived 1905 to 1993 and was in silent movies and talkies.

Robinson Jeffers [Jeffers, Robinson] poet USA 1925 to 1951 Shine, Perishing Republic [1925 and 1941: poem]; Hurt Hawks [1928]; Medea [1946: adaptation from Euripedes]; Carmel Point [1951] He lived 1887 to 1962.

King Vidor [Vidor, King] director USA 1925 to 1956 Big Parade [1925: John Gilbert acted]; Hallelujah [1929]; War and Peace [1956: sound. Audrey Hepburn and Henry Fonda acted] He lived 1894 to 1982.

Yasunari Kawabata writer Japan 1925 to 1962 Izu-no Odoriko or Izu Dancer [1925]; Kuritta Ippeji or Page of Madness [1926: film by Kinugasa Teinosuke]; Asakusa Kurenaidan or Scarlet Gang of Asakusa [1929 to 1930]; Ki-no Ue or Up in the Tree [1962] He lived 1899 to 1972 and was Neosensualist.

Marcel Breuer [Breuer, Marcel] sculptor/architect Austria 1925 to 1966 Wassily Chair No. B3 [1925]; Whitney Museum of American Art [1966: in New York] He lived 1902 to 1981 and started International Style.

Edwin A. Abbott [Abbott, Edwin A.] or A. Square [Square, A.] mathematician England 1926 Flatland A Romance of Many Dimensions [1926] He lived 1838 to 1926.

John Barrymore [Barrymore, John] actor USA 1926 Don Juan [1926] He lived 1882 to 1942.

Anne Caldwell [Caldwell, Anne]/Vincent Youmans [Youmans, Vincent] composer USA 1926 I Know That You Know [1926: from Oh Please] Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.

Henry Creamer [Creamer, Henry]/James P. Johnson [Johnson, James P.] lyricist/composer USA 1926 If I Could Be with You [1926] Creamer lived ? to 1930. Johnson lived 1894 to 1955.

Benny Davis [Davis, Benny]/Harry Akst [Akst, Harry] composer USA 1926 Baby Face [1926] Akst lived 1894 to 1963.

Dolores Del Rio [Del Rio, Dolores] actor Mexico/USA 1926 What Price Glory? [1926] She lived 1905 to 1983.

Ira Gershwin [Gershwin, Ira]/Philip Charig [Charig, Philip] lyricist/composer USA 1926 Blowin' the Blues Away [1926: from Americana] Gershwin lived 1896 to 1983.

John Gilbert [Gilbert, John]/Lillian Gish [Gish, Lillian] actor USA 1926 La Boheme [1926] Gilbert lived 1894 to 1982. Gish lived 1893 to 1993.

Lillian Gish [Gish, Lillian] actor USA 1926 Scarlet Letter [1926] She lived 1893 to 1993.

Robert H. Goddard [Goddard, Robert H.] inventor USA 1926 liquid fuel rocket [1926] He lived 1882 to 1945 {liquid fuel rocket}.

Oscar Hammerstein II [Hammerstein II, Oscar]/Otto Harbach [Harbach, Otto]/Sigmund Romberg [Romberg, Sigmund] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1926 Desert Song [1926: musical] Hammerstein lived 1895 to 1960. Harbach lived 1873 to 1963. Romberg lived 1887 to 1951.

Henry Head [Head, Henry] neurologist Britain 1926 Aphasia and Kindred Disorders of Speech [1926] He lived 1861 to 1940 and studied cerebral cortex and sensation. Cortical memory stores flexible experience representations {schema, Head}.

Ray Henderson [Henderson, Ray]/Mort Dixon [Dixon, Mort] lyricist/composer USA 1926 Bye Bye Blackbird [1926] Henderson lived 1896 to 1970. Dixon lived 1892 to 1956.

Oskar Klein [Klein, Oskar] mathematician Sweden 1926 He lived 1894 to 1977 and invented Kaluza-Klein theory [1926].

Sam M. Lewis [Lewis, Sam M.]/Joe Young [Young, Joe]/Mabel Wayne [Wayne, Mabel] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1926 In a Little Spanish Town or 'Twas on a Night like This [1926] Lewis lived 1885 to 1959. Young lived 1889 to 1939. Wayne lived 1904 to 1978.

Henry Louis Mencken [Mencken, Henry Louis] essayist/critic/editor USA 1926 Last Words [1926] He lived 1880 to 1956 and edited American Mercury magazine.

Edward Ory [Ory, Edward]/Roy Gilbert [Gilbert, Roy] composer USA 1926 Muskrat Ramble [1926]

Jozef Pilsudski [Pilsudski, Jozef] dictator Poland 1926 He lived 1867 to 1935.

Arthur Schnitzler [Schnitzler, Arthur] playwright Germany 1926 Traumnovelle or Dream Story [1926] He lived 1862 to 1931.

Eddie Cantor [Cantor, Eddie] actor USA 1926 to 1927 Kid Boots [1926]; Special Delivery [1927] He lived 1892 to 1964.

Edwin P. Hubble [Hubble, Edwin P.] astronomer USA 1926 to 1929 He lived 1899 to 1953, discovered galaxies (nebula) and classified them [1926], and compared galaxy recessional velocities and distances to formulate Hubble's law [1929, with Milton L. Humason].

Buddy G. DeSylva [DeSylva, Buddy G.]/Lew Brown [Brown, Lew]/Ray Henderson [Henderson, Ray] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1926 to 1930 Birth of the Blues [1926]; Button up Your Overcoat [1928: from the musical Follow Thru]; Follow Thru [1928: musical]; Hold Everything [1928: musical, including You're the Cream in My Coffee]; I'm in Seventh Heaven [1929: with Al Jolson]; Sonny Boy [1929: from the film The Singing Fool. sung by Al Jolson]; Varsity Drag [1930: also in the film Good News, 1947] DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950. Brown lived 1893 to 1958. Henderson lived 1896 to 1970.

Werner Heisenberg [Heisenberg, Werner] physicist Germany 1926 to 1930 Physical Principles of the Quantum Theory [1930] He lived 1901 to 1976, invented theory of infinite matrices and matrix mechanics {S matrix theory} as quantum- mechanics explanation [1926], and developed uncertainty principle [1927].

George Riley Puckett [Puckett, George Riley] or Riley Puckett [Puckett, Riley] guitarist/banjo player USA 1926 to 1930 In a Little Gypsy Tea Room [1926 to 1930] He lived 1894 to 1946 and was in Clayton McMichen's Hometown Band and the Skillet Lickers.

Frank P. Ramsey [Ramsey, Frank P.] philosopher/economist England 1926 to 1931 Truth and Probability [1926]; Facts and Propositions [1927]; Foundations of Mathematics [1931] He lived 1903 to 1930 and invented a taxation theory [1927], with pricing rules {Boiteux-Ramsey pricing rule}. He also determined optimal savings [1928], with models {optimal growth} {Ramsey model} using calculus of variations. Epistemology Scientific statements {Ramsey sentence} cannot reference theory. Rules do not state truths but only predict experience. Logic theory {simple type theory} can use theory of types with some recursion. Propositions are about classes whose members have type one level lower than proposition or class type. Only set theory needs reducibility axiom. Asserting proposition and asserting that proposition is true are the same thing, so the predicate IS TRUE is always redundant {redundancy theory of truth, Ramsey}. However, assertion can be too general, infinite, indeterminate, ambiguous, or unknown.

John Baird [Baird, John] inventor Scotland 1926 to 1932 mechanical television [1926]; mechanical color television [1932] He lived 1888 to 1946.

John B. S. Haldane [Haldane, John B. S.] biologist England 1926 to 1932 Possible Worlds [1926]; Causes of Evolution [1932] He lived 1892 to 1964. In atmosphere or ocean, ultraviolet radiation, volcanic heat, lightning, and radioactive-nuclei ionizing radiation can make complex organic molecules from nitrogen, methane, ammonia, water, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen {Oparin-Haldane hypothesis, Haldane}.

Ernst Krenek [Krenek, Ernst] composer Austria/USA 1926 to 1933 Jonny Spielt auf or Johnny Strikes Up [1926: opera]; Karl V [1933: opera] He lived 1900 to 1991.

Pavel A. Cerenkov [Cerenkov, Pavel A.] physicist Russia 1926 to 1934 He lived 1904 to 1990 and discovered Cerenkov effect [1926] and Cerenkov radiation [1934].

Stan Laurel [Laurel, Stan]/Oliver Hardy [Hardy, Oliver] actor England/USA 1926 to 1934 Leave 'em Laughing [1928]; Music Box [1932: sound]; Babes In Toyland [1934: sound] Laurel lived 1890 to 1965. Hardy lived 1892 to 1957. They were in silent comedies and talkies.

Ronald Colman [Colman, Ronald] actor England/USA 1926 to 1935 Beau Geste or Noble Gesture [1926]; Tale of Two Cities [1935: sound] He lived 1891 to 1958.

Greta Garbo [Garbo, Greta] actor USA 1926 to 1936 Mata Hari [1926: silent]; Torment [1926: silent]; Anna Christie [1930: sound]; Queen Christina [1933: sound]; Camille [1936: sound] She lived 1905 to 1990.

Deford Bailey [Bailey, Deford] singer/harmonica USA 1926 to 1941 Hard to Please [1926 to 1941] He lived 1899 to 1982.

Herman Mankiewicz [Mankiewicz, Herman] screenwriter USA 1926 to 1941 Citizen Kane [1941: screenplay] He lived 1897 to 1953 and wrote for silent and sound movies.

Enrico [Fermi, Enrico] physicist Italy/USA 1926 to 1942 He lived 1901 to 1954, developed Fermi-Dirac statistics for fermions [1926], studied radioactive decay, and invented controlled chain reaction [1942].

Nikolai Hartmann [Hartmann, Nikolai] philosopher Germany 1926 to 1942 Ethics [1926]; New Ways of Ontology [1942] He lived 1882 to 1950 and was Existentialist.

Erwin Schrödinger [Schrödinger, Erwin] physicist Austria 1926 to 1944 Present situation in quantum mechanics [1935: Schrödinger's cat]; What Is Life? [1944]; Mind and Matter [1944] He lived 1887 to 1961 and invented Schrödinger wave equation [1926]. Schrödinger-equation WKBJ solution was later.

Paul A. M. Dirac [Dirac, Paul A. M.] physicist England 1926 to 1947 Principles of Quantum Mechanics [1930 and 1947] He lived 1902 to 1984, developed Fermi-Dirac statistics for fermions [1926], invented Dirac equation for electron [1928], and developed relativistic quantum mechanics and relativistic wave equation [1931]. He showed how to subtract particle field, which becomes infinite at point, and leave surrounding field, if particle position, velocity, and acceleration have values. Many initial accelerations cause particles to accelerate continuously {runaway solutions}.

Duke [Ellington, Duke] or Edward Kennedy Ellington [Ellington, Edward Kennedy] composer/pianist/bandleader USA 1926 to 1947 East St. Louis Toodle-oo [1926]; Rent Party Blues [1929]; Wall Street Wail [1929]; Sophisticated Lady [1932]; Solitude [1934]; In a Sentimental Mood [1935]; I Let a Song Go Out of My Heart [1938]; Prelude to a Kiss [1938]; In a Mellotone [1940]; Cotton Tail [1940]; Take the A Train [1941]; C Jam Blues [1942]; Don't Get Around Much Anymore [1942]; Do Nothin' Till You Hear from Me [1943]; Deep South Suite [1947] He lived 1899 to 1974.

Martha Graham [Graham, Martha] modern dancer/choreographer USA 1926 to 1948 Seraphic Dialogue [1926: modern dance]; Lamentation [1930: modern dance]; Primitive Mysteries [1931]; El Penitente [1940: modern dance]; Appalachian Spring [1944: modern dance with music by ]; Diversion of Angels [1948: modern dance] She lived 1894 to 1991 and choreographed modern dances with inner tension.

Antonio Oscar de Fragoso Carmona [Carmona, Antonio Oscar de Fragoso] general/dictator Portugal 1926 to 1951 He lived 1869 to 1951.

Langston Hughes [Hughes, Langston] poet USA 1926 to 1951 Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain [1926]; Dream Deferred [1951] He lived 1902 to 1967.

Hermann J. Muller [Muller, Hermann J.] biologist USA 1926 to 1951 Development of the Gene Theory [1951] He lived 1890 to 1967. X-rays mutate fruitfly cells [1926]. Many mutations cause cancer [1951].

Archibald Macleish [Macleish, Archibald] playwright USA 1926 to 1952 End of the World [1926: poem]; Ars Poetica [1926: book]; J. B. [1952: poem play] He lived 1892 to 1982.

Howard Dietz [Dietz, Howard]/Arthur Schwartz [Schwartz, Arthur] composer USA 1926 to 1953 I Guess I'll Have to Change My Plans [1926: from The Grand Street Follies]; Something to Remember You By [1930: from Three's a Crowd]; Alone Together [1932: from Flying Colors]; I See Your Face Before Me [1937: from Between the Devil]; That's Entertainment [1953: from the movie The Bandwagon] Dietz lived 1896 to 1983. Schwartz lived 1900 to 1984.

Aleksandr Ivanovich Oparin [Oparin, Aleksandr Ivanovich] biologist Russia 1926 to 1960 Origin of Life [1936] He lived 1894 to 1980. Glycerin molecules mixed with other molecules can clump together to make stable gel coascervates [1926]. Other molecules can enter, interact inside, and leave glycerin. In atmosphere or ocean, ultraviolet radiation, volcanic heat, lightning, and radioactive-nuclei ionizing radiation can make complex organic molecules from nitrogen, methane, ammonia, water, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen {Oparin-Haldane hypothesis}.

Eugene Wigner [Wigner, Eugene] physicist Hungary/USA 1926 to 1961 He lived 1902 to 1995 and developed non-commuting observable-function theory [1926]. Consciousness causes wavefunction collapse [1961].

Ragnar Frisch [Frisch, Ragnar] economist Norway 1926 to 1965 On a problem in pure economics [1926: began Neo-Walrasian research] He lived 1895 to 1973 and started econometrics. He invented econometric time series [1927], impulse-propagation business cycles [1933], econometric linear regression analysis [1934], and production theory [1965].

Will Durant [Durant, Will] historian USA 1926 to 1967 Story of Philosophy [1926 and 1961: with Ariel Durant]; Story of Civilization [1967] He lived 1885 to 1981.

Hirohito emperor Japan 1926 to 1989 He lived 1901 to 1989. Army controlled him until after World War II. Constitution [1947] took away all his powers, except for symbolism.

Leon Brunschvicg [Brunschvicg, Leon] philosopher France 1927 Progress of Consciousness in Western Philosophy [1927] He lived 1869 to 1944 and was spiritualist.

James Cavanaugh [Cavanaugh, James]/Harry Barris [Barris, Harry] lyricist/composer USA 1927 Mississippi Mud [1927] Cavanaugh lived 1892 to 1967. Barris lived 1905 to 1962.

Will Marion Cook [Cook, Will Marion]/Donald Heywood [Heywood, Donald] composer USA 1927 I'm Coming Virginia [1927] Cook lived 1869 to 1944.

Clinton [Davisson, Clinton] physicist Germany 1927 He lived 1881 to 1958 and studied electron diffraction [1927], with Germer.

Buddy G. DeSylva [DeSylva, Buddy G.]/George Gershwin [Gershwin, George] lyricist/composer USA 1927 I'll Build a Stairway to Paradise [1927] DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950. Gershwin lived 1898 to 1937.

Mort Dixon [Dixon, Mort]/Harry Woods [Woods, Harry] lyricist/composer USA 1927 I'm Looking over a Four-Leaf Clover [1927] Dixon lived 1892 to 1956. Woods lived 1896 to 1970.

Greta Garbo [Garbo, Greta]/John Gilbert [Gilbert, John] actor USA 1927 Flesh and the Devil [1927] Garbo lived 1905 to 1990. Gilbert lived 1894 to 1982.

Janet Gaynor [Gaynor, Janet] actor USA 1927 Seventh Heaven [1927]; Sunrise [1927] She lived 1906 to 1984.

Lester Germer [Germer, Lester] physicist Germany 1927 He lived 1896 to 1971 and studied electron diffraction [1927], with Davisson.

Lil Hardin [Hardin, Lil] lyricist/composer USA 1927 Struttin' with Some Barbecue [1927] She lived 1898 to 1971.

Walter Heitler [Heitler, Walter] physicist Germany 1927 He lived 1904 to 1981 and helped invent Heitler-London hydrogen-molecule electronic-structure theory [1927].

James Weldon Johnson [Johnson, James Weldon] poet USA 1927 God's Trombones [1927] He lived 1871 to 1938.

Howard E. Johnson [Johnson, Howard E.]/Billy Moll [Moll, Billy]/Robert King [King, Robert] lyricist/composer USA 1927 I Scream, You Scream, We All Scream for Ice Cream [1927] Johnson lived 1908 to 1991.

Al Jolson [Jolson, Al] singer/actor USA 1927 Jazz Singer [1927: Vitaphone and Warner Brothers produced the first talkie, with sound on disc] He lived 1886 to 1950.

Charles Lindbergh [Lindbergh, Charles] pilot USA 1927 He lived 1902 to 1974 and first flew alone across Atlantic Ocean nonstop.

Fritz London [London, Fritz] physicist Germany/USA 1927 He lived 1900 to 1954 and helped invent Heitler-London hydrogen-molecule electronic-structure theory [1927].

Warren Marrison [Marrison, Warren] inventor Canada/USA 1927 quartz clock [1927] He lived 1896 to 1980.

Bubber Miley [Miley, Bubber]/Duke Ellington [Ellington, Duke] composer USA 1927 Black and Tan Fantasy [1927] Miley lived 1903 to 1932. Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.

Ramon Novarro [Novarro, Ramon]/Norma Shearer [Shearer, Norma] actor USA 1927 Student Prince [1927] Novarro lived 1899 to 1968. Shearer lived 1902 to 1983.

Billy Rose [Rose, Billy]/Al Jolson [Jolson, Al]/Dave [Dreyer, Dave] lyricist/composer/composer USA 1927 Me and My Shadow [1927] Rose lived 1899 to 1966.

Gid Tanner [Tanner, Gid] or James Gideon Tanner [Tanner, James Gideon]/Skillet Lickers musician USA 1927 Corn Licker Still in Georgia [1927] Gid Tanner and His Skillet Lickers. He lived 1885 to 1960.

Charles Edward Spearman [Spearman, Charles Edward] psychologist USA 1927 Abilities of Man [1927] He lived 1863 to 1945, studied cognition principles, invented tetrad equation, and developed a two-factor intelligence theory. Perhaps, intelligence has general factor {mental energy}, which allows good performance on all mental tests {general ability}. General factor results from relations among primary intelligence factors.

George Whiting [Whiting, George]/Walter Donaldson [Donaldson, Walter] lyricist/composer USA 1927 My Blue Heaven [1927] Donaldson lived 1893 to 1947.

Arnold Zweig [Zweig, Arnold] writer Germany 1927 Case of Sergeant Grischa [1927] He lived 1887 to 1968.

Emil Jannings [Jannings, Emil] actor Austria/USA 1927 to 1928 Last Laugh [1927]; Variety [1928] He lived 1884 to 1950.

Stuart Davis [Davis, Stuart] painter USA 1927 to 1930 Eggbeater series [1927 to 1930] He lived 1894 to 1964.

Josef von Sternberg [Sternberg, Josef von] director Austria/USA 1927 to 1930 Underworld [1927]; Last Command [1928: Emil Jannings acted]; Morocco [1930: sound. Marlene Dietrich and Gary Cooper acted] He lived 1894 to 1969. The Last Command combined vulgarity and menace {schrecklichkeit}.

Georges Lemaître [Lemaître, Georges] astronomer Belgium/England/USA 1927 to 1931 He lived 1894 to 1966 and used general relativity to show that universe is expanding [1927], conjecturing that it began as a point (Primeval Atom) [1931].

Jimmie Rodgers [Rodgers, Jimmie] singer/composer USA 1927 to 1933 Blue Yodel [1927 to 1933]; Waiting for a Train [1927 to 1933]; In the Jailhouse Now [1927 to 1933]; Jimmie the Kid [1927 to 1933]; Miss the Mississippi and You [1927 to 1933]; Looking for a New Mama [1927 to 1933]; Jimmie's Mean Mama Blues [1927 to 1933]; Train Whistle Blues [1927 to 1933]; Muleskinner Blues [1927 to 1933] He lived 1897 to 1933 and sang the blues. He was the Singing Brakeman and the Blue Yodeler.

John William Dunne [Dunne, John William] inventor/philosopher Britain 1927 to 1934 Experiment with Time [1927]; Serial Universe [1934]; airplane [1900 to 1920] He lived 1875 to 1949 and invented stable airplane.

Martin Heidegger [Heidegger, Martin] philosopher Germany 1927 to 1935 Being and Time [1927]; What Is Metaphysics? [1929]; Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics [1929]; Introduction to Metaphysics [1935] He lived 1889 to 1976, was atheist, founded existentialism, and was Sartre's and Hans-Georg Gadamer's teacher. Later, Heidegger became more pessimistic. Being and thinking are becoming lost {nihilism, Heidegger}, as science, logic, and technology progress. People need thinking and language, as in art and poetry {the turn}. Epistemology Philosophy must be careful to use correct terms and to explain why other terms are incorrect. Being itself causes errors in understanding, because many things are possible but only several actual. Communication concerns living being transmitting information about problem at moment. If something is true, people can understand it. False things do not have meaning. Ethics Present situations or problems require decision. Situation has social or problem context, people have goals or purposes, and tools and moods affect situation. One can act mechanically or freely. People must learn to act in these situations. People must come to accept the inevitability of death. This knowledge is motivation to action, and so death is cause from the future that can affect people in the present. Mind People's lives are not like things people use {Zuhandenheit} and are not like things entirely separate from people {Vorhandenheit}. People's lives are fundamental forms of being, in which they have social relations to live in communities and personal goals to meet needs. Living people, as being itself {dasein}, are non-physical existences {existenz} or life loci. People have identity gained from family and culture {authenticity}. People can understand this identity. Before life begins, people are nothing and after death will again be nothing, so nothingness focuses human ideas and concepts. Angst causes reflection. Then restless soul questions and so understands existence and thus accepts the pain and hopelessness of short life in limited universe. The soul takes resolute decision to assert its existence and essence and so determines its destiny itself. This is the meaning of being {sein, Heidegger}. Being depends on existence of people who understand its being. To gain understanding of being and self, which are hidden, deliberately obscure, or too familiar, requires a method {hermeneutics, Heidegger}. Politics Beings develop in societies. Social conventions and ideas from the past determine one's being. To find all possibilities of being and to understand development, people must study history.

Margaret Bourke-White [Bourke-White, Margaret] photographer England 1927 to 1936 She lived 1904 to 1971 and took farm-worker photographs.

Percy William Bridgman [Bridgman, Percy William] physicist USA 1927 to 1936 Logic of Modern Physics [1927]; Dimensional Analysis [1927]; Nature of Physical Theory [1936] He lived 1882 to 1962. Scientific concepts relate to experiment methods {operationalism, Bridgman}.

Walter Donaldson [Donaldson, Walter] lyricist/composer USA 1927 to 1937 At Sundown [1927]; You're Driving me Crazy [1930]; Little White Lies [1937] He lived 1893 to 1947.

Meade Lux Lewis [Lewis, Meade Lux] pianist/composer USA 1927 to 1939 Honky Tonk Train Blues [1936] He lived 1905 to 1964 and played Boogie Woogie and Blues.

Ernest [Hemingway, Ernest] novelist USA 1927 to 1940 Men without Women [1927]; Farewell to Arms [1929]; Death in the Afternoon [1932]; Snows of Kilimanjaro [1933]; For Whom the Bell Tolls [1940]; Old Man and the Sea [1952] He lived 1899 to 1961.

Lewis Selznick [Selznick, Lewis]/Myron Selznick [Selznick, Myron] producer USA 1927 to 1940 Bill of Divorcement [1932]; What Price Hollywood? [1932]; Little Women [1933]; Dinner at Eight [1933]; David Copperfield [1935]; Anna Karenina [1935]; Tale of Two Cities [1935]; Little Lord Fauntleroy [1936]; Star Is Born [1937]; Prisoner of Zenda [1937]; Intermezzo [1939] Louis lived 1870 to 1933. Myron lived 1898 to 1944. They produced silent movies and talkies.

Gutzon Borglum [Borglum, Gutzon] sculptor Black Hills, South Dakota 1927 to 1941 Mount Rushmore [1927 to 1941: World's four largest sculptures are each 20 meters high and show George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt] He lived 1867 to 1941.

Oscar Hammerstein II [Hammerstein II, Oscar]/Jerome Kern [Kern, Jerome] lyricist/composer USA 1927 to 1942 Ol' Man River [1927]; Show Boat [1927: musical, including Ol' Man River, Can't Help Lovin' That Man, Make Believe, and Bill]; Music in the Air [1932: musical, including I've Told Every Little Star]; I've Told Every Little Star [1932: from Music in the Air]; All the Things You Are [1939]; Lady, Be Good [1940: musical, including Last Time I Saw Paris]; Last Time I Saw Paris [1941: from the film Lady Be Good] Hammerstein lived 1895 to 1960. Kern lived 1885 to 1945.

A. P. Carter [Carter, A. P.] or Alvin Pleasant Delaney Carter [Carter, Alvin Pleasant Delaney]/Carter Family composer/singer USA 1927 to 1943 Wandering Boy [1927]; Poor Orphan Child [1927]; Storms Are on the Ocean [1928]; Single Girl, Married Girl [1928]; Meet Me by the Moonlight Alone [1928]; Keep on the Sunny Side [1928]; Little Darling, Pal of Mine [1928]; Forsaken Love [1928]; Anchored in Love [1928]; I Ain't Goin' to Work Tomorrow [1928]; Will You Miss Me When I'm Gone [1928]; Wildwood Flower [1928]; River of Jordan [1928]; Chewing Gum [1928]; John Hardy Was a Desperate Little Man [1928]; I'm Thinking Tonight of My Blue Eyes [1929]; My Clinch Mountain Home [1929]; Sweet Fern [1929]; Grave on the Green Hillside [1929]; Little Moses [1929]; Don't Forget This Song [1929]; Engine 143 [1929] He lived 1891 to 1960. Sara Doughtety Carter lived 1898 to 1979 and played autoharp and guitar. Maybelle Carter lived 1909 to 1978 and played guitar.

William A. Wellman [Wellman, William A.] director USA 1927 to 1949 Wings [1927: silent. Clara Bow acted]; Beau Geste [1939: sound. Gary Cooper, Ray Milland, and Robert Preston acted]; Battleground [1949: sound. Van Johnson and Richard Jaeckel acted] He lived 1896 to 1975.

Harold D. Lasswell [Lasswell, Harold D.] political scientist USA 1927 to 1950 Propaganda Technique in the World War [1927]; World Politics and Personal Insecurity [1935]; Democracy through Public Opinion [1941]; Free and Responsible Press [1947]; Politics: Who Gets What, When, How [1948]; Power and Personality [1948]; Power and Society [1950]; National Security and Individual Freedom [1950] He lived 1902 to 1978 and invented Model of Communication: Who (says) What (to) Whom (in) What Channel (with) What Effect.

Pierre Teilhard de Chardin [Chardin, Pierre Teilhard de] philosopher France 1927 to 1955 Divine Milieu [1927]; Human Phenomenon [1955] He lived 1881 to 1955 and was Catholic. Purposes determine universe {teleology, Chardin}. Life moves toward higher consciousness {omega point}.

Yannis Ritsos [Ritsos, Yannis] poet Greece 1927 to 1956 Legend of America [1927]; Sonnets of an Immigrant [1930]; Fourth Dimension [1930]; Moonlight Sonata [1956] He lived 1909 to 1991.

Harold Adamson [Adamson, Harold]/Louis Alter [Alter, Louis] lyricist/composer USA 1928 Manhattan Serenade [1928] Adamson lived 1906 to 1980. Alter lived 1902 to 1980.

Stephen Vincent Benet [Benet, Stephen Vincent] storyteller/poet USA 1928 Devil and Daniel Webster [1928: story]; John Brown's Body [1928: poem] He lived 1898 to 1943.

Aristide Briand [Briand, Aristide]/Frank B. Kellogg [Kellogg, Frank B.] law Paris, France 1928 Briand-Kellogg Pact or Pact of Paris [1928] Open to all nations, it prohibited war and forced peaceful settlements to be sought.

Leroy Carr [Carr, Leroy] composer USA 1928 How Long Blues [1928] He lived 1905 to 1935.

Tommy Dorsey [Dorsey, Tommy] or Thomas A. Dorsey [Dorsey, Thomas A.]/Hudson Whittaker [Whittaker, Hudson] or Tampa Red composer USA 1928 Tight Like That [1928] Dorsey lived 1899 to 1993. Whittaker lived 1904 to 1981.

Raoul Dufy [Dufy, Raoul] painter France 1928 Interior with Open Windows [1928] He lived 1877 to 1953 and was Fauvist.

Mark Fisher [Fisher, Mark]/Joe Goodwin [Goodwin, Joe]/Larry Shay [Shay, Larry] composer USA 1928 When You're Smiling [1928] Goodwin lived 1889 to 1943. Shay lived 1898 to 1988.

Alexander [Fleming, Alexander] biologist England 1928 He lived 1881 to 1955. Penicillin is antibacterial drug [1928].

John Carl Flugel [Flugel, John Carl] psychologist/psychoanalyst Britain 1928 Practice, Fatigue and Oscillation [1928] He lived 1884 to 1955 and studied attention.

Georg Groddeck [Groddeck, Georg] psychoanalyst Austria 1928 Id [1928] He lived 1866 to 1934 and studied unconscious self.

Walter Gropius [Gropius, Walter] architect Dessau, Germany 1928 Bauhaus style or Staatliches Bauhaus school or House Building [1928: Modern style, at Dessau] He lived 1883 to 1969. Style {Bauhaus style} can unite art and craft, without distinction between worker and artist.

Oscar Hammerstein II [Hammerstein II, Oscar]/Sigmund Romberg [Romberg, Sigmund] lyricist/composer USA 1928 New Moon [1928: musical] Hammerstein lived 1895 to 1960.

Will Harris [Harris, Will]/Victor Young [Young, Victor] composer USA 1928 Sweet Sue, Just You [1928] Young lived 1899 to 1956.

Walter Rudolph Hess [Hess, Walter Rudolph] biologist Germany 1928 He lived 1881 to 1973. Hypothalamic stimulation causes emotions and controls internal organs [1928].

Earl Hines [Hines, Earl] or Fatha Hines [Hines, Fatha] pianist Chicago, Illinois 1928 Apex Blues [1928] He lived 1903 to 1983 and played Chicago and Swing.

Al Jolson [Jolson, Al]/Billy Rose [Rose, Billy]/Dave Dreyer [Dreyer, Dave] composer USA 1928 There's a Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder [1928] Jolson lived 1886 to 1950. Rose lived 1899 to 1966.

Irving Kahal [Kahal, Irving]/Francis Wheeler [Wheeler, Francis]/Sammy Fain [Fain, Sammy] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1928 Let a Smile Be Your Umbrella [1928] Kahal lived 1903 to 1942. Fain lived 1902 to 1989.

Roger Wolfe Kahn [Kahn, Roger Wolfe]/Irving Caesar [Caesar, Irving]/Joseph Meyer [Meyer, Joseph] composer USA 1928 Crazy Rhythm [1928] Kahn lived 1907 to 1962. Caesar lived 1895 to 1996. Meyer lived 1894 to 1987.

Neil Moret [Moret, Neil]/Richard A. Whiting [Whiting, Richard A.] lyricist/composer USA 1928 She's Funny That Way [1928] Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Frank Silver [Silver, Frank]/Irving Cohn [Cohn, Irving] composer USA 1928 Yes! We Have No Bananas [1928] Cohn lived 1898 to 1961.

Dorothy Terriss [Terriss, Dorothy] or Theodora Morse [Morse, Theodora]/Walter Donaldson [Donaldson, Walter] lyricist/composer USA 1928 There Must Be a Silver Lining [1928] Terriss lived 1883 to 1953. Donaldson lived 1893 to 1947.

Spencer Williams [Williams, Spencer] composer USA 1928 Basin Street Blues [1928] He lived 1893 to 1969.

John von Neumann [Neumann, John von]/Eugene Wigner [Wigner, Eugene]/Pascual Jordan [Jordan, Pascual] physicist USA 1928 to 1929 Mathematical Foundation of Quantum Mechanics [1932: by John von Neumann] von Neumann lived 1903 to 1957. Wigner lived 1902 to 1995. They developed algebraic quantum-mechanics theory [1928 to 1929].

Giovanni Gentile [Gentile, Giovanni] philosopher Italy 1928 to 1932 Philosophic Basis of Fascism [1928]; Doctrine of Fascism [1932: ghostwriter for Mussolini] He lived 1875 to 1944, started an idealism form {actualism}, and studied history.

Roy Turk [Turk, Roy]/Fred Ahlert [Ahlert, Fred] lyricist/composer USA 1928 to 1932 I'll Get By (As Long As I Have You) [1928]; Mean to Me [1929]; Walking My Baby Back Home [1930]; Love, You Funny Thing [1932] Turk lived 1892 to 1934. Ahlert lived 1892 to 1953.

Bertold Brecht [Brecht, Bertold]/Kurt Weill [Weill, Kurt] lyricist/composer USA 1928 to 1933 Threepenny Opera [1928: musical, including Mack the Knife]; Rise and Fall of the City of Mahogany [1929: musical]; Yea-Sayer [1929: musical]; Happy End [1930: musical]; Seven Deadly Sins [1933: musical] Weill lived 1900 to 1950. Brecht lived 1898 to 1956.

Dorothy Fields [Fields, Dorothy]/Jimmy McHugh [McHugh, Jimmy] composer USA 1928 to 1935 I Can't Give You Anything But Love [1928]; Exactly Like You [1930]; On the Sunny Side of the Street [1930: from Lew Leslie's International Revue]; Don't Blame Me [1932: from Chicago Revue Clowns in Clover]; I'm in the Mood for Love [1935] Fields lived 1905 to 1974. McHugh lived 1893 to 1969.

Margaret Mead [Mead, Margaret] anthropologist USA 1928 to 1935 Coming of Age in Samoa [1928]; Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies [1935] She lived 1901 to 1978.

Bill Robinson [Robinson, Bill] or Bojangles tap dancer USA 1928 to 1938 Blackbirds of 1928 [1928]; Hot Mikado [1938] He lived 1878 to 1949.

Agnes de Mille [de Mille, Agnes] choreographer USA 1928 to 1942 Rodeo [1942: modern dance with music by Aaron Copland] She lived 1905 to 1993.

Thorton Wilder [Wilder, Thorton] playwright/novelist USA 1928 to 1943 Bridge of San Luis Rey [1928: novel]; Our Town [1938: play]; Matchmaker [1938: play]; Skin of Our Teeth [1943: play] He lived 1897 to 1975.

Doris Humphrey [Humphrey, Doris] modern dancer/choreographer USA 1928 to 1945 Air for the G String [1928]; Variations on a Theme of Handel [1931] She lived 1895 to 1958 and choreographed modern dances based on a method {fall and recovery}.

Zog I or Ahmed Bey Zogu [Zogu, Ahmed Bey] king Albania 1928 to 1946 He lived 1895 to 1961 and was president [1925 to 1928] then king of Albania [1928 to 1939].

Vladimir Horowitz [Horowitz, Vladimir] pianist Russia/USA 1928 to 1947 He lived 1903 to 1989.

Evelyn Waugh [Waugh, Evelyn] novelist USA 1928 to 1948 Decline and Fall [1928]; Loved One [1948] He lived 1903 to 1966.

José Limon [Limon, José] modern dancer/choreographer Spain 1928 to 1949 Moor's Pavane [1949: ballet] He lived 1908 to 1972.

Hans Reichenbach [Reichenbach, Hans] logician Berlin, Germany 1928 to 1951 Philosophy of Space and Time [1928]; Rise of Scientific Philosophy [1951] He lived 1891 to 1953, studied analytic philosophy, and helped develop quantum logic. Spaces and times are relative. Probability depends on frequency. Induction depends on frequency. The geometry people use for universe is just conventional, not real, because instruments can systematically alter from expectations.

Le Corbusier or Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris [Jeanneret-Gris, Charles-Edouard] architect Switzerland/USA 1928 to 1953 Villa Savoye [1928 to 1929: at Poissy-sur-Seine, France]; Unité d'Habitation or Housing Unit [1946 to 1952: in Marseilles, France]; United Nations Building [1947 to 1953: modern curtain wall building in New York]; Ronchamp or Nôtre Dame du Haut chapel [1955: with projecting sunscreens, at Ronchamp, France]; Towards a New Architecture [1917: book] He lived 1887 to 1965 and designed "machines to be lived in" {machines à habiter}. He built curtain-wall buildings, with steel skeletons and glass sides.

Cole Porter [Porter, Cole] composer USA 1928 to 1957 You Do Something to Me [1928: from Fifty Million Frenchmen]; Let's Do It (Let's Fall in Love) [1928: from Paris]; What Is This Thing Called Love [1929: from Wake up and Dream]; My Heart Belongs to Daddy [1930]; Love for Sale [1930: from The New Yorkers]; Night and Day [1932: from Gay Divorcee]; After You, Who? [1932: from Gay Divorcee]; Gay Divorcee [1932: musical]; All Through the Night [1934: from Anything Goes]; Anything Goes [1934: from Anything Goes]; Don't Fence Me In [1934]; I Get a Kick Out of You [1934: from Anything Goes]; Miss Otis Regrets [1934]; Begin the Beguine [1935: from Jubilee]; You're the Top [1934: from Anything Goes]; I Get a Kick Out of You [1934: from Anything Goes]; Blow Gabriel, Blow [1934: from Anything Goes]; All Thru the Night [1934: from Anything Goes]; Why Shouldn't I? [1935: from Jubilee]; Just One of Those Things [1935: from Jubilee]; Jubilee [1935: musical]; Born to Dance [1936]; Easy to Love [1936: from Born to Dance]; I've Got You under My Skin [1936: from the film Born to Dance]; Born to Dance [1936: musical, including Easy to Love and I've Got You under My Skin]; Red, Hot and Blue! [1936: musical, including It's De-Lovely]; Rosalee or Rosalie [1937: musical]; In the Still of the Night [1937: from Rosalie]; At Long Last Love [1938: from You Never Know]; Get Out of Town [1938: from Leave It to Me]; Leave It to Me [1938: musical, including My Heart Belongs to Daddy]; DuBarry Was a Lady [1939: musical, including Friendship]; Do I Love You [1939: from Du Barry Was a Lady]; I've Got My Eyes on You [1940: from Broadway Melody of 1940]; Broadway Melody of 1940 [1940]; You'll Never Get Rich [1941]; Don't Fence Me In [1942: western]; Something to Shout About [1942: musical, including You'd Be So Nice to Come Home To]; Mexican Hayride [1943: musical]; You'd Be So Nice to Come Home To [1943: from Something to Shout About]; Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye [1944: from Seven Lively Arts]; So in Love [1948: from Kiss Me Kate]; Pirate [1948]; Be a Clown [1948: from the film The Pirate]; Kiss Me Kate [1948: musical, including Always True to You in My Fashion, Another Op'nin', Another Show, So in Love, Wunderbar, and Too Darn Hot]; Wunderbar [1948: from Kiss Me Kate]; Why Can't You Behave [1948: from Kiss Me Kate]; We Open in Venice [1948: from Kiss Me Kate]; Another Op'nin', Another Show [1948: from Kiss Me Kate]; Tom, Dick or Harry [1948: from Kiss Me Kate]; Too Darn Hot [1948: from Kiss Me Kate]; Brush up Your Shakespeare [1948: from Kiss Me Kate]; I Love Paris [1952: from Can Can]; Can-Can [1952: musical, including I Love Paris, It's All Right with Me]; Silk Stockings [1954: musical, including All of You]; True Love [1955: from the movie High Society]; All of You [1955: from Silk Stockings]; High Society [1956: including True Love]; True Love [1956: in the film High Society]; Les Girls [1957] He lived 1891 to 1964.

Lily Pons [Pons, Lily] singer France 1928 to 1958 Lakmé [1928: music by Leo Delibes] She lived 1904 to 1976.

Georg von Bekesy [Bekesy, Georg von] physicist/physiologist/linguist/inventor Hungary 1928 to 1962 Theory of Audition [1928 to 1932]; Experiments in Hearing [1962]; Bekesy audiometer He lived 1899 to 1972. Sound vibrations travel from one inner-ear basilar-membrane end toward the other [1928 to 1932]. For sound frequencies, different membrane positions have maximum vibration.

Edith Sitwell [Sitwell, Edith] poet England 1928 to 1962 Five Poems [1928]; Fanfare for Elizabeth [1946]; Queens and the Hive [1962] She lived 1887 to 1964.

Luis Bunuel [Bunuel, Luis] director Spain 1928 to 1967 Un Chien andalou or Andalusian Dog [1928]; L'Age d'Or or Golden Age [1930]; Belle de Jour or Call Girl [1967] He lived 1900 to 1983.

Rudolf Carnap [Carnap, Rudolf] mathematician Austria 1928 to 1967 Logical Structure of the World [1928]; Unity of Science [1932]; Logical Syntax of Language [1934]; Meaning and Necessity [1947]; Introduction to Semantics [1947]; Logical Foundations of Probability [1950]; Philosphical Foundations of Physics: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science [1966] He lived 1891 to 1970, was in Vienna Circle, and was logical positivist. In logic, under Frege, he studied inductive logic, quantum logic, and number definition and developed a stronger conditional {L-implication}. Epistemology People record observations {protocol sentence} to assess hypotheses. Starting from memories of personal-experience similarities, people can construct and so verify all knowledge, except some physics concepts. People use evidence inductively, to check hypothesis {confirmation} by comparison, classification, or quantification and find probability. Inductive logic involves probability. Logical analysis requires language structures and semantics, such as logic and modal logic. Logical axioms are useful conventions. Names do not denote unique objects but depend on context {method of extension and intention} {extension and intention method}. Language has distinct semantic features {material mode} and formal or syntactical features {formal mode}. All philosophical problems are syntactical. Using syntax can clarify definitions and statements and put them in forms in which meaning is clear and people can determine truth. Using this approach, philosophical problems can be solvable or prove to be insoluble {explication, Carnap}.

Ludwig van Bertalanffy [Bertalanffy, Ludwig van] sociologist Germany 1928 to 1968 Modern Theories of Development [1928]; General System Theory [1968] He lived 1901 to 1972 and invented a systems theory {general systems theory}. All fields of study have structural similarities {isomorphism, Bertalanffy}.

Antonio de Oliveira Salazar [Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira] dictator Portugal 1928 to 1968 He lived 1889 to 1974 and controlled Portugal [1932 to 1968].

Marcel Ayme [Ayme, Marcel] writer France 1929 La Table aux crevés or Hunting Ground [1929] He lived 1902 to 1967.

Walter Browne [Browne, Walter]/Julian Edwards [Edwards, Julian] composer USA 1929 Marianne [1929] Edwards lived 1855 to 1910.

Ruth Chatterton [Chatterton, Ruth] actor USA 1929 Madame X [1929] She lived 1893 to 1961.

Grant Clarke [Clarke, Grant]/Harry Akst [Akst, Harry] lyricist/composer USA 1929 Am I Blue [1929: sung by Ethel Waters from On with the Show] Clarke lived 1891 to 1931. Akst lived 1894 to 1963.

Paul Denniker [Denniker, Paul] composer USA 1929 S'posin' [1929]

Marie Dressler [Dressler, Marie] actor USA 1929 Hollywood Review of 1929 [1929] She lived 1868 to 1934.

Al Dubin [Dubin, Al]/Joseph Burke [Burke, Joseph] lyricist/composer USA 1929 Tip-toe through the Tulips with Me [1929: from the film Golddiggers of Broadway] Dubin lived 1891 to 1945. Burke lived 1884 to 1950.

Edward Eliscu [Eliscu, Edward]/Billy Rose [Rose, Billy]/Vincent Youmans [Youmans, Vincent] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1929 Without a Song [1929] Eliscu lived 1902 to 1998. Rose lived 1899 to 1966. Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.

Max Ernst [Ernst, Max] painter Germany 1929 La Femme 100 têtes or Hundred-headed Woman [1929] He lived 1891 to 1976, was Surrealist, and constructed frottages [1925] and decalomania.

Adriaan Daniël Fokker [Fokker, Adriaan Daniël] physicist Germany 1929 He lived 1887 to 1972. Schwarzschild, Tetrode, and Fokker [1929] developed perfect absorption to renormalize Maxwell's equations.

Friedrich Hollaender [Hollaender, Friedrich] composer Germany 1929 Ich bin von Kopf bis Fuss auf Liebe eingestellt or Falling in Love Again or I am adjusted from head to foot with love [1929: from The Blue Angel] Hollaender lived 1896 to 1976.

Paul James [James, Paul] or James Warburg [Warburg, James]/Kay Swift [Swift, Kay] lyricist/composer USA 1929 Can't We Be Friends? [1929: from The Little Show] James lived 1896 to 1969. Swift lived 1897 to 1993.

Oliver La Farge [La Farge, Oliver] novelist USA 1929 Laughing Boy [1929] He lived 1901 to 1963.

Robert Liebmann [Liebmann, Robert]/Friedrich Hollaender [Hollaender, Friedrich] lyricist/composer Germany 1929 Ich bin die fesche Lola or I am the naughty Lola [1929: from The Blue Angel] Hollaender lived 1896 to 1976.

Harry Link [Link, Harry]/Billy Rose [Rose, Billy]/Fats Waller [Waller, Fats] lyricist/composer USA 1929 I've Got a Feelin' I'm Falling [1929] Rose lived 1899 to 1966. Waller lived 1904 to 1943.

Mitchell Parish [Parish, Mitchell] or Mitchell Parrish [Parrish, Mitchell]/Hoagy [Carmichael, Hoagy] lyricist/composer USA 1929 Stardust [1929] Parish lived 1900 to 1993. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.

Frank Proffit [Proffit, Frank] singer USA 1929 Tom Dooley [1947: traditional. sung by Frank Proffit] Proffit lived 1897 to 1938.

Andy Razaf [Razaf, Andy]/Harry Brooks [Brooks, Harry] composer USA 1929 Ain't Misbehaving, Savin' My Love for You [1929: sung by Fats Waller] Razaf lived 1895 to 1973. Brooks lived 1895 to 1970.

Erich Maria [Remarque, Erich Maria] novelist Germany 1929 All Quiet on the Western Front [1929] He lived 1898 to 1970.

Leo Robin [Robin, Leo]/Richard A. Whiting [Whiting, Richard A.] lyricist/composer USA 1929 All I Want is Just One Girl [1925]; Louise [1929: from the movie Innocents in Paris] Robin lived 1895 to 1984. Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Billy Rose [Rose, Billy]/Edward Eliscu [Eliscu, Edward]/Vincent Youmans [Youmans, Vincent] composer USA 1929 More Than You Know [1929: from Great Day] Rose lived 1899 to 1966. Eliscu lived 1902 to 1998. Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.

Otto Struve [Struve, Otto] astronomer Germany 1929 On the Axial Rotation of Stars [1929] He lived 1897 to 1963 and studied star rotations.

Jo Trent [Trent, Jo]/Louis Alter [Alter, Louis] composer USA 1929 My Kinda Love [1929] Alter lived 1902 to 1980.

Lester Young [Young, Lester] tenor saxophonist USA 1929 He lived 1909 to 1959 and played Swing.

King Keppard [Keppard, King] or Freddie Keppard [Keppard, Freddie] or Whalemouth Keppard [Keppard, Whalemouth] trumpeter USA 1929 to 1930 He lived 1889 to 1933 and played Dixieland and Chicago.

Bessie Smith [Smith, Bessie] or Empress of the Blues singer USA 1929 to 1930 Dirty No-Gooder's Blues [1929]; Poor Man's Blues [1930] She lived 1894 to 1937 and played Big Band and blues.

Nilo Menendez [Menendez, Nilo]/Adolfo Utrera [Utrera, Adolfo]/E. Rivera [Rivera, E.]/Woods [Woods, E.] composer/lyricist Spain/USA 1929 to 1931 Aquellos Ojos Verdes or Green Eyes [1929]

Andy Razaf [Razaf, Andy]/Fats Waller [Waller, Fats] composer USA 1929 to 1932 Honeysuckle Rose [1929: from Ain't Misbehavin']; Black and Blue [1929]; Keepin' Out of Mischief Now [1932] Razaf lived 1895 to 1973. Waller lived 1904 to 1943.

Herbert Hoover [Hoover, Herbert] president USA 1929 to 1933 He lived 1874 to 1964 and was Secretary of Commerce in 1920's. Great Depression started after 31st-president election. He tried to balance budget, defended the gold standard, urged public works, provided loans, handled veterans march on Washington, held ineffective disarmament talks, and had bank crisis [1932]. His Treasury Secretary was Andrew Mellon.

Leo Szilard [Szilard, Leo] chemist USA 1929 to 1933 On the decrease of entropy in thermodynamic system by the intervention of intelligent beings [1929] He lived 1898 to 1964 and studied chain reactions [1933].

Alexander king Yugoslavia 1929 to 1934 He lived 1888 to 1934. Someone killed him.

George Arliss [Arliss, George] director England/USA 1929 to 1935 Disraeli [1929]; Cardinal Richelieu [1935] He lived 1868 to 1946.

Sam Coslow [Coslow, Sam] composer USA 1929 to 1938 Sweeping the Clouds Away [1929]; (I'm in Love With) The Honorable Mr. So and So [1938: from Society Lawyer] He lived 1900 to 1982.

Thomas Wolfe [Wolfe, Thomas] novelist USA 1929 to 1938 Look Homeward Angel [1929, includes A Stone, A Leaf, A Door]; Of Time and the River [1935]; You Can't Go Home Again [1938] He lived 1900 to 1938.

Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael, Hoagy] composer USA 1929 to 1939 Rockin' Chair [1929: sung by Mildred Bailey]; I Get Along without You Very Well [1938: from poem by J. B. Thompson]; Hong Kong Blues [1939] He lived 1899 to 1981.

Karl Mannheim [Mannheim, Karl] philosopher/sociologist Hungary/Germany/Britain 1929 to 1940 Ideology and Utopia [1929]; Man and Society in an Age of Reconstruction [1940] He lived 1893 to 1947 and was of Sunday Circle in Hungary. He was "father of sociology of knowledge" and studied what people feel about society.

Clarence Williams [Williams, Clarence] pianist/composer USA 1929 to 1940 He lived 1898 to 1965 and used plunger mute for Duke Ellington's Big Band.

Robert Yerkes [Yerkes, Robert] biologist USA 1929 to 1943 He lived 1876 to 1956 and studied primates [1929 to 1943].

William Faulkner [Faulkner, William] novelist USA 1929 to 1948 Sound and the Fury [1929]; As I Lay Dying [1930]; Sanctuary [1931]; Light in August [1932]; Absalom, Absalom [1936]; Hamlet [1940]; Intruder in the Dust [1948] He lived 1897 to 1962.

Carolyn Keene [Keene, Carolyn] or Mildred Wirt Benson [Benson, Mildred Wirt] writer USA 1929 to 1948 Nancy Drew [1929 to 1948: books, commissioned by Edward Stratemeyer] She lived 1905 to 2002.

Edwin Garrigues Boring [Boring, Edwin Garrigues] psychologist USA 1929 to 1950 History of Experimental Psychology [1929 and 1950]; Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology [1942] He lived 1886 to 1968, reviewed sensation and perception, and studied consciousness physical dimensions.

James Thurber [Thurber, James] essayist/humorist USA 1929 to 1952 Is Sex Necessary? [1929: humorous essays]; Seal in the Bedroom [1932: humorous essays]; Male Animal [1941: humorous essays]; Thurber Album [1952: humorous essays] He lived 1894 to 1961.

Willie Smith [Smith, Willie] or Lion alto saxophonist USA 1929 to 1953 He lived 1910 to 1967 and played Modern and stride.

Raoul Walsh [Walsh, Raoul] director USA 1929 to 1953 Cockeyed World [1929]; Lion in the Streets [1953: James Cagney acted] He lived 1887 to 1980.

Joseph Wood Crutch [Crutch, Joseph Wood] naturalist USA 1929 to 1954 Modern Temper [1929]; Measure of Man [1954] He lived 1893 to 1970.

Herbert Feigl [Feigl, Herbert] philosopher Vienna, Austria/USA 1929 to 1958 Theory and Experience in Physics [1929]; 'Mental' and the 'Physical' [1958]; Concepts, Theories, and the Mind-Body Problem [1958: with Michael Scriven] He lived 1902 to 1989, was logical positivist, studied mind-body problem, advocated neutral monism, and was member of Vienna Circle.

Clarence I. Lewis [Lewis, Clarence I.] logician USA 1929 to 1959 Mind and the World Order [1929]; Symbolic Logic [1932: with Cooper H. Langford]; Analysis of Knowledge and Valuation [1946] He lived 1883 to 1964, helped develop modal or relevance logic, developed implication requiring necessity {strict implication, Lewis}, and studied phenomenalism.

Salvador [Dali, Salvador] painter Spain 1929 to 1962 Lugubrious Game [1929]; Persistence of Memory [1931]; Evocation of the Apparition of Lenin [1933]; Autumn Cannibalism [1937]; Geopoliticus World Child Watching the Birth of the New Man [1943]; Christ of St. John of the Cross [1951]; Raphaelesque Head Exploding [1951]; Oecumenical Council [1962] He lived 1904 to 1989, used psychoanalytic ideas, and was Surrealist.

Charles Weidman [Weidman, Charles] modern dancer/choreographer USA 1929 to 1966 He lived 1901 to 1975 and choreographed modern dances.

Harold Adamson [Adamson, Harold]/Mack Gordon [Gordon, Mack]/Vincent Youmans [Youmans, Vincent] composer USA 1930 Time on My Hands [1930: from Smiles] Adamson lived 1906 to 1980. Gordon lived 1904 to 1959. Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.

Gus Arnheim [Arnheim, Gus]/Harry Barris [Barris, Harry] lyricist/composer USA 1930 It Must be True (You Are Mine, All Mine) [1930] Arnheim lived 1897 to 1955. Barris lived 1905 to 1962.

Lew Ayres [Ayres, Lew] actor USA 1930 All Quiet on the Western Front [1930] He lived 1908 to 1996.

Richard Barthelmess [Barthelmess, Richard] actor USA 1930 Dawn Patrol [1930] He lived 1895 to 1963.

Sidney Bechet [Bechet, Sidney] trumpeter New Orleans, Louisiana 1930 He lived 1897 to 1959 and played New Orleans Revival.

Bix Beiderbecke [Beiderbecke, Bix] trumpeter Chicago, Illinois 1930 He lived 1903 to 1931 and played Chicago and Swing.

Constance Bennett [Bennett, Constance]/Lew Ayres [Ayres, Lew] actor USA 1930 Common Clay [1930] Bennett lived 1904 to 1965. Ayres lived 1908 to 1996.

Julius Brammer [Brammer, Julius]/Leonello Casucci [Casucci, Leonello]/Irving Caesar [Caesar, Irving] lyricist/composer/lyricist USA 1930 Just a Gigolo [1930] Casucci lived 1885 to 1975. Caesar lived 1895 to 1996.

Newell Chase [Chase, Newell]/Richard Whiting [Whiting, Richard] lyricist/composer USA 1930 My Ideal [1930: from Playboy of Paris] Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Hart Crane [Crane, Hart] poet USA 1930 Bridge [1930: long poem] He lived 1899 to 1932.

Marie Dressler [Dressler, Marie]/Wallace Beery [Beery, Wallace] actor USA 1930 Min and Bill [1930] Dressler lived 1869 to 1934. Beery lived 1885 to 1949.

Lillian Gish [Gish, Lillian]/Marie Dressler [Dressler, Marie] actor USA 1930 Swan [1930] Gish lived 1893 to 1993. Dressler lived 1869 to 1934.

Stuart Gorrell [Gorrell, Stuart]/Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael, Hoagy] lyricist/composer USA 1930 Georgia on My Mind [1930] Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.

Edgar Yipsel Harburg [Harburg, Edgar Yipsel] or Yip Harburg [Harburg, Yip] composer USA 1930 Brother Can You Spare a Dime [1930] Harburg lived 1898 to 1981.

Edgar Yipsel Harburg [Harburg, Edgar Yipsel] or Yip Harburg [Harburg, Yip]/John W. Green [Green, John W.] lyricist/composer USA 1930 I'm Yours [1930] Harburg lived 1898 to 1981. Green lived 1908 to 1989.

Jimmy Harrison [Harrison, Jimmy] trombonist USA 1930 He lived 1900 to 1931 and played Modern.

Hergé or Georges Remi [Remi, Georges] writer Belgium 1930 Tintin [1930 on: books] He lived 1907 to 1983.

Edward Heyman [Heyman, Edward]/Robert Sour [Sour, Robert]/Frank Eyton [Eyton, Frank]/John Green [Green, John] lyricist/lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1930 Body and Soul [1930] Heyman lived 1907 to 1981. Sour lived 1906 to 1985. Green lived 1908 to 1989.

Arend Heyting [Heyting, Arend] mathematician England 1930 He lived 1898 to 1980 and helped develop quantum logic [1930].

Gus Kahn [Kahn, Gus]/Wilbur Schwandt [Schwandt, Wilbur]/Fabian Andree [Andree, Fabian] lyricist/composer/composer USA 1930 Dream a Little Dream of Me [1930] Kahn lived 1886 to 1941. Schwandt lived 1904 to 1998.

Maceo Pinkard [Pinkard, Maceo]/William Tracy [Tracy, William]/Doris Tauber [Tauber, Doris] composer USA 1930 Them There Eyes [1930] Pinkard lived 1897 to 1962. Tracy lived 1917 to 1967. Tauber lived 1907 to 1996.

Watty Piper [Piper, Watty] writer USA 1930 Little Engine That Could [1930] Piper was pseudonym used by Platt and Munk publishers.

Andy Razaf [Razaf, Andy]/Eubie Blake [Blake, Eubie] or James Herbert Blake [Blake, James Herbert] composer USA 1930 Memories of You [1930] Razaf lived 1895 to 1973. Blake lived 1883 to 1983.

Leo Robin [Robin, Leo]/Frank Harling [Harling, Frank]/Richard A. Whiting [Whiting, Richard A.] lyricist/composer/composer USA 1930 Beyond the Blue Horizon [1930: from Monte Carlo] Robin lived 1895 to 1984. Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Edward G. Robinson [Robinson, Edward G.] actor Romania/USA 1930 Little Caesar [1930] He lived 1893 to 1973.

George Roth [Roth, George]/F. F. Flemming [Flemming, F. F.] lyricist/composer USA 1930 Hail, Alma Mater [1930: George Washington University. music is Integer Vitae] George Steiner rewrote words [1970]. Flemming lived 1778 to 1813.

Victoria Sackville-West [Sackville-West, Victoria] novelist England 1930 Edwardians [1930] She lived 1892 to 1962.

Norma Shearer [Shearer, Norma] actor Canada/USA 1930 Divorcee [1930] She lived 1902 to 1983.

Kuki Shuzo [Shuzo, Kuki] philosopher Kyoto, Japan 1930 Structure of Iki [1930] He lived 1888 to 1943 and wrote about aesthetics.

Roy Turk [Turk, Roy]/Fred Ahlert [Ahlert, Fred]/Fats Waller [Waller, Fats] or Thomas Waller [Waller, Thomas] lyricist/composer/composer USA 1930 Walking My Baby Back Home [1930] Turk lived 1892 to 1934. Ahlert lived 1892 to 1953. Waller lived 1904 to 1943.

Paul James [James, Paul] or James Warburg [Warburg, James]/Kay Swift [Swift, Kay] lyricist/composer USA 1930 Fine and Dandy [1930: from Fine and Dandy] James lived 1896 to 1969. Swift lived 1897 to 1993.

Paul Whiteman [Whiteman, Paul] actor USA 1930 King of Jazz [1930] He lived 1890 to 1967.

Mort Dixon [Dixon, Mort]/Billy Rose [Rose, Billy]/Harry Warren [Warren, Harry] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1930 to 1931 Would You Like to Take a Walk [1930: from Sweet and Low]; I Found a Million Dollar Baby [1931: from Crazy Quilt] Dixon lived 1892 to 1956. Rose lived 1899 to 1966. Warren lived 1893 to 1981.

William Frederick Lamb [Lamb, William Frederick] architect New York, New York 1930 to 1931 Empire State Building [1930 to 1931: Iron and concrete Art Deco skyscraper is 102 stories and 400 meters tall] He lived 1883 to 1958 and worked for Shreve, Lamb, and Harmon Company [1929], with Richmond Harold Shreve [1877 to 1946] and Arthur Loomis Harmon [1878 to 1958].

George F. Stout [Stout, George F.] philosopher Britain 1930 to 1931 Studies in Philosophy and Psychology [1930]; Mind and Matter [1931] He lived 1860 to 1944 and was Idealist. Experience refers to real object. Object's particular quality or property differs from other objects' properties {individual property}, though qualities can be similar.

Josef Capek [Capek, Josef] painter/writer Czech Republic 1930 to 1933 Fateful Game of Love [1930]; Principles of German Education [1933] He lived 1887 to 1945 and co-founded the Group of Avant-Garde Artists.

Con Conrad [Conrad, Con]/Herb Magidson [Magidson, Herb] lyricist/composer USA 1930 to 1934 Continental [1930: also in the film The Gay Divorcee, 1934] Conrad lived 1890 to 1938. Magidson lived 1906 to 1986.

Dashiell Hammett [Hammett, Dashiell] novelist USA 1930 to 1934 Maltese Falcon [1930]; Glass Key [1930]; Thin Man [1934] He lived 1894 to 1961.

Ted Koehler [Koehler, Ted]/Harold Arlen [Arlen, Harold] lyricist/composer USA 1930 to 1934 One Love [1930: from Earl Carroll Vanities of 1930]; Sweet and Hot [1931]; Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea [1931: from Cotton Club Revue]; I've Got the World on a String [1932: from Cotton Club Revue]; I Gotta Right to Sing the Blues [1932: from Carroll's Vanities of '32]; Happy As the Day Is Long [from Cotton Club Revue] [1933]; Stormy Weather [1933: from Cotton Club Revue]; Ill Wind [1934: from Cotton Club Revue of 1934]; As Long As I Live [1934: from Cotton Club Parade]; Let's Fall in Love [1934: from Lets Fall in Love] Koehler lived 1894 to 1973. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986.

Marcus C. Connelly [Connelly, Marcus C.] essayist/novelist/director USA 1930 to 1936 Green Pastures [1930 and 1936: play and movie] He lived 1890 to 1980.

John Rupert Firth [Firth, John Rupert] linguist England 1930 to 1937 Speech [1930]; Tongues of Men [1937] He lived 1890 to 1960 and developed prosodic analysis.

Marx Brothers/Margaret Dumont [Dumont, Margaret] actor USA 1930 to 1937 Animal Crackers [1930]; Horse Feathers [1932]; Duck Soup [1933]; Night at the Opera [1935]; Day at the Races [1937] Groucho lived 1890 to 1964. They were Groucho, Harpo, Chico, and Zeppo.

Noel Coward [Coward, Noel] playwright England 1930 to 1939 Private Lives [1930]; Dinner at Eight [1933]; Private Lives [1934]; Topper [1937]; Man Who Came to Dinner [1939] He lived 1899 to 1973.

Kurt Gödel [Gödel, Kurt] mathematician/logician Czech Republic/Slovakia/USA 1930 to 1939 On Formally Undecidable Propositions of Principia Mathematica and related systems [1931]; Consistency of the Axiom of Choice and of the Generalized Continuum-hypothesis with the Axioms of Set Theory [1940] He lived 1906 to 1978. First-order predicate calculus and first-order logic are complete [1930]. All formal arithmetic systems must be incomplete [1931]. For all formal and consistent arithmetic systems, at least one true arithmetic proposition cannot be formally decidable. Neither proposition nor negation has proof, so arithmetic system is incomplete {Gödel's first incompleteness theorem}. Propositions are statements about numbers. Propositions have Gödel-number codes. Systems have propositions about propositions, and at least one such statement is not provable, because proofs use self-referential number statements. Therefore, it is impossible to prove system consistency using arithmetic. Formal or logical systems are logically equivalent to recursively definable functions and arithmetic systems. Computing machines embody such functions. Therefore, machines can never prove their consistency or completeness. The continuum hypothesis is consistent with basic set-theory axioms [1938 to 1939]. Epistemology Definitions can specify class elements and their relations, and relations can make new elements {recursive definition}. Mathematical objects and concepts are real and separate from mind. People know fundamental mathematical truths by intuition.

Hermann Schmidt [Schmidt, Hermann] engineer Germany 1930 to 1939 He lived 1894 to 1968 and worked on control and feedback [1930 to 1939]. First, people provided goals, energy, and control for primitive tools like ax. Next, machines provided energy, and people provided goals and monitored machines. Now, people provide goals, and machines provide energy and control. In the future, machines will determine their goals.

Carol II king Romania 1930 to 1940 He lived 1893 to 1953.

Benny Carter [Carter, Benny] saxophonist USA 1930 to 1940 He lived 1907 to 2003 and played Modern.

Eddie [Condon, Eddie] banjo player Chicago, Illinois 1930 to 1940 He lived 1905 to 1973 and played Chicago.

Kirstin Flagstad [Flagstad, Kirstin] ballerina Norway 1930 to 1940 She lived 1895 to 1962.

Spike Hughes [Hughes, Spike] or Patrick Hughes [Hughes, Patrick] bassist/bandleader England 1930 to 1940 He lived 1908 to 1987 and played Modern.

Miff Mole [Mole, Miff] or Irving Milfred Mole [Mole, Irving Milfred] trombonist USA 1930 to 1940 He lived 1898 to 1961 and played Big Band.

Phil Napoleon [Napoleon, Phil] trumpeter USA 1930 to 1940 He lived 1901 to 1990 and played Big Band.

Red Nichols [Nichols, Red] cornetist/bandleader USA 1930 to 1940 He lived 1905 to 1965 and played Big Band.

Joe Sullivan [Sullivan, Joe] trumpeter/pianist USA 1930 to 1940 He lived 1906 to 1971 and played Swing.

Art Tatum [Tatum, Art] pianist USA 1930 to 1940 He lived 1909 to 1956 and played Big Band and Swing.

Lu Watters [Watters, Lu]/Yerba Buena Jazz Band cornetist USA 1930 to 1940 He lived 1911 to 1989 and played Swing.

Dickie Wells [Wells, Dickie] trombonist USA 1930 to 1940 He lived 1909 to 1985 and played Swing.

Teddy Wilson [Wilson, Teddy] or Theodore Shaw Wilson [Wilson, Theodore Shaw] pianist USA 1930 to 1940 He lived 1912 to 1986 and played Swing.

Curt John Ducasse [Ducasse, Curt John] philosopher USA 1930 to 1941 Philosophy of Art [1930]; Philosophy as a Science [1941] He lived 1881 to 1969 and was analytical philosopher. His student was Roderick Chisholm. Causation relates to the only preceding change that can cause event, as judged and believed by observer. Secondary qualities are sensing methods, not actual properties.

Jimmie Davis [Davis, Jimmie] or James Edward Davis [Davis, James Edward]/Charles Mitchell [Mitchell, Charles] composer USA 1930 to 1942 You Are My Sunshine, My Only Sunshine [1930: became a hit in 1942] Davis lived 1899 to 2000.

Dorothy Parker [Parker, Dorothy] or Dorothy Rothschild [Rothschild, Dorothy] essayist/humorist USA 1930 to 1942 Laments for the Living [1930: stories]; After Such Pleasures [1933: stories]; Collected Stories [1942] She lived 1893 to 1967.

Wystan Hugh Auden [Auden, Wystan Hugh] poet England/USA 1930 to 1947 Poems [1930]; Orators, an English Study [1932]; Funeral Blues [1936]; Collected Poetry [1945]; Age of Anxiety [1947] He lived 1907 to 1973.

Bert Kalmar [Kalmar, Bert]/Harry Ruby [Ruby, Harry] composer USA 1930 to 1951 Hooray for Captain Spaulding [1930: from the film Animal Crackers]; Kiss to Build a Dream On [1951: from the film The Strip] Kalmar lived 1884 to 1947. Ruby lived 1895 to 1974.

Dylan Thomas [Thomas, Dylan] poet England 1930 to 1951 Force that through the Green Fuse Drives the Flower [1930]; Death Shall Have No Dominion [1933]; Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night [1951] He lived 1914 to 1953.

Jan Tinbergen [Tinbergen, Jan] economist Netherlands 1930 to 1951 Determination and Interpretation of Supply Curves [1930]; Econometric Approach to Business Cycle Problems [1937]; Econometrics [1951] He lived 1903 to 1994 and invented first national-economy model [1937].

Charles Leonard Wooley [Wooley, Charles Leonard] archaeologist USA 1930 to 1953 Digging Up the Past [1930]; Ur of the Chaldees [1938]; Spadework: Adventures in Archaeology [1953] He lived 1880 to 1960 and discovered Ur.

Edith Hamilton [Hamilton, Edith] historian USA 1930 to 1955 Greek Way [1930]; Roman Way; Mythology [1955] She lived 1867 to 1963.

Karl Spencer Lashley [Lashley, Karl Spencer] neuropsychologist USA 1930 to 1956 Brain Mechanisms and Intelligence [1930]; Functional Determinants of Cerebral Localization [1937]; Cerebral Organization and Behavior [1956] He lived 1890 to 1958 and studied cerebral-cortex lesion effects on intelligence, rat maze learning [1920 to 1930], and mass-action law [Lashley, 1956].

Clive Staples Lewis [Lewis, Clive Staples] or C. S. Lewis [Lewis, C. S.] or Jack Lewis [Lewis, Jack] writer/philosopher USA 1930 to 1956 Miracles [1930]; Chronicles of Narnia [1946 to 1956: including Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe]; Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe [1950] He lived 1898 to 1963. If any thought is valid, eternal self-existent Reason must exist and must be source of imperfect and intermittent rationality. Love can be sexual, brotherly/sisterly, affectionate, or friendly. People have worth.

Stanley J. Kunitz [Kunitz, Stanley J.] poet USA 1930 to 1958 Intellectual Things [1930]; Selected Poems 1928-1958 [1958] He lived 1928 to 1978.

Jean Cocteau [Cocteau, Jean] playwright/director France 1930 to 1959 Blood of a Poet [1930: play]; Le Bel Indifférent or Indifferent Beauty [1940: play]; Beauty and the Beast [1946: movie]; Orpheus [1950: movie]; Testament of Orpheus [1959: movie] He lived 1889 to 1963.

Moss Hart [Hart, Moss] playwright USA 1930 to 1959 Once in a Lifetime [1930: play, with Kaufman]; Act One [1959: autobiography] He lived 1904 to 1961.

Gene Krupa [Krupa, Gene] or Eugene Bertram Krupa [Krupa, Eugene Bertram] drummer Chicago, Illinois 1930 to 1960 He lived 1909 to 1973 and played Chicago and Swing.

Katherine Anne Porter [Porter, Katherine Anne] storyteller/novelist USA 1930 to 1965 Flowering Judas [1930: stories]; Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter [1965] She lived 1890 to 1980.

Salvatore Quasimodo [Quasimodo, Salvatore] poet Italy 1930 to 1965 Acque e terra or Water and Land [1930]; Dare e avere or To Give and to Have [1959 to 1965] He lived 1901 to 1968.

Robert Henry Thouless [Thouless, Robert Henry] psychologist Britain 1930 to 1972 Straight and Crooked Thinking [1930]; Experimental Psychical Research [1963]; From Anecdote to Experiment in Psychical Research [1972]; Perceptual constancy or perceptual compromise [1972] He lived 1894 to 1984 and studied size and brightness constancies. Perceived object property, such as size, shape, or brightness, is intermediate between stimulus pattern property in peripheral senses and object property {compromise element} {element of compromise} [1972]. Learning does not affect element of compromise. Element of compromise has individual differences.

Haile Selassie [Selassie, Haile] or Lion of Judah king Ethiopia 1930 to 1974 He lived 1894 to 1975 and started reforms in 1930s but then retrenched. Italy forced him to leave [1936], but he became king again [1941]. He united with Eritrea [1962]. Marxists deposed him [1974] and he died [1975].

Frederick Allen [Allen, Frederick] novelist USA 1931 Only Yesterday [1931: history] He lived 1890 to 1954.

Arthur Altman [Altman, Arthur]/Seymour Simons [Simons, Seymour]/Gerald Marks [Marks, Gerald] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1931 All of Me [1931] Altman lived 1911 to 1994. Simons lived 1896 to 1949. Marks lived 1900 to 1997.

Gus Arnheim [Arnheim, Gus]/Harry Tobias [Tobias, Harry]/Jules Lemare [Lemare, Jules] lyricist/composer USA 1931 Sweet and Lovely [1931] Arnheim lived 1897 to 1955. Tobias lived 1895 to 1994.

Sidney Arodin [Arodin, Sidney]/Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael, Hoagy] lyricist/composer USA 1931 Lazy River [1931: from The Best Years of Our Lives] Arodin lived 1901 to 1948. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.

Constance Bennett [Bennett, Constance]/Joel McCrea [McCrea, Joel] actor USA 1931 Born to Love [1931] Bennett lived 1904 to 1965. McCrea lived 1905 to 1990.

Lew Brown [Brown, Lew]/Ray Henderson [Henderson, Ray] lyricist/composer USA 1931 Life Is Just a Bowl of Cherries [1931: from George White's Scandals] Brown lived 1893 to 1958. Henderson lived 1896 to 1970.

Jean de Brunhoff [Brunhoff, Jean de] writer France 1931 Story of Babar [1931] He lived 1899 to 1937.

Pearl S. Buck [Buck, Pearl S.] novelist USA 1931 Good Earth [1931] She lived 1890 to 1973.

Jimmy Campbell [Campbell, Jimmy]/Reg Connelly [Connelly, Reg]/Ray Noble [Noble, Ray] composer USA/England 1931 Goodnight Sweetheart [1931] Noble lived 1903 to 1978.

Jackie Cooper [Cooper, Jackie]/Wallace Beery [Beery, Wallace] actor USA 1931 Champ [1931] Cooper lived 1921 to ?. Beery lived 1885 to 1949.

Raymond Dodge [Dodge, Raymond] psychologist USA 1931 Conditions and Consequences of Human Variability [1931] He lived 1871 to 1942 and studied human variation.

Karl Jansky [Jansky, Karl] astronomer USA 1931 He lived 1905 to 1950 and started radio astronomy [1931].

Will Jason [Jason, Will]/Val Burton [Burton, Val] composer USA 1931 Penthouse Serenade or When We're Alone [1931]

Howard E. Johnson [Johnson, Howard E.]/Harry M. Woods [Woods, Harry M.] lyricist/composer USA 1931 When the Moon Comes over the Mountain [1931: sung by Kate Smith] Johnson lived 1908 to 1991. Woods lived 1896 to 1970.

Boris Karloff [Karloff, Boris] actor England/USA 1931 Frankenstein [1931] He lived 1887 to 1969.

Nick Kenny [Kenny, Nick]/Charles Kenny [Kenny, Charles]/J. Fred Coots [Coots, J. Fred] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1931 Love Letters in the Sand [1931] Kenny lived 1895 to 1975. Coots lived 1897 to 1985.

Ted Koehler [Koehler, Ted]/Billy Moll [Moll, Billy]/Harry Barris [Barris, Harry] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1931 Wrap Your Troubles in Dreams [1931] Koehler lived 1894 to 1973. Barris lived 1905 to 1962.

Ned Lehak [Lehak, Ned]/Edward Eliscu composer USA 1931 You Forgot Your Gloves [1931: from The Third Little Show] Eliscu lived 1902 to 1998.

Sam Lewis [Lewis, Sam]/John Klenner [Klenner, John] composer USA 1931 Just Friends [1931] Lewis lived 1885 to 1959.

Bela Lugosi [Lugosi, Bela] actor Hungary/USA 1931 Dracula [1931: Tod Browning wrote]; Murders in the Rue Morgue [1932] He lived 1882 to 1956.

Joel McCrea [McCrea, Joel] actor USA 1931 Kept Husbands [1931] He lived 1905 to 1990.

Adolphe Menjou [Menjou, Adolphe]/Pat O'Brien [O'Brien, Pat] actor USA 1931 Front Page [1931] Menjou lived 1890 to 1963. O'Brien lived 1899 to 1983.

Irving Mills [Mills, Irving]/Albany Bigard [Bigard, Albany] or Bigard [Bigard, Barney]/Duke Ellington [Ellington, Duke] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1931 Sophisticated Ladies [1931: musical, including It Don't Mean a Thing If It Ain't Got That Swing, Mood Indigo, Sophisticated Lady] Mills lived 1894 to 1985. Bigard lived 1906 to 1980. Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.

Charles O'Flynn [O'Flynn, Charles]/Jack Meskill [Meskill, Jack]/Max Rich [Rich, Max] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1931 Smile, Darn Ya, Smile [1931] O'Flynn lived 1897 to 1964.

Errell Reaves [Reaves, Errell]/Tolchard Evans [Evans, Tolchard] lyricist/composer USA 1931 Lady of Spain [1931] Evans lived 1901 to 1978.

Leon Rene [Rene, Leon]/Otis Rene [Rene, Otis]/Clarence Muse [Muse, Clarence] composer USA 1931 When It's Sleepy Time Down South [1931] Leon Rene lived 1902 to 1982. Otis Rene lived 1898 to 1970. Muse lived 1889 to 1979.

Bernhard Schmidt [Schmidt, Bernhard] astronomer/inventor Estonia/Germany 1931 Schmidt telescope [1931] He lived 1879 to 1935 and invented Schmidt telescope [1931].

Arthur Schwartz [Schwartz, Arthur]/Vincent Youmans [Youmans, Vincent] composer USA 1931 High and Low [1931: from The Band Wagon]; New Sun in the Sky [1931: from The Band Wagon]; Dancing in the Dark [1931: from The Band Wagon] Schwartz lived 1900 to 1984. Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.

Einer A. Swan [Swan, Einer A.] lyricist/composer USA 1931 When Your Lover Has Gone [1931: from Blonde Crazy]

Cornelius B. Van Niel [Van Niel, Cornelius B.] biologist USA 1931 He lived 1897 to 1985 and studied anaerobic photosynthesis [1931].

Josef von Sternberg [Sternberg, Josef von] director USA 1931 American Tragedy [1931] He lived 1894 to 1969.

Roy Turk [Turk, Roy]/Fred Ahlert [Ahlert, Fred]/Bing Crosby [Crosby, Bing] lyricist/composer/lyricist USA 1931 to 1932 Where the Blue of the Night Meets the Gold of the Day [1931: from the film Big Broadcast] Turk lived 1892 to 1934. Ahlert lived 1892 to 1953. Crosby lived 1903 to 1977.

Edward Heyman [Heyman, Edward]/John W. Green [Green, John W.] lyricist/composer USA 1931 to 1933 (You Came to Me From) Out of Nowhere [1931]; Hello My Lover, Goodbye [1931: from Here Goes the Bride]; I Cover the Waterfront [1933] Heyman lived 1907 to 1981. Green lived 1908 to 1989.

Irving Mills [Mills, Irving]/Manny Kurtz [Kurtz, Manny]/Duke Ellington [Ellington, Duke] composer USA 1931 to 1935 In a Sentimental Mood [1935] Mills lived 1894 to 1985. Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.

Irene Dunne [Dunne, Irene] actor USA 1931 to 1936 Cimarron [1931]; Back Street [1932]; Show Boat [1936] She lived 1898 to 1990.

George S. Kaufman [Kaufman, George S.] playwright USA 1931 to 1936 Butter and Egg Man [1925]; Of Thee I Sing [1931: with Morrie Ryskind]; You Can't Take It with You [1935: with Moss Hart]; Stage Door [1936: with Edna Ferber] He lived 1889 to 1961.

James D. Mooney [Mooney, James D.] economist USA 1931 to 1939 Onward Industry [1931: with A. C. Reiley]; Principles of Organization [1939: with A. C. Reiley] He lived 1884 to ? and studied scientific management theory.

Alan C. Reiley [Reiley, Alan C.] economist USA 1931 to 1939 Onward Industry [1931: with J. D. Mooney]; Principles of Organization [1939: with J. D. Mooney] He studied scientific management theory.

Chick Webb [Webb, Chick] or William Henry Webb [Webb, William Henry] drummer USA 1931 to 1939 He lived 1909 to 1939 and played Swing.

Joan Crawford [Crawford, Joan] actor USA 1931 to 1945 Possessed [1931]; Dancing Lady [1933]; Mildred Pierce [1945] She lived 1905 to 1977.

Richard Eberhart [Eberhart, Richard] poet USA 1931 to 1947 Bravery of Earth [1931]; Burr Oaks [1947] He lived 1904 to 2005.

Hanya Holm [Holm, Hanya] modern dancer/choreographer Germany/USA 1931 to 1948 Kiss Me Kate [1948] She lived 1893 to 1992 and choreographed modern dances.

Walter Piston [Piston, Walter] composer USA 1931 to 1948 Three Places in New England [1931: symphony]; Symphony No. 3 [1948] He lived 1894 to 1976.

Harold Urey [Urey, Harold] geologist USA 1931 to 1952 He lived 1893 to 1981 and studied life's origin [1952] and ocean temperature variation [1931].

Spencer Tracy [Tracy, Spencer] actor USA 1931 to 1957 Quick Millions [1931]; Bad Day at Black Rock [1955]; Old Man and the Sea [1957] He lived 1900 to 1967.

Alberto Moravia [Moravia, Alberto] novelist Italy 1931 to 1958 Two Adolescents [1931]; Conformist [1951]; Conjugal Love [1951]; Two Women [1958] He lived 1907 to 1990.

James Cagney [Cagney, James] actor USA 1931 to 1960 Public Enemy [1931]; G-Men [1935]; Yankee Doodle Dandy [1942]; Tribute to a Bad Man [1956]; Man of a Thousand Faces [1957]; Shake Hands with the Devil [1959]; Gallant Hours [1960] He lived 1899 to 1986.

Anaïs Nin [Nin, Anaïs] novelist USA 1931 to 1966 Journals [1931 to 1934]; Diary of Anaïs Nin, Vol. I [1966] She lived 1903 to 1977.

Ogden Nash [Nash, Ogden] poet USA 1931 to 1970 Hard Lines [1931]; I'm a Stranger Here Myself [1938]; Selected Verse [1946]; Versus [1949]; Private Dining Room [1953]; You Can't Get There from Here [1957]; Verses From 1929 On [1959]; Everyone But Thee and Me [1962]; Bed Riddance [1970] He lived 1902 to 1971 and wrote limericks.

Sewall Wright [Wright, Sewall] biologist England 1931 to 1978 Evolution in Mendelian Populations [1931]; Evolution and the Genetics of Populations [1978] He lived 1889 to 1988 and discovered genetic drift. Species arise randomly even within clade that has evolutionary direction {Wright's rule}. Selection changes allele frequencies.

Carl Anderson [Anderson, Carl] physicist USA 1932 He lived 1905 to 1991 and found anti-electron or positron [1932].

Tallulah Bankhead [Bankhead, Tallulah] actor USA 1932 Faithless [1932] She lived 1902 to 1968.

Lionel Barrymore [Barrymore, Lionel]/Ethel Barrymore [Barrymore, Ethel]/John Barrymore [Barrymore, John] actor USA 1932 Rasputin and the Empress [1932] Lionel lived 1878 to 1954. Ethel lived 1879 to 1959. John lived 1882 to 1942.

John Barrymore [Barrymore, John]/Katherine Hepburn [Hepburn, Katherine] actor USA 1932 Bill of Divorcement [1932] Barrymore lived 1882 to 1942. Hepburn lived 1907 to 2003.

Al Bowlly [Bowlly, Al]/Ray Noble [Noble, Ray] composer USA 1932 Love Is the Sweetest Thing [1932] Noble lived 1903 to 1978.

Cab Calloway [Calloway, Cab] composer/singer USA 1932 Minnie the Moocher [1932] He lived 1907 to 1994.

Joan Crawford [Crawford, Joan]/Greta Garbo [Garbo, Greta]/Wallace Beery [Beery, Wallace]/John Barrymore [Barrymore, John]/Lionel Barrymore [Barrymore, Lionel] actor USA 1932 Grand Hotel [1932] Crawford lived 1905 to 1977. Garbo lived 1905 to 1990. Beery lived 1885 to 1949. Barrymore lived 1882 to 1942.

Bing Crosby [Crosby, Bing]/Kate Smith [Smith, Kate]/Mills Brothers/George Burns [Burns, George]/Gracie Allen [Allen, Gracie]/Arthur Tracy [Tracy, Arthur]/Boswell Sisters actor USA 1932 Big Broadcast [1932: Arthur Tracy was the Street Singer] Crosby lived 1903 to 1977. Smith lived 1909 to 1986. Burns lived 1896 to 1996. Allen lived 1895 to 1964. Tracy lived 1899 to 1997.

Eamon De Valera [De Valera, Eamon] or Edward George de Valera [Valera, Edward George de] president Ireland 1932 He lived 1882 to 1975. Civil war ended in south Ireland. Sinn Fein or Irish Republican Army became outlaws.

Marlene Dietrich [Dietrich, Marlene]/Cary Grant [Grant, Cary] actor USA 1932 Blonde Venus [1932] Dietrich lived 1901 to 1992. Grant lived 1904 to 1986.

Arthur Freed [Freed, Arthur]/Harry Barris [Barris, Harry] lyricist/composer USA 1932 It Was So Beautiful (And You Were All Mine) [1932] Freed lived 1894 to 1973. Barris lived 1905 to 1962.

Helen Hayes [Hayes, Helen]/Adolphe Menjou [Menjou, Adolphe]/Gary Cooper [Cooper, Gary] actor USA 1932 Farewell to Arms [1932] Hayes lived 1900 to 1993. Menjou lived 1890 to 1963. Cooper lived 1901 to 1961.

Erich Hückel [Hückel, Erich] physicist Germany 1932 He lived 1896 to 1980 and invented Debye-Hückel theory [1932].

Kurt Joosa [Joosa, Kurt] choreographer England 1932 Green Table [1932]; Dance of Death [1932: music by Fritz Cohen] He lived 1901 to 1979.

Russell Mack [Mack, Russell] director USA 1932 Once in a Lifetime [1932: George S. Kaufman and Marc Connelly wrote] He lived 1891 to 1960.

Ettore Majorana [Majorana, Ettore] physicist Italy 1932 He lived 1906 to 1938 and showed how Riemann sphere can designate n - 1 independent unordered spatial spin directions for a particle with spin 0.5 * n, with no opposite directions [1932]. Quantum mechanically, particle spins about many spatial axes simultaneously. However, large particle collections spin around one axis. It is not clear how collective spin is sum of particle spins and thus depends on wavefunction superpositions. Only wavefunction reduction eliminates other possibilities.

Fredric March [March, Fredric] actor USA 1932 Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde [1932] He lived 1897 to 1975.

Edward Arthur Milne [Milne, Edward Arthur] physicist England 1932 He lived 1896 to 1950 and developed kinematic relativity theory [1932].

Dick Powell [Powell, Dick] actor USA 1932 Blessed Event [1932] He lived 1904 to 1963.

Leo Reisman [Reisman, Leo]/Arthur Schwartz [Schwartz, Arthur] composer USA 1932 Louisiana Hayride [1932] Reisman lived 1897 to 1961. Schwartz lived 1900 to 1984.

Ann Ronell [Ronell, Ann] composer USA 1932 Willow Weep for Me [1932] She lived 1908 to 1993.

Damon Runyan [Runyan, Damon] or Damon Runyon [Runyon, Damon] novelist/essayist USA 1932 Guys and Dolls [1932] He lived 1884 to 1946.

Othmar Spann [Spann, Othmar] philosopher Hungary/Germany 1932 Historical Philosophy [1932] He lived 1878 to 1950 and advocated organized state {ständestaat}.

Ned Washington [Washington, Ned]/George Bassman [Bassman, George] lyricist/composer USA 1932 I'm Getting Sentimental Over You [1932] Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Bassman lived 1914 to 1997. It was Tommy Dorsey's theme song and was instrumental.

Ned Washington [Washington, Ned]/Victor Young [Young, Victor]/Bing Crosby [Crosby, Bing] lyricist/composer USA 1932 I Don't Stand A Ghost of a Chance with You or A Ghost of a Chance [1932] Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Young lived 1899 to 1956. Crosby lived 1903 to 1977.

Johnny Weismuller [Weismuller, Johnny]/Maureen O'Sullivan [O'Sullivan, Maureen] actor USA 1932 Tarzan [1932] Weismuller lived 1904 to 1984. O'Sullivan lived 1911 to 1998.

Mae West [West, Mae]/George Raft [Raft, George] actor USA 1932 Night after Night [1932] West lived 1893 to 1980. Raft lived 1895 to 1980.

Joseph Yasser [Yasser, Joseph] composer USA 1932 Theory of Evolving Tonality [1932: divided equally tempered whole tone into 100 parts] He lived 1893 to 1981 and composed electronic music.

Joe Young [Young, Joe]/Little Jack Little/John Siras [Siras, John] lyricist/composer USA 1932 In a Shanty in Old Shanty Town [1932: from The Crooner] Young lived 1889 to 1939. Little lived 1899 to 1956.

Erskine Caldwell [Caldwell, Erskine] novelist USA 1932 to 1933 Tobacco Road [1932]; God's Little Acre [1933] He lived 1903 to 1987.

Edgar Yipsel Harburg [Harburg, Edgar Yipsel] or Yip Harburg [Harburg, Yip]/Vernon Duke [Duke, Vernon] lyricist/composer USA 1932 to 1934 April in Paris [1932: from Walk a Little Faster]; What Is There to Say [1934]; Autumn in New York [1934: from Thumbs Up]; I Like the Likes of You [1934: from Ziegfeld Follies] Harburg lived 1898 to 1981. Duke lived 1903 to 1969.

Busby Berkeley [Berkeley, Busby] director/producer USA 1932 to 1935 Ziegfield Girl; Broadway Serenade; Footlight Parade; For Me and My Gal; Forty Second Street [1932]; Goldiggers of 1935 [1935] He lived 1895 to 1976.

Heinrich Schenker [Schenker, Heinrich] psychologist Germany 1932 to 1935 Five Graphic Music Analyses [1932]; Free Composition [1935] He lived 1868 to 1935. Some notes and chords are musical structural bases {Schenkerian analysis}. Other notes and chords are elaboration and ornamentation patterns.

Laura Ingalls Wilder [Wilder, Laura Ingalls] writer USA 1932 to 1935 Little House in the Big Wood [1932]; Farmer Boy [1933]; Little House on the Prairie [1935] She lived 1867 to 1957.

Benjamin Cardozo [Cardozo, Benjamin] judge USA 1932 to 1938 Nature of the Judicial Process [1921] He lived 1870 to 1938 and was Supreme Court Associate Justice [1932 to 1938].

Lewis Milestone [Milestone, Lewis] director Ukraine/USA 1932 to 1938 Rain [1932: with Joan Crawford. remake of Sadie Thompson]; Of Mice and Men [1938] He lived 1895 to 1980.

Leo Robin [Robin, Leo]/Ralph Rainger [Rainger, Ralph] composer USA 1932 to 1938 Here Lies Love [1932]; Love in Bloom [1934: from the film She Loves Me Not]; If I Should Lose You [1935: from Rose of the Rancho]; Blue Hawaii [1936: from the film Waikiki Wedding]; Thanks for the Memory [1938: from the film The Big Broadcast of 1938] Robin lived 1895 to 1984. Rainger lived 1901 to 1942.

Paul Muni [Muni, Paul] actor Austria/USA 1932 to 1939 I am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang [1932]; Scarface [1932]; Story of Louis Pasteur [1935]; Life of Émile Zola [1937]; Juarez [1939] He lived 1895 to 1967.

Sergei Lvovich Sobolev [Sobolev, Sergei Lvovich] mathematician Russia 1932 to 1939 He lived 1920 to 1990 and developed generalized-function spaces [1932].

John McGeoch [McGeoch, John] psychologist USA 1932 to 1942 Psychology of Human Learning [1942] He lived 1897 to 1942. Long-term memories do not change or weaken over time [1932].

Hermann Goering [Goering, Hermann] leader Germany 1932 to 1945 He lived 1893 to 1946, was Nazi president of Reichstag [1932], founded Gestapo secret police [1935], and controlled economy. He planned German air war for World War II.

Lois Lenski [Lenski, Lois] writer USA 1932 to 1945 Little Auto [1932: picture book about Mr. Small]; Phebe Fairchild, Her Book [1936]; Indian Captive, The Story of Mary Jemison [1941]; Bayou Suzette [1943: about girl in Louisiana]; Strawberry Girl [1945: about girl in Florida] She lived 1893 to 1974.

J. Robert Oppenheimer [Oppenheimer, J. Robert] physicist USA 1932 to 1945 He lived 1904 to 1967 and developed the Born-Oppenheimer relation between molecular rotation, vibration, and electronic structure [1932]. He and Hartland Snyder used general relativity to describe black holes [1939]. He and G. M. Volkov found mass limit {Landau-Oppenheimer-Volkov limit, Oppenheimer} for making black holes instead of neutron stars, 2.5 times Sun mass [1939]. He led Manhattan Project [1945].

John von Neumann [Neumann, John von] inventor Hungary/USA 1932 to 1946 EDVAC electronic digital computer design [1946] He lived 1903 to 1957. He showed that entanglement and non-locality do not send information faster than light speed [1932].

Edward Chase Tolman [Tolman, Edward Chase] psychologist USA 1932 to 1950 Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men [1932]; Organism and the Causal Texture of the Environment [1935] He lived 1886 to 1959 and developed a behavioral learning theory that did not rely on reflexes. He studied hypothesis formation and reward expectance in animal learning. He studied spatial orientation and cognitive maps [1950]. He studied latent learning and sign-gestalt theory [Tolman, 1935].

Anton Semyonovitch Makarenko [Makarenko, Anton Semyonovitch] or Antón Semionovich Makarenko [Makarenko, Antón Semionovich] educator Russia 1932 to 1951 Road to Life [1932] He lived 1888 to 1939. Children need security. Collective organization provides security to individual and develops sense of obligation to other people in the collective. Individuals must feel that they have freely chosen to become part of the collective. In return for collective support, collective makes demands on individual. One goal is self-discipline. Teachers must balance kindness and severity to fulfill their responsibility to teach self-discipline. Children have responsibility to learn. Students organize into detachments, each with student leader. Students and detachments are responsible for running school. Students perform work and participate in cultural activities.

Linus Pauling [Pauling, Linus] chemist USA 1932 to 1951 He lived 1901 to 1994 and studied electronegativity [1932] and protein structure [1951].

Melanie Klein [Klein, Melanie] psychoanalyst Britain 1932 to 1952 Psychoanalysis of Children [1932]; Developments in Psycho-Analysis [1952] She lived 1882 to 1960 and developed an infantile development theory, as a psychoanalysis variant. Even infants have emotions like love, fear, hate, and concern. By observing play, people can know normal and abnormal child behavior patterns and emotional states. Object-relations between infant and parent can change at either of two stages {object-relations school}. Disturbances in first stage, pre-oedipal period before age two {paranoid- schizoid position}, lead to paranoia or schizophrenia. Children want self-survival and need love and attachment to emotional object but project death-wishes on emotional objects. Personality splitting, idealization, projection, and introjection are defense mechanisms. Disturbances in second stage, oedipal period from age two to five {depressive position}, lead to depression. Children realize that mother is a whole and separate person. Children want that mother remain an emotional object. Envy or anger can cause children to wish damage or destruction on objects. Children can identify with emotional objects in both stages, and feelings in first stage affect feelings in second stage. Three-person family relationships, two-person relationships {attachment, Klein} {therapist-patient}, and one-person creativity require different descriptions. Two-person relationships involve transference from one person to the other and projection and introjection defense mechanisms.

Julian Huxley [Huxley, Julian] biologist England 1932 to 1953 Problems of Relative Growth [1932]; Evolution, the Modern Synthesis [1942]; Evolution in Action [1953] He lived 1887 to 1975 and developed cladistics. Organism characteristics are clade units that determine classes and hierarchies. Organisms have homologies, and cladogram nodes represent shared homologies. Cladistics can use property absences.

Ibn Saud king Saudi Arabia 1932 to 1953 He lived 1880 to 1953. As king of Nejd, he took Hejaz region of Arabia [1925] and created Saudi Arabia [1932 to 1953].

Ilya Ehrenberg [Ehrenberg, Ilya] writer Russia 1932 to 1954 Street in Moscow [1932]; Thaw [1954] He lived 1891 to 1967.

Alfred Eisenstadt [Eisenstadt, Alfred] photographer USA 1932 to 1954 He lived 1898 to 1995.

Aldous Huxley [Huxley, Aldous] novelist England 1932 to 1954 Chrome Yellow [1921]; Point Counter Point [1928]; Brave New World [1932]; Eyeless in Gaza [1936]; Doors of Perception [1954: essay] He lived 1894 to 1963.

Jacques Lacan [Lacan, Jacques] psychoanalyst Paris, France 1932 to 1968 On paranoid psychosis and its relationships with personality [1932]; Seminar of Jacques Lacan [1953 to 1960]; Language of the Self: The Function of Language in Psychoanalysis [1968] He lived 1901 to 1981 and interpreted Freud by comparing unconscious to language structures. Spoken language creates person.

Allan Nevins [Nevins, Allan] historian USA 1932 to 1971 Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage [1932]; Hamilton Fish: The Inner History of the Grant Administration [1936]; Ordeal of the Union [1947 to 1971] He lived 1890 to 1971.

Sean O'Faolain [O'Faolain, Sean] or John Whelan [Whelan, John] essayist Ireland 1932 to 1971 Midsummer Night Madness [1932]; Man Who Invented Sin [1948]; Heat of the Sun [1966]; Talking Trees [1971] He lived 1900 to 1991.

Aleksandr Romanovich Luria [Luria, Aleksandr Romanovich] psychologist Russia 1932 to 1980 Nature of Human Conflicts [1932]; Role of Speech in the Regulation of Normal and Abnormal Behavior [1961]; Higher Cortical Functions in Man [1962]; Mind of a Mnemonist [1968]; Traumatic Aphasia [1970]; Working Brain [1973]; Man with a Shattered World; Basic Problems in Neurolinguistics [1976] He lived 1902 to 1977 and studied emotional-stress effects on human motor reactions. He studied eidetic imagery [Luria, 1980].

Harold Adamson [Adamson, Harold]/Burton Lane [Lane, Burton] composer USA 1933 Everything I Have Is Yours [1933: from Dancing Lady] Adamson lived 1906 to 1980. Lane lived 1912 to 1997.

Hervey Allen [Allen, Hervey] novelist USA 1933 Anthony Adverse [1933] He lived 1889 to 1949.

Wallace Beery [Beery, Wallace]/Jean Harlow [Harlow, Jean] actor USA 1933 Dinner at Eight [1933] Beery lived 1885 to 1949. Harlow lived 1911 to 1937.

Joe Bishop [Bishop, Joe]/Isham Jones [Jones, Isham] composer USA 1933 Blue Prelude [1933: from Tuba Player] Bishop lived 1907 to 1976. Jones lived 1894 to 1956.

Irving Caesar [Caesar, Irving] composer USA 1933 If I Forget You [1933] He lived 1895 to 1986.

James Cavanaugh [Cavanaugh, James]/Frank Weldon [Weldon, Frank] lyricist/composer USA 1933 I Like Mountain Music [1933] Cavanaugh lived 1892 to 1967.

Ann Ronell [Ronell, Ann]/Frank Churchill [Churchill, Frank] lyricist/composer England 1933 Whose Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf? [1933: in the movie The Three Little Pigs] Churchill lived 1901 to 1942. Ronell lived 1906 to 1993.

Marlene Dietrich [Dietrich, Marlene]/Emil Jannings [Jannings, Emil] actor USA 1933 Blue Angel [1933] Dietrich lived 1901 to 1992. Jannings lived 1884 to 1950.

Marie Dressler [Dressler, Marie]/Wallace Beery [Beery, Wallace]/Robert Young [Young, Robert]/Maureen O'Sullivan [O'Sullivan, Maureen] actor USA 1933 Tugboat Annie [1933] Dressler lived 1869 to 1934. Beery lived 1885 to 1949. Young lived 1907 to 1998. O'Sullivan lived 1911 to 1998.

Jimmy Durante [Durante, Jimmy]/Ben Ryan [Ryan, Ben]/Harry Donnelly [Donnelly, Harry] composer USA 1933 Inka-Dinka-Doo [1933: also in the film Two Girls and a Sailor, 1944, sung by Jimmy Durante] Durante lived 1893 to 1980.

Edward Eliscu [Eliscu, Edward]/Gus Kahn [Kahn, Gus]/Vincent Youmans [Youmans, Vincent] composer USA 1933 Carioca or Rio de Janeiroan [1933: from the film Flying Down to Rio]; Flying Down to Rio [1933: from Flying Down to Rio]; Orchids in the Moonlight [1933: from Flying Down to Rio]; Music Makes Me [1933: from Flying Down to Rio] Eliscu lived 1902 to 1998. Kahn lived 1886 to 1941. Youmans lived 1898 to 1946.

Marjorie Flack [Flack, Marjorie] writer USA 1933 Story of Ping [1933] She lived 1897 to 1958.

Clark Gable [Gable, Clark]/Jean Harlow [Harlow, Jean] actor USA 1933 Hold Your Man [1933] Gable lived 1901 to 1960. Harlow lived 1911 to 1937.

Otto Harbach [Harbach, Otto]/Jerome Kern [Kern, Jerome] lyricist/composer USA 1933 Roberta [1933: musical, including Smoke Gets in Your Eyes and Lovely to Look At]; Smoke Gets in Your Eyes [1933: from Roberta] Harburg lived 1873 to 1963. Kern lived 1985 to 1945.

Max Kester [Kester, Max]/Ray Noble [Noble, Ray] composer USA 1933 Love Looked Out [1933] Noble lived 1903 to 1978.

Heinrich Klüver [Klüver, Heinrich] psychologist Germany/USA 1933 Behavior Mechanisms in Monkeys [1933] He lived 1897 to 1979 and discovered Klüver-Bucy syndrome, with Paul Bucy.

Alfred Korzybski [Korzybski, Alfred] linguist USA 1933 Science and Sanity [1933] He lived 1879 to 1950 and developed General Semantics, with Hayakawa.

Irving Mills [Mills, Irving]/Edgar Sampson [Sampson, Edgar] composer USA 1933 Blue Lou [1933] Mills lived 1894 to 1985. Sampson lived 1907 to 1973.

Bennie Moten [Moten, Bennie] composer USA 1933 Moten Swing [1933] He lived 1894 to 1935.

Jack P. Murray [Murray, Jack P.]/Ben Oakland [Oakland, Ben] lyricist/composer USA 1933 If I Love Again [1933] Oakland lived 1907 to 1979.

Jerzy Neyman [Neyman, Jerzy] mathematician USA 1933 He lived 1894 to 1981 and invented Neyman-Pearson hypothesis-testing theory [1933].

Lars Onsager [Onsager, Lars] physicist Norway/USA 1933 He lived 1903 to 1976 and studied irreversible thermodynamics [1933]. He symmetrically related non-equilibrium- system forward and backward molecular processes {reciprocity relation}, such as osmosis and reverse osmosis or heating and thermocoupling.

Karl Pearson [Pearson, Karl] mathematician USA 1933 He lived 1857 to 1936 and invented Neyman-Pearson hypothesis-testing theory [1933].

Lionel Sharples Penrose [Penrose, Lionel Sharples] physician Britain 1933 Biology of Mental Defect [1933] He lived 1898 to 1972 and studied mental deficiency and genetics of Down's syndrome and epiloia or tuberous sclerosis. Maternal age increases children's Down's syndrome, but paternal age does not. Subnormality is not qualitatively different than normal intelligence. Mental deficiency has many factors and causes, and people can perform well on some factors. Mental deficiency is more common in parents and relatives of people with IQ 50 or above than it is in parents of people with IQ lower than 50.

Bernice Petkere [Petkere, Bernice] composer USA 1933 Close Your Eyes [1933] She lived 1902 to 2000.

Claude Rains [Rains, Claude] actor England/USA 1933 Invisible Man [1933] He lived 1889 to 1967.

Leo Reisman [Reisman, Leo]/Harold Arlen [Arlen, Harold] lyricist/composer USA 1933 Stormy Weather [1933: from Cotton Club Revue] Reisman lived 1897 to 1961. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986.

Billy Rose [Rose, Billy]/Edgar Yipsel Harburg [Harburg, Edgar Yipsel] or Yip Harburg [Harburg, Yip]/Harold Arlen [Arlen, Harold] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1933 It's Only a Paper Moon [1933] Rose lived 1899 to 1966. Harburg lived 1898 to 1981. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986.

Ignazio Silone [Silone, Ignazio] or Secondino Tranquilli writer Italy 1933 Fontamara [1933] He lived 1900 to 1978.

Lytton Strachey [Strachey, Lytton] writer England 1933 Characters and Commentaries [1933] He lived 1880 to 1932.

Marty Symes [Symes, Marty]/Al J. Neiburg [Neiburg, Al J.]/Jerry Livingston [Livingston, Jerry] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1933 It's the Talk of the Town [1933]; Under a Blanket of Blue [1933] Symes lived 1904 to 1953. Livingston lived 1909 to 1987.

Ned Washington [Washington, Ned]/Joe Young [Young, Joe]/Victor Young [Young, Victor] lyricist/composer USA 1933 Hundred Years from Today [1933: from Lew Leslie's Blackbirds of 1933] Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Joe Young lived 1889 to 1939. Victor Young lived 1899 to 1956.

Fay Wray [Wray, Fay] actor Canada/USA 1933 King Kong [1933] She lived 1907 to 2004.

Arthur Johnston [Johnston, Arthur]/Sam Coslow [Coslow, Sam] composer USA 1933 to 1934 Moon Song [1933: from Hello Everybody]; My Old Flame [1934: from Belle of the Nineties] Johnston lived 1898 to 1954. Coslow lived 1900 to 1982.

Moritz Schlick [Schlick, Moritz] philosopher Austria 1933 to 1934 Problems of Philosophy in their Interconnection [1933 to 1934] He lived 1882 to 1936 and founded Vienna Circle of Logical Positivism.

Leonard Bloomfield [Bloomfield, Leonard] linguist USA 1933 to 1935 Language [1933]; Stressed Vowels of American English [1935] He lived 1887 to 1949 and was main developer of immediate constituent grammar and constituent structure.

Al Dubin [Dubin, Al]/Harry Warren [Warren, Harry] lyricist/composer USA 1933 to 1935 42nd Street or Forty-Second Street [1933: from the film 42nd Street]; Forty-Second Street [1933]; We're in the Money [1933: from the film Gold Diggers of 1933]; I Only Have Eyes for You [1934: from Dames]; (You May Not Be An Angel But) I'll String Along with You [1934]; Gold Diggers of 1935 [1935: film]; Lullaby of Broadway [1935: from the film Gold Diggers of 1935]; Lady in the Tutti-Frutti Hat or Gang's All Here [1943: from the film The Gang's All Here] Dubin lived 1891 to 1945. Warren lived 1893 to 1981.

Francis Bitter [Bitter, Francis] physicist USA 1933 to 1936 He lived 1902 to 1967 and studied magnetism, developing resistive magnets [1933 to 1936] of stacked copper plates {Bitter plate}.

Dorothy Fields [Fields, Dorothy]/Jerome Kern [Kern, Jerome] lyricist/composer USA 1933 to 1936 Roberta [1933]; Swing Time [1936]; Pick Yourself Up [1936: from the film Swing Time]; Way You Look Tonight [1936: from the film Swing Time]; A Fine Romance [1936: from the film Swing Time] Kern lived 1985 to 1945. Fields lived 1905 to 1974.

Wilhelm Reich [Reich, Wilhelm] philosopher Austria 1933 to 1936 Character Analysis [1933]; Mass Psychology of Fascism [1933]; Sexual Revolution [1936] He lived 1897 to 1957. Illness can result from society's repression and authoritarianism. Individuals can act to protect themselves from such society and so imprison spontaneous tendencies {bio-energy}, which normally require freedom and expression. Confined bio-energy can cause tension and illness. People express tension in faces and bodies. People choose behaviors that protect {character armor} {muscular armor} them from their own or others' anxiety or anger. Energy fills universe and can heal {orgone theory}.

Wilf Carter [Carter, Wilf] or Montana Slim composer/singer Canada 1933 to 1937 My Swiss Moonlight Lullaby [1933]; Capture of Albert Johnson [1933] He lived 1904 to 2006.

Leon Moisseiff [Moisseiff, Leon]/Charles Alton Ellis [Ellis, Charles Alton] architect San Francisco, California 1933 to 1937 Golden Gate Bridge [1933 to 1937: steel suspension bridge has span of 1300 meters] Moisseiff lived 1872 to 1943. Ellis lived 1876 to 1949.

Fritz Zwicky [Zwicky, Fritz] astronomer Germany 1933 to 1937 He lived 1898 to 1974. Coma-cluster galaxies move so fast that the cluster would dissipate, so there must be more mass there [1933]. Gravitational lensing can test relativity, magnify distant objects, and find missing matter [1937].

Osamu Dazai [Dazai, Osamu] or Tsushima Shuji [Shuji, Tsushima] writer Japan 1933 to 1939 Seascape with Figures in Gold [1939]; OMOIDE [1933] He lived 1909 to 1948.

Ray Noble [Noble, Ray] composer England/USA 1933 to 1939 I Hadn't Anyone 'Till You [1933]; Very Thought of You [1934]; Cherokee [1939] He lived 1903 to 1978.

Nathanael West [West, Nathanael] or Nathan Weinstein [Weinstein, Nathan] novelist USA 1933 to 1939 Miss Lonelyhearts [1933]; Day of the Locust [1939] He lived 1903 to 1940.

Moss Hart [Hart, Moss]/Irving Berlin [Berlin, Irving] lyricist/composer USA 1933 to 1940 As Thousands Cheer [1933: musical] Hart lived 1904 to 1961.

W. C. Fields [Fields, W. C.] or William Claude Dukenfield [Dukenfield, William Claude] actor USA 1933 to 1941 Alice in Wonderland [1933]; You Can't Cheat an Honest Man [1933]; David Copperfield [1936]; Bank Dick [1940]; Never Give a Sucker an Even Break [1941] He lived 1904 to 1946.

Ansel Adams [Adams, Ansel] photographer USA 1933 to 1942 He lived 1902 to 1984 and took nature photographs.

Dorothea Lange [Lange, Dorothea] photographer USA 1933 to 1942 She lived 1895 to 1965 and took farm-worker photographs.

Joseph Goebbels [Goebbels, Joseph] propagandist Germany 1933 to 1945 He lived 1897 to 1945.

Adolf Hitler [Hitler, Adolf] or Der Führer chancellor Germany 1933 to 1945 He lived 1889 to 1945 and was National Socialist (Nazi). Hindenburg named him chancellor [1932]. He gained absolute power by outlawing Communists after blaming them for setting fire to Reichstag legislature [1934]. He rearmed Germany and allied with Italy [1936]. Munich Pact gave Germany Czechoslovakia [1937]. He set up totalitarian state that emphasized anti-Semitism. Concentration camps killed five million people. He started World War II [1939] with blitzkrieg through Poland, Belgium, and France. He lost Battle of Britain in air [1940]. He bogged down in Russia [1941]. He committed suicide [1945] in Berlin.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt [Roosevelt, Franklin Delano] president USA 1933 to 1945 New Deal [1933] He lived 1882 to 1945. Before 1933, the 32nd president recovered from polio and became governor of New York. In 1933, he declared bank holiday, set up many public agencies to hire unemployed and use natural resources, and began New Deal policies with many new laws. He had Brain Trust of economic advisors: Henry Wallace, Harry Hopkins, and Henry Morgenthau. He tried to reorganize Supreme Court [1937]. He set up Lend-Lease plan to supply Britain [1940]. He attended Allied conferences. He declared four human rights or Four Freedoms [1941]: freedom of expression and religion and freedom from want and fear. His wife was the humanitarian Eleanor Roosevelt.

Walt Disney [Disney, Walt] director USA 1933 to 1950 Three Little Pigs [1933: cartoon]; Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs [1937: cartoon]; Ugly Duckling [1938: cartoon]; Sleeping Beauty [1939: cartoon]; Fantasia [1940: cartoon]; Pinocchio [1940: cartoon]; Cinderella [1950: cartoon] He lived 1901 to 1966.

Mervyn LeRoy [LeRoy, Mervyn] director USA 1933 to 1950 Grand Slam [1933]; Escape [1940: with Norma Shearer, Robert Taylor, Conrad Veidt]; Quo Vadis [1950] He lived 1900 to 1987.

Clifford Odets [Odets, Clifford] playwright USA 1933 to 1950 Awake and Sing [1933]; Waiting for Lefty [1935]; Golden Boy [1937]; Country Girl [1950] He lived 1906 to 1963.

Mae West [West, Mae] actor USA 1933 to 1950 She Done Him Wrong [1933]; Diamond Lil; I'm No Angel She lived 1892 to 1980.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael, Hoagy] lyricist/composer USA 1933 to 1951 Lazybones [1933]; Skylark [1944]; How Little We Know [1944]; How Little We Know [1945: from the film To Have and Have Not]; In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening [1951: from the movie Here Comes the Groom] Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.

Stephen Spender [Spender, Stephen] poet England 1933 to 1951 Poems [1933]; World Within World [1951] He lived 1909 to 1995.

Clark Leonard Hull [Hull, Clark Leonard] psychologist USA 1933 to 1952 Hypnosis and Suggestibility [1933]; Mathematico-Deductive Theory of Rote Learning [1940]; Principles of Behavior [1943]; Behavior System [1952] He lived 1884 to 1952, was behaviorist {neobehaviorism}, studied hypnosis, and measured attitudes. He studied behavior segments, continuity learning theory, drive reduction, primary needs, and secondary needs [Hull, 1943].

Fred Astaire [Astaire, Fred] or Frederick Austerlitz [Austerlitz, Frederick] ballroom dancer USA 1933 to 1955 Flying Down To Rio [1933: with Ginger Rogers]; Gay Divorcee [1934: with Ginger Rogers]; Top Hat [1935: with Ginger Rogers] He lived 1899 to 1987.

George Cukor [Cukor, George] director USA 1933 to 1957 Little Women [1933: Katherine Hepburn acted]; David Copperfield [1935: W. C. Fields acted and David O. Selznick produced]; Born Yesterday [1950: Judy Holliday, Broderick Crawford, and William Holden acted. Garson Kanin wrote]; Marrying Kind [1952: Judy Holliday and Aldo Ray acted]; Actress [1953: Spencer Tracy and Jean Simmons acted]; Star is Born [1954: Judy Garland and James Mason acted]; Les Girls [1957: Gene Kelly and Mitzi Gaynor acted] He lived 1899 to 1983.

Frank Capra [Capra, Frank] director Italy/USA 1933 to 1959 Lady for a Day [1933]; It Happened One Night [1934: Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert acted]; Mr. Deeds goes to Town [1936]; Lost Horizon [1937: Jane Wyatt and Ronald Colman acted]; Mr. Smith goes to Washington [1938: James Stewart and Claude Rains acted]; It's a Wonderful Life [1950: James Stewart acted]; Hole in the Head [1959: Frank Sinatra and Edward G. Robinson acted] He lived 1897 to 1991.

Max Steiner [Steiner, Max] composer Austria/USA 1933 to 1959 King Kong [1933]; Gone with the Wind [1939]; Tara's Theme [1939: from the film Gone with the Wind]; Gay Divorcee [1934]; Summer Place [1959: Percy Faith arranged later] He lived 1888 to 1971.

John Steinbeck [Steinbeck, John] novelist USA 1933 to 1961 Red Pony [1933 and 1937]; Tortilla Flat [1935]; Cannery Row [1937]; Of Mice and Men [1937]; Grapes of Wrath [1939]; Moon Is Down [1941]; East of Eden [1952]; Winter of Our Discontent [1961] He lived 1902 to 1968.

Louis Flexner [Flexner, Louis] biologist USA 1933 to 1963 Some problems of the origin, circulation, and absorption of the cerebrospinal fluid [1933]; Chemistry and Nature of the Cerebrospinal Fluid [1934]; Memory in mice as affected by intracerebral puromycin [1963: with J. B. Flexner and E. Stellar] He lived 1902 to 1996. Long-term memory needs protein synthesis.

Andrei N. Kolmogorov [Kolmogorov, Andrei N.] mathematician Russia 1933 to 1965 Foundations of Probability [1933]; General theory of dynamical systems and [1954] He lived 1903 to 1987, invented Kolmogorov probability, and developed measure theory [1965]. System-complexity measures {algorithmic complexity, Kolmogorov} {Kolmogorov complexity, Kolmogorov} {algorithmic information content, Kolmogorov} can be number of bits for smallest program that can run on universal Turing machines and produce same output. In turbulence, low frequencies transfer energy to higher frequencies throughout fluid.

Theodor W. Adorno [Adorno, Theodor W.] psychologist Frankfurt, Germany 1933 to 1966 Kierkegaard: Construction of the Aesthetic [1933]; Against Epistemology: A Metacritique [1937]; Dialectic of the Enlightenment [1947: with Max Horkheimer]; Minimum Morals [1951]; Jargon of Authenticity [1965]; Negative Dialectics [1966] He lived 1903 to 1969, was of Frankfurt School, and studied authoritarian personality. He used dialectical thinking to negate other's ideas. Aesthetics Art is not social or political. It is illusion and expresses freedom. Ethics People can have middle-class values, condemn value violators, apply values absolutely, emphasize power and authority, deny sexual motives, believe others have strong sexual motives, tend to exploit others, have feelings of being exploited, use stereotyped thinking, and use projection defense mechanism {authoritarian personality, Adorno}. Metaphysics Something mediates everything. Nothing is absolute. Reality has things that people cannot conceive.

Wassily Leontief [Leontief, Wassily] economist USA 1933 to 1966 Use of Indifference Curves in the Analysis of Foreign Trade [1933]; Structure of the American Economy, 1919-1939 [1941]; Pure Theory of the Guaranteed Annual Wage Contract [1946]; Input-Output Economics [1966] He lived 1906 to 1999 and studied input-output analysis. USA exports labor-intense goods and imports capital- intensive goods {Leontief paradox} [1953]. It is because USA had trade surplus.

Everett Dirksen [Dirksen, Everett] senator USA 1933 to 1969 He lived 1896 to 1969 and was moderate Republican leader.

Earl Stanley Gardner [Gardner, Earl Stanley] novelist USA 1933 to 1970 Case of the Sulky Girl [1933] He lived 1889 to 1970 and wrote Perry Mason detective novels.

Max Black [Black, Max] linguist /England/USA 1933 to 1983 Nature of Mathematics [1933]; Language and Philosophy [1949]; Metaphor [1955]; Models and Metaphors [1962]; More about Metaphor [1979: in Metaphor and Thought]; Prevalence of Humbug [1983] He lived 1909 to 1988. Models and metaphors are similar in purpose and use. Different people interpret metaphors in different ways {interaction theory}.

William Beebe [Beebe, William] geologist USA 1934 He lived 1877 to 1962 and went 1000 meters below sea level in bathysphere [1934].

Ruth Fulton Benedict [Benedict, Ruth Fulton] anthropologist USA 1934 Patterns of Culture [1934] She lived 1887 to 1948 and studied cultural relativism, northwest USA Indians, and southwest USA Indians.

Brooks Bowman [Bowman, Brooks] composer USA 1934 East of the Sun and West of the Moon [1934] He lived 1913 to 1937.

Lew Brown [Brown, Lew]/Wladimir Timm [Timm, Wladimir]/Jaromir Vejvoda [Vejvoda, Jaromir]/Vasek Zeman [Zeman, Vasek] lyricist/composer Poland/USA 1934 Beer Barrel Polka or Roll Out the Barrel or Skoda Lasky [1934] Brown lived 1893 to 1958.

Louis Destouches [Destouches, Louis] or Celine novelist France 1934 Death on the Installment Plan [1934] He lived 1894 to 1961.

Sidney Clare [Clare, Sidney]/Richard A. Whiting [Whiting, Richard A.] lyricist/composer USA 1934 On the Good Ship Lollipop [1934: from the film Bright Eyes] Clare lived 1892 to 1972. Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Sidney Crane [Crane, Sidney]/Richard A. Whiting [Whiting, Richard A.] composer USA 1934 On the Good Ship Lollipop [1934: from the movie Bright Eyes] Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Robert Graves [Graves, Robert] novelist England 1934 I, Claudius [1934] He lived 1895 to 1985.

Maria Grever [Grever, Maria]/Stanley Adams [Adams, Stanley] lyricist/composer USA 1934 What a Difference a Day Makes [1934] Adams lived 1914 to 1994.

Robert Hargreaves [Hargreaves, Robert]/Stanley Damerell [Damerell, Stanley]/Tolchard Evans [Evans, Tolchard] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1934 If [1934] Evans lived 1901 to 1978.

Edward Heyman [Heyman, Edward]/Oscar Levant [Levant, Oscar] lyricist/composer USA 1934 Blame It on My Youth [1934] Heyman lived 1907 to 1981. Levant lived 1906 to 1972.

Will Hudson [Hudson, Will]/Eddie DeLange [DeLange, Eddie]/Irving Mills [Mills, Irving] composer USA 1934 Moonglow [1934] Hudson lived 1908 to 1981. DeLange lived 1904 to 1949. Mills lived 1894 to 1985.

Gordon Jenkins [Jenkins, Gordon]/Bernard Hanighen [Hanighen, Bernard] lyricist/composer USA 1934 When a Woman Loves a Man [1934] Jenkins lived 1910 to 1984. Hanighen lived 1908 to 1976.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah [Jinnah, Muhammad Ali] leader India 1934 He lived 1876 to 1948 and led Moslem League.

Carl Laemmle [Laemmle, Carl] director Germany/USA 1934 Phantom of the Opera [1934] He lived 1867 to 1939.

Sammy Lerner [Lerner, Sammy]/Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael, Hoagy] lyricist/composer USA 1934 Judy [1934] Lerner lived 1903 to 1989. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.

Sammy Lerner [Lerner, Sammy] composer USA 1934 I'm Popeye the Sailor Man [1934: from Popeye cartoon series] He lived 1903 to 1989.

Edgar Leslie [Leslie, Edgar]/Fred Ahlert [Ahlert, Fred] lyricist/composer USA 1934 Moon Was Yellow [1934] Leslie lived 1885 to 1976. Ahlert lived 1892 to 1953.

Hamilton MacFadden [MacFadden, Hamilton] director USA 1934 Stand Up and Cheer [1934] He lived 1901 to ?.

André Malraux [Malraux, André] novelist France 1934 Man's Fate or La Condition Humaine [1934] He lived 1901 to 1976.

Grace Moore [Moore, Grace] actor USA 1934 One Night of Love [1934] She lived 1901 to 1953.

Mitchell Parish [Parish, Mitchell] or Mitchell Parrish [Parrish, Mitchell]/Frank Perkins [Perkins, Frank] composer USA/England 1934 Stars Fell on Alabama [1934] Parish lived 1900 to 1993. Perkins lived 1889 to 1967.

Andy Razaf [Razaf, Andy]/Chick Webb [Webb, Chick]/Benny Goodman [Goodman, Benny]/Edgar Sampson [Sampson, Edgar] composer USA 1934 Stompin' at the Savoy [1934] Razaf lived 1895 to 1973. Webb lived 1905 to 1939. Goodman lived 1909 to 1986. Sampson lived 1907 to 1973.

William Saroyan [Saroyan, William] essayist/novelist USA 1934 Man on the Flying Trapeze [1934] He lived 1908 to 1981.

Norma Shearer [Shearer, Norma]/Fredric March [March, Fredric] actor USA 1934 Barretts of Wimpole Street [1934] Shearer lived 1902 to 1983. March lived 1897 to 1975.

Mikhail Sholokhov [Sholokhov, Mikhail] novelist Russia 1934 Quiet Flows the Don [1934] He lived 1905 to 1984.

Richard B. Smith [Smith, Richard B.]/Felix Bernard [Bernard, Felix] lyricist/composer USA 1934 Winter Wonderland [1934] Smith lived 1901 to 1935. Bernard lived 1897 to 1944.

Dana Suesse [Suesse, Dana]/Edward Heyman [Heyman, Edward] lyricist/composer USA 1934 You Oughta Be in Pictures [1934] Suesse lived 1909 to 1987. Heyman lived 1907 to 1981.

Pamela Lyndon [Travers, Pamela Lyndon] writer England 1934 Mary Poppins [1934: books] She lived 1899 to 1996.

Stanislaw Jaskowski [Jaskowski, Stanislaw] mathematician Poland 1934 to 1936 He lived 1906 to 1965 and invented natural deduction and worked with infinite-valued logic [1934 to 1936].

William Powell [Powell, William]/Myrna Loy [Loy, Myrna] actor USA 1934 to 1936 Thin Man [1934]; After the Thin Man [1936] Powell lived 1892 to 1984. Loy lived 1905 to 1993.

Oskar Lange [Lange, Oskar] economist Poland 1934 to 1937 Notes on the Determinateness of the Utility Function [1934]; On the Economic Theory of Socialism [1936 to 1937] He lived 1904 to 1965 and advocated market socialism.

Gregorio Lopez y Fuentes [Lopez y Fuentes, Gregorio] writer Mexico 1934 to 1937 Mi General! or My General! [1934]; El Indio or The Indian [1937] He lived 1895 to 1966.

Haven Gillespie [Gillespie, Haven]/J. Fred Coots [Coots, J. Fred] lyricist/composer USA 1934 to 1938 is Coming to Town [1934]; You Go to My Head [1938] Gillespie lived 1898 to 1975. Coots lived 1897 to 1985.

Benny Goodman [Goodman, Benny] clarinetist/bandleader USA 1934 to 1939 He lived 1909 to 1986 and played Swing.

Lazaro Cardenas [Cardenas, Lazaro] president Mexico 1934 to 1940 He lived 1895 to 1970 and started widespread reforms [1934 to 1940].

William Dieterle [Dieterle, William] director Germany/USA 1934 to 1940 Madame du Barry [1934]; Dr. Ehrlich's Magic Bullet [1940: with Edward G. Robinson]; Dispatch from Reuters [1940: with Eddie Albert] He lived 1893 to 1972.

Henry Miller [Miller, Henry] novelist USA 1934 to 1941 Tropic of Cancer [1934]; Tropic of Capricorn [1936]; Colossus of Maroussi [1941] He lived 1891 to 1980.

Isak Dinesen [Dinesen, Isak] or Karen Dinesen [Dinesen, Karen] essayist/novelist Denmark/Kenya 1934 to 1942 Seven Gothic Tales [1934: stories]; Out of Africa [1937: novel]; Winter's Tales [1942: stories] She lived 1885 to 1962.

Kurt Goldstein [Goldstein, Kurt] physician/psychiatrist Breslau, Germany/USA 1934 to 1944 Organism: a Holistic Approach to Biology [1934]; Human Nature in the Light of Psychopathology [1940]; After- effects of Brain Injuries in War: Their Evaluation and Treatment [1944] He lived 1878 to 1965 and studied aphasia and brain injury effects.

Fiorello La Guardia [La Guardia, Fiorello] mayor New York, New York 1934 to 1945 He lived 1882 to 1947 and led Fusion party {reform party}.

John B. Rhine [Rhine, John B.] psychologist USA 1934 to 1947 Extrasensory Perception [1934]; Reach of the Mind [1947] At Duke University, he was the father of parapsychology, did card guessing, and studied telepathy, clairvoyance, and psychokinesis {ESP experiment} [Rhine, 1934] [Rhine, 1947]. All his research is suspect, because his experimenters' suggestions caused positive results.

Bette Davis [Davis, Bette] actor USA 1934 to 1953 Of Human Bondage [1934]; Dark Victory [1939]; Now, Voyager [1942]; Star Is Born [1953] She lived 1908 to 1989.

George Wald [Wald, George] biologist USA 1934 to 1954 Original Life [1954] He lived 1906 to 1997, studied life's origin, and studied found retina vitamin A [1934].

Egon Brunswik [Brunswik, Egon] psychologist Austria/USA 1934 to 1955 Perception and Object [1934]; Perception and the Representative Design of Psychological Experiments [1956] He lived 1903 to 1955 and studied perception.

Agatha Christie [Christie, Agatha] novelist England 1934 to 1957 Murder on the Orient Express [1934]; Death on the Nile [1937]; Ten Little Niggers [1939: And Then There Were None]; Mousetrap [1948: mystery novel]; Witness for the Prosecution [1957: mystery novel] She lived 1890 to 1976.

Lewis Mumford [Mumford, Lewis] sociologist USA 1934 to 1961 Technics and Civilization [1934]; City in History [1961] He lived 1895 to 1988.

Ernest Nagel [Nagel, Ernest] philosopher Austria 1934 to 1961 Logic and Scientific Method [1934: with Morris R. Cohen]; Logic without Metaphysics [1956]; Gödel's Proof [1958: with James R. Newman]; Structure of Science [1961] He lived 1901 to 1985 and was Logical Positivist. Sciences reduce to physics by deduction {reductionism, Nagel}. Belief causes and belief justifications are separate. People often mix them {genetic fallacy}. People can also say that causes have no affect on truth {modal fallacy}. They go from "A is not necessarily B" to "A is necessarily not B." People rely on testimony and other reliable sources, as well as information-transfer methods.

Arnold Joseph Toynbee [Toynbee, Arnold Joseph] historian England 1934 to 1961 Study of History [1934 to 1961: 12 volumes] He lived 1889 to 1975.

Henry Moore [Moore, Henry] sculptor England 1934 to 1969 Recumbent Figure [1938]; Two Forms [1934 and 1969] He lived 1898 to 1986 and was Primevalist.

Pelham Grenville Wodehouse [Wodehouse, Pelham Grenville] essayist/humorist England 1934 to 1974 Jeeves and Wooster canon [1934 to 1974: four books] He lived 1904 to 1977.

Roger Tory Peterson [Peterson, Roger Tory] biologist USA 1934 to 1980 Field Guide to the Birds [1934 to 1980] He lived 1908 to 1996 and studied birds.

Maxwell Anderson [Anderson, Maxwell] playwright USA 1935 Elizabeth the Queen [1930]; Winterset [1935]; What Price Glory [1935]; High Tor [1937] He lived 1888 to 1959.

James Cagney [Cagney, James]/Anita Louise [Louise, Anita] actor USA 1935 Midsummer Night's Dream [1935] Cagney lived 1899 to 1986. Louise lived 1915 to 1970.

Willa Cather [Cather, Willa] novelist USA 1935 Death Comes to the Archbishop [1935] She lived 1873 to 1947.

James [Chadwick, James] physicist England 1935 He lived 1891 to 1974 and studied electrons [1935].

Sam Coslow [Coslow, Sam]/Tom Satterfield [Satterfield, Tom] composer USA 1935 Restless [1935] Coslow lived 1900 to 1982.

Clarence Day [Day, Clarence] novelist USA 1935 Life with Father [1935] He lived 1874 to 1935.

Dorothy Fields [Fields, Dorothy]/George Oppenheimer [Oppenheimer, George]/Jimmy McHugh [McHugh, Jimmy] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1935 I Feel a Song Comin' On [1935: from Every Night at Eight] Fields lived 1905 to 1974. Oppenheimer lived 1900 to 1981. McHugh lived 1893 to 1969.

Marvin V. Frey [Frey, Marvin V.] composer Nigeria 1935 Kum Ba Ya or Kumbaya or Come By Here, Lord [1935] He lived 1918 to 1992.

Gerhard Gentzen [Gentzen, Gerhard] logician Germany 1935 He lived 1909 to 1945. He developed formal first-order logic {natural deduction, Gentzen} [1935], which only assumes inference laws. One rule uses premises and operator to make compound statement {introduction rule, Gentzen}. Another rule uses compound statement and statement to make statement. Statements depend on simple and compound sequent statements. Sequent-calculus proofs can be truth-trees or truth-tables {cut elimination theorem, Gentzen}, which eliminate formulas. Natural deduction led to proof theory.

Ira Gershwin [Gershwin, Ira]/Vernon Duke [Duke, Vernon] lyricist/composer USA 1935 I Can't Get Started (With You) [1935: from Ziegfeld Follies] Gershwin lived 1896 to 1983. Duke lived 1903 to 1969.

Ira Gershwin [Gershwin, Ira]/DuBose Heyward [Heyward, DuBose]/George Gershwin [Gershwin, George] lyricist/composer USA 1935 Porgy and Bess [1935: musical, including Summertime] George lived 1898 to 1937. DuBose Heyward lived 1885 to 1940. Ira lived 1896 to 1983.

Roy Harris [Harris, Roy] composer USA 1935 When Johnny Comes Marching Home [1935] He lived 1898 to 1979.

Moss Hart [Hart, Moss]/Kurt Weill [Weill, Kurt] lyricist/composer USA 1935 Lady in the Dark [1935: musical] Hart lived 1904 to 1961. Weill lived 1900 to 1950.

Ben Hecht [Hecht, Ben]/Charles MacArthur [MacArthur, Charles] writer USA 1935 Scoundrel [1935] Hecht lived 1894 to 1964. MacArthur lived 1895 to 1956.

Gordon Jenkins [Jenkins, Gordon] composer USA 1935 Goodbye [1935] He lived 1910 to 1984. Duke lived 1903 to 1969.

Boris Karloff [Karloff, Boris]/Elsa Lanchester [Lanchester, Elsa] actor USA 1935 Bride of Frankenstein [1935] Karloff lived 1887 to 1969. Lanchester lived 1902 to 1986.

Charles Laughton [Laughton, Charles]/Clark Gable [Gable, Clark]/Donald Crisp [Crisp, Donald] actor USA/England 1935 Mutiny on the Bounty [1935] Laughton lived 1899 to 1962. Gable lived 1901 to 1960. Crisp lived 1882 to 1974.

Charles Laughton [Laughton, Charles]/Zasu Pitts [Pitts, Zasu]/Charlie Ruggles [Ruggles, Charlie] actor USA 1935 Ruggles of Red Gap [1935] Laughton lived 1899 to 1962. Pitts lived 1894 to 1963. Ruggles lived 1886 to 1970.

John L. Lewis [Lewis, John L.] founder USA 1935 He lived 1880 to 1969, was United Mine Workers of America president [1920 to 1960], and started Congress of Industrial Organizations [1935] (CIO).

Almeida Lima [Lima, Almeida] surgeon Spain 1935 He performed prefrontal lobe leucotomy to cure chronic anxiety, depression with suicide risk, and obsessive- compulsive disorder [1935].

Eduardo Mallea [Mallea, Eduardo] writer Argentina 1935 El escritor y nuestro tiempo or The writer and our time [1935] He lived 1903 to 1982.

Egas Moniz [Moniz, Egas] neurologist Portugal 1935 He lived 1875 to 1955 and started frontal lobotomy for mental illness [1935].

Manuel Luis Quezon [Quezon, Manuel Luis] president Philippines 1935 He lived 1878 to 1944. Philippines became commonwealth under USA.

Leo Robin [Robin, Leo]/Ralph Rainger [Rainger, Ralph]/Richard A. Whiting [Whiting, Richard A.] composer USA 1935 Miss Brown to You [1935: from the film Big Broadcast of 1936] Robin lived 1895 to 1984. Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Harry Ruby [Ruby, Harry]/Irving Caesar [Caesar, Irving] composer/lyricist USA 1935 Animal Crackers in My Soup [1935: from the film Curly Top] Caesar lived 1895 to 1996.

Harry Smith [Smith, Harry]/Victor Herbert [Herbert, Victor] lyricist/composer USA 1935 Gypsy Love Song [1935: musical, including Gypsy Love Song] Smith lived 1860 to 1936. Herbert lived 1859 to 1924.

Shirley Temple [Temple, Shirley]/Bill Robinson [Robinson, Bill] or Bojangles actor USA 1935 Little Colonel [1935] Temple lived 1928 to ?. Robinson lived 1878 to 1949.

Watsuji Tetsuro [Tetsuro, Watsuji] philosopher Japan 1935 Climate [1935] He lived 1889 to 1960. People have relationships {ninjen} differently expressed in different cultures.

Hideki Yukawa [Yukawa, Hideki] physicist Japan 1935 He lived 1907 to 1981 and discovered pion [1935].

Harvey Carr [Carr, Harvey] psychologist USA 1935 to 1936 Introduction to Space Perception [1935]; Autobiography [1936] He lived 1873 to 1954. Normal perception uses key features, such as recognizing meaningful facial expressions and other complex perceptions in simple drawings [1935].

Edward VIII king England 1935 to 1936 He lived 1894 to 1972, abdicated to marry an American, and became Duke of Windsor [1936].

Teddy Hill [Hill, Teddy] saxophonist/bandleader USA 1935 to 1937 Uptown Rhapsody [1935] He lived 1909 to 1978 and played Modern.

Jimmy Kennedy [Kennedy, Jimmy]/Hugh Williams [Williams, Hugh] or Will Grosz [Grosz, Will] composer USA 1935 to 1937 Red Sails in the Sunset [1935]; Harbor Lights [1937] Kennedy lived 1902 to 1984.

Berenice Abbott [Abbott, Berenice] photographer USA 1935 to 1938 She lived 1898 to 1991, took portraits, and photographed New York City scenes.

Emlyn Williams [Williams, Emlyn] novelist England 1935 to 1938 Night Must Fall [1935]; Corn is Green [1938] He lived 1905 to 1987.

Ted Koehler [Koehler, Ted]/Rube Bloom [Bloom, Rube] lyricist/composer USA 1935 to 1939 Truckin' [1935]; Don't Worry 'Bout Me [1939: from Cotton Club Parade] Koehler lived 1894 to 1973. Bloom lived 1902 to 1976.

David Wechsler [Wechsler, David] psychologist USA 1935 to 1939 Range of Human Capacities [1935]; Measurement of Adult Intelligence [1939]; Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence [1958] He lived 1896 to 1981, studied verbal and performance intelligence {Wechsler Bellevue Scale} [1939], and invented WAIS test [1955].

Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz [Ajdukiewicz, Kazimierz] linguist/philosopher Poland 1935 to 1940 Syntactic Connexion [1935]; Empirical Basis of Knowledge [1940] He lived 1890 to 1963, helped develop immediate constituent grammar, and was analytic philosopher. The same data can have more than one closed and coherent independent description {conventionalism} {radical conventionalism}, from which people can choose based on simplicity, aesthetics, usefulness, ease, or evidence. Two basic syntax categories are sentences and singular terms, which can combine.

John O'Hara [O'Hara, John] novelist/essayist USA 1935 to 1940 Appointment in Samarra [1935]; Butterfield 8 [1935]; Pal Joey [1940] He lived 1905 to 1970.

Ciro Alegria [Alegria, Ciro] writer Peru 1935 to 1941 El La Serpiente de Oro or The Golden Serpent [1935]; El mundo es Ancho y Ajeno or World is Broad and Alien [1941] He lived 1909 to 1967.

Karl Duncker [Duncker, Karl] psychologist Germany 1935 to 1941 Psychology of Productive Thinking [1935]; On Pleasure, Emotion, and Striving [1941] He lived 1903 to 1940 and studied induced motion and studied productive thinking.

E. Y. Harburg [Harburg, E. Y.] or Edgar Yipsel Harburg [Harburg, Edgar Yipsel] or Yip Harburg [Harburg, Yip]/Harold Arlen [Arlen, Harold] lyricist/composer USA 1935 to 1944 Last Night When We Were Young [1935]; Lydia the Tattooed Lady [1939: from the film At the Circus]; Wizard of Oz [1939: musical]; Ding Dong the Witch Is Dead [1939: from the film The Wizard of Oz]; If I Only Had a Brain [1939: from the film The Wizard of Oz]; Over the Rainbow [1939: from the film The Wizard of Oz]; Happiness Is a Thing Called Joe [1943: from the film Cabin in the Sky]; Evelina [1944: from Bloomer Girl] Arlen lived 1905 to 1986. Harburg lived 1896 to 1981.

Nelson Eddy [Eddy, Nelson]/Jeanette MacDonald [MacDonald, Jeanette] actor USA 1935 to 1945 Rose Marie; Naughty Marietta [1935] Eddy lived 1901 to 1967. MacDonald lived 1903 to 1965.

William Boyd [Boyd, William] actor USA 1935 to 1948 Hopalong Cassidy of the Bar 20 [1938: western] He lived 1910 to 1972.

George Humphrey [Humphrey, George] psychologist Britain 1935 to 1951 Nature of Learning [1935]; Thinking: Its Experimental Psychology [1951] He lived 1889 to 1966 and studied conditioning and learning.

Kurt Lewin [Lewin, Kurt] psychologist USA 1935 to 1951 Dynamic Theory of Personality [1935]; Frontiers in Group Dynamics [1946]; Field Theory in Social Science [1951] He lived 1890 to 1947. Internal and external stimuli cause individual differences {field theory}. Incentives come from outside and goals from inside. Rewards come from outside and success from inside.

Tex Ritter [Ritter, Tex] or Woodard Maurice Ritter [Ritter, Woodard Maurice] singer USA 1935 to 1952 Sam Hall [1935]; Get Along Little Dogie [1935]; Jingle, Jangle, Jingle [1942]; I'm Wastin' My Tears on You [1944]; There's A New Moon Over My Shoulder [1944]; You Two Timed Me One Time Too Often [1945]; Rye Whiskey [1948]; Deck of Cards [1948]; High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me Oh My Darlin') [1952] He lived 1905 to 1974 and sang western music.

Fred Astaire [Astaire, Fred] actor USA 1935 to 1955 Top Hat [1935: Irving Berlin composed]; Three Little Words [1950]; Daddy Long Legs [1955] He lived 1899 to 1987.

Ernst Bloch [Bloch, Ernst] philosopher Frankfurt, Germany 1935 to 1959 Heritage of Our Times [1935]; Principle of Hope [1959] He lived 1885 to 1977.

Alfred Hitchcock [Hitchcock, Alfred] director USA 1935 to 1963 39 Steps [1935: Robert Donat acted]; Rebecca [1940]; Foreign Correspondent [1940: Joel McCrea acted]; Suspicion [1941]; Shadow of a Doubt [1943: Joseph Cotten acted]; Spellbound [1945: Ingrid Bergman and Gregory Peck acted]; Dial M for Murder [1954]; Rear Window [1954: James Stewart acted]; To Catch a Thief [1955: Cary Grant and Grace Kelly acted]; North by Northwest [1959: Cary Grant acted]; Psycho [1960: Anthony Perkins acted]; Birds [1963] He lived 1899 to 1980.

Cecil Scott Forester [Forester, Cecil Scott] novelist England 1935 to 1966 African Queen [1935]; Midshipman Hornblower series [1937 to 1966: novels] He lived 1899 to 1966.

Anthony Tudor [Tudor, Anthony] choreographer England 1935 to 1967 Pillar of Fire [1935]; Dark Elegies [1937: music by Mahler, Kindertotenlieder]; Gala Performance [1938: comic ballet with music by Prokofiev, Concerto #3 in C for Piano and Classical Symphony]; Shadowplay [1967] He lived 1908 to 1987.

Carol Ryrie Brink [Brink, Carol Ryrie] writer USA 1935 to 1972 Caddie Woodlawn [1935]; Bad Times of Irma Baumlein [1972] She lived 1895 to 1981.

Alfred Tarski [Tarski, Alfred] logician/mathematician Poland/USA 1935 to 1983 Concept of Truth in Formalized Languages [1933]; On the Concept of Logical Consequence [1936]; Introduction to Logic and to the Methodology of Deductive Science [1937]; Semantic Conception of Truth [1944]; Undecidable Theories [1953]; Axiomatic Method: with special reference to geometry and physics [1957]; Equational logic and equational theories of algebra [1968]; Logic, Semantics and Metamathematics [1983] He lived 1902 to 1983, founded modern logical theory, studied part and whole relations {mereology, Tarski}, helped develop quantum logic, and invented Banach-Tarski theorem. Convention establishes basic-linguistic-element use and meaning {basic vocabulary}, which can construct complex term and sentence meanings {compositional semantics} {recursive semantics}. Formal languages have consistent syntax, in which sentences form correctly or not. Formal language uses objects to replace language variables and predicates to replace language functions {interpretation, Tarski}. Truth is about interpretation {semantic theory of truth}. Determining truth requires defining what constitutes satisfying interpretation {satisfaction, Tarski}, which requires metalanguage {Tarski's theorem}. Formal languages have true interpretations {model, Tarski}. Premise sets can be models. If premise model is sentence model, sentences are premise-set consequences {theory of logical consequence} {logical consequence theory}. For two sentence systems, sentences in one system can derive from sentences in other system {equipollence, Tarski}.

Stanley Adams [Adams, Stanley]/Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael, Hoagy] lyricist/composer USA 1936 Little Old Lady [1936] Adams lived 1914 to 1994. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.

Harold Adamson [Adamson, Harold]/Walter Donaldson [Donaldson, Walter] lyricist/composer USA 1936 Did I Remember [1936: from Suzy] Adamson lived 1906 to 1980. Donaldson lived 1893 to 1947.

John Barrymore [Barrymore, John]/Norma Shearer [Shearer, Norma]/Leslie Howard [Howard, Leslie] actor USA 1936 Romeo and Juliet [1936] Shearer - Barrymore lived 1882 to 1942. Shearer lived 1902 to 1983. Howard lived 1893 to 1943.

Walter Benjamin [Benjamin, Walter] psychologist/philosopher Berlin, Germany 1936 Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction [1936] He lived 1892 to 1940 and was of Frankfurt School. Art theory comes from art examples {immanent criticism, Benjamin}. People experience fading of aura {Verfall der Aura}. Mass media are good.

Georges Bernanos [Bernanos, Georges] writer France 1936 Diary of a Country Priest [1936] He lived 1888 to 1948.

John Burke [Burke, John]/Arthur Johnston [Johnston, Arthur] composer USA 1936 Pennies from Heaven [1936: in the film Pennies from Heaven] Burke lived 1884 to 1950. Johnston lived 1898 to 1954.

Prem Chand [Chand, Prem] or Munshi Premchad [Premchad, Munshi] or Dhanpat Srivastava [Srivastava, Dhanpat] writer India 1936 Gift of a Cow [1936] He lived 1880 to 1936.

Charlie Chaplin [Chaplin, Charlie]/Paulette Goddard [Goddard, Paulette] actor USA 1936 Modern Times [1936] Chaplin lived 1889 to 1977. Goddard lived 1910 to 1990.

Gordon Childe [Childe, Gordon] sociologist England 1936 Man Makes Himself [1936] He lived 1892 to 1957 and studied technological stages and social stages.

Gary Cooper [Cooper, Gary]/Jean Arthur [Arthur, Jean] actor USA 1936 Plainsman [1936] Cooper lived 1901 to 1961. Arthur lived 1900 to 1991.

Henry [Dale, Henry] physiologist England 1936 He lived 1875 to 1968 and studied chemical synapses [1936].

Roy Del Ruth [Del Ruth, Roy] director USA 1936 Broadway Melody of 1936 [1936] He lived 1895 to 1961.

Tommy Dorsey [Dorsey, Tommy] or Thomas A. Dorsey [Dorsey, Thomas A.] composer USA 1936 Music Goes 'Round and 'Round [1936] He lived 1905 to 1956.

Vernon Duke [Duke, Vernon] composer Russia/USA 1936 Now [1936: from The Show Is On] He lived 1903 to 1969.

Walter Edmonds [Edmonds, Walter] novelist USA 1936 Drums along the Mohawk [1936] He lived 1903 to 1998.

Hazel Felleman [Felleman, Hazel] writer USA 1936 Best Loved Poems of the American People [1936]

Dorothy Fields [Fields, Dorothy]/Jerome Kern [Kern, Jerome] lyricist/composer USA 1936 Way You Look Tonight [1935]; Fine Romance [1936: from the film Swing Time]; Swing Time [1936: musical, including A Fine Romance, Pick Yourself Up, Way You Look Tonight] Fields lived 1905 to 1974. Kern lived 1985 to 1945.

Cliff Friend [Friend, Cliff]/Dave Franklin [Franklin, Dave] composer USA 1936 When My Dreamboat Comes Home [1936]

Clark Gable [Gable, Clark]/Jeanette MacDonald [MacDonald, Jeanette] actor USA 1936 San Francisco [1936] Gable lived 1901 to 1960. MacDonald lived 1903 to 1965.

Kurt Grelling [Grelling, Kurt] philosopher Germany/England 1936 Logical Paradoxes [1936] He lived 1886 to 1941. Self-applicable can mean thing expresses property that it has. Self-applicable can mean expression applies to itself. If heterological means not-self-applicable, then heterological is both self-applicable and not-self-applicable {Grelling's paradox} {Weyl's paradox}.

Billy Hill [Hill, Billy] composer USA 1936 In the Chapel in the Moonlight [1936]; Glory of Love [1936] He lived 1899 to 1940.

Mann Holiner [Holiner, Mann]/Alberta Nichols [Nichols, Alberta]/Sammy Cahn [Cahn, Sammy]/Saul Chaplin [Chaplin, Saul]/L. E. Freeman [Freeman, L. E.] composer USA 1936 Until the Real Thing Comes Along [1936] Cahn lived 1913 to 1993. Chaplin lived 1912 to 1997.

Robert Johnson [Johnson, Robert] composer Mississippi 1936 Rambling on My Mind [1936]; Crossroads Blues [1936]; Me and the Devil Blues [1936] He lived 1911 to 1938 and was the "father of blues".

Bronislau Kaper [Kaper, Bronislau] composer USA 1936 San Francisco [1936: from the film San Francisco] He lived 1902 to 1983.

Fritz Lang [Lang, Fritz] director Austria/USA 1936 Fury [1936]; Big Heat [1953: Glenn Ford acted] He lived 1890 to 1976.

Munro Leaf [Leaf, Munro] writer USA 1936 Story of Ferdinand [1936] He lived 1905 to 1976.

Huddie Ledbetter [Ledbetter, Huddie]/John A. Lomax [Lomax, John A.] composer USA 1936 Goodnight, Irene [1936] Ledbetter lived 1888 to 1949. Lomax lived 1867 to 1948.

Robert Z. Leonard [Leonard, Robert Z.] director USA 1936 Great Ziegfeld [1936: with William Powell and Myrna Loy] He lived 1889 to 1968.

Ralph Linton [Linton, Ralph] sociologist USA 1936 Study of Man [1936] He lived 1893 to 1953.

Holt Marvell [Marvell, Holt] or Maschwitz [Maschwitz, Albert Eric]/Jack Strachey [Strachey, Jack]/Harry Link [Link, Harry] lyricist/composer/composer USA 1936 These Foolish Things [1936] Marvell lived 1901 to 1969. Strachey lived 1894 to 1972.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Walter Donaldson [Donaldson, Walter] lyricist/composer USA 1936 Mr. Meadowlark [1936] Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Donaldson lived 1893 to 1947.

Meade Minnigerode [Minnigerode, Meade]/George Pomeroy [Pomeroy, George]/Tod Galloway [Galloway, Tod] singer USA 1936 Whiffenpoof Song or Baa! Baa! Baa! [1936: sung by Rudy Vallee] Minnigerode lived 1887 to 1967.

Sidney D. Mitchell [Mitchell, Sidney D.]/Louis Alter [Alter, Louis] composer USA 1936 You Turned the Tables on Me [1936] Mitchell lived 1888 to 1942. Alter lived 1902 to 1980.

Jose Norman [Norman, Jose] composer USA 1936 Cuban Pete [1936: in the film Cuban Pete, 1946]

Eleanor Powell [Powell, Eleanor] actor USA 1936 Born to Dance [1936: Cole Porter composed] She lived 1912 to 1982.

William Powell [Powell, William]/Carole Lombard [Lombard, Carole] actor USA 1936 My Man Godfrey [1936] Powell lived 1892 to 1984. Lombard lived 1908 to 1942.

Andy Razaf [Razaf, Andy]/Leon Berry [Berry, Leon] lyricist/composer USA 1936 Christopher Columbus [1936] Razaf lived 1895 to 1973.

Romain Rolland [Rolland, Romain] writer France 1936 Le 14 Juillet or 14th of July [1936] He lived 1866 to 1944.

Gladys Shelley [Shelley, Gladys]/Fred Astaire [Astaire, Fred] lyricist/composer USA 1936 Rise and Shine [1936] Shelly lived 1911 to 2003. Astaire lived 1899 to 1987.

Al Smith [Smith, Al] candidate USA 1936 He lived 1873 to 1944 and was Republican presidential candidate.

Maurice Utrillo [Utrillo, Maurice] painter Paris, France 1936 Montmartre Street Corner/Lapin Agile [1936] He lived 1883 to 1955 and painted Paris street scenes.

David O. Selznick [Selznick, David O.] director/producer USA 1936 to 1937 Little Lord Fauntleroy [1936]; Adventures of Tom Sawyer [1937] He lived 1902 to 1965.

Ray Bolger [Bolger, Ray] jazz dancer USA 1936 to 1939 Great Ziegfeld [1936]; Slaughter on Tenth Avenue [1936: from On Your Toes]; Sweethearts; Wizard of Oz [1939: he was the Scarecrow] He lived 1904 to 1966.

Ioannis Metazas [Metazas, Ioannis] dictator Greece 1936 to 1939 He lived 1871 to 1941.

Robin G. Collingwood [Collingwood, Robin G.] historian England 1936 to 1940 Idea of History [1936]; Principles of Art [1938]; Essay on Metaphysics [1940] He lived 1889 to 1943, was positivist, and wrote about Roman Britain. Epistemology Philosophy, history, and all thinking depend on fundamental assumptions {absolute presupposition}, which form perspective. Absolute presuppositions are neither true nor false. People need to imagine previous-epoch thoughts and actions to understand their practical problems. The idea of agency is basis of the idea of causality.

Berthold Brecht [Brecht, Berthold] playwright Germany 1936 to 1941 Threepenny Opera [1928]; Mother Courage [1941]; Good Woman of Setzuan [1943]; Galileo [1943] He lived 1898 to 1956.

Jimmie Lunceford [Lunceford, Jimmie] composer/bandleader USA 1936 to 1941 For Dancers Only [1936] He lived 1902 to 1947 and played Big Band.

Humphrey Bogart [Bogart, Humphrey] actor USA 1936 to 1948 Black Legion [1936]; Petrified Forest [1936]; Action in the North Atlantic [1943]; Treasure of the Sierra Madre [1948] He lived 1899 to 1957.

Errol Flynn [Flynn, Errol] actor Australia/USA 1936 to 1949 Charge of the Light Brigade [1936]; Adventures of Robin Hood [1938]; Sea Hawk [1940]; Don Juan [1949] He lived 1909 to 1959.

Richard Buckminster Fuller [Fuller, Richard Buckminster] architect USA 1936 to 1950 Geodesic Dome [1948 to 1950: tetrahedral frames increase strength with size] He lived 1895 to 1983.

Aaron Copland [Copland, Aaron] composer USA 1936 to 1954 Billy the Kid [1936: ballet]; El Salon Mexico [1936: ballet]; Rodeo [1942: ballet]; Lincoln Portrait [1942: symphonic reading]; Fanfare for the Common Man [1943]; Appalachian Spring or Ballet for Martha [1946: ballet, using the Shaker hymn The Gift to Be Simple]; Simple Gifts or Gift to Be Simple [1944: by Joseph Brackett]; Tender Land [1954] He lived 1900 to 1990.

James Agee [Agee, James] novelist USA 1936 to 1957 Let Us Now Praise Famous Men [1936: essay]; Death in the Family [1957: novel] He lived 1909 to 1955.

Arthur O. Lovejoy [Lovejoy, Arthur O.] philosopher USA 1936 to 1961 Great Chain of Being [1936]; Essays in the History of Ideas [1948]; Revolt against Dualism [1960]; Reason, the Understanding, and Time [1961] He lived 1873 to 1962 and was Critical Realist.

George Balanchine [Balanchine, George] ballet dancer/choreographer Russia/USA 1936 to 1962 Slaughter on Tenth Avenue [1936: modern dance with music by Richard Rodgers]; Le Baiser de la Fée or Fairy's Kiss [1937: music by Stravinsky, based on Ashton's and Nijinska's works]; Four Temperaments [1946: music by Hindemith]; Firebird [1949: music by Stravinsky]; Pas de Deux [1950: music by Leo Delibes, played on pan pipes]; Agon [1957: music by Stravinsky, based on the 17th-century-court saraband, gaillard, and branles dances]; Midsummer Night's Dream [1962: music by Mendelssohn] He lived 1909 to 1962.

Stanley Smith Stevens [Stevens, Stanley Smith] psychologist USA 1936 to 1962 Handbook of Experimental Psychology [1951: editor] He lived 1906 to 1973. Cardinal numbers, ordinal numbers, differences, and ratios measure stimuli or sensations {magnitude estimation, Stevens}. Neural signal discreteness {neural quantum theory} limits sense-discrimination sensitivity. Sensation magnitudes S are directly proportional to physical-stimuli magnitudes I, raised to power b [1962] {Stevens' power law}: S = a*I^b, where a is constant for sense. Sound has the power 0.3, so loudness is not high as physical noise {sone scale} [1936]. Brightness has power 0.3, so sensation intensity is not as high as physical intensity. Lengths have power 1, and sensation and intensity match. Pain has power 3, so pain is more intense than the physical stimuli.

Samuel Barber [Barber, Samuel] composer USA 1936 to 1967 String Quartet No. 1 [1936]; Adagio for Strings [1938]; Agnus Dei or Lamb of God [1967] He lived 1910 to 1981.

Jean-Paul Sartre [Sartre, Jean-Paul] philosopher Paris, France 1936 to 1969 Transcendence of the Ego [1936]; Psychology of Imagination [1936]; Nausea [1938: novel]; Sketch for a Theory of Emotions [1939]; War Diaries [1939 to 1940]; Flies [1943: play]; Being and Nothingness [1943]; No Exit [1944: play]; On Genocide [1944]; Roads to Freedom [1945 to 1949]; Existentialism and Humanism [1945]; Age of Reason [1945: novel trilogy]; Respectful Prostitute [1952: play]; Search for a Method [1957]; Critique of Dialectical Reason [1960] He lived 1905 to 1980 and was existentialist. Epistemology Things {the absurd} can appear to be subject to reason, but in fact people cannot reason about them. The meaning of existence is such a subject. Reason alone also cannot guide one's choice of fundamental project. Repression is not possible, because conscious must be aware of what to repress at each instant. Self-knowledge is impossible, because people are not objects but agents. People can create belief, even if they know it is not true. Ethics The main emotion is anguish over life and existence. Moral choices are about how to resolve this anguish. Neither god nor nature provides moral authority {abandonment}. Moral authority comes only from people's choices. There is no fate. People shape destiny and are responsible for choices. One must choose to act. This is the human condition {la condition humaine}. Only people's actions have meaning. Choosing makes one free and creates one existence. Morality lies in making decision to act. Choosing to make no decision is self-deception or bad faith {mauvaise foi}. Self-essence reveals itself by asserting existence. Existence precedes essence. People often treat other people as objects, rather than subjects. People have one or more overall purposes {fundamental project}, which they freely chose. The imagination is free. Mind Understanding consciousness involves three existence or being categories. 1. Consciousness is conscious of objects other than itself {the in-itself}. In-itself exists only in consciousness but is not part of consciousness. It is an object of intention. It is non-physical and does not follow causal laws. In-itself is passive. 2. Consciousness can be conscious of itself as a different thing than in-itself {the for-itself}. The for-itself is separate from the in-itself and is not intentional. This self-consciousness {prereflective self-consciousness} is consciousness that there are intentions and the in-itself. For-itself is active. 3. People's bodies, characters, actions, and history exhibit a consciousness form that other people or same person can perceive as physical-world object {the for-others}. For-others relates its conscious body to other conscious bodies and relates its consciousness to its body. For-other and other for-other relations are perceptive, subjective, and affective and do not involve thought, knowledge, or cognition. No consciousness type is personal or related to ego. Mind has something inside {in-itself}, something for both {for-itself}, and something outside {for-others}. Because it is not in-itself, self-consciousness is nothingness, intention without object. As nothingness, self-consciousness causes questioning, imagining, being skeptical, denying, feeling detachment or delusion, and feeling need or lack. Therefore, self-consciousness has freedom. People are conscious of nothingness and freedom but often fear or do not accept them. Such people desire consciousness to be in-itself, rather than for-itself, and do not accept their real being. For-others often compete. Such relations oppose free action and so typically cause or involve conflict. Love, for example, can be a wish to possess another's freedom. Human relationships typically involve control of others and restrictions on freedom, so most human relationships eventually end. Human interactions involve so many factors that people cannot know them, and knowing them makes interactions impossible [Sartre, 1943]. Politics Preferences in ethics determine political values. At all human-life phases, from conception to death, something has power over individual {biopolitics}. Decisions taken for other people cannot have rational bases and are always questionable. Society builds institutions that restrict freedom and increase alienation. In coming into existence, driven by self or self-states, people's minds can go through transformations in which mental states appear abnormal. However, if transformations continue to completion, result can be clear and balanced mental state. Social contexts can help mentally ill people live independently.

Alfred Jules Ayer [Ayer, Alfred Jules] philosopher Britain 1936 to 1973 Language, Truth and Logic [1936]; Foundations of Empirical Knowledge [1940]; Problem of Knowledge [1956]; Concept of a Person [1963]; Central Questions of Philosophy [1973] He lived 1910 to 1989, was Logical Positivist or Logical Atomist, and developed verification principle. Epistemology The idea that people know object properties directly without representations or mental substitutes {naive realism, Ayer} is false. The idea that people can detect patterns in objects, thoughts or behavior, and memories {reductionism, Ayer} is false. The idea that people can go from evidence to conclusions {induction, Ayer} is false. What is left is just to describe how people use evidence to reach conclusions [Ayer, 1963]. Ethics Moral judgments are meaningless problems. Ethics needs psychological, not ethical, theory. Metaphysics Metaphysics has meaningless statements and problems. All utterances about nature of God are nonsensical.

Max Horkheimer [Horkheimer, Max] philosopher Germany 1936 to 1973 Studies on Authority and Family [1936] He lived 1895 to 1973 and founded Frankfurt School, which was critical of totalitarianism and promoted rationalism.

Francisco Franco [Franco, Francisco] dictator Spain 1936 to 1975 He lived 1892 to 1975 and abolished all parties except Falange fascist party. He declared monarchy, with himself as head of state [1947].

Mircea Eliade [Eliade, Mircea] anthropologist Romania/France 1936 to 1981 Yoga [1936]; Patterns in Comparative Religion [1949: symbols in religion]; Myth of the Eternal Return [1949: religious ideas about time and history]; Shamanism [1951]; Images and Symbols [1952]; Myths, Dreams, and Mysteries [1957]; Sacred and the Profane [1957]; Two and the One [1962]; Journal III [1970 to 1978]; Ordeal by Labyrinth [1978]; Autobiography [1981] He lived 1907 to 1986, studied folk religion {archaic religion}, and compared religious behavior, symbols, and feelings. Religion is about the sacred. The sacred has unity and is living, sexual or energetic, redemptive or regenerative, clean, and permanent. The sky, sun, moon, water, stones, Earth, trees, ancestors, heroes, and gods can be sacred. The sacred is powerful, awesome, beautiful, and mysterious. People intuit the sacred and want to be part of it or return to it. People have religious feelings about the sacred and religious experiences of transcendence. Performing sacraments affects person's beliefs and feelings. Religions use symbols, symbol systems, and myths to refer to the sacred. People want to end history and start over {eternal return myth} {myth of eternal return}, so life will have meaning. Judaic prophets proclaimed that life was trials, punishments, and blessings from God and so was meaningful. Modern society removes the sacred from history and nature.

Arne Naess [Naess, Arne] philosopher Norway 1936 to 1989 Cognition and Scientific Behavior [1936]; Skepticism [1968]; Ecology, Community and Lifestyle [1989] He lived 1912 to 2004, was Logical Positivist, and studied ecology. Word meanings are their uses in situations {empirical semantics, Naess}. Simple meaning has one property {precisation}. Other meaning has no properties.

Bernard Baruch [Baruch, Bernard] advisor USA 1937 He lived 1870 to 1965 and advised Roosevelt.

Ray Bauduc [Bauduc, Ray]/Bob Haggart [Haggart, Bob] composer USA 1937 South Rampart Street Parade [1937] Bauduc lived 1906 to 1988. Haggart lived 1914 to 1998.

Clay Boland [Boland, Clay] composer USA 1937 Gypsy in My Soul [1937]

Lew Brown [Brown, Lew]/Sammy Fain [Fain, Sammy] lyricist/composer USA 1937 That Old Feeling [1937] Brown lived 1893 to 1958. Fain lived 1902 to 1989.

Frank Churchill [Churchill, Frank]/Leigh Harline [Harline, Leigh] composer USA 1937 Whistle While You Work [1937: from the film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs] Churchill lived 1901 to 1942. Harline lived 1907 to 1969.

Theodosius Dobzhansky [Dobzhansky, Theodosius] biologist USA 1937 Genetics and the Origin of Species [1937] He lived 1900 to 1975 and studied evolutionary theory.

Deanna Durbin [Durbin, Deanna]/Leopold Stokowski [Stokowski, Leopold] actor USA/England 1937 One Hundred Men and a Girl [1937] Durbin lived 1921 to ?. Stokowski lived 1882 to 1977.

Amelia Earhart [Earhart, Amelia] pilot USA 1937 She lived 1897 to 1937 and disappeared in Pacific Ocean on her around-the-world trip in a two-passenger airplane.

Janet Gaynor [Gaynor, Janet]/Adolphe Menjou [Menjou, Adolphe]/Fredric March [March, Fredric] actor USA 1937 Star is Born [1937] Gaynor lived 1906 to 1984. Menjou lived 1890 to 1963. March lived 1897 to 1975.

Jean Giraudoux [Giraudoux, Jean] playwright France 1937 Electre [1937] He lived 1882 to 1944.

Mack Gordon [Gordon, Mack]/Harry Revel [Revel, Harry] lyricist/composer USA/England 1937 There's a Lull in My Life [1937] Gordon lived 1904 to 1959. Ravel lived 1905 to 1958.

Cary Grant [Grant, Cary]/Constance Bennett [Bennett, Constance] actor USA 1937 Topper [1937] Grant lived 1904 to 1986. Bennett lived 1904 to 1965.

Luther Gulick [Gulick, Luther] economist USA 1937 Notes on the Theory of Organization [1937] He lived 1865 to 1918 and studied administrative management theory. His wife was Charlotte Gulick [1865 to 1938]. They started Camp Fire Girls in 1910.

Sadegh Hedayat [Hedayat, Sadegh] novelist Persia 1937 Blind Owl [1937] He lived 1903 to 1951.

Carole Lombard [Lombard, Carole]/Fredric March [March, Fredric] actor USA 1937 Nothing Sacred [1937: David O. Selznick produced and Ben Hecht wrote] Lombard lived 1908 to 1942. March lived 1897 to 1975.

Herb Magdison [Magdison, Herb]/Allie Wrubel [Wrubel, Allie] composer USA 1937 Gone with the Wind [1937] Wrubel lived 1905 to 1973.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Bernard Hanighen [Hanighen, Bernard] lyricist/composer USA 1937 Bob White [1937] Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Hanighen lived 1908 to 1976.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Gordon Jenkins [Jenkins, Gordon] composer USA 1937 P.S. I Love You [1937] Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Jenkins lived 1910 to 1984.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny] composer USA 1937 Jamboree Jones [1937]; Sent for You Yesterday, and Here You Come Today [1937] He lived 1909 to 1976.

Irving Mills [Mills, Irving]/Juan Tizol [Tizol, Juan]/Duke Ellington [Ellington, Duke] lyricist/composer/composer USA/Puerto Rico 1937 Caravan [1937] Mills lived 1894 to 1985. Tizol lived 1900 to 1984. Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.

Larry Morey [Morey, Larry]/Frank E. Churchill [Churchill, Frank E.] lyricist/composer USA 1937 Heigh-Ho [1937: from the movie Snow White]; Someday My Prince Will Come [1937: from the movie Snow White]; Whistle While You Work [1937: from the movie Snow White]; One Song [1937] Churchill lived 1901 to 1942.

Charles Nordhoff [Nordhoff, Charles]/James N. Hall [Hall, James N.] novelist USA 1937 Mutiny on the Bounty [1937] Nordhoff lived 1887 to 1947.

Harry Owens [Owens, Harry] composer USA 1937 Sweet Leilani [1937: from the film Waikiki Wedding] He lived 1902 to 1986.

Mitchell Parish [Parish, Mitchell] or Mitchell Parrish [Parrish, Mitchell]/Benny Goodman [Goodman, Benny]/Edgar Sampson [Sampson, Edgar] lyricist/composer USA 1937 Don't Be That Way [1937] Parish lived 1900 to 1993. Goodman lived 1909 to 1986. Sampson lived 1907 to 1973.

Luise Rainer [Rainer, Luise] actor Austria/USA 1937 Good Earth [1937] She lived 1910 to 2003.

Grote Reber [Reber, Grote] astronomer Germany 1937 He lived 1911 to 2002 and studied radio galaxies using his invention, the radio telescope [1937].

Georges Rouault [Rouault, Georges] painter France 1937 Head of Christ [1937]; Old King [1937] He lived 1871 to 1958.

Harry Tobia [Tobia, Harry]/Percy Wenrich [Wenrich, Percy] lyricist/composer USA 1937 Sail Along, Silv'ry Moon [1937] Wenrich lived 1887 to 1952.

Spencer Tracy [Tracy, Spencer]/Freddie Bartholomew [Bartholomew, Freddie] actor USA/Ireland 1937 Captains Courageous [1937] Tracy lived 1900 to 1967. Bartholomew lived 1924 to 1992.

Ned Washington [Washington, Ned]/Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael, Hoagy] lyricist/composer USA 1937 Nearness of You [1937] Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.

Count Basie or William Allen Basie [Basie, William Allen] pianist/bandleader/composer USA 1937 to 1938 One O'Clock Jump [1937]; Swingin' the Blues [1937] He lived 1904 to 1984 and played Big Band.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Richard A. Whiting [Whiting, Richard A.] composer USA 1937 to 1938 (You're) Too Marvelous for Words [1937: from Ready, Willing and Able]; Hooray for Hollywood [1938: from the film Hollywood Hotel] Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Whiting lived 1891 to 1938.

Pitirim A. Sorokin [Sorokin, Pitirim A.] philosopher Germany 1937 to 1941 Social and Cultural Dynamics [1937 to 1941] He lived 1889 to 1968 and wrote about history.

Harold Adamson [Adamson, Harold]/Jimmy McHugh [McHugh, Jimmy] lyricist/composer USA 1937 to 1947 Where Are You [1937: from Top of the Town]; You're a Sweetheart [1937]; Coming in on a Wing and a Prayer [1943]; It's a Most Unusual Day [1947: from A Date with Judy] Adamson lived 1906 to 1980. McHugh lived 1893 to 1969.

John Archibald Wheeler [Wheeler, John Archibald] physicist USA 1937 to 1949 He lived 1911 to ?, studied S-matrix theory [1937], and invented Wheeler-Feynman absorption theory [1949]. Perhaps, universe {participatory universe} stayed in superposed quantum states until consciousness arose and determined states that led to consciousness.

Alan Mathison Turing [Turing, Alan Mathison] mathematician Britain 1937 to 1950 On Computable Numbers with an Application to the Entscheidungs Problem [1937]; Computing Machinery and Intelligence [1950] He lived 1912 to 1954 and developed Turing test for intelligence. He developed a code-breaking machine {electronic cryptanalytic machine}, which was the first programmed computer {Colossus computer}. Fixed definite processes {algorithm, Turing} {recursive procedure, Turing} or trial-and-error procedure {heuristic procedure} can solve mathematical problems. Turing machines programmed to perform procedures can solve problems. Universal Turing machines can define all possible operations and solve general problems. Algorithms and heuristics cannot solve some mathematical problems, so machines cannot solve them [Turing, 1950].

Farouk I king Egypt 1937 to 1952 He lived 1920 to 1965. Kingdom ended when Nasser began republic.

Alan Hodgkin [Hodgkin, Alan]/Andrew F. Huxley [Huxley, Andrew F.] biochemist England 1937 to 1952 Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions [1952] Hodgkin lived 1914 to 1998. Huxley lived 1917 to ?. They used squid giant axons to prove that ions flow across membrane rather than down axon {local circuit hypothesis, Hodgkin}, by locally increasing and decreasing extracellular-fluid conductivity [1937]. Sodium ions have ion channels, and potassium ions have separate ion channels. During action potentials, membranes are first more permeable to sodium ions, flowing in, and then potassium ions, flowing out, so potential becomes negative {Hodgkin-Huxley theory} [1952].

Nicanor Parra [Parra, Nicanor] poet Chile 1937 to 1954 Cancionero sin Nombre or Songs without Number [1937]; Emergency Poems; Poems and Antipoems [1954] He lived 1914 to ? and wrote in colloquial language about common life {antipoetry, Parra}.

Wallace Stevens [Stevens, Wallace] poet USA 1937 to 1954 Man With the Blue Guitar [1937]; Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird [1954] He lived 1879 to 1955.

Richard Thorpe [Thorpe, Richard] director USA 1937 to 1954 Night Must Fall [1937: with Robert Montgomery]; Student Prince [1954] He lived 1896 to 1991.

John Ronald Reuel [Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel] novelist England 1937 to 1955 Hobbit [1937]; Lord of the Rings [1955] He lived 1892 to 1973.

Lyndall F. Urwick [Urwick, Lyndall F.] economist USA 1937 to 1955 Making of Scientific Management [1937: with Edward Brech]; Pattern of Management [1955] He lived 1891 to 1983 and studied scientific management theory.

Hans Krebs [Krebs, Hans] biologist England 1937 to 1957 Energy Transformation in Living Matter [1957: with Hans Kornberg] He lived 1900 to 1981 and studied tricarboxylic carbohydrate cycle [1937].

George Peter Murdock [Murdock, George Peter] sociologist USA 1937 to 1962 Cross-Cultural Survey [1937]; Social Structure [1949]; Human Relations Area Files [1949: including the Outline of Cultural Materials and used for World Ethnographic Sample and the Ethnographic Atlas]; Ethnology [1962: journal] He lived 1897 to 1985 and studied comparative culture.

George Gamow [Gamow, George] astronomer USA 1937 to 1966 Mr. Tompkins in Wonderland [1937]; One Two Three ... Infinity [1950]; Thirty Years That Shook Physics [1966] He lived 1904 to 1968, predicted microwave background radiation [1948], and calculated helium and lithium production from hydrogen just after universe origin. He expanded Big-Bang theory, with Ralph Alpher, Robert Hermann, and James Follin.

Artur Rubinstein [Rubinstein, Artur] pianist Poland/USA 1937 to 1966 He lived 1887 to 1982.

Karen Horney [Horney, Karen] psychologist USA 1937 to 1967 Neurotic Personality of Our Time [1937]; Neurosis and Human Growth [1950]; Feminine Psychology [1967] She lived 1885 to 1952 and studied repression.

Maurits C. Escher [Escher, Maurits C.] painter Netherlands 1937 to 1968 Metamorphosis I [1937]; Sky and Water I [1938]; Sky and Water II [1938]; Day and Night [1938]; Regular Division of the Plane with Asymmetric Congruent Polygons [1941]; Drawing Hands [1948]; Gravity [1952]; Ascending and Descending [1953]; Relativity [1953]; Circle Limit I [1955]; Circle Limit II [1959]; Circle Limit III [1959]; Circle Limit IV [1960]; Regular Division of the Plane [1958]; Up and Down [1961]; Waterfall [1961]; Möbius Strip I [1963]; Metamorphosis III [1967] He lived 1898 to 1972 and etched lithographs and woodcuts with scenes impossible in three-dimensional space or with opposite-shape tilings. He used the 17 symmetries available in the plane {wallpaper group, Escher}. He also represented hyperbolic space by projection onto plane.

Herbert Blumer [Blumer, Herbert] sociologist Chicago, Illinois 1937 to 1969 Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position [1958]; Symbolic Interaction: An Approach to Human Communication [1937 and 1969] He lived 1900 to 1987. He created symbolic interactionism [1937], with Everett C. Hughes at University of Chicago {Second Chicago School}. Their predecessors were W. I. Thomas and Robert Park {First Chicago School}.

Talcott Parsons [Parsons, Talcott] sociologist USA 1937 to 1969 Structure of Social Action [1937]; Social System [1951]; Structure and Process in Modern Societies [1960]; Sociological Theory and Modern Society [1968]; Politics and Social Structure [1969] He lived 1902 to 1979. Social systems {cultural system} have values, symbols, and beliefs and influence people {structural functionalism}. Groups fulfill four functions {functional imperatives}: adaptation to physical and social environment, goal attainment, society integration, and motivation to perform social roles according to expectations {latency, Parsons}.

Hugo Black [Black, Hugo] judge USA 1937 to 1971 Adamson v. California [1947]; Dennis v. United States [1951]; Engel v. Vitale [1962]; Gideon v. Wainwright [1963] He lived 1886 to 1971 and was USA Supreme Court Associate Justice [1937 to 1971].

Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard [Evans-Pritchard, Edward Evan] anthropologist England 1937 to 1981 Witchcraft, Magic, and Oracles among the Azande [1937]; Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People [1940]; Sanusi of Cyrenaica [1949]; Kinship and Marriage among the Nuer [1951]; Social Anthropology [1951]; Nuer Religion [1956]; Essays in Social Anthropology [1962]; Theories of Primitive Religion [1965]; History of Anthropological Thought [1981] He lived 1902 to 1973, studied African peoples, and criticized grandiose theories. All peoples use symbols, analogy, and metaphor. Society's rituals and beliefs explain many society aspects. Supernatural powers {spirits, Evans-Pritchard} form hierarchies and families. People have souls, and ghosts can leave bodies and return. Souls are not spirits. People can believe that all ills are their fault, and they must atone. Sacrifice is to atone to a god for transgression and is typically private. Public sacrifices are for weddings and funerals.

Lou Harrison [Harrison, Lou] composer USA 1937 to 1992 Prelude and Sarabande for Piano [1937]; La Koro Sutro or Heart Sutra [1988]; Rhymes with Silver [1992] He lived 1917 to 2003.

May Sarton [Sarton, May] poet/novelist USA 1937 to 1994 Encounter in April [1937: poetry collection]; Lion and the Rose [1948: poetry collection]; Small Room [1961]; Coming into Eighty [1994: poetry collection] She lived 1912 to 1995 and wrote about lesbianism starting 1974.

Jean Arp [Arp, Jean] or Hans Arp [Arp, Hans] sculptor France 1938 Coquille Crystals [1938] He lived 1886 to 1966 and founded a non-sensical irrational style {Dadaism}.

Gaston Bachelard [Bachelard, Gaston] philosopher Paris, France 1938 New Scientific Spirit [1938] He lived 1884 to 1962.

Chester I. Barnard [Barnard, Chester I.] businessman USA 1938 Functions of the Executive [1938] He lived 1886 to 1961 and wrote about the ideal administrator. Good administration depends on analysis, authority, communication, decision-making, expansion, goals, motivation, and purpose. Business analysis requires looking for process critical, limiting, and strategic factors and making decisions to address these factors. Then further analysis finds new critical, limiting, and strategic factors. Good analysis uses past experience, connects decisions, analyzes decision-making process itself, and facilitates limiting options. To have authority to lead, executive must be moral and qualified. Authority depends on subordinate acceptance of executive. The moral code defines authority levels, emphasizes loyalty to organization purposes, and sets goal to strive for excellence. Communication is official, is only for employees, comes from communication center through accepted channels, goes through all proper stages, preferably only one stage, comes from authority, is authenticatable, and comes from someone responsible. Executive decisions mostly limit choices. Consequence anticipations and results after previous actions limit choices. High-level decisions involve purposes and personnel. Middle-level decisions involve technical, economic, and social problems. Low-level decisions involve means to ends. Executives can protect themselves against decision criticism, by documentation and superiors' approval. Executives can ensure that authorities make decisions and take responsibility. Organization must expand to gain more incentives for workers. Organization has two main goals, which executive leads and to which organization adapts. The first goal is to reach organization purpose. The second goal is to motivate individuals. Meeting both goals requires willingness to cooperate among all employees, communication between all employees, and accepted purpose for organization. Purpose must be relevant to customers or environment, be attainable given resources and people, and fit with employee desires and hopes. Executive can motivate by distributing rewards in the most-efficient way, based on people's powers, wishes, needs, and abilities, to keep people satisfied. Direct incentives alone are not enough to satisfy employees. Propaganda, education, and training can persuade people. Technology, education, and opportunities to do more are other rewards. Executive must remember that people can always think about doing something else instead. Social relations can contribute to success but must be compatible with organization purposes. As for motivation, best results happen if people have high pay and then give full value in return. Return value typically seems small to person giving it. Purposes about family, religion, or country are personal, but business purposes are impersonal. All intentions, acts, and ideas communicate business purposes, to persuade people to accept them. Business purpose has parts that specialists can do, by place, time, other people required, resources, and methods.

Irving Berlin [Berlin, Irving] composer USA 1938 Alexander's Ragtime Band [1938] He lived 1888 to 1989.

Charles Boyer [Boyer, Charles]/Hedy Lamarr [Lamarr, Hedy] actor USA 1938 Algiers [1938] Boyer lived 1899 to 1978. Lamarr lived 1914 to 2000. She said "Come with me to the Casbah".

James Cagney [Cagney, James]/Pat O'Brien [O'Brien, Pat]/Humphrey Bogart [Bogart, Humphrey] actor USA 1938 Angels with Dirty Faces [1938] Cagney lived 1899 to 1986. O'Brien lived 1899 to 1983. Bogart lived 1899 to 1957.

Sammy Cahn [Cahn, Sammy]/Saul Chaplin [Chaplin, Saul] composer USA 1938 Please Be Kind [1938] Cahn lived 1913 to 1993. Chaplin lived 1912 to 1997.

Larry Clinton [Clinton, Larry] lyricist/composer USA 1938 My Reverie [1938]; Cry, Baby, Cry [1938]; Dipsy Doodle [1938] He lived 1909 to 1985.

Robert Crawford [Crawford, Robert] composer USA 1938 Off We Go into the Wild Blue Yonder [1938: Air Force Academy] He lived 1899 to 1964.

Mack David [David, Mack]/Jerry Livingston [Livingston, Jerry]/Count Basie lyricist/composer USA 1938 Blue and Sentimental [1938] David lived 1912 to 1993. Livingston lived 1909 to 1987. Basie lived 1904 to 1984.

Daphne du Maurier [du Maurier, Daphne] novelist England 1938 Rebecca [1938] She lived 1907 to 1989.

James T. Farrell [Farrell, James T.] novelist USA 1938 Studs Lonigan [1938] He lived 1904 to 1979.

Slim Gaillard [Gaillard, Slim]/Slam Stewart [Stewart, Slam]/Bud Green [Green, Bud] composer USA/Austria 1938 Flat Foot Floogie [1938] Gaillard lived 1916 to 1991. Stewart lived 1914 to 1987. Green lived 1897 to 1981.

Cary Grant [Grant, Cary]/Katherine Hepburn [Hepburn, Katherine] actor USA 1938 Bringing Up Baby [1938] Grant lived 1904 to 1986. Hepburn lived 1907 to 2003.

Samuel I. Hayakawa [Hayakawa, Samuel I.] linguist Canada/USA 1938 Language in Thought and Action [1938] He lived 1906 to 1992 and helped develop semantics {General Semantics}, with Korzybski.

Irving Kahal [Kahal, Irving]/Sammy Fain [Fain, Sammy] lyricist/composer USA 1938 I Can Dream, Can't I? [1938]; I'll Be Seeing You [1938: from Right This Way] Kahal lived 1903 to 1942. Fain lived 1902 to 1989.

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa [Kapitsa, Pyotr Leonidovich] physicist Russia 1938 He lived 1894 to 1984 and discovered helium-4 superfluidity [1938].

Jimmy Kennedy [Kennedy, Jimmy]/Georges Boulanger [Boulanger, Georges] lyricist/composer USA 1938 My Prayer [1938: adapted from the music Avant de Mourir] Kennedy lived 1902 to 1984.

Charles Laughton [Laughton, Charles]/Elsa Lanchester [Lanchester, Elsa] actor USA 1938 Beachcomber [1938] Laughton lived 1899 to 1962. Lanchester lived 1902 to 1986.

Jack Lawrence [Lawrence, Jack]/Harry James [James, Harry] lyricist/composer USA 1938 Ciribiribin or They're So in Love [1938] Lawrence lived 1912 to ?. James lived 1916 to 1983.

Raymond Leveen [Leveen, Raymond]/Maria Grever [Grever, Maria]/Horace Heidt [Heidt, Horace] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1938 Ti-Pi-Tin [1938] Heidt lived 1901 to 1986.

Frank Loesser [Loesser, Frank]/Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael, Hoagy] composer USA 1938 Two Sleepy People [1938]; Small Fry [1938: from Sing You Sinners]; Heart and Soul [1938: from the short A Song Is Born] Loesser lived 1910 to 1969. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.

Frank Loesser [Loesser, Frank]/Alfred Newman [Newman, Alfred] lyricist/composer USA 1938 Moon of Manakoora [1938] Loesser lived 1910 to 1969. Newman lived 1900 to 1970.

Frank Loesser [Loesser, Frank]/Manning Sherwin [Sherwin, Manning] lyricist/composer USA 1938 I Fall in Love Everyday [1938] Loesser lived 1910 to 1969. Sherwin lived 1890 to 1960.

Paul Mann [Mann, Paul]/Ned Weaver [Weaver, Ned] composer USA 1938 I Simply Adore You [1938]

Leonid Massine [Massine, Leonid] ballet dancer Russia 1938 Seventh Symphony [1938] He lived 1886 to 1979.

Marjorie Rawlings [Rawlings, Marjorie] novelist USA 1938 Yearling [1938] She lived 1896 to 1953.

Ginger Rogers [Rogers, Ginger]/Fred Astaire [Astaire, Fred] actor USA 1938 Carefree [1938] Rogers lived 1911 to 1995. Astaire lived 1899 to 1987.

Artie Shaw [Shaw, Artie] clarinetist/bandleader USA 1938 Begin the Beguine [1938] He lived 1910 to 2004 and played Big Band.

Robert Sherwood [Sherwood, Robert] playwright USA 1938 Abe Lincoln in Illinois [1938]; Petrified Forest He lived 1896 to 1955.

Penny Singleton [Singleton, Penny] actor USA 1938 Blondie [1938] She lived 1908 to 2003. Series went to 1950.

Esphyr Slobodkina [Slobodkina, Esphyr] writer USA 1938 Caps for Sale: A Tale of a Peddler, Some Monkeys and Their Monkey Business [1938] He lived 1908 to 2002.

James Stewart [Stewart, James]/Jean Arthur [Arthur, Jean] actor USA 1938 You Can't Take It With You [1938] Stewart lived 1908 to 1997. Arthur lived 1900 to 1991.

Nikolai Trubetzkoy [Trubetzkoy, Nikolai] linguist Russia/Prague, Czech Republic 1938 Principles of Phonology [1939] He lived 1890 to 1938 and studied phonemes.

Rodolfo Usigli [Usigli, Rodolfo] playwright Latin America 1938 Gesticulator [1938] He lived 1905 to 1979.

Edith Wharton [Wharton, Edith] novelist USA 1938 Ethan Frome [1938] She lived 1862 to 1937.

Johnny Burke [Burke, Johnny]/James V. Monaco [Monaco, James V.] lyricist/composer USA 1938 to 1939 On the Sentimental Side [1938]; Apple for the Teacher [1939: from The Star Maker] Burke lived 1884 to 1950. Monaco lived 1885 to 1945.

Edgar De Lange [De Lange, Edgar]/James Van Heusen [Heusen, James Van] or Edward Chester Babcock [Babcock, Edward Chester] composer USA 1938 to 1939 Deep in a Dream [1938]; Darn That Dream [1939] Van Heusen lived 1913 to 1990.

Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker [Weizsäcker, Carl Friedrich von] physicist Germany/USA 1938 to 1939 Unity of Nature [1939] He lived 1912 to and invented a star-evolution theory [1938].

Henry A. Murray [Murray, Henry A.] psychologist USA 1938 to 1940 Explorations in Personality [1938]; What should psychologists do about psychoanalysis? [1940] He lived 1893 to 1988. Environment force or process {need-press theory} causes organism force or process {need}.

Erich Wolfgang Korngold [Korngold, Erich Wolfgang] composer Moravia/USA 1938 to 1941 Adventures of Robin Hood [1938]; Sea Hawk [1940]; Kings Row [1941] He lived 1897 to 1957.

Glenn Miller [Miller, Glenn] clarinetist/bandleader/composer USA 1938 to 1942 Moonlight Serenade [1938]; Little Brown Jug [1938]; In the Mood [1938]; Tuxedo Junction [1938]; At Last [1939]; Careless [1940]; Elmers Tune [1942] He lived 1904 to 1944 and played Big Band.

Michael Curtiz [Curtiz, Michael] director Hungary/USA 1938 to 1943 Four Daughters [1938]; This Is the Army [1943: Irving Berlin composed] He lived 1888 to 1962.

Maxwell Anderson [Anderson, Maxwell]/Kurt Weill [Weill, Kurt] lyricist/composer USA 1938 to 1944 Knickerbocker Holiday [1938: musical, including September Song]; Lost in the Stars [1944: musical, including Lost in the Stars] Anderson lived 1888 to 1959.

Robert Lawson [Lawson, Robert] writer USA 1938 to 1945 Mr. Popper's Penguins [1938]; Rabbit Hill [1945] He lived 1892 to 1957.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Harry Warren [Warren, Harry] lyricist/composer USA 1938 to 1945 You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby [1938: from the film Hard to Get]; Jeepers Creepers [1938: from the film Going Places]; On the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe [1945: from the film The Harvey Girls] Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Warren lived 1893 to 1981.

Albert Hofmann [Hofmann, Albert] psychologist Switzerland 1938 to 1960 LSD: My Problem Child [1960] He lived 1906 to 2005, discovered LSD-25 [1938], and showed that related alkaloids {lysergic acid amide} {lysergic acid hydroxyethylamide} are naturally in plants [1959].

Salvatore Luria [Luria, Salvatore] biologist USA 1938 to 1965 He lived 1912 to 1991 and studied enzymes [1938 to 1965].

Charles William Morris [Morris, Charles William] linguist England 1938 to 1968 Foundations of the Theory of Signs [1938]; Signification and Significance [1968] He lived 1901 to 1979 and studied theory of signs {semiotics}, which has semantics, pragmatics, and syntactics.

Vladimir [Nabokov, Vladimir] novelist Russia 1938 to 1969 Gift [1938 and 1952]; Lolita [1955]; Pale Fire [1962]; Speak, Memory or Conclusive Evidence [1951 and 1966: autobiography]; Ada [1969] He lived 1899 to 1977.

Burrhus Fredric Skinner [Skinner, Burrhus Fredric] psychologist USA 1938 to 1974 Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis [1938]; Walden II [1948]; Science and Human Behavior [1953]; Verbal Behavior [1957]; Cumulative Record [1961]; Contingencies of Reinforcement [1969]; Beyond Freedom and Dignity [1971]; About Behaviorism [1974] He lived 1904 to 1990. He studied operant conditioning or instrumental responses as explanations for internal and external behavior. Most behaviors involve voluntary movements {operant conditioning, Skinner}, rather than reflexes {classical conditioning, Skinner}. Current behavior depends on rewards or punishments experienced after previous behavior. Rewards can be food or pleasure {positive reinforcement, Skinner} or can be punishment reduction {negative reinforcement, Skinner}. Punishment can decrease behavior. Low reward can decrease behavior {extinction, Skinner}. People have private stimuli and responses. People learn to be self-aware by verbal reports. Only stimulus-response conditioning frequencies determine behavior {radical behaviorism}. Experimental chambers {Skinner box} allow stimulus delivery and response measurement. Skinner boxes can be enclosed cribs {air-crib} for human infants.

Wilder Graves Penfield [Penfield, Wilder Graves] neurosurgeon Canada 1938 to 1975 Cerebral Cortex of Man [1950: with Theodore B. Rasmussen]; Epilepsy and the Functional Anatomy of the Human Brain [1954: with H. Jasper]; Mystery of the Mind [1975] He lived 1891 to 1976, studied local epilepsy, found epileptic brain-lesion locations and extents [1938], and surgically treated local epilepsy. He electrically stimulated brains to find regions needed for language, but he also elicited images and sensations, which are same dream-like sensations that patients experience when epileptic [Penfield, 1975] [Penfield and Perot, 1963]. Removing tissue did not delete sensation.

John Bowlby [Bowlby, John] psychologist USA 1938 to 1988 Review of The Development of Children's Concepts of Causal Relations [1938]; Maternal Care and Mental Health [1951]; Secure Base: Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development [1988] He lived 1907 to 1990. Mental health and proper development depend on close and enjoyable relation to, and communication with, mother. Young children typically attach themselves to their mother in second six months. Attachment prepares children for monogamous relationships at sexual maturity.

Gene Autry [Autry, Gene]/Ray Whitley [Whitley, Ray] singer/composer USA 1939 Back in the Saddle Again [1939: western] Autry lived 1907 to 1998. Whitley lived 1901 to 1979.

Ludwig Bemelmans [Bemelmans, Ludwig] writer France 1939 Madeleine [1939] He lived 1898 to 1962.

Nicholas Bourbaki [Bourbaki, Nicholas] mathematics group France 1939 Elements of Mathematics [1939] Mathematicians, including Claude Chevalley, André Weil, Henri Cartan, and Jean Dieudonné, studied modern- mathematics foundations.

Bette Davis [Davis, Bette]/Errol Flynn [Flynn, Errol] actor USA 1939 Elizabeth the Queen [1939] Davis lived 1908 to 1989. Flynn lived 1909 to 1959.

Peter DeRose [DeRose, Peter] composer USA 1939 Deep Purple [1939] He lived 1900 to 1953.

Alberto Dominguez [Dominguez, Alberto] composer Chiapas, Mexico 1939 Perfidia or Perfidy [1939]; Frenesí [1939] He lived 1913 to 1975.

Robert Donat [Donat, Robert] actor USA 1939 Goodbye Mr. Chips [1939] He lived 1900 to 1900.

Pietro di Donato [Donato, Pietro di] novelist Italy 1939 Christ in Concrete [1939] He lived 1911 to 1992.

Saxie Dowell [Dowell, Saxie] composer USA 1939 Three Little Fishies or Itty Bitty Poo [1939] He lived 1904 to 1968.

Ziggy Elman [Elman, Ziggy] composer USA 1939 And the Angels Sing [1939] He lived 1914 to 1968.

Buddy Feyne [Feyne, Buddy]/Erskine Hawkins [Hawkins, Erskine]/William Johnson [Johnson, William]/Julian Dash [Dash, Julian] lyricist/composer/composer/composer USA 1939 Tuxedo Junction [1939] Feyne lived 1912 to 1998. Hawkins lived 1914 to 1993. Dash lived 1916 to 1974.

Judy Garland [Garland, Judy]/Ray Bolger [Bolger, Ray]/Jack Haley [Haley, Jack]/Bert Lahr [Lahr, Bert] actor USA 1939 Wizard of Oz [1939] Garland lived 1922 to 1969. Bolger lived 1904 to 1987. Haley lived 1899 to 1979. Lahr lived 1895 to 1967.

Joe Garland [Garland, Joe] composer USA 1939 In the Mood [1939] He lived 1903 to 1977.

Cary Grant [Grant, Cary]/Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. [Fairbanks, Jr., Douglas] actor USA 1939 Gunga Din [1939] Grant lived 1904 to 1986. Fairbanks lived 1909 to 2000.

Lionel Hampton [Hampton, Lionel] vibraphonist/bandleader USA 1939 He lived 1908 to 2002 and played Swing and Big Band.

Coleman Hawkins [Hawkins, Coleman] saxophonist USA 1939 Body and Soul [1939] He lived 1904 to 1969 and played Big Band and Swing.

Lillian Hellman [Hellman, Lillian] playwright USA 1939 Little Foxes [1939] She lived 1905 to 1984.

Dubose Heyward [Heyward, Dubose] writer USA 1939 Country Bunny and the Little Gold Shoes [1939] He lived 1885 to 1940.

Friedrich Hollaender [Hollaender, Friedrich]/Frank Loesser [Loesser, Frank] lyricist/composer USA 1939 Boys in the Backroom [1939: from the film Destry Rides Again. sung by Marlene Dietrich] Hollaender lived 1896 to 1976. Loesser lived 1910 to 1969.

Christopher Isherwood [Isherwood, Christopher] essayist/storyteller England/USA 1939 Mr. Norris Changes Trains or The Last of Mr. Norris [1939]; Goodbye to Berlin [1939] He lived 1904 to 1986 and wrote Berlin Stories.

Jimmy Kennedy [Kennedy, Jimmy]/Michael Carr [Carr, Michael] composer USA 1939 South of the Border [1939: from the film South of the Border] Kennedy lived 1902 to 1984.

Jack Lawrence [Lawrence, Jack]/Arthur Altman [Altman, Arthur] lyricist/composer USA 1939 All or Nothing At All [1939] Lawrence lived 1912 to ?. Altman lived 1911 to 1994.

Jack Lawrence [Lawrence, Jack] lyricist/composer USA 1939 If I Didn't Care [1939] He lived 1912 to ?.

Vivien Leigh [Leigh, Vivien]/Clark Gable [Gable, Clark] actor USA 1939 Gone with the Wind [1939: David O. Selznick produced] Leigh lived 1913 to 1967. Gable lived 1901 to 1960.

Frank Loesser [Loesser, Frank]/Burton Lane [Lane, Burton] composer USA 1939 Lady's in Love with You [1939: from Some Like It Hot]; I Hear Music [1940: from Dancing on a Dime] Loesser lived 1910 to 1969. Lane lived 1912 to 1997.

Jimmy Lunceford [Lunceford, Jimmy]/Trummy Young [Young, Trummy] composer USA 1939 'Taint What You Do (It's the Way Whatcha Do It) [1939] Lunceford lived 1902 to 1947. Young lived 1912 to ?.

Lise Meitner [Meitner, Lise] physicist Austria 1939 She lived 1878 to 1968 and described nuclear fission [1939] with Otto Frisch.

Annette Mills [Mills, Annette] lyricist/composer USA 1939 Boomps-A-Daisy [1939] She lived 1894 to 1955.

Margaret Mitchell [Mitchell, Margaret] novelist USA 1939 Gone with the Wind [1939] She lived 1900 to 1949.

Gaetano Mosca [Mosca, Gaetano] political scientist Italy 1939 Ruling Class [1939] He lived 1858 to 1941.

Mitchell Parish [Parish, Mitchell] or Mitchell Parrish [Parrish, Mitchell]/Glenn Miller [Miller, Glenn] lyricist/composer/clarinetist USA 1939 Moonlight Serenade [1939] Parish lived 1900 to 1993. Miller lived 1904 to 1944.

Ross Parker [Parker, Ross]/Hughie Charles [Charles, Hughie] composer England 1939 There'll Always Be an England [1939]; We'll Meet Again [1939]

Basil Rathbone [Rathbone, Basil]/Nigel Bruce [Bruce, Nigel] actor England 1939 Adventures of Sherlock Holmes [1939] Rathbone lived 1892 to 1967. Bruce lived 1895 to 1953.

June Richmond [Richmond, June]/Andy Kirk [Kirk, Andy] composer USA 1939 Wham Rebop Boom Bam (I'm a Killer Diller, Yes I Am) [1939]

Sid Robin [Robin, Sid]/Lionel Hampton [Hampton, Lionel]/Benny Goodman [Goodman, Benny] lyricist/composer/composer USA 1939 Flyin' Home [1939] Hampton lived 1908 to 2002. Goodman lived 1909 to 1986.

Edward G. Robinson [Robinson, Edward G.]/George Sanders [Sanders, George] actor USA/Russia 1939 Confessions of a Nazi Spy [1939] Robinson lived 1893 to 1973. Sanders lived 1906 to 1972.

Carl Sandburg [Sandburg, Carl] historian USA 1939 Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years [1939]; Abraham Lincoln: The War Years He lived 1878 to 1967.

Norma Shearer [Shearer, Norma]/Joan Crawford [Crawford, Joan]/Rosalind Russell [Russell, Rosalind] actor USA 1939 Women [1939] Shearer lived 1902 to 1983. Crawford lived 1905 to 1977. Russell lived 1907 to 1976.

Muggsy Spanier [Spanier, Muggsy]/Joe Bushkin [Bushkin, Joe] composer USA 1939 Relaxin' at the Touro [1939]

James Stewart [Stewart, James]/Marlene Dietrich [Dietrich, Marlene] actor USA 1939 Destry Rides Again [1939] Stewart lived 1908 to 1997. Dietrich lived 1901 to 1992.

James Stewart [Stewart, James]/Carole Lombard [Lombard, Carole] actor USA 1939 Made for Each Other [1939] Stewart lived 1908 to 1997. Lombard lived 1908 to 1942.

Dalton Trumbo [Trumbo, Dalton] writer England 1939 Johnny Got His Gun [1939] He lived 1905 to 1976.

Hans Bethe [Bethe, Hans] physicist/inventor USA/Chicago, Illinois 1939 to 1942 controlled fission of uranium [1942] He lived 1906 to 2005 and described carbon-nitrogen and proton-proton nuclear-fusion cycles [1939].

Virginia Lee Burton [Burton, Virginia Lee] writer USA 1939 to 1943 Mike Mulligan and His Steam Shovel [1939]; Little House [1942]; Katy and the Big Snow [1943] She lived 1909 to 1968.

Mickey Rooney [Rooney, Mickey]/Lewis Stone [Stone, Lewis]/Judy Garland [Garland, Judy] actor USA 1939 to 1944 Andy Hardy [1939 on: comedies] Rooney lived 1920 to ?. Stone lived 1879 to 1953. Garland lived 1922 to 1969.

Woody Herman [Herman, Woody] clarinetist/saxophonist/bandleader/composer USA 1939 to 1945 Woodchoppers' Ball [1939]; Bijou [1945] He lived 1913 to 1987. Big Band.

Abraham Wald [Wald, Abraham] mathematician Hungary/USA 1939 to 1947 Sequential Analysis [1947] He lived 1902 to 1950, studied statistical decision problem, and used minimax [1939].

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Rube Bloom [Bloom, Rube] composer USA 1939 to 1951 Day In, Day Out [1939]; Fools Rush In [1940]; Here's to My Lady [1951] Mercer lived 1909 to 1976.

Shalom Asch [Asch, Shalom] novelist England 1939 to 1955 [1939]; Apostle [1943]; Prophet [1955: about Isaiah] He lived 1880 to 1957.

Kenneth Patchen [Patchen, Kenneth] poet USA 1939 to 1955 First Will and Testament [1939]; Sleepers Awake [1947]; Glory Never Guesses [1955] He lived 1911 to 1972.

C. Wright Mills [Mills, C. Wright] sociologist USA 1939 to 1956 Language, Logic and Culture [1939]; Power Elite [1956] He lived 1916 to 1962.

Tyrone Power [Power, Tyrone] actor USA 1939 to 1956 Jesse James [1939]; Eddy Duchin Story [1956] He lived 1914 to 1958.

Faisal II king Iraq 1939 to 1958 He lived 1935 to 1958.

Pius XII pope Rome, Italy 1939 to 1958 He lived 1876 to 1958. As pope, he opposed Communism in Italy.

Joaquín Rodrigo [Rodrigo, Joaquín] composer Spain 1939 to 1959 Concierto de Aranjuez [1939]; Aria Antigua or Ancient Aria [1959: for flute and string orchestra] He lived 1901 to 1999.

Benjamin Britten [Britten, Benjamin] composer England 1939 to 1962 Ceremony of Carols [1939: to Old English carols]; Peter Grimes [1945: opera]; Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra [1946: symphony]; Billy Budd [1951: opera]; Turn of the Screw [1954: opera]; War Requiem [1962: mass] He lived 1913 to 1976.

Carleton S. Coon [Coon, Carleton S.] sociologist USA 1939 to 1962 Races of Europe [1939]; Origin of Races [1962] He lived 1904 to 1981.

Felix Frankfurter [Frankfurter, Felix] judge Austria/USA 1939 to 1962 He lived 1882 to 1965 and was USA Supreme Court Associate Justice [1939 to 1962].

Peter F. Drucker [Drucker, Peter F.] economist Austria/USA 1939 to 1966 End of Economic Man [1939]; Effective Executive [1966] He lived 1909 to ? and studied non-profit business policy.

Margot [Fonteyn, Margot] ballerina England 1939 to 1966 Romeo and Juliet [1966: with Fonteyn and ] She lived 1919 to 1991.

Rachel de Queiroz [Queiroz, Rachel de] novelist/playwright Brazil 1939 to 1967 Three Marias [1939: novel]; Metonymy or Husband's Revenge [1967: story] She lived 1910 to 2003 and wrote in Portuguese.

William Wyler [Wyler, William] director USA 1939 to 1967 Wuthering Heights [1939: Laurence Olivier and Merle Oberon acted, and Sam Goldwyn produced]; Little Foxes [1941: Bette Davis acted, and Sam Goldwyn produced]; Mrs. Miniver [1942: Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon acted]; Best Years of Our Lives [1946: Myrna Loy, Fredric March, Dana Andrews, and Harold Russell acted, and MacKinley Kantor and Robert Sherwood wrote]; Heiress [1949]; Roman Holiday [1953: Gregory Peck and Audrey Hepburn acted]; Friendly Persuasion [1956: Gary Cooper and Dorothy McGuire acted]; Ben-Hur [1958: Charleton Heston acted]; Funny Girl [1967: Barbra Streisand acted] He lived 1902 to 1981.

Conrad H. Waddington [Waddington, Conrad H.] biologist England 1939 to 1978 Introduction to Modern Genetics [1939] He lived 1905 to 1975 and studied evolution [1939].

Subramanyan Chandrasekhar [Chandrasekhar, Subramanyan] astronomer India 1939 to 1987 Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structures [1939]; Truth and Beauty: Aesthetics and Motivations in Science [1987] He lived 1911 to 1995 and stated mass limit for making neutron star instead of white-dwarf star, 1.4 times solar mass (Chandrasekhar limit).

Tom Adair [Adair, Tom] or Thomas Montgomery Adair [Adair, Thomas Montgomery]/Matt Dennis [Dennis, Matt] lyricist/composer USA 1940 Everything Happens to Me [1940]; Night We Called it a Day [1940]; Will You Still Be Mine [1940] Adair lived 1913 to ?.

Earl Brent [Brent, Earl]/Matt Dennis [Dennis, Matt] composer USA 1940 Angel Eyes [1940]

Bill Carey [Carey, Bill]/Carl Fisher [Fisher, Carl] composer USA 1940 It Started All Over Again [1940]

W. C. Fields [Fields, W. C.]/Mae West [West, Mae] actor USA 1940 My Little Chickadee [1940] Fields lived 1879 to 1946. West lived 1892 to 1980.

Dorothea Canfield Fisher [Fisher, Dorothea Canfield] essayist USA 1940 Nothing Ever Happens and How It Does [1940] She lived 1879 to 1958.

Henry Fonda [Fonda, Henry] actor USA 1940 Grapes of Wrath [1940] He lived 1905 to 1982.

George Gallup [Gallup, George] sociologist USA 1940 Pulse of Democracy [1940: with Saul Rae] He lived 1901 to 1984 and started polling.

Kim Gannon [Gannon, Kim]/Arthur Altman [Altman, Arthur] lyricist/composer USA 1940 I'll Pray for You [1940] Altman lived 1911 to 1994.

Richard Goldschmidt [Goldschmidt, Richard] biologist Germany/USA 1940 Material Basis of Evolution [1940] He lived 1878 to 1958 and studied gypsy moths. Genes {rate gene} can control rates and regulate other genes.

Nancy Hamilton [Hamilton, Nancy]/Morgan Lewis [Lewis, Morgan] lyricist/composer USA 1940 How High the Moon [1940: from Two for the Show]

Katherine Hepburn [Hepburn, Katherine] actor USA 1940 Philadelphia Story [1940] She lived 1907 to 2003.

Jimmy Hughes [Hughes, Jimmy]/Frank Lake [Lake, Frank]/Al Stillman [Stillman, Al] composer USA 1940 Bless 'Em All [1940] Stillman lived 1906 to ?.

Al Jolson [Jolson, Al]/Vincent Rose [Rose, Vincent]/Buddy G. DeSylva [DeSylva, Buddy G.] composer USA 1940 Avalon [1940] Jolson lived 1886 to 1950. Rose lived 1899 to 1966. DeSylva lived 1895 to 1950.

Eric Knight [Knight, Eric] writer USA 1940 Lassie Come Home [1940] He lived 1897 to 1943.

Dorothy Kunhardt [Kunhardt, Dorothy] writer USA 1940 Pat the Bunny [1940] She lived 1901 to 1979.

Hans Liep [Liep, Hans]/Tommie Connor [Connor, Tommie]/Norbert Schultze [Schultze, Norbert] lyricist/lyricist/composer Germany/USA 1940 Lilli Marlene [1940]

Ruth Lowe [Lowe, Ruth] lyricist/composer USA 1940 I'll Never Smile Again [1940] She lived 1915 to ?.

Raymond Massey [Massey, Raymond]/Ruth Gordon [Gordon, Ruth] actor USA 1940 Abe Lincoln in Illinois [1940: Robert Sherwood wrote] Massey lived 1896 to 1983. Gordon lived 1896 to 1985.

Helen O'Connell [O'Connell, Helen] singer USA 1940 She lived 1920 to 1993 and sang with Bob Eberly for bandleader Jimmy Dorsey, in Swing.

Warner Oland [Oland, Warner] actor Sweden/USA 1940 Charlie Chan in Panama [1940]; Charlie Chan at the Wax Museum [1940] He lived 1880 to 1938.

Mitchell Parish [Parish, Mitchell] or Mitchell Parrish [Parrish, Mitchell]/Cliff Burwell [Burwell, Cliff] lyricist/composer USA 1940 Sweet Lorraine [1940] Parish lived 1900 to 1993.

Joachim von Ribbentrop [Ribbentrop, Joachim von] general Germany 1940 He lived 1893 to 1946.

Roy Rogers [Rogers, Roy] actor USA 1940 Colorado [1940: singing western] He lived 1911 to 1998.

Leon Roppolo [Roppolo, Leon] or Leon Rappolo [Rappolo, Leon] clarinetist Chicago, Illinois 1940 He lived 1902 to 1943 and played Chicago.

Terry Shard [Shard, Terry]/Jimmy Eaton [Eaton, Jimmy]/Mickey Leader [Leader, Mickey] composer USA 1940 Dance with a Dolly with a Hole in Her Stocking [1940]

William H. Sheldon [Sheldon, William H.] psychologist USA 1940 Varieties of Human Physique: An Introduction to Constitutional Psychology [1940] He lived 1898 to 1977. Descriptive personality theory {type theory, Sheldon} postulates that people have some personality types, which depend on a main trait or trait set: ectomorphy, mesomorphy, or endomorphy.

Armstrong Sperry [Sperry, Armstrong] writer USA 1940 Call It Courage [1940] He lived 1897 to 1976.

Leopold Stokowski [Stokowski, Leopold] conductor England 1940 Fantasia [1940] He lived 1882 to 1977.

Charles Tobias [Tobias, Charles]/Cliff Friend [Friend, Cliff] composer USA 1940 Tradewinds [1940] Tobias lived 1898 to 1970.

Ned Washington [Washington, Ned]/Leigh Harline [Harline, Leigh] lyricist/composer USA 1940 Give a Little Whistle [1940: from the movie Pinocchio]; Hi-Diddle-Dee-Dee an Actor's Life for Me [1940: from the movie Pinocchio]; When You Wish upon a Star [1940: in the film Pinocchio]; Pinocchio [1940: film] Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Harline lived 1907 to 1969.

Benjamin Whorf [Whorf, Benjamin] linguist USA 1940 Science and Linguistics [1940] He lived 1897 to 1941. Language affects thinking {Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, Whorf} [1940].

Wendell Wilkie [Wilkie, Wendell] candidate USA 1940 He lived 1892 to 1944. Republican candidate for president campaigned for peace.

Bob Wills [Wills, Bob] or James Robert Wills [Wills, James Robert] composer/violinist USA 1940 New San Antonio Rose [1940] He lived 1905 to 1975 and led the Wills Fiddle Band, Light Crust Doughboys, and the Texas Playboys.

Richard Wright [Wright, Richard] novelist USA 1940 Native Son [1940] He lived 1908 to 1960.

Edward [Hopper, Edward] painter USA 1940 to 1942 Gas [1940]; Nighthawks: Boulevard of Broken Dreams [1942] He lived 1882 to 1967.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer [Bonhoeffer, Dietrich] theologian Munich, Germany 1940 to 1943 Ethics [1940 to 1943] He lived 1906 to 145 and was Protestant theologian.

Maud Hart Lovelace [Lovelace, Maud Hart] writer USA 1940 to 1943 Betsy-Tacy [1940]; Betsy-Tacy and Tib [1941]; Betsy and Tacy Go Over the Big Hill [1942]; Betsy and Tacy Go Downtown [1943] She lived 1892 to 1980.

Leslie Goodwins [Goodwins, Leslie] director England/USA 1940 to 1944 Mummy's Hand [1940]; Mummy's Curse [1944: with Lon Chaney, Jr.] He lived 1899 to 1969.

Ion Antonescu [Antonescu, Ion] dictator Romania 1940 to 1946 He lived 1882 to 1946, took over Romania with Iron Guard's help, and fought Russia.

Fletcher Henderson [Henderson, Fletcher] pianist/bandleader USA 1940 to 1950 He lived 1897 to 1952 and played Big Band.

Johnny Hodges [Hodges, Johnny] trumpeter USA 1940 to 1950 He lived 1906 to 1970 and played Modern.

Charles Percy Snow [Snow, Charles Percy] novelist England 1940 to 1951 Strangers and Brothers [1940: novels]; Masters [1951] He lived 1905 to 1980.

Robert McCloskey [McCloskey, Robert] writer USA 1940 to 1952 Lentil [1940]; Make Way for Ducklings [1941]; Blueberries for Sal [1948]; One Morning in Maine [1952]; Homer Price He lived 1914 to ?.

Richard V. Southwell [Southwell, Richard V.] mathematician England 1940 to 1952 Relaxation Methods in Engineering Science [1940 and 1952] He lived 1888 to 1970 and solved differential equations by substituting algebraic equations {relaxation method, Southwell}.

Johnny Burke [Burke, Johnny]/James Van Heusen [Heusen, James Van] or Jimmy Van Heusen [Heusen, Jimmy Van] lyricist/composer USA 1940 to 1953 Imagination [1940]; Polka Dots and Moonbeams [1940]; Moonlight Becomes You [1942: in the film Road to Morocco]; (We're off on the) Road to Morocco [1942: in the film Road to Morocco]; Sunday, Monday or Always [1943]; Like Someone in Love [1944]; It Could Happen to You [1944: from the movie And the Angels Sing]; Swinging on a Star [1944: from the film Going My Way]; Here's That Rainy Day [1953: from Carnival in Flanders] Burke lived 1884 to 1950. Van Heusen lived 1913 to 1990.

Karl Shapiro [Shapiro, Karl] or Bourgeois Poet poet USA 1940 to 1953 Person, Place, and Thing [1942]; Poems 1940-1953 [1953] He lived 1913 to 2000.

Marian Anderson [Anderson, Marian] soprano USA 1940 to 1955 She lived 1898 to 1992.

Graham Greene [Greene, Graham] novelist/screenwriter England 1940 to 1955 Power and the Glory [1940: novel]; Third Man [1949: screenplay]; End of the Affair [1951]; Quiet American [1955: novel] He lived 1904 to 1991.

Frederick Ashton [Ashton, Frederick] ballet dancer/choreographer England 1940 to 1956 Romeo and Juliet [1940: music by Prokofiev]; Cinderella [1945: music by Prokofiev, for Margot Fonteyn]; La Peri [1956: music by Paul Dukas] He lived 1904 to 1988.

Woody Guthrie [Guthrie, Woody] composer USA 1940 to 1956 So Long, It's Been Good to Know You [1940]; This Land Is Your Land or God Blessed America or This Land Was Made For You And Me [1956] He lived 1912 to 1967.

Tenzin Gyatso [Gyatso, Tenzin] or 14th Dalai philosopher Tibet 1940 to 1959 He lived 1935 to ?, became [1940], and went into exile in India [1959], when China took over Tibet.

Phyllis McGinley [McGinley, Phyllis] poet USA 1940 to 1960 Pocketful of Wry [1940]; Love Letters of Phyllis McGinley [1950]; Times Three [1960] She lived 1905 to 1978.

Buddy Rich [Rich, Buddy] or Bernard Rich [Rich, Bernard] drummer USA 1940 to 1960 He lived 1917 to 1987 and played Modern.

Miklos Rozsa [Rozsa, Miklos] composer USA 1940 to 1961 Thief of Baghdad [1940]; Spellbound [1945]; Double Life [1948]; Madame Bovary [1949]; Quo Vadis or Whither Thou Goest [1951]; Ivanhoe [1952]; Ben-Hur [1959]; El Cid [1961] He lived 1907 to 1995.

Bing Crosby [Crosby, Bing]/Bob Hope [Hope, Bob]/Dorothy Lamour [Lamour, Dorothy] actor USA 1940 to 1962 Road to Singapore [1940]; Road to Morocco [1942]; Road to Rio [1947]; Road to Bali [1952]; Road to Hong Kong [1962] Crosby lived 1903 to 1977. Hope lived 1903 to 2003. Lamour lived 1914 to 1996.

Robert Hayden [Hayden, Robert] poet USA 1940 to 1962 Heart-Shape in the Dust [1940]; Those Winter Sundays [1962] He lived 1913 to 1980.

Karl Ritter von Frisch [von Frisch, Karl Ritter] ethologist Austria/USA 1940 to 1974 Bees: Their Vision, Chemical Senses, and Language [1950]; Animal Architecture [1974] He lived 1886 to 1983. Fish can have color vision and can hear. Special honeybees {scout honeybee} convey information about food-source direction and distance by performing symbolic dances after they return to hive floor. Bee determines direction in reference to Sun or to sky light-polarization angle, detectable by bee compound eye. Dances have a symmetry line, which indicates food-source direction. Dance kinds and speeds indicate food-source distance: slow and round for near and fast, and waggly for far.

Arthur Koestler [Koestler, Arthur] novelist/biologist Russia/USA 1940 to 1978 Darkness at Noon [1940: novel]; Act of Creation [1964]; Beyond Reductionism [1969: with John R. Smythies]; Case of the Midwife Toad [1971]; Janus: a Summing Up [1978] He lived 1905 to 1983 and studied creativity.

Gene Autry [Autry, Gene] composer USA 1941 Back in the Saddle Again [1941: from the film Back in the Saddle] Autry lived 1907 to 1998.

George Beadle [Beadle, George] biologist USA 1941 Genetic Control of Biochemical Reactions in Neurospora [1941: with Edward L. Tatum] He lived 1903 to 1989. One gene makes one protein [1941].

Humphrey Bogart [Bogart, Humphrey]/Peter Lorre [Lorre, Peter]/Sidney Greenstreet [Greenstreet, Sidney] actor USA/England 1941 Maltese Falcon [1941] Bogart lived 1899 to 1957. Lorre lived 1904 to 1964. Greenstreet lived 1879 to 1954.

Nat Burton [Burton, Nat]/Walter Kent [Kent, Walter] composer England 1941 White Cliffs of Dover or There'll Be Bluebirds Over the White Cliffs of Dover [1941: sung by Vera Lynn] Lynn lived 1917 to ?.

Joe Bushkin [Bushkin, Joe] composer USA 1941 You Don't Know What Love Is [1941: from Keep 'em Flyin'] He lived 1916 to 2004.

Gary Cooper [Cooper, Gary] actor USA 1941 Sergeant York [1941] He lived 1901 to 1961.

Mack David [David, Mack]/Ray Joseph [Joseph, Ray] lyricist/composer USA 1941 (The Night) A Sinner Kissed a Angel [1941] David lived 1912 to 1993.

Jimmie Davis [Davis, Jimmie] or James Edward Davis [Davis, James Edward]/Roger Ramirez [Ramirez, Roger]/Jimmy Sherman [Sherman, Jimmy] composer USA/Puerto Rico 1941 Lover Man [1941: sung by Billie Holiday] Davis lived 1899 to 2000. Ramirez lived 1913 to 1994.

Gene de Paul [Paul, Gene de] composer USA 1941 I'll Remember April [1941: from Ride 'em Cowboy] He lived 1919 to 1988.

John DeVries [DeVries, John]/Joe Bushkin [Bushkin, Joe] lyricist/composer USA 1941 Oh! Look at Me Now [1941] Bushkin lived 1916 to 2004.

Finley Peter Dunne [Dunne, Finley Peter] essayist/humorist USA 1941 Mr. Dooley's America [1941: humor] He lived 1867 to 1936.

Roy Eldridge [Eldridge, Roy] or Little Jazz trumpeter/composer USA 1941 Let Me Off Uptown [1941] He lived 1911 to 1989 and played Swing.

Walter Farley [Farley, Walter] writer USA 1941 Black Stallion [1941] He lived 1915 to 1989.

Fred Fisher [Fisher, Fred]/Doris Fisher [Fisher, Doris] lyricist/composer England 1941 Whispering Grass [1941] Fred Fisher lived 1875 to 1942. Doris Fisher lived 1915 to 2003.

Ralph Freed [Freed, Ralph]/Burton Lane [Lane, Burton] composer Canada/USA 1941 How about You? [1941: from the film Babes on Broadway] Freed lived 1907 to 1973. Lane lived 1912 to 1997.

Bud Green [Green, Bud]/Mickey Stoner [Stoner, Mickey] lyricist/composer Austria/USA 1941 I Guess I'll Have to Dream the Rest [1941] Green lived 1897 to 1981.

Ted Grouya [Grouya, Ted]/Ed Anderson [Anderson, Ed] composer USA 1941 Flamingo [1941]

Billie Holiday [Holiday, Billie]/Arthur Herzog [Herzog, Arthur] composer USA 1941 God Bless the Child [1941] Holiday lived 1915 to 1959. Herzog lived ? to 1983.

Agustin Lara [Lara, Agustin]/Ray Gilbert [Gilbert, Ray] composer/lyricist Spain/USA 1941 You Belong to My Heart or Solamente una vez [1941] Lara lived 1900 to 1970. Gilbert lived 1912 to 1976.

Richard Llewellyn [Llewellyn, Richard] novelist England 1941 How Green Was My Valley [1941] He lived 1907 to 1983.

Paul Madeira [Madeira, Paul]/Jimmy Dorsey [Dorsey, Jimmy] composer USA 1941 I'm Glad There Is You [1941] Dorsey lived 1904 to 1957.

Sol Marcus [Marcus, Sol]/Bennie Benjamin [Benjamin, Bennie]/Eddie Seiler [Seiler, Eddie] composer USA 1941 I Don't Want to Set the World on Fire [1941] Benjamin lived 1907 to 1989.

Richard von Mises [Mises, Richard von] physicist Ukraine/USA 1941 He lived 1883 to 1953 and developed measure theory [1941].

Sy Oliver [Oliver, Sy] composer USA 1941 Swingin' on Nothin' [1941]; Yes Indeed, It Comes Out If It's in You [1941] He lived 1910 to 1988.

John C. Ransom [Ransom, John C.] critic/poet USA 1941 New Criticism [1941: book] He lived 1864 to 1950. New Criticism is only about actual words, not about author, emotional reactions, historical perspectives, philosophies, or literary forms.

Don Raye [Raye, Don]/Hughie Prince [Prince, Hughie] composer USA 1941 Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy of Company B [1941: from the film Buck Privates. sung by the Andrews Sisters] Raye lived 1909 to 1985.

Hans Augusto Rey [Rey, Hans Augusto] writer Germany/USA 1941 Curious George [1941 on: 7 books] He lived 1898 to 1977. Margret Rey lived 1906 to 1996.

Fritz Roethlisberger [Roethlisberger, Fritz] economist USA 1941 Management and Morale [1941] He studied behavior and human relations.

Margaret Sullivan [Sullivan, Margaret]/Charles Boyer [Boyer, Charles] actor USA 1941 Back Street [1941] Sullivan lived 1911 to 1960. Boyer lived 1899 to 1978.

Edward Tatum [Tatum, Edward] biologist USA 1941 Genetic Control of Biochemical Reactions in Neurospora [1941: with George Beadle] He lived 1909 to 1975. One gene makes one protein.

Juan Tizol [Tizol, Juan]/Ervin Drake [Drake, Ervin]/Hans Lengsfelder [Lengsfelder, Hans] composer USA 1941 Perdido [1941] Tizol lived 1900 to 1984. Drake lived 1919 to ?.

Consuelo Velazquez [Velazquez, Consuelo]/Sunny Skylar [Skylar, Sunny] composer/lyricist Spain/Mexico/USA 1941 Bésame Mucho or Kiss Me Much [1941] Velazquez lived 1916 to 2005.

Elio Vittorini [Vittorini, Elio] writer Italy 1941 Conversations in Sicily [1941] He lived 1908 to 1966.

Ned Washington [Washington, Ned]/Frank Churchill [Churchill, Frank] lyricist/composer USA 1941 Baby Mine [1941: from the film Dumbo] Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Churchill lived 1901 to 1942.

Paul Francis Webster [Webster, Paul Francis]/Duke Ellington [Ellington, Duke] lyricist/composer USA 1941 I Got it Bad and That Ain't Good [1941] Webster lived 1907 to 1984. Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.

Matt Willis [Willis, Matt] actor USA 1941 Wolf Man [1941] He lived 1913 to 1989.

June Hershey [Hershey, June]/Don Swander [Swander, Don] lyricist/composer USA 1941 to 1942 Deep in the Heart of Texas [1941: from the film Deep in the Heart of Texas. sung by Gene Autry] Swander lived 1906 to ?.

Aram Khachaturian [Khachaturian, Aram] composer Russia 1941 to 1942 Masquerade [1941: ballet suite]; Gayane or Gayaneh [1942: ballet] He lived 1903 to 1978.

George Bergstrom architect Arlington, Virginia 1941 to 1943 Pentagon [1941 to 1943: Five-sided headquarters of USA Defense Department, world's largest office building, holds 30,000 people and has 300-meter sides, with five concentric pentagons five stories high.] He lived 1876 to 1955.

Mack Gordon [Gordon, Mack]/Harry Warren [Warren, Harry] lyricist/composer USA 1941 to 1945 Chattanooga Choo Choo [1941: from the film Sun Valley Serenade]; Serenade in Blue [1942]; At Last [1942]; There Will Never Be Another You [1942: from Iceland]; You'll Never Know (Just How Much I Love You) [1943: from the film Hello, Frisco, Hello]; More I See You [1945: from Billy Rose's Diamond Horseshoe] Gordon lived 1904 to 1959. Warren lived 1893 to 1981.

Tojo premier Japan 1941 to 1945 He lived 1884 to 1948 and started war with USA [1942].

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Harold Arlen [Arlen, Harold] composer USA 1941 to 1946 Blues in the Night [1941: from Blues in the Night]; That Old Black Magic [1942: from Star Spangled Rhythm]; One for My Baby [1943: from the film The Sky's the Limit]; My Shining Hour [1943: from The Sky's the Limit]; Ac-Cent- Tchu-Ate the Positive [1944: from Here Come the Waves]; Out of This World [1945]; Come Rain or Come Shine [1946]; Any Place I Hang My Hat [1946: from St Louis Woman] Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986.

W. Herbert Brewster [Brewster, W. Herbert] lyricist/composer USA 1941 to 1949 Move on up a Little Higher [1941: sung by Mahalia Jackson]; Surely, God Is Able [1947]; Peace Be Still [1949]; Let Us Go Back to the Old Landmark [1949] He lived 1897 to 1987.

Budd Schulberg [Schulberg, Budd] novelist USA 1941 to 1954 What Makes Sammy Run [1941]; On the Waterfront [1954] He lived 1914 to ?.

Alonzo Church [Church, Alonzo] mathematician USA 1941 to 1956 Calculi of Lambda-Conversion [1941]; Introduction to Mathematical Logic [1944 and 1956] He lived 1903 to 1995, studied denotation, and helped develop quantum logic. Symbol strings can represent numbers and functions. Using functions on input function and data strings makes output function and data strings {lambda calculus, Church}. Lambda acts on variable or function, or variable and function combination, which is second- function dummy variable: lambda(x(f(x))) = f, lambda(x(f(x)))(a) = f(a), lambda(f(f(f(x)))) = lambda(f(lambda(x)(f(f(x))))) = lambda(f(x)(f(f(x)))). This expression is a function and precedes a value, which substitutes into function. In particular, after lambda, expressions can have variable zero times, function of variable one time, function of function of variable two times, and so on: 0 = lambda(f(x)(x)), 1 = lambda(f(x)(f(x))), 2 = lambda(f(x)(f(f(x)))). Function of function equals lambda and function of function {abstraction, lambda calculus}: f(f(x)) = lambda(x)(f(f(x))). Really, symbols are functions. Lambda calculus represents recursion, iteration, and algorithm loops. Recursive functions can be equation sets. Recursive functions are computable {Church's theorem}. Functions are computable if they are recursive {Church's thesis, recursion}. Recursive functions can be lambda calculus. Lambda calculus is equivalent to Post grammar and Turing machine and so can express all algorithms. LISP computer language depends on lambda calculus. Epistemology Formal systems can prove most theorems {effectively calculable} {computability}. Lambda calculus shows that it is impossible to prove some valid theorems in most formal systems, including arithmetic.

Erich Fromm [Fromm, Erich] psychologist USA 1941 to 1956 Escape from Freedom [1941]; Art of Loving [1956] He lived 1900 to 1980 and was psychoanalyst.

Alfred Landé [Landé, Alfred] physicist USA 1941 to 1956 He lived 1888 to 1976 and developed unitary particle interpretation [1941 to 1956].

Orson Welles [Welles, Orson] director/actor USA 1941 to 1959 Citizen Kane [1941: Joseph Cotten and Orson Welles acted]; Magnificent Ambersons [1942: Tim Holt and Agnes Moorehead acted]; Jane Eyre [1944]; Macbeth [1948: Judith Anderson acted]; Touch of Evil [1958]; Compulsion [1959] He lived 1915 to 1985.

Ralph Blane [Blane, Ralph]/Hugh Martin [Martin, Hugh] composer USA 1941 to 1964 Ev'ry Time (We Say Goodnight) [1941: from Best Foot Forward]; You Are for Loving [1941: from Best Foot Forward]; Meet Me In St. Louis [1944]; Trolley Song [1944: from the film Meet Me in St. Louis]; Boy Next Door [1944: from the film Meet Me in St. Louis]; Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas [1944: from the film Meet Me in St. Louis]; Occasional Man [1955: from The Girl Rush]; You'd Better Love Me [1964: from Blythe Spirit] Blane lived 1914 to 1995. Martin lived 1914 to ?.

Étienne Gilson [Gilson, Étienne] philosopher France 1941 to 1966 God and Philosophy [1941]; Being and Some Philosophers [1949]; Arts of the Beautiful [1965]; Forms and Substances in the Arts [1966] He lived 1884 to 1978 and studied medieval philosophy.

Theodor Reik [Reik, Theodor] psychologist USA 1941 to 1966 Masochism in Sex and Society or Masochism and Modern Man [1941]; Listening with the Third Ear [1948]; Temptation [1961]; Voices from the Inaudible [1964]; Curiosities of the Self [1965]; Many Faces of Sex [1966] He lived 1888 to 1969 and studied ethics.

Karl Menninger [Menninger, Karl] psychologist USA 1941 to 1973 Crime of Punishment [1968]; Whatever Became of Sin? [1973] He lived 1919 to 1990, was psychoanalyst, and started Menninger Foundation [1941].

Jorge Luis Borges [Borges, Jorge Luis] writer Argentina 1941 to 1975 Library of Babel [1941: story in Ficciones]; Ficciones or Fictions [1944: stories]; Aleph [1949: stories]; Book of Sand [1975: novel] He lived 1889 to 1986.

Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi [Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah] shah Iran 1941 to 1979 He lived 1919 to 1980 and began rule when his father Reza Shah Pahlavi abdicated [1941], after Britain and Russia occupied Iran. He put down rival governments [1947]. He defeated Communists and overcame Premier Mossadegh [1953], with help from USA CIA. He started land and other reforms in White Revolution [1962 to 1963]. He fled Iran [1979], as Moslem clerics took power in peaceful revolution under Ayatollah Khomeini.

Bernard Herrmann [Herrmann, Bernard] composer USA 1941 to 1983 Citizen Kane [1941]; Hangover Square [1944]; Ghost And Mrs. Muir [1947]; Day the Earth Stood Still [1951]; Vertigo [1958]; Psycho [1960]; Fahrenheit 451 [1967]; Taxi Driver [1983] He lived 1911 to 1975.

Herbert Marcuse [Marcuse, Herbert] philosopher USA 1941 to 1987 Reason and Revolution [1941]; Eros and Civilization [1955]; One-Dimensional Man [1964]; Essay on Liberation [1969]; Counterrevolution and Revolt [1972]; Aesthetic Dimension [1978]; Hegel's Ontology and the Theory of Historicity [1987] He lived 1898 to 1979, was of Frankfurt School, and spoke of sexual freedom.

Stanley Adams [Adams, Stanley]/Abel Baer [Baer, Abel]/George W. Meyer [Meyer, George W.] lyricist/composer USA 1942 There Are Such Things or A Heart That's True, There Are Such Things [1942] Adams lived 1914 to 1994. Baer lived 1893 to 1976. Meyer lived 1884 to 1959.

Hillaire Belloc [Belloc, Hillaire] poet/storyteller England 1942 Servile State [1942: commentary] He lived 1870 to 1953. People achieve happiness by their decisions as agents motivated by values {distributism, Belloc}, so people must have private ownership and personal liberty. Distributism is communitarianism against capitalism and socialism.

Humphrey Bogart [Bogart, Humphrey]/Ingrid Bergman [Bergman, Ingrid] actor USA/Sweden 1942 Casablanca [1942] Bogart lived 1899 to 1957. Bergman lived 1915 to 1982.

Les Brown [Brown, Les]/Charles Tobias [Tobias, Charles]/Sam H. Stept [Stept, Sam H.] lyricist/composer USA/Russia 1942 Don't Sit under the Apple Tree [1942] Brown lived 1912 to 2001. Tobias lived 1898 to 1970. Stept lived 1897 to 1964.

Camilo Cela [Cela, Camilo] writer Spain 1942 Family of Pascual Duarte [1942] He lived 1916 to 2002.

Al Dubin [Dubin, Al]/Dave Franklin [Franklin, Dave] lyricist/composer USA 1942 Anniversary Waltz [1942] Dubin lived 1891 to 1945.

Ray Gilbert [Gilbert, Ray] composer USA 1942 Baja [1942] He lived 1912 to 1976.

Tom Glazer [Glazer, Tom]/Hans Engelmann [Engelmann, Hans] lyricist/composer USA 1942 Melody of Love [1942] Glazer lived 1914 to 2003.

Edward Heyman [Heyman, Edward]/Dana Suesse [Suesse, Dana] lyricist/composer USA 1942 My Silent Love [1942] Suesse lived 1909 to 1987. Heyman lived 1907 to 1981.

James Hilton [Hilton, James] novelist England 1942 Goodbye Mr. Chips [1942]; Lost Horizon He lived 1900 to 1954.

Emily Kimbrough [Kimbrough, Emily] novelist USA 1942 Our Hearts Were Young and Gay [1942: with Cornelia Otis Skinner] She lived 1899 to 1989.

André Kostelanetz [Kostelanetz, André] conductor USA 1942 He lived 1901 to 1980.

Suzanne K. Langer [Langer, Suzanne K.] philosopher USA 1942 Philosophy in a New Key [1942] She lived 1895 to 1985 and studied music aesthetics. Music causes structured feeling, with symbols that have no specific meaning. Structural differences between language and music make language unable to express musical feelings.

Jack Lawrence [Lawrence, Jack]/Eric Coates [Coates, Eric] lyricist/composer USA 1942 Sleepy Lagoon [1942] Lawrence lived 1912 to ?. Coates lived 1886 to 1957.

Frank Loesser [Loesser, Frank]/Joseph Lilley [Lilley, Joseph] lyricist/composer USA 1942 Jingle Jangle Jingle or I Got Spurs [1942: from the movie The Forest Rangers] Loesser lived 1910 to 1969.

Frank Loesser [Loesser, Frank]/Jimmy McHugh [McHugh, Jimmy] composer USA 1942 Can't Get Out of This Mood [1942: from Seven Days' Leave] Loesser lived 1910 to 1969. McHugh lived 1893 to 1969.

Janette S. Lowrey [Lowrey, Janette S.] writer USA 1942 Poky Little Puppy [1942] She lived 1892 to ?.

Joe McCoy [McCoy, Joe] lyricist/composer USA 1942 Why Don't You Do Right [1942] He lived 1905 to 1950.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Victor Schertzinger [Schertzinger, Victor] lyricist/composer USA 1942 I Remember You [1942: from The Fleet's In] Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Schertzinger lived 1890 to 1941.

Robert Musil [Musil, Robert] writer Austria 1942 Man without Qualities [1942] He lived 1880 to 1942.

Eddie Seiler [Seiler, Eddie]/Sol Marcus [Marcus, Sol]/Bennie Benjamin [Benjamin, Bennie] composer USA 1942 When the Lights Go on Again All over the World [1942] Benjamin lived 1907 to 1989.

Cornelia Otis Skinner [Skinner, Cornelia Otis] novelist USA 1942 Our Hearts Were Young and Gay [1942: with Emily Kimbrough] She lived 1901 to 1979.

Frank Tuttle [Tuttle, Frank] director USA 1942 This Gun for Hire [1942] He lived 1892 to 1963.

Werner von Braun [von Braun, Werner] physicist/inventor Germany/USA 1942 rocket [1942] He lived 1912 to 1977 and developed rockets [1942].

Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael, Hoagy]/Herman Hupfeld [Hupfeld, Herman] lyricist/composer USA 1942 to 1943 As Time Goes By [1942: from the film Casablanca. written in 1931] Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981. Hupfeld lived 1894 to 1951.

Eleanor Estes [Estes, Eleanor] writer USA 1942 to 1944 Moffats [1941]; Middle Moffat [1942]; Hundred Dresses [1944]; Ginger Pye She lived 1909 to 1988.

Bing Crosby [Crosby, Bing] actor USA 1942 to 1945 Holiday Inn [1942]; Going My Way [1944]; Bells of St. Mary's [1945] He lived 1903 to 1977.

Robert Fletcher [Fletcher, Robert]/Cole Porter [Porter, Cole] composer USA 1942 to 1945 Don't Fence Me In [1942: from the film Don't Fence Me In] Porter lived 1891 to 1964.

Jackson Pollack [Pollack, Jackson] painter USA 1942 to 1946 Moon Woman [1942]; One [1946] He lived 1912 to 1956 and was Abstract Expressionist, who used poured or squirted paint in an active painting process {action painting}.

Jule Styne [Styne, Jule]/Sammy Cahn [Cahn, Sammy] composer/lyricist England/USA 1942 to 1948 I've Heard That Song Before [1942: from the film Youth on Parade]; I Fall in Love Too Easily [1945: from the film Anchors Aweigh. sung by Frank Sinatra]; It's Magic [1948: from the film Romance on the High Seas] Styne lived 1905 to 1994. Cahn lived 1913 to 1993.

Margaret Wise Brown [Brown, Margaret Wise] writer USA 1942 to 1949 Runaway Bunny [1942]; Noisy Book [1942]; Child's Good Night Book [1943]; Goodnight Moon [1947]; Color Kittens [1949] She lived 1910 to 1952.

Gertrude Warner [Warner, Gertrude] writer USA 1942 to 1949 Boxcar Children [1942]; Surprise Island [1949: Boxcar Children #2] She lived 1890 to 1979.

Carlos Chavez [Chavez, Carlos] composer Mexico 1942 to 1950 Toccata para percusión or Toccata for percussion [1942]; Concierto para violín y piano [1950] He lived 1899 to 1978 and composed Native American music.

Joseph Schumpeter [Schumpeter, Joseph] economist Austria/USA 1942 to 1951 Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy [1942 and 1951] He lived 1883 to 1950 and studied entrepreneurs, innovation, and economic development. Capitalists manage, save, take risks, and supervise. Capitalists can save profits. Capitalists are at risk from business failure or trouble but have ownership as cushion. Capitalists use their social and economic power to get the most rewards and try to minimize rewards to workers. Capital tends to accumulate but has unfair distribution. Management can decentralize. Workers can supervise workers. Workers are at risk from business failure or trouble but have no ownership as cushion and cannot save profits.

Douglas MacArthur [MacArthur, Douglas] general Pacific Ocean 1942 to 1952 He lived 1880 to 1964 and commanded all Far East forces for USA in World War II. He led Japan occupation [1945 to 1952].

Philip Wylie [Wylie, Philip] novelist USA 1942 to 1955 Generation of Vipers [1942 and 1955] He lived 1902 to 1971.

Albert Camus [Camus, Albert] novelist France 1942 to 1956 Myth of Sisyphus [1942]; Stranger [1942]; Plague [1947]; Fall [1956] He lived 1913 to 1960 and was Existentialist. People need justice and reason, but world does not have those concepts, leading to conflict {absurdity, Camus}.

Norbert Wiener [Wiener, Norbert] mathematician USA 1942 to 1958 Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine [1942 and 1947]; Human Use of Human Beings [1950]; Nonlinear Problems in Random Theory [1958] He lived 1894 to 1964 and studied non-linear problems. He developed animal and machine control and communication theory {cybernetics, Wiener} and feedback-using self-regulating system theory. He helped develop artificial limbs. He studied automata {logical net}, information theory, and principles involved in communication between sources and sinks. Epistemology Information has encoding, transmission, and decoding. A possibly noisy channel transmits information. Channel has information capacity. The same information can use different codes, one of which can be optimum.

Jean Anouilh [Anouilh, Jean] playwright France 1942 to 1959 Antigone [1942]; La Valse des Toréadors or Waltz of the Toreadors [1952]; Becket [1959] He lived 1910 to 1987.

George Stevens [Stevens, George] director USA 1942 to 1959 Woman of the Year [1942]; Place in the Sun [1951: Montgomery Clift and Elizabeth Taylor acted]; Shane [1953: Alan Ladd, Jean Arthur, Van Heflin, Brandon de Wilde, and Jack Palance acted]; Giant [1956: Elizabeth Taylor, Rock Hudson, and James Dean acted]; Diary of Anne Frank [1959] He lived 1904 to 1975.

Maurice Merleau-Ponty [Merleau-Ponty, Maurice] philosopher Paris, France 1942 to 1961 Structure of Behavior [1942]; Phenomenology of Perception [1945]; Signs [1960]; Visible and the Invisible [1961] He lived 1907 to 1961, was existentialist, and opposed dualism. Epistemology Awareness of object has representation and has space, time, and other unrepresented features {horizon, awareness}. The horizon is necessary to perception, meaning, and understanding. Mind Ego or self is about body experience. Body experience is neither subject nor object. Self's essence or reality develops through actions. World is self's experiences.

Fritz Perls [Perls, Fritz] psychoanalyst Germany 1942 to 1969 Ego, Hunger, and Aggression: A Revision of Freud's Theory and Method [1942]; Gestalt Therapy [1951: with Ralph Hefferline and Paul Goodman]; Gestalt Therapy Verbatim [1969] He lived 1893 to 1970. He used psychotherapy {gestalt therapy, Perls} to emphasize, enhance, and complete figure- ground differentiation in gestalten related to patient needs. Patient tries to understand actions and sensations, which self can then control. Gestalt therapy often involves problem dramatization and training patient to become more aware of self and environment, using both observation and inference. Patient moves attention between different focuses {shuttling}. If patient suffers from repetition or compulsion, patient comes to a satisfactory conclusion. If patient has split personality, patient is more aware of actual personality experiences. Gestalt therapy tries to change current defensive and manipulative behaviors, confront patient with real feelings and problems, and force patient to learn how to behave in new circumstances. Gestalt therapy is most effective with socialized, restrained, and constricted individuals.

Everett C. Hughes [Hughes, Everett C.] sociologist Chicago, Illinois 1942 to 1971 Study of Institutions [1942]; Sociological Eye [1971] He lived 1897 to 1983 and created symbolic interactionism [1937], with Herbert Blumer at University of Chicago (Second Chicago School), and their predecessors W. I. Thomas and Robert Park (First Chicago School).

Frank Sinatra [Sinatra, Frank] singer USA 1942 to 1979 Night and Day [1942]; I Get a Kick out of You [1953]; Young at Heart [1953]; Learnin' the Blues [1955]; I've Got You under My Skin [1956]; All the Way [1957: from the film The Joker Is Wild]; Lady is a Tramp [1957]; Chicago [1957]; Witchcraft [1957]; For Only the Lonely [1958]; Softly as I Leave You [1964]; Fly Me to the Moon [1964]; Way You Look Tonight [1964]; It Was a Very Good Year [1965]; Strangers in the Night [1966]; That's Life [1967]; My Way [1968]; New York, New York [1979] He lived 1915 to 1998.

Ernst Mayr [Mayr, Ernst] biologist USA 1942 to 1988 Systematics and the Origin of Species [1942]; Evolution and the Diversity of Life [1976]; Toward a New Philosophy of Biology [1988] He lived 1904 to 2005 and examined differences between historical and non-historical sciences. New species result from variety geographic isolation {allopatry, Mayr} [1960 to 1970], rather than arising in same location {sympatry, Mayr}.

Ralph Blane [Blane, Ralph]/Roger Edens [Edens, Roger]/Hugh Martin [Martin, Hugh] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1943 Pass That Peacepipe [1943: from Good News] Blane lived 1914 to 1995. Edens lived 1905 to 1970. Martin lived 1914 to ?.

Alexander [Calder, Alexander] sculptor USA 1943 mobiles [1943] He lived 1898 to 1976 and balanced movable pieces connected by wires {mobile sculpture} and stationary structures {stabile sculpture}.

Charles Coburn [Coburn, Charles]/Joel McCrea [McCrea, Joel] actor USA 1943 More the Merrier [1943: Garson Kanin wrote] Coburn lived 1877 to 1961. McCrea lived 1905 to 1990.

Kenneth Craik [Craik, Kenneth] psychologist Britain 1943 Nature of Explanation [1943] He lived 1914 to 1945 and studied eye adaptations to illumination changes. Retina has adaptations to both light and dark. Adaptation adjusts illumination range expected, to make eye most efficient at detecting signals in that range. Adaptation is about expectations and is predictive, just as is all thinking. Brain models external reality and can make successful predictions, just as machines can predict. Retina has visual afterimages. Mental processes build and use representations using rules.

Al Dexter [Dexter, Al] lyricist/composer USA 1943 Pistol Packin' Mama [1943] He lived 1902 to 1984.

Dwight David Eisenhower [Eisenhower, Dwight David] general USA 1943 He lived 1890 to 1969 and led Allies in North Africa in World War II. Allies appointed him Supreme Commander in Europe [1944].

Esther Forbes [Forbes, Esther] writer USA 1943 Johnny Tremaine [1943] She lived 1891 to 1967.

Anne Frank [Frank, Anne] biographer Netherlands 1943 Diary of a Young Girl [1943: autobiography] She lived 1929 to 1945.

Sammy Gallop [Gallop, Sammy]/David Rose [Rose, David] lyricist/composer USA 1943 Holiday for Strings [1943] Rose lived 1910 to 1990.

Louis Hjelmslev [Hjelmslev, Louis] linguist Denmark 1943 Prolegomena to a Theory of Language or Introduction to a Theory of Language [1943] He lived 1899 to 1965 and developed categorical grammar.

Tim Holt [Holt, Tim] actor USA 1943 Hitler's Children [1943] He lived 1919 to 1973.

Sidney Hook [Hook, Sidney] political scientist/historian USA 1943 Hero in History [1943] He lived 1902 to 1989, was Dewey's and Cohen's student, and was democratic socialist.

Howard Hughes [Hughes, Howard] director USA 1943 Outlaw [1943: Jane Russell acted] He lived 1905 to 1976.

Ogden Nash [Nash, Ogden]/Kurt Weill [Weill, Kurt] composer USA 1943 Speak Low [1943: from One Touch of Venus] Nash lived 1902 to 1971. Weill lived 1900 to 1950.

Ernie Pyle [Pyle, Ernie] essayist USA 1943 G. I. Joe [1943: stories about World War II] He lived 1900 to 1945.

Ayn Rand [Rand, Ayn] novelist Russia/USA 1943 Fountainhead [1943]; Atlas Shrugged She lived 1905 to 1982.

Eddie Rickenbacker [Rickenbacker, Eddie] pilot USA 1943 He lived 1890 to 1973.

Antoine Saint-Exupery [Saint-Exupery, Antoine] writer France 1943 Little Prince [1943] He lived 1900 to 1944.

Jesse Stuart [Stuart, Jesse] essayist USA 1943 Kentucky is My Land [1952] He lived 1907 to 1976.

Gustav Vigeland [Vigeland, Gustav] sculptor Oslo, Norway 1943 Human Pillar [1943: obelisk 17 meters high and 3 meters diameter, with 121 humans climbing to top, in Frogner Sculpture Park] He lived 1869 to 1943.

Simone Weil [Weil, Simone] philosopher France 1943 Needs of the Soul [1943] She lived 1909 to 1943 and was Existentialist, Platonist, and Catholic.

William Foote Whyte [Whyte, William Foote] sociologist USA 1943 Street Corner Society [1943] He lived 1914 to 2000 and studied primary group status and roles.

Oswald Avery [Avery, Oswald] biologist USA 1943 to 1944 He lived 1877 to 1955. DNA transfers from cell to cell in chromosomes. DNA contains gene information to transform cells. He studied pneumococcus deadly S strain, with smooth surface, and mild R strain, with rough surface.

Jennifer Jones [Jones, Jennifer] actor USA 1943 to 1944 Song of Bernadette [1943]; Since You Went Away [1944] She lived 1919 to ?.

Kurt Weill [Weill, Kurt] composer USA 1943 to 1949 One Touch of Venus [1943: musical, including Speak Low]; Lost in the Stars [1949] He lived 1900 to 1950.

Henry Steele Commager [Commager, Henry Steele] historian USA 1943 to 1950 Majority Rule and Minority Rights [1943]; American Mind [1950] He lived 1902 to 1998.

Paul F. Lazarsfeld [Lazarsfeld, Paul F.] political scientist USA 1943 to 1954 Studies in Radio and Film Propaganda [1943: with Robert Merton]; Voting [1954: with Bernard R. Berelson and William McPhee] He lived 1901 to 1976.

Reinhold Niebuhr [Niebuhr, Reinhold] theologian USA 1943 to 1958 Nature and Destiny of Man [1943]; Faith and History [1949]; Irony of American History [1952]; Pious and Secular America [1958] He lived 1892 to 1971 and was Protestant theologian. Man depends on goodness of God to overcome sin.

Oscar Hammerstein II [Hammerstein II, Oscar]/Richard Rodgers [Rodgers, Richard] lyricist/composer USA 1943 to 1959 Oklahoma [1943: musical, including Oh, What A Beautiful Morning, Oklahoma, People Will Say We're in Love, Surrey with the Fringe on Top]; It's a Grand Night for Singing [1945: from State Fair]; It Might As Well Be Spring [1945: from State Fair]; State Fair [1945: musical, including It Might as Well Be Spring, It's a Grand Night for Singing]; South Pacific [1949: musical, including Bali Ha'i, Happy Talk, I'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Out of My Hair, Some Enchanted Evening, This Nearly Was Mine, A Wonderful Guy, Younger Than Springtime]; King and I [1951: musical, including Getting to Know You, Hello, Young Lovers, I Have Dreamed, I Whistle A Happy Tune, March of the Siamese Children, Shall We Dance?, We Kiss in a Shadow]; Carousel [1954: musical, including If I Loved You, June Is Bustin' Out All Over, You'll Never Walk Alone]; Pipe Dream [1955: musical]; Flower Drum Song [1958: musical, including I Enjoy Being A Girl, Love, Look Away, You Are Beautiful]; Sound of Music [1959: musical, including Do-Re-Mi, Edelweiss, Climb Ev'ry Mountain, Maria, My Favorite Things, Sixteen Going on Seventeen, So Long, Farewell, Sound of Music] Hammerstein lived 1895 to 1960. Rodgers lived 1902 to 1979.

Warren Sturgis McCulloch [McCulloch, Warren Sturgis] neurophysiologist USA 1943 to 1959 Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity [1943: with Pitts]; How We Know Universals: the Perception of Visual and Auditory Forms [1947: with Pitts]; What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain [1959: with Maturana, Lettvin, and Pitts] He lived 1899 to 1972 and studied chimpanzee isocortex. He invented Perceptrons, with Walter H. Pitts. Neuron model sends unit output if input is above threshold. Finite device combinations, including loops, can perform any algorithm. Neural networks can recognize figures, so any input feature from figure produces same output. Reliable neural networks can come from unreliable components using redundancy.

Walter H. Pitts [Pitts, Walter H.] psychologist USA 1943 to 1959 Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity [1943: with McCulloch]; How we know universals [1947: with McCulloch]; What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain [1959: with Maturana, McCulloch, and Lettvin] He lived 1923 to 1969 and studied vision and neurons.

Frank Loesser [Loesser, Frank] lyricist/composer USA 1943 to 1967 Praise the Lord and Pass the Ammunition [1943]; Spring Will Be a Little Late This Year [1943: from Christmas Holiday]; Baby, It's Cold Outside [1948: from Neptune's Daughter]; More I Cannot Wish You [1950: from Guys and Dolls]; Luck Be a Lady [1950: from Guys and Dolls]; Sit Down You're Rockin' the Boat [1950: from Guys and Dolls]; Guys and Dolls [1950: musical, including Sit Down You're Rockin' the Boat, More I Cannot Wish You, and Luck Be a Lady]; Thumbelina [1952: from the film Hans Christian Andersen]; Most Happy Fella [1956: musical]; How to Succeed in Business without Really Trying [1967: musical, including I Believe in You] He lived 1910 to 1969.

Richard Wilbur [Wilbur, Richard] poet USA 1943 to 1969 Baroque Wall Fountain in the Villa Sciarra [1943]; Poems 1943-1956 [1956]; Advice to a Prophet [1961]; Walking to Sleep [1969] He lived 1921 to ?.

Bruno Bettelheim [Bettelheim, Bruno] psychologist/sociologist Austria/USA 1943 to 1976 Individual and Mass Behavior in Extreme Situations [1943]; Informed Heart [1960]; Empty Fortress [1967]; Children of the Dream [1969]; Uses of Enchantment [1976] He lived 1903 to 1990 and studied communal education.

Tom Adair [Adair, Tom] or Thomas Montgomery Adair [Adair, Thomas Montgomery]/Hal Hopper [Hopper, Hal] lyricist/composer USA 1944 There's No You [1944] Adair lived 1913 to ?.

Howard Aiken [Aiken, Howard] inventor USA 1944 Mark I digital computer [1944] He lived 1900 to 1973.

June Allyson [Allyson, June]/Margaret O'Brien [O'Brien, Margaret] actor USA 1944 Music for the Millions [1944] Allyson lived 1917 to 2006. O'Brien lived 1937 to ?.

John V. Atanasoff [Atanasoff, John V.]/John Mauchly [Mauchly, John]/J. Presper [Eckert, J. Presper] inventor USA 1944 ENIAC digital computer [1944] Atanasoff lived 1904 to 1995. Mauchly lived 1907 to 1980. Eckert lived 1919 to 1995.

John Blackburn [Blackburn, John]/Karl Suessdorf [Suessdorf, Karl] lyricist/composer USA 1944 Moonlight in Vermont [1944]

Humphrey Bogart [Bogart, Humphrey]/Lauren Bacall [Bacall, Lauren] actor USA 1944 To Have and Have Not [1944] Bogart lived 1899 to 1957. Bacall lived 1924 to ?.

J. Keirn Brennan [Brennan, J. Keirn]/Ernest R. Ball [Ball, Ernest R.] lyricist/composer USA 1944 Let the Rest of the World Go By [1944]

Joyce Cary [Cary, Joyce] novelist England 1944 Horse's Mouth [1944] He lived 1888 to 1957.

Mary Chase [Chase, Mary] playwright USA 1944 Harvey [1944] She lived 1907 to 1981.

Lloyd C. Douglas [Douglas, Lloyd C.] novelist USA 1944 Robe [1944] He lived 1877 to 1951.

Judy Garland [Garland, Judy]/Margaret O'Brien [O'Brien, Margaret] actor USA 1944 Meet Me in St. Louis [1944] Garland lived 1922 to 1969. O'Brien lived 1937 to ?.

Don George [George, Don]/Johnny Hodges [Hodges, Johnny]/Duke Ellington [Ellington, Duke]/Harry James [James, Harry] composer USA 1944 I'm Beginning to See the Light [1944] Hodges lived 1907 to 1970. Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.

Ira Gershwin [Gershwin, Ira]/Jerome Kern [Kern, Jerome] lyricist/composer USA 1944 Long Ago and Far Away [1944: from the film Cover Girl] Gershwin lived 1896 to 1983. Kern lived 1985 to 1945.

Bud Green [Green, Bud]/Les Brown [Brown, Les]/Ben Homer [Homer, Ben] lyricist/composer USA 1944 Sentimental Journey [1944] Green lived 1897 to 1981. Brown lived 1912 to 2001.

Van Johnson [Johnson, Van] actor USA 1944 Thirty Seconds over Tokyo [1944] He lived 1916 to 2004.

Danny Kaye [Kaye, Danny] actor USA 1944 Up in Arms [1944] He lived 1913 to 1987.

Stan Kenton [Kenton, Stan] pianist/composer USA 1944 Eager Beaver [1944] He lived 1912 to 1979 and played Progressive.

Alex Kramer [Kramer, Alex]/Joan Whitney [Whitney, Joan]/Mack David [David, Mack] composer USA 1944 Candy [1944] Kramer lived 1903 to 1998. David lived 1912 to 1993.

Carmen Laforet [Laforet, Carmen] writer Spain 1944 Nada [1944] He lived 1921 to 2004.

William F. Lee [Lee, William F.]/Stan Kenton [Kenton, Stan] lyricist/composer USA 1944 Artistry in Rhythm [1944] Kenton lived 1911 to 1979.

Jerry Livingston [Livingston, Jerry]/Milton Drake [Drake, Milton]/Al Hoffman [Hoffman, Al] lyricist/composer USA 1944 Mairzy Doats and Dozy Doats a Little Lamsey Divy [1944] Livingston lived 1909 to 1987. Drake lived 1916 to ?.

Hugh Martin [Martin, Hugh]/Ralph Blaine [Blaine, Ralph] composer USA 1944 Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas [1944: sung by Judy Garland] Martin lived 1914 to ?.

Michael king Romania 1944 He lived 1921 to ?.

Mills Brothers singer USA 1944 Till Then [1933: by George Gershwin] John Jr. lived 1911 to 1936. Herbert lived 1912 to 1989. Harry lived 1913 to 1982. Donald lived 1915 to 1999.

Robert Mitchum [Mitchum, Robert] actor USA 1944 Story of G. I. Joe [1944] He lived 1917 to 1997.

Russ Morgan [Morgan, Russ]/Larry Stock [Stock, Larry]/James Cavanaugh [Cavanaugh, James] composer USA 1944 You're Nobody Until Somebody Loves You [1944] Morgan lived 1904 to 1969. Stock live 1897 to 1984. Cavanaugh lived 1892 to 1967.

Oskar Morgenstern [Morgenstern, Oskar] mathematician USA 1944 Theory of Games and Economic Behavior [1944: with John von Neumann] He lived 1902 to 1977 and studied game theory, competition, and cooperation.

Gunnar Myrdal [Myrdal, Gunnar] sociologist Sweden/USA 1944 American Dilemma [1944] He lived 1898 to 1987.

Buck Ram [Ram, Buck]/Morty Nevins [Nevins, Morty]/Al Nevins [Nevins, Al] lyricist/composer/composer USA 1944 Twilight Time [1944] Ram lived 1907 to 1991.

Bob Russell [Russell, Bob]/Duke Ellington [Ellington, Duke] lyricist/composer USA 1944 I Didn't Know about You [1944] Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.

Carl Seyfert [Seyfert, Carl] astronomer USA 1944 He lived 1911 to 1960 and found Seyfert galaxies [1944].

Phil Silvers [Silvers, Phil]/James Van Heusen [Heusen, James Van] composer USA 1944 Nancy [1944] Silvers lived 1911 to 1985. Van Heusen lived 1913 to 1990.

Preston Sturges [Sturges, Preston] director USA 1944 Miracle of Morgan's Creek [1944: William Demarest and Betty Hutton acted]; Mad Wednesday [1946: Harold Lloyd acted] He lived 1898 to 1959.

Elizabeth Taylor [Taylor, Elizabeth]/Mickey Rooney [Rooney, Mickey] actor USA 1944 National Velvet [1944] Taylor lived 1932 to ?. Rooney lived 1920 to ?.

William Walton [Walton, William] composer England 1944 Henry V [1944] He lived 1902 to 1983 and composed symphonies.

Cootie Williams [Williams, Cootie]/Bernard Hanighen [Hanighen, Bernard]/Thelonious Monk [Monk, Thelonious] lyricist/composer USA 1944 'Round Midnight [1944] Williams lived 1910 to 1985. Hanighen lived 1908 to 1976. Monk lived 1917 to 1982.

Dizzy Gillespie [Gillespie, Dizzy] or John Birks [Birks, John] trumpeter/lyricist/composer USA 1944 to 1949 Woody 'n You [1944]; Groovin' High [1945]; Night in Tunisia [1945]; Ooo Bop Sh'bam [1946]; In the Land of Oo-Bla- Dee [1949]; Jumpin' with Symphony Sid [1949] He lived 1917 to 1993 and played Bebop.

Betty Comden [Comden, Betty]/Adolph Green [Green, Adolph]/Leonard Bernstein [Bernstein, Leonard] lyricist/composer USA 1944 to 1953 On the Town [1944: musical, including New York, New York]; Wonderful Town [1953: musical] Bernstein lived 1918 to 1990. Comden lived 1919 to ?. Green lived 1914 to 2002.

Sammy Cahn [Cahn, Sammy]/Jule Styne [Styne, Jule] lyricist/composer USA/England 1944 to 1954 I'll Walk Alone [1944: from the film Follow the Boys]; Let it Snow [1945]; Five Minutes More or (Give Me) Five Minutes More [1946]; Time After Time [1947: from It Happened in Brooklyn]; Three Coins in the Fountain [1954: from the movie Three Coins in the Fountain] Cahn lived 1913 to 1993. Styne lived 1905 to 1994.

Esther Williams [Williams, Esther] actor USA 1944 to 1954 Bathing Beauty [1944: first swimming movie] She lived 1921 to ?.

Robert Wright [Wright, Robert]/George Forrest [Forrest, George] composer USA 1944 to 1954 Song of Norway [1944: musical]; Kismet [1954: musical, including Stranger in Paradise] Wright lived 1914 to 2005. Forrest lived 1915 to 1999.

Charles Francis Hockett [Hockett, Charles Francis] linguist USA 1944 to 1958 Spoken Chinese [1944: with Chaoying Fang]; Course In Modern Linguistics [1958] He lived 1916 to 2001, was Bloomfield's student, and worked on transformational grammar.

John von Neumann [Neumann, John von] mathematician Germany/USA 1944 to 1958 Theory of Games and Economic Behavior [1944 and 1953: with Oskar Morgenstern]; Probabilistic Logics [1952]; Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics [1932]; Computer and the Brain [1958] He lived 1903 to 1957. In logic, he studied empirical logic, logic with uncertainty, error, and logical-net errors and helped develop quantum logic, with Birkhoff and Mackey. In computing, he studied linear programming and electronic digital-computer theory and developed first digital computer [1946], called ENIAC. Multiple connections between elements allow system to operate, even if some units fail {multiplexing, Neumann}. Multiple lines can provide multiplexing. In biology, he studied finite automata as central-nervous-system models. In geometry, he showed how to use general eigenvalue theory for axiomatic Hilbert spaces and operators. In game theory, he studied zero-sum games, strategy, Colonel Blotto game, minimax theorem, utility function, prisoner's dilemma, competition, and cooperation. Game theory involves decision-making when conditions are uncertain. Set theory does not allow sets {paradoxical set, Neumann} to be their own elements {Foundation axiom, Neumann}.

John Hersey [Hersey, John] novelist USA 1944 to 1959 Bell for Adano [1944]; Hiroshima [1946]; War Lover [1959] He lived 1914 to 1993.

Bernard Berelson [Berelson, Bernard] sociologist USA 1944 to 1960 People's Choice [1944: with Paul Lazarsfeld and Hazel Gaudet]; Graduate Education in the United States [1960] He lived 1912 to 1979.

Charles L. Stevenson [Stevenson, Charles L.] philosopher England/USA 1944 to 1963 Ethics and Language [1944]; Facts and Values [1963] He lived 1908 to 1979 and studied prescriptive meaning, descriptive meaning, and fact-value distinction. Definitions can persuade people to change original definition. Morality is about approval and disapproval {emotive theory, Stevenson}.

Jerome Robbins [Robbins, Jerome] jazz dancer/choreographer USA 1944 to 1964 Fancy Free [1944: modern dance with music by Leonard Bernstein]; Cage [1951: modern dance with music by Stravinsky]; Fiddler on the Roof [1964] He lived 1918 to 1998.

George Gaylord Simpson [Simpson, George Gaylord] biologist USA 1944 to 1964 Tempo and Mode in Evolution [1944]; Meaning of Evolution [1949]; Major Features of Evolution [1953]; Principles of Animal Taxonomy [1961]; This View of Life [1964] He lived 1902 to 1984. DNA transfers from cell to cell in chromosomes. DNA contains information to transform cells.

Ernest Tubbs [Tubbs, Ernest] singer USA 1944 to 1966 Soldier's Last Letter [1944: by Henry Stewart and Ernest Tubbs]; Till My Get up Has Got up and Gone [1966] He lived 1914 to 1984.

Billy Wilder [Wilder, Billy] director Poland/USA 1944 to 1966 Double Indemnity [1944]; Lost Weekend [1945: Ray Milland acted]; Sunset Boulevard [1950: William Holden, Gloria Swanson, and Eric von Stroheim acted, and Charles Brackett wrote]; Ace in the Hole [1951: Kirk Douglas acted]; Stalag 17 [1953: William Holden acted]; Witness for the Prosecution [1958: Tyrone Power, Marlene Dietrich, and Charles Laughton acted]; Some Like It Hot [1959: Jack Lemmon, Tony Curtis, and Marilyn Monroe acted]; Apartment [1960: Jack Lemmon, Shirley Maclaine, and Fred MacMurray acted]; Fortune Cookie [1966: Walter Matthau and Jack Lemmon acted] He lived 1906 to 2002.

Simone de Beauvoir [Beauvoir, Simone de] philosopher/novelist France 1944 to 1970 Pyrrhus et Cinéas [1944: play]; Ethics of Ambiguity [1947: essay]; Second Sex [1949: essay]; Mandarins [1954: novel]; Old Age [1970: essay] She lived 1908 to 1986 and was Existentialist. She compared female to "Other" or perceived, rather than male perceiver. She examined girl, woman, prostitute, and wife roles. Ethics Girls become women and so bear responsibility for choosing security over action. However, situations constrain what people can do. People can change or control lives and surroundings, or not. Significant constraints are effects on others.

Yehudi Menuhin [Menuhin, Yehudi] violinist Great Britain 1944 to 1970 He lived 1916 to 1999.

Friedrich August von Hayek [Hayek, Friedrich August von] philosopher/economist England 1944 to 1988 Road to Serfdom [1944]; Sensory Order [1952]; Constitution of Liberty [1960]; Fatal Conceit [1988] He lived 1899 to 1992. He studied free markets as methods to disseminate information. He also studied how synapses can change to be more or less excitable.

Ivo Andric [Andric, Ivo] or Ivan Andric [Andric, Ivan] writer Bosnia 1945 Bridge over the Drina [1945] He lived 1892 to 1975.

Den Berry [Berry, Den]/Desmond O'Connor [O'Connor, Desmond]/Bernard Harris [Harris, Bernard] composer USA 1945 Apple Honey [1945]

Hermann Broch [Broch, Hermann] writer Austria 1945 Death of Vergil [1945] He lived 1886 to 1951.

Ernest Burgess [Burgess, Ernest] sociologist USA 1945 Family From Institution to Companionship [1945: with Harvey J. Locke] He lived 1911 to 2000.

Peter Collinson [Collinson, Peter] director England 1945 And Then There Were None [1945: with Wallace Beery] He lived 1936 to 1980.

Carl Fischer [Fischer, Carl] composer USA 1945 We'll Be Together Again [1945] He lived 1875 to 1962.

Dizzy Gillespie [Gillespie, Dizzy]/Charlie Parker [Parker, Charlie] lyricist/composer USA 1945 Hot House [1945] Gillespie lived 1917 to 1993. Parker lived 1920 to 1955.

Louis Jordan [Jordan, Louis] lyricist/composer USA 1945 Caldonia [1945] He lived 1908 to 1975.

Garson Kanin [Kanin, Garson]/Carol Reed [Reed, Carol] director USA/England 1945 True Glory [1945: documentary] Kanin lived 1912 to 1999. Reed lived 1906 to 1976.

Gene Kelly [Kelly, Gene]/Frank Sinatra [Sinatra, Frank]/Kathryn Grayson [Grayson, Kathryn] actor USA 1945 Anchors Aweigh [1945] Kelly lived 1912 to 1996. Sinatra lived 1915 to 1998. Grayson lived 1897 to 1978.

Jack Lawrence [Lawrence, Jack]/Walter Gross [Gross, Walter] lyricist/composer USA 1945 Tenderly [1945] Lawrence lived 1912 to ?.

Astrid Lindgren [Lindgren, Astrid] writer Sweden 1945 Pippi Longstocking [1945] She lived 1907 to 2002.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/David Raksin [Raksin, David] lyricist/composer USA 1945 Laura [1945] Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Raksin lived 1912 to 2004.

Philip Morrison [Morrison, Philip] physicist USA 1945 He lived 1915 to 2005 and built atomic bomb [1945].

Ralph K. Potter [Potter, Ralph K.] linguist/inventor USA 1945 sonograph He lived 1895 to 1980 and invented sound recorder {sonograph} [1945].

Claude Rains [Rains, Claude]/Vivien Leigh [Leigh, Vivien] actor England/USA 1945 Caesar and Cleopatra [1945] Rains lived 1889 to 1967. Leigh lived 1913 to 1967.

Harry Ruby [Ruby, Harry]/Rube Bloom [Bloom, Rube] lyricist/composer USA 1945 Give Me the Simple Life [1945: from Wake up and Dream] Ruby lived 1895 to 1974. Bloom lived 1902 to 1976.

Lillian Smith [Smith, Lillian] novelist USA 1945 Strange Fruit [1945] She lived 1897 to 1966.

Charles Trenet [Trenet, Charles]/Jack Lawrence [Lawrence, Jack] composer/lyricist France/USA 1945 Beyond the Sea [1945] Trenet lived 1913 to 2001. Lawrence lived 1912 to ?.

Victor Weisskopf [Weisskopf, Victor] physicist Austria/USA 1945 He lived 1908 to 2002 and built atomic bomb [1945].

Jerome Weissner [Weissner, Jerome] physicist USA 1945 He lived 1915 to 1994 and worked on atomic bomb [1945].

Robert Wells [Wells, Robert]/Mel Torme [Torme, Mel] lyricist/composer USA 1945 Christmas Song or Chestnuts roasting over an open fire [1945] Wells lived 1922 to ?. Torme lived 1925 to 1999.

Louis de Rochemont [Rochemont, Louis de] director France 1945 to 1946 House on 92nd Street [1945]; 13 Rue Madeleine [1946] He lived 1899 to 1978.

Charlie Parker [Parker, Charlie] or Bird saxophonist/composer USA 1945 to 1948 Billie's Bounce [1945]; Now's the Time [1945]; Ornithology [1946]; Confirmation [1946]; Yardbird Suite [1946]; Relaxin' at Camarillo [1947]; Chasin' the Bird [1948] He lived 1920 to 1955 and played Bebop.

George Orwell [Orwell, George] or Eric Arthur Blair [Blair, Eric Arthur] novelist England 1945 to 1949 Animal Farm [1945]; 1984 [1949] He lived 1903 to 1950.

Laurent Schwartz [Schwartz, Laurent] mathematician Germany 1945 to 1950 He lived 1915 to 2002, developed distribution theory {theory of distributions}, and developed generalized-function theory, allowing discontinuous-function derivatives [1945 to 1950].

Bud Abbott [Abbott, Bud]/Lou Costello [Costello, Lou] actor USA 1945 to 1951 Abbott lived 1895 to 1974. Costello lived 1906 to 1959. They were in comedies.

Thelonious Monk [Monk, Thelonious] pianist/composer USA 1945 to 1953 52nd St. Theme [1945: recorded by Charlies Parker]; Well You Needn't [1948]; In Walked Bud [1948]; Straight, No Chaser [1948] He lived 1917 to 1982 and played Cool.

Harry S. Truman [Truman, Harry S.] president USA 1945 to 1953 He lived 1884 to 1972. 33rd president became president when Roosevelt died in office. He went to Potsdam Conference [1945], which divided Germany into four sectors and authorized war trials. He authorized the hydrogen bomb [1945]. He stated Truman Doctrine [1947] to financially aid Greece and Turkey, which communism threatened, and to provide support for all peoples threatened by communism. He presided over Marshall Plan [1947] to rebuild Europe. He tried to enact Fair Deal of price controls and civil rights. He finalized North Atlantic Treaty [1948]. He sent troops to Korea [1950]. He dismissed General MacArthur [1952]. He pressured steel industry.

Jessamyn West [West, Jessamyn] novelist USA 1945 to 1953 Friendly Persuasion [1945]; Cress Delahanty [1953] She lived 1907 to 1984.

Johnny Otis [Otis, Johnny] singer/composer USA 1945 to 1958 Harlem Nocturne [1945]; Willie and the Hand Jive or Doin' the Hand Jive [1958] He lived 1921 to ?.

J. Paul Getty [Getty, J. Paul] businessman USA 1945 to 1960 He lived 1892 to 1976 and was in oil business.

Jay Livingston [Livingston, Jay]/Ray Evans [Evans, Ray] lyricist/composer USA 1945 to 1961 Cat and the Canary [1945]; To Each His Own [1946]; Buttons and Bows [1948: from the film The Paleface]; Silver Bells [1948]; Mona Lisa [1949: from the movie Captain Carey, U.S.A.]; Silver Bells [1951: from The Lemon Drop Kid]; Whatever Will Be, Will Be or Que Sera, Sera [1955: from the film The Man Who Knew Too Much. sung by Doris Day]; Tammy [1957: from the film Tammy and the Bachelor. sung by Debbie Reynolds]; Bonanza [1959: from the TV series Bonanza]; Almost in Your Arms [1958: from Houseboat]; Mr. Ed [1961] Livingston lived 1915 to 2001. Evans lived 1915 to 2007.

Tennessee Williams [Williams, Tennessee] playwright USA 1945 to 1964 Glass Menagerie [1945]; Summer and Smoke [1948]; Rose Tattoo [1950]; Camino Real [1953]; Cat on a Hot Tin Roof [1954]; Streetcar Named Desire [1955]; Sweet Bird of Youth [1962]; Night of the Iguana [1964] He lived 1911 to 1983.

Arthur Schlesinger [Schlesinger, Arthur] historian USA 1945 to 1965 Age of Roosevelt [1957 to 1960]; Age of Jackson [1945]; 1000 Days [1965] He lived 1917 to ?.

Rene A. Spitz [Spitz, Rene A.] psychologist USA 1945 to 1965 Hospitalism [1945]; Smiling Response: A Contribution to the Ontogenesis of Social Relations [1946: with Katherine M. Wolf]; On the beginning of word use [1965]; First Year of Life [1965] He lived 1887 to 1974 and studied child emotional deprivation {anaclitic depression} [1946].

Achmad Sukarno [Sukarno, Achmad] president Indonesia 1945 to 1966 He lived 1901 to 1970.

Eddy Arnold [Arnold, Eddy] singer USA 1945 to 1968 I'll Hold You in My Heart (Till I Can Hold You in My Arms); I Wanna Play House with You; Cattle Call [1955]; Make the World Go Away [1965]; Misty Blue [1967]; Then You Can Tell Me Goodbye [1968] He lived 1918 to 2008.

Josip Broz Tito [Tito, Josip Broz] premier Yugoslavia 1945 to 1970 He lived 1892 to 1980, deposed king, and defeated Mikhailovich in Yugoslav civil war between two Nazi resistors. Yugoslavia became Communist but was independent of Russia.

Philip Larkin [Larkin, Philip] poet England 1945 to 1974 North Ship [1945]; High Windows [1974] He lived 1922 to 1985.

Karl Popper [Popper, Karl] philosopher Austria/Britain 1945 to 1977 Open Society and Its Enemies [1945]; Poverty of Historicism [1957]; Logic of Scientific Discovery [1959]; Conjectures and Refutations [1963]; Objective Knowledge [1972]; Self and Its Brain [1977: with John C. Eccles] He lived 1902 to 1994 and studied inductive logic. Epistemology Proving statements false {falsification, Popper} can gain knowledge. Hypotheses should be statements that are testable and falsifiable. Stronger tests can test strong hypothesis {corroboration}. This process can refine hypotheses {falsificationism} to approach truth {verisimilitude}. Observation or experiment cannot directly prove or falsify hypotheses, because subjective assumptions or previous knowledge, which can be wrong, always interpret evidence. Statistical induction is not reliable truth indicator. Hypotheses have strong support if they predict true but surprising results. Science uses falsifiable hypotheses. Pseudo-science uses falsified theories, such as Marxism, or theories that make no testable predictions, such as psychoanalysis. People cannot predict plans well. Mind Matter and mind are separate substances, and interact in synapses {interactionism, Popper}. Mind has units {psychon}. Politics Open societies criticize plans and rulers and can change them constructively. Closed societies are passive and accept status. History evolves according to rules and is deterministic {historicism, Popper}. Epochs have spirits or overall feelings {Zeitgeist}.

Adelbert Ames [Ames, Adelbert] sociologist USA 1946 He lived 1880 to 1955, studied education, and invented distorting rooms {Ames room} [1946].

Carolyn Sherwin Bailey [Bailey, Carolyn Sherwin] writer USA 1946 Miss Hickory [1946] She lived 1875 to 1961.

Mary Cartwright [Cartwright, Mary]/John Littlewood [Littlewood, John] mathematician England 1946 She lived 1900 to 1998. For non-linear radio amplifiers, equations {Van der Pol equation} can calculate output for sine- wave input. At higher amplifier gains, output period doubles input period and then becomes non-periodic. Van-der-Pol- equation solutions were early chaos-theory ideas.

Jeanne Crain [Crain, Jeanne] actor USA 1946 Margie [1946] She lived 1925 to 2003.

Arthur Crudup [Crudup, Arthur] or Big Boy Crudup [Crudup, Big Boy] composer/singer USA 1946 That's All Right (Mama) [1946] He lived 1905 to 1974 and played rockabilly.

Loren Eiseley [Eiseley, Loren] biologist USA 1946 Immense Journey [1946] He lived 1907 to 1977 and studied ecology.

Viktor Frankl [Frankl, Viktor] essayist Germany 1946 Man's Search for Meaning [1946: nonfiction] He lived 1905 to 1997. "The angels are lost in perpetual contemplation of an infinite glory." "When we form a clear and precise idea of an emotion, the emotion ceases to exist."

Dennis Gabor [Gabor, Dennis] physicist/inventor USA 1946 Theory of Communication [1946]; hologram [1946] He lived 1900 to 1979 and invented holograms and Gabor filter [1946]. Instruments cannot measure both frequency and time precisely and simultaneously. Impulses happen at precise times, but impulses have wide component-frequency range. For one frequency, wave cycle happens over wave period. The tradeoff defines the minimum information quantity {quantum, information}.

Mack Gordon [Gordon, Mack]/Josef Myrow [Myrow, Josef] lyricist/composer USA 1946 You Make Me Feel So Young [1946: from Three Little Girls in Blue] Gordon lived 1904 to 1959. Myrow lived 1910 to 1987.

Tanabe Hajime [Hajime, Tanabe] philosopher Japan 1946 Philosophy as Metanoetics [1946] He lived 1885 to 1962.

Thomas Heggen [Heggen, Thomas] novelist USA 1946 Mr. Roberts [1946] He lived 1905 to 1982.

Al Jolson [Jolson, Al] or Asa Yoelson [Yoelson, Asa]/Saul Chaplin [Chaplin, Saul] composer USA 1946 Anniversary Song [1946] Jolson lived 1886 to 1950. Chaplin lived 1912 to 1997.

George F. Kennan [Kennan, George F.] historian USA 1946 Long Telegram [1946] He lived 1904 to 2005.

John Jacob Loeb [Loeb, John Jacob]/Carmen Lombardo [Lombardo, Carmen] composer USA/Canada 1946 Seems Like Old Times [1946] Loeb lived 1910 to ?. Lombardo lived 1903 to 1971.

Gregory Peck [Peck, Gregory]/Jennifer Jones [Jones, Jennifer] actor USA 1946 Duel in the Sun [1946] Peck lived 1916 to 2003. Jones lived 1919 to ?.

John Boynton Priestley [Priestley, John Boynton] essayist/humorist England 1946 Inspector Calls [1946] He lived 1894 to 1984.

Allan Roberts [Roberts, Allan]/Doris Fisher [Fisher, Doris] composer USA 1946 Put the Blame on Mame [1946: from the film Gilda] Fisher lived 1915 to 2002.

Benjamin Spock [Spock, Benjamin] doctor USA 1946 Baby and Child Care [1946] He lived 1903 to 1998.

Charles Tobias [Tobias, Charles]/Nat Simon [Simon, Nat] lyricist/composer USA 1946 Old Lamplighter [1946] Tobias lived 1898 to 1970.

Bernard [Vonnegut, Bernard] geologist/inventor USA 1946 cloud seeding [1946] He lived 1914 to 1997 and started cloud seeding [1946] with silver iodide for more rain {cloud seeding}.

Robert Penn Warren [Warren, Robert Penn] novelist USA 1946 All the King's Men [1946] He lived 1905 to 1989.

Eudora Welty [Welty, Eudora] novelist USA 1946 Robber Bridegroom [1946]; Delta Wedding [1946] She lived 1909 to 2001.

Alexander Woollcott [Woollcott, Alexander] novelist USA 1946 Shouts and Murmurs column in The New Yorker; Portable Woollcott [1946] He lived 1887 to 1943.

Kawabata Yasunari [Yasunari, Kawabata] novelist Japan 1946 Sound of the Mountain [1946] He lived 1899 to 1972 and used neosensualism style.

Ambrose Bierce [Bierce, Ambrose] essayist/humorist USA 1946 to 1947 Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge [1946: story]; Devil's Dictionary [1947: humorous dictionary] He lived 1842 to 1914.

Edgar Yipsel Harburg [Harburg, Edgar Yipsel] or Yip Harburg [Harburg, Yip]/Burton Lane [Lane, Burton] composer USA 1946 to 1947 Finian's Rainbow [1946: musical, including How Are Things in Glocca Morra, Old Devil Moon]; How Are Things in Gloccamora [1947: from Finian's Rainbow]; If This Isn't Love [1947: from Finian's Rainbow]; Old Devil Moon [1947: from Finian's Rainbow] Harburg lived 1898 to 1981. Lane lived 1912 to 1997.

Bert Reisfeld [Reisfeld, Bert]/Jean Villard [Villard, Jean]/Marc Herrand [Herrand, Marc] composer USA/France 1946 to 1948 Les trois cloches or Three Bells [1946 to 1948] Reisfeld lived 1906 to 1974.

Carson McCullers [McCullers, Carson] novelist USA 1946 to 1951 Member of the Wedding [1946]; Ballad of the Sad Cafe [1951] She lived 1917 to 1967.

Trygve Lie [Lie, Trygve] secretary-general New York, New York 1946 to 1953 He lived 1896 to 1968 and was United Nations Secretary-General.

Robert Maxwell [Maxwell, Robert] composer USA 1946 to 1953 Ebb Tide [1953: with Carl Sigman. sung by The Righteous Brothers 1965]; Shangri-la [1946: sung by Four Coins 1957]

Leonard Carmichael [Carmichael, Leonard] psychobiologist USA 1946 to 1954 Manual of Child Psychology [1946 and 1954] He lived 1898 to 1973. Practice, use, and experience during early childhood are not necessarily critical for normal neural or behavioral development.

Juan Peron [Peron, Juan] dictator Argentina 1946 to 1955 He lived 1895 to 1974.

Raymond B. Cattell [Cattell, Raymond B.] psychologist England/USA 1946 to 1957 Description and Measurement of Personality [1946]; Structure and Measurement [1957] He lived 1905 to 1998. Descriptive personality theory {trait theory} lists 35 overt personality manifestations {surface trait} caused by 16 basic factors {source trait}. Source traits are values in ranges between two extremes: reserved/outgoing, less intelligent/more intelligent, affected by feeling/emotionally stable, submissive/dominant, serious/happy-go-lucky, expedient/conscientious, timid/adventurous, tough minded/sensitive, trusting/suspicious, practical/imaginative, self assured/apprehensive, conservative/experimenting, forthright/shrewd, self sufficient/group dependent, uncontrolled/controlled, and relaxed/tense.

Hugo Friedhofer [Friedhofer, Hugo] composer USA 1946 to 1957 Best Years of Our Lives [1946]; Affair to Remember [1957: from the film An Affair to Remember] He lived 1902 to 1981.

David Lean [Lean, David] director England 1946 to 1957 Great Expectations [1946]; Oliver Twist [1951]; Bridge on the River Kwai [1957: Alec Guinness, William Holden, Jack Hawkins, and Sessue Hayakawa acted] He lived 1908 to 1991.

Albert Michotte [Michotte, Albert] psychologist Belgium/France 1946 to 1962 Perception of Causality [1946]; Causality, Permanence, and Phenomenal Reality [1962] He lived 1881 to 1965. Interactions among objects moving in space and time reveal causality. Experience of causality depends on actual object movements and the idea that moving objects can cause other objects to move {launching} {entraining}.

Kingsley Amis [Amis, Kingsley] poet England 1946 to 1963 Poems 1946-1956 [1956]; One Fat Englishman [1963] He lived 1922 to 1995.

Manford H. Kuhn [Kuhn, Manford H.] sociologist Iowa 1946 to 1963 Major Trends in Symbolic Interaction Theory in the Past Twenty-five Years [1963] He lived ? to 1963, emphasized symbolic interactionism at Iowa School [1946 to 1973], and developed Twenty Statements Test (TST).

Eric Bentley [Bentley, Eric] novelist USA 1946 to 1965 Playwright as Thinker [1946]; Life of the Drama [1964]; Bentley on Brecht [1965] He lived 1916 to ?.

Lester Flatt [Flatt, Lester]/Earl Scruggs [Scruggs, Earl]/Foggy Mountain Boys musician USA 1946 to 1969 Don't Get Above Your Raisin' [1951] They played with the Foggy Mountain Boys. Flatt lived 1914 to 1979 and played five-string banjo. Scruggs lived 1924 to ? and played banjo.

Robert W. Moncrieff [Moncrieff, Robert W.] psychologist Scotland 1946 to 1970 Chemical Senses [1946]; What Is Odor. A New Theory [1949]; Chemistry of Perfumery Materials [1949]; Odours [1970] He invented stereochemical theory of odor [1946].

Rudolf von Laban [Laban, Rudolf von] ballet dancer Hungary 1946 to 1974 Mastery of Movement on the Stage [1950]; Principles of Dance and Movement Notation [1956]; Effort: Economy in Body Movement [1974: with F. C. Lawrence] He lived 1879 to 1958. He developed a system {ballet notation} {Kinetographic Laban} {Labanotation} to record ballets and human motions.

Gene Autry [Autry, Gene] actor USA 1947 Last Roundup [1947: singing western] He lived 1907 to 1998.

Gene Autry [Autry, Gene]/Oakley Haldeman [Haldeman, Oakley] lyricist/composer USA 1947 Here Comes Santa Claus [1947] Autry lived 1907 to 1998. Haldeman lived 1909 to 1986.

Johnny Burke [Burke, Johnny]/James Van Heusen [Heusen, James Van]/Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael, Hoagy] lyricist/composer USA 1947 Ivy [1947] Burke lived 1884 to 1950. Van Heusen lived 1913 to 1990. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.

William Pene duBois [duBois, William Pene] writer USA 1947 Twenty-One Balloons [1947] He lived 1916 to 1993.

Ray Gilbert [Gilbert, Ray]/Allie Wrubel [Wrubel, Allie] lyricist/composer USA 1947 Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah [1947: from the film Song of the South] Wrubel lived 1905 to 1973.

Henry Hathaway [Hathaway, Henry] director USA 1947 Kiss of Death [1947] He lived 1898 to 1985.

Marguerite Henry [Henry, Marguerite] writer USA 1947 Misty of Chincoteague [1947]; King of the Wind She lived 1902 to 1997.

Alex Kramer [Kramer, Alex]/Joan Whitney [Whitney, Joan] composer Canada/USA 1947 Far Away Places [1947] Kramer lived 1903 to 1998.

Willis E. Lamb Jr. [Lamb Jr., Willis E.]/Robert C. Retherford [Retherford, Robert C.] physicist England 1947 Lamb shift [1947] They discovered electron Lamb shift [1947].

Betty MacDonald [MacDonald, Betty]/Hilary Knight [Knight, Hilary] writer USA 1947 Mrs. Piggle-Wiggle [1947: books] Betty MacDonald lived 1908 to 1958 and wrote The Egg and I.

George C. Marshall [Marshall, George C.] secretary of state USA 1947 He lived 1880 to 1959 and developed Marshall Plan or European Recovery Program, which integrated all aid to Europe. He was Army chief of staff in World War II.

Marcel Pagnol [Pagnol, Marcel] writer France 1947 En Habit d'Académicien en Mars [1947] He lived 1895 to 1974.

Sidney Joseph Perelman [Perelman, Sidney Joseph] essayist/humorist USA 1947 Westward Ho! [1947] He lived 1904 to 1979.

Edith Piaf [Piaf, Edith]/Louiguy or Louis Gugliemi [Gugliemi, Louis]/Mack David [David, Mack] lyricist/composer/lyricist France/USA 1947 La Vie En Rose or Life in Pink [1947] Piaf lived 1915 to 1963. Gugliemi lived 1916 to 1991. David lived 1912 to 1993.

Vasco Pratolini [Pratolini, Vasco] writer Italy 1947 Cronache di poveri amanti or Chronicle of Poor Lovers [1947] He lived 1913 to 1991.

George Russell [Russell, George] composer USA 1947 Cubana Be and Cubana Bop [1947] He lived 1923 to ?.

Robert Taft [Taft, Robert] senator Ohio 1947 He lived 1889 to 1953. Taft-Hartley law [1947] was about labor.

Charles Phillip Thompson [Thompson, Charles Phillip] lyricist/composer USA 1947 Robbins' Nest or Just When We're Falling in Love [1947] He lived 1918 to ?.

Merle Travis [Travis, Merle] composer USA 1947 Sixteen Tons [1947: sung by Tennessee Ernie Ford] He lived 1917 to 1983.

Sigrid Undset [Undset, Sigrid] novelist Sweden 1947 Cross [1922: last in Kristan Lavransdatter trilogy of 1920 to 1922] She lived 1882 to 1947.

Rulon Wells [Wells, Rulon] linguist USA 1947 Immediate Constituents [1947] He lived 1919 to ?.

Alfred Bertram Guthrie [Guthrie, Alfred Bertram] novelist USA 1947 to 1949 Big Sky [1947]; Way West [1949] He lived 1901 to 1991.

Harrison Brown [Brown, Harrison] astronomer/earth scientist USA 1947 to 1953 He lived 1917 to 1986 and studied meteorites [1947 to 1953].

Edward Dmytryk [Dmytryk, Edward] director USA 1947 to 1954 Crossfire [1947]; Caine Mutiny [1954] He lived 1908 to 1999.

Joe McCarthy [McCarthy, Joe] senator USA 1947 to 1954 He lived 1909 to 1957, investigated Communist party, and labeled many liberals traitors. Army-McCarthy hearings exposed his methods and led to his defeat [1954].

Jacques Tati [Tati, Jacques] director/actor France 1947 to 1958 L'ecole des facteurs or School of Workers [1947]; Mon Oncle or My Uncle [1958] [1947] He lived 1907 to 1982.

James Michener [Michener, James] novelist USA 1947 to 1959 Tales of the South Pacific [1947]; Hawaii [1959] He lived 1907 to 1997.

Alan Jay Lerner [Lerner, Alan Jay]/Frederick Loewe [Loewe, Frederick] lyricist/composer USA 1947 to 1960 Brigadoon [1947: musical, including Almost Like Being in Love]; Paint Your Wagon [1951: musical, including I Talk to the Trees, They Call the Wind Maria]; My Fair Lady [1956: musical, including Get Me to the Church on Time, I Could Have Danced All Night, I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face, On the Street Where You Live, With a Little Bit of Luck, Wouldn't It Be Loverly, Rain in Spain]; Gigi [1957: musical, including Gigi, I Remember It Well, Thank Heaven for Little Girls]; Camelot [1960: musical, including Camelot, If Ever I Would Leave You] Lerner lived 1918 to 1986. Loewe lived 1904 to 1988.

Earl C. Kelley [Kelley, Earl C.] sociologist USA 1947 to 1962 Education for What is Real [1947]; Workshop Way of Learning [1951]; In Defense of Youth [1962]

George Bernard Dantzig [Dantzig, George Bernard] economist USA 1947 to 1963 Linear Programming and Extensions [1963]; simplex method [1947] He lived 1914 to 2005 and invented linear-programming simplex method, for operations research.

Elia Kazan [Kazan, Elia] director USA 1947 to 1963 Boomerang [1947]; Panic in the Streets [1950: Jack Palance, Richard Widmark, Paul Douglas, and Zero Mostel acted]; Streetcar Named Desire [1951: Vivien Leigh, Marlon Brando, and Kim Hunter acted]; Viva Zapata [1952: Marlon Brando and Jean Peters acted]; Man on a Tightrope [1953: Fredric March acted]; On the Waterfront [1954: Marlon Brando acted]; Baby Doll [1956: Eli Wallach and Carroll Baker acted, and Tennessee Williams wrote]; Splendor in the Grass [1961: Natalie Wood and Warren Beatty acted]; America, America [1963] He lived 1909 to 2003.

Jawaharal Nehru [Nehru, Jawaharal] prime minister India 1947 to 1964 He lived 1889 to 1964. After British left India, he led Congress Party, favored industrialization and socialism, fought Pakistan for Kashmir, fought Portugal for Goa, and fought China over border.

Nicholas A. Bernstein [Bernstein, Nicholas A.] physiologist Russia 1947 to 1966 On the Construction of Movements [1947]; Coordination and Regulation of Movements [1967] He lived 1896 to 1966 and developed sensation fields {afferent field, Bernstein}. He studied feedback and feedforward mechanisms. He studied human coordination and movement physiology by photographing lights fastened to arms and legs. Human movements have patterns and structures, and people maintain basic patterns no matter which organ or limb they use [Bernstein, 1947].

Gordon Allport [Allport, Gordon] psychologist USA 1947 to 1968 Psychology of Rumor [1947: with Leo Postman]; Nature of Prejudice [1954]; Pattern and Growth in Personality [1961]; Person in Psychology [1968: essays] He lived 1897 to 1967 and studied personality and expressive behavior. Personality traits are pervasive, central, or weak, as determined by trait frequency, range, and intensity.

Eric Berne [Berne, Eric] psychologist USA 1947 to 1971 Mind in Action [1947]; Transactional Analysis in Psychotherapy [1961]; Games People Play [1964]; What Do You Say After You Say Hello [1971] He lived 1910 to 1970. Knowledge and prejudices of each generation transmit to next generation with variable but significant effects {transactional analysis}, with Thomas Harris.

Emmanuel Levinas [Levinas, Emmanuel] philosopher Paris, France 1947 to 1977 On Existence and Existing [1947]; Totality and Infinity [1961]; Otherwise than Being or Beyond Essence [1974] He lived 1906 to 1995. The Other is absolute.

Italo [Calvino, Italo] storyteller Italy 1947 to 1981 Path to the Nest of Spiders [1947]; Adam, One Afternoon, and Other Stories [1949]; Cloven Viscount [1951]; Nonexistent Knight [1959]; Watcher and Other Stories [1963]; Cosmicomics [1968]; Invisible Cities [1972]; Castle of Crossed Destinies [1976]; Italian Folktales [1981] He lived 1923 to 1985.

Eden Ahbez [Ahbez, Eden] composer USA 1948 Nature Boy [1948: from the film The Boy With Green Hair] He lived 1908 to 1995.

Lew Ayres [Ayres, Lew]/Jane Wyman [Wyman, Jane] actor USA 1948 Johnny Belinda [1948] Ayres lived 1908 to 1996. Wyman lived 1914 to ?.

Buddy Bernier [Bernier, Buddy]/Jerry Brainin [Brainin, Jerry] lyricist/composer USA 1948 Night Has a Thousand Eyes [1948]

Hermann Bondi [Bondi, Hermann] physicist Germany 1948 He lived 1919 to ? and invented universe steady-state theory [1948], with Hoyle and Gold.

John Benson Brooks [Brooks, John Benson] or Jack Brooks [Brooks, Jack]/Bob Russell [Russell, Bob] lyricist/composer USA 1948 You've Come a Long Way from St. Louis [1948]

Paul Burkhard [Burkhard, Paul]/John Turner [Turner, John]/Geoffrey Parsons [Parsons, Geoffrey] composer/lyricist/lyricist USA 1948 Oh My Papa or O Mein Papa [1948] Burkhard lived 1911 to 1977. Parsons lived 1929 to 2005.

Ralph Burns [Burns, Ralph] lyricist/composer USA 1948 Early Autumn [1948] He lived 1922 to 2001.

Hendrik B. G. Casimir [Casimir, Hendrik B. G.] physicist Netherlands 1948 He lived 1909 to 2000 and found Casimir effect [1948].

Judy Garland [Garland, Judy]/Fred Astaire [Astaire, Fred] actor USA 1948 Easter Parade [1948: Irving Berlin composed] Astaire lived 1899 to 1987.

Simon Kuznets [Kuznets, Simon] economist USA 1948 National Income: A New Version [1948] He lived 1901 to 1985, found Kuznets business cycles, and studied national income growth.

Harold Lyons [Lyons, Harold] inventor USA 1948 atomic clock [1948] He lived 1913 to ?.

Hans Morgenthau [Morgenthau, Hans] political scientist Germany/USA 1948 Politics Among Nations [1948] He lived 1904 to 1980.

Arturo O'Farrill [O'Farrill, Arturo] or Chico O'Farrill [O'Farrill, Chico] lyricist/composer USA 1948 Manteca Suite [1948] He lived 1921 to 2001.

Mitchell Parish [Parish, Mitchell]/Leroy Anderson [Anderson, Leroy] lyricist/composer USA 1948 Sleigh Ride [1948] Parish lived 1900 to 1993. Anderson lived 1908 to 1975.

Alan Paton [Paton, Alan] novelist South Africa 1948 Cry the Beloved Country [1948] He lived 1903 to 1988.

Gregory Peck [Peck, Gregory]/Celeste Holm [Holm, Celeste]/John Garfield [Garfield, John] actor USA 1948 Gentlemen's Agreement [1948] Peck lived 1916 to 2003. Holm lived 1919 to ?. Garfield lived 1913 to 1952.

Leo Robin [Robin, Leo]/Harold Arlen [Arlen, Harold] lyricist/composer USA 1948 For Every Man There's a Woman [1948: from Casbah] Robin lived 1895 to 1984. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986.

Claude Shannon [Shannon, Claude] mathematician USA 1948 Mathematical Theory of Communication [1948] He lived 1916 to 2001 and founded information theory and studied transition probabilities.

Frank Sinatra [Sinatra, Frank]/Kim Novak [Novak, Kim] actor USA 1948 Pal Joey [1948] Sinatra lived 1915 to 1998. Novak lived 1933 to ?.

Redd Stewart [Stewart, Redd]/Pee Wee King [King, Pee Wee] composer USA 1948 Tennessee Waltz [1948] Stewart lived 1923 to 2003. King lived 1914 to 1999.

Sid Tepper [Tepper, Sid]/Roy C. Bennett [Bennett, Roy C.] composer USA 1948 Red Roses for a Blue Lady [1948] Bennett lived 1918 to ?.

An Wang [Wang, An] inventor USA 1948 magnetic core memory [1948] He lived 1920 to 1990. Jay Forrester also developed magnetic core memory [1951].

Clifton Webb [Webb, Clifton] actor USA 1948 Sitting Pretty [1948: introduced Mr. Belvedere] He lived 1889 to 1966.

Andrew Wyeth [Wyeth, Andrew] painter USA 1948 Christina's World [1948]; Helga Pictures He lived 1917 to ?.

Christopher Fry [Fry, Christopher] playwright England 1948 to 1949 Lady's Not for Burning [1948]; Venus Observed [1949] He lived 1907 to 2004.

Bernard Katz [Katz, Bernard] biologist England 1948 to 1949 He lived 1911 to 2003. Action potentials open calcium-ion channels, and calcium inflow leads to release of 5000- transmitter-molecule packets from synaptic vesicles into synapse.

George Wallington [Wallington, George] or Giacinto Figlia [Figlia, Giacinto] lyricist/composer Italy/USA 1948 to 1949 Lemon Drop [1948]; Godchild [1949] He lived 1924 to 1993.

Laurence Olivier [Olivier, Laurence] director/actor England 1948 to 1950 Hamlet [1948]; Othello [1950]; Richard III He lived 1907 to 1989.

Norman Mailer [Mailer, Norman] novelist USA 1948 to 1951 Naked and the Dead [1948]; Barbary Shore [1951] He lived 1923 to ?.

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe [Rohe, Ludwig Mies van der] architect Germany/USA 1948 to 1951 Lake Shore Drive Apartment Houses or Glass House apartments [1948 to 1951: twin towers in Chicago] He lived 1886 to 1969.

Virgil Thomson [Thomson, Virgil] composer USA 1948 to 1951 Four Saints in Three Acts [1948: symphonic poem]; Tiger Tiger [1951: lyrics by William Blake] He lived 1896 to 1989 and composed symphonies and opera.

Bob Hope [Hope, Bob] actor USA 1948 to 1954 Paleface [1948]; Seven Little Foys [1954] He lived 1903 to 2003.

Alfred C. Kinsey [Kinsey, Alfred C.]/Wardell B. Pomeroy [Pomeroy, Wardell B.]/Clyde E. Martin [Martin, Clyde E.] physician USA 1948 to 1954 Sexual Behavior in the Human Male [1948]; Sexual Behavior in the Human Female [1954] Kinsey lived 1894 to 1956. Pomeroy lived 1913 to 2001. Martin lived 1918 to ?. They studied sexual physiology and behavior.

Henry Schaefer-Simmern [Schaefer-Simmern, Henry] psychologist USA 1948 to 1958 Unfolding of Artistic Activity [1948]; Eskimo Sculpture in Canada [1958] He lived 1896 to 1978 and studied creativity and development.

Anatole Litvak [Litvak, Anatole] director Ukraine/USA 1948 to 1959 Snake Pit [1948: Olivia de Haviland acted]; Decision before Dawn [1951]; Anastasia [1956: Ingrid Bergman, Yul Brynner, and Helen Hayes acted]; Journey [1959: Deborah Kerr and Yul Brynner acted] He lived 1902 to 1974.

Paul Samuelson [Samuelson, Paul] economist USA 1948 to 1960 Economics [1948]; Balanced Growth under Constant Returns to Scale [1953: with Robert M. Solow]; Complete Capital Model Involving Heterogeneous Capital Goods [1956: with Robert M. Solow]; Linear Programming and Economic Analysis [1958: with R. Dorfman and Robert M. Solow]; Analytical Aspects of Anti-Inflation Policy [1960: with Robert M. Solow, about Phillips Curve] He lived 1915 to ?.

William M. Dobriner [Dobriner, William M.] sociologist USA 1948 to 1964 Suburban Community [1948]; Class in Suburbia [1964]

Richard Feynman [Feynman, Richard] physicist/mathematician USA 1948 to 1965 Feynman Lectures on Physics [1963]; Character of Physical Law [1965]; QED: the strange theory of light and matter [1985] He lived 1918 to 1988 and developed quantum electrodynamics [1948], renormalization group theory [1948], and path integral theory [1948].

Trofim Lysenko [Lysenko, Trofim] biologist Russia 1948 to 1965 He lived 1898 to 1976 and opposed evolution by natural selection.

Terence Rattigan [Rattigan, Terence] playwright England 1948 to 1965 Winslow Boy [1948]; Browning Version [1951]; Separate Tables [1954]; VIP's [1963]; Yellow Rolls-Royce [1965] He lived 1911 to 1977.

Jerzy Konorski [Konorski, Jerzy] neurophysiologist Poland 1948 to 1967 Conditioned Reflexes and Neuron Organization [1948]; Integrative Activity of the Brain [1967] He lived 1903 to 1973 and studied interactions between classical and instrumental conditioning. He suggested that one cell (grandmother cell) can recognize a perception or store an object concept [Konorski, 1967].

Chang Kai-Shek [Kai-Shek, Chang] president Taiwan 1948 to 1975 He lived 1887 to 1975 and led Republic of China.

Alicia Alonso [Alonso, Alicia] ballerina Cuba 1948 to 1977 Giselle [1977] She lived 1921 to ? and founded Havana Ballet.

Nelson Algren [Algren, Nelson] novelist USA 1949 Man with the Golden Arm [1949] He lived 1909 to 1981.

Alex Anderson [Anderson, Alex] composer USA/Hawaii 1949 Mele Kalikimaka or Merry Christmas [1949] He lived 1894 to 1995.

Henri Betti [Betti, Henri]/Jerry Seelen [Seelen, Jerry]/Andre Hornez [Hornez, Andre] composer France/USA 1949 C'est Si Bon or It Is So Good [1949: sung by Louis Armstrong] Betti lived 1917 to ?.

Ugo Betti [Betti, Ugo] playwright Italy 1949 Queen and the Rebels [1949] He lived 1892 to 1953.

Clarence Brown [Brown, Clarence] director USA 1949 Intruder in the Dust [1949] He lived 1890 to 1987.

John Cade [Cade, John] biologist Australia 1949 He lived 1912 to 1980 and used lithium carbonate to treat mania [1949].

Tadd Dameron [Dameron, Tadd] lyricist/composer USA 1949 Lady Bird [1949: with Fats Navarro, trumpet] He lived 1917 to 1965.

Evelyn Danzig [Danzig, Evelyn] composer USA 1949 Scarlet Ribbons [1949] She lived 1902 to 1996.

Marguerite DeAngeli [DeAngeli, Marguerite] writer USA 1949 Door in the Wall [1949] She lived 1889 to 1987.

Tay Garnett [Garnett, Tay] director USA 1949 Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court [1949] He lived 1894 to 1977.

Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu [Gheorghiu, Constantin Virgil] writer Romania 1949 25th Hour [1949] He lived 1916 to 1992.

William F. Giauque [Giauque, William F.] physicist USA 1949 He lived 1895 to 1982 and studied cryogenics [1949].

Bob Hilliard [Hilliard, Bob]/Sammy Fain [Fain, Sammy] lyricist/composer USA 1949 Dear Hearts and Gentle People [1949] Hilliard lived 1918 to 1971. Fain lived 1902 to 1989.

Stan Jones [Jones, Stan] or Stanley Davis Jones [Jones, Stanley Davis]/Johnny Cash [Cash, Johnny] composer/lyricist USA 1949 Ghost Riders in the Sky [1949: western] Cash lived 1932 to 2003. Jones lived 1914 to 1963.

Gene Kelly [Kelly, Gene]/Frank Sinatra [Sinatra, Frank] actor USA 1949 Take Me Out to the Ball Game [1949] Kelly lived 1912 to 1996. Sinatra lived 1915 to 1998.

Charles Lamont [Lamont, Charles] director USA 1949 Ma and Pa Kettle [1949: with Marjorie Main and Percy Kilbride] He lived 1895 to 1990.

Walter Lord [Lord, Walter]/Anton Karas [Karas, Anton] lyricist/composer England/Austria 1949 Third Man Theme [1949: from the movie The Third Man] Lord lived 1917 to ?. Karas lived 1906 to 1985.

Johnny Marks [Marks, Johnny] lyricist/composer USA 1949 Rudolf the Red-nosed Reindeer [1949] He lived 1909 to 1985.

John P. Marquand [Marquand, John P.] novelist USA 1949 Point of No Return [1949] He lived 1893 to 1960.

Jean-Pierre Melville [Melville, Jean-Pierre] director France 1949 Les Enfants Terrible or Holy Terrors [1949] He lived 1917 to 1973.

David Miller [Miller, David] director USA 1949 Sands of Iwo Jima [1949: with John Wayne] He lived 1909 to 1992.

Larry Morey [Morey, Larry]/Eliot Daniel [Daniel, Eliot] lyricist/composer USA 1949 Lavender Blue [1949: from the film So Dear to My Heart] Daniel lived 1908 to 1997.

Gerry Mulligan [Mulligan, Gerry] or Gerald Joseph Mulligan [Mulligan, Gerald Joseph] tenor saxophonist/composer USA 1949 [1949] He lived 1927 to 1996 and played Cool.

Donald O'Connor [O'Connor, Donald] actor USA 1949 Francis [1949] He lived 1925 to 2003.

Jacob Rabinow [Rabinow, Jacob] inventor USA 1949 magnetorheological fluid [1949] He lived 1910 to 1999. Oil with iron filings {magnetorheological fluid, Rabinow} can turn solid in magnetic fields [1949]. Electrorheological fluids become solid in high electric fields.

Leo Robin [Robin, Leo]/Jule Styne [Styne, Jule] lyricist/composer USA 1949 Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friends [1949: sung by Marilyn Monroe in the movie Gentlemen Prefer Blondes]; Gentlemen Prefer Blondes [1949] Robin lived 1895 to 1984.

Ferdinand de Saussure [Saussure, Ferdinand de] linguist France 1949 Course of General Linguistics [1949] He lived 1857 to 1913 and founded modern structural linguistics {structuralism, linguistics} {structural linguistics}. Phonemes marks usage differences in sound or symbol systems. Phonemes are not physical, separate, independent elements. Word values are functions of exchangeable and non-exchangeable words {substitution, word} {word substitution}. Word connections provide word meanings, so word meaning depends on all word values. Speaker and listener vocabularies must be identical to convey full meaning in communication.

Spencer Tracy [Tracy, Spencer]/Katherine Hepburn [Hepburn, Katherine] actor USA 1949 Adam's Rib [1949] Tracy lived 1900 to 1967. Hepburn lived 1907 to 2003.

Ned Washington [Washington, Ned]/Victor Young [Young, Victor] lyricist/composer USA 1949 My Foolish Heart [1949] Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Young lived 1899 to 1956.

Ethel Waters [Waters, Ethel] actor USA 1949 Pinky [1949] She lived 1896 to 1977.

Stephan Weiss [Weiss, Stephan]/Bernie Baum [Baum, Bernie] composer USA 1949 Music! Music! Music! or Put Another Nickel In [1949]

Alfred L. Werker [Werker, Alfred L.] director USA 1949 Lost Boundaries [1949] He lived 1896 to 1975.

Leslie White [White, Leslie] sociologist USA 1949 Science of Culture [1949] He lived 1900 to 1975.

Marston Bates [Bates, Marston] biologist USA 1949 to 1950 Natural History of Mosquitoes [1949]; Nature of Natural History [1950] He lived 1906 to 1974 and studied mosquitoes.

Garson Kanin [Kanin, Garson] playwright USA 1949 to 1950 Adam's Rib [1949]; Born Yesterday [1950] He lived 1912 to 1999.

Lennie Tristano [Tristano, Lennie] or Leonard Joseph Tristano [Tristano, Leonard Joseph] composer USA 1949 to 1950 Crosscurrent [1949: with Tadd Dameron]; Intuition [1950]; Digression [1950] He lived 1919 to 1978, was bebop and cool jazz pianist, and started trend of playing whatever came to mind {free jazz}.

Charles C. Fries [Fries, Charles C.] linguist USA 1949 to 1952 Coexistent phonemic systems [1949: with Kenneth L Pike]; Structure of English [1952] He lived 1887 to 1967 and studied grammar.

Hank Williams [Williams, Hank] singer/composer USA 1949 to 1953 Lovesick Blues [1949]; Long Gone Lonesome Blues [1950]; Hey, Good Lookin' [1951]; Dear John [1951]; Cold Cold Heart [1951]; Jambalaya (on the Bayou) [1952]; Your Cheatin' Heart [1952]; Kaw-Liga [1953: about wooden Indian] He lived 1923 to 1953.

John B. Fenn [Fenn, John B.]/Koichi Tanaka [Tanaka, Koichi] biologist/inventor USA 1949 to 1954 Fenn lived 1917 to ?. Tanaka lived 1959 to ?. They invented matrix assisted laser absorption ionization (MALDI) for mass spectroscopy [1949 to 1954]. It works with Time-of-Flight TOF detectors.

Alec Guinness [Guinness, Alec] actor England 1949 to 1955 Kind Hearts and Coronets [1949]; Prisoner [1955] He lived 1914 to 2000.

Harry Harlow [Harlow, Harry] psychologist USA 1949 to 1958 Learning to Think [1949: with Margaret Kuenne Harlow]; Nature of Love [1958] He lived 1905 to 1981 and studied monkey play and learning set formation [Harlow and Harlow, 1949].

Louis S. Leakey [Leakey, Louis S.] biologist England 1949 to 1959 He lived 1903 to 1972 and found fossil hominins [1949 to 1959].

Aly Khan or Ali Solomone Khan prince Pakistan 1949 to 1960 He lived 1911 to 1960 and was famous lover and celebrity, married to Rita Hayworth.

Eugene Ionesco [Ionesco, Eugene] playwright Romania/France 1949 to 1960 Bald Soprano [1949]; Rhinoceros [1960] He lived 1912 to 1994.

Fats Domino [Domino, Fats] singer USA 1949 to 1961 Fat Man [1949]; Every Night about this Time [1950]; Goin' Home [1952]; Ain't That a Shame or Ain't It a Shame [1955]; I'm in Love Again [1955]; Blue Monday [1955]; Valley of Tears [1957]; It's You I Love [1957]; I'm Walking [1957]; Whole Lotta Lovin' [1958]; Be My Guest [1959]; I'm Goin' to Be a Wheel Someday [1959]; I'm Ready [1959]; Margie [1959]; My Girl Josephine [1960]; Walkin' to New Orleans [1960]; Let the Four Winds Blow [1961: sung by Ray Brown 1957]; Blueberry Hill [1940: by Al Lewis, Larry Stock, and Vincent Rose. sung in 1956] He lived 1928 to ?.

Robert Rossen [Rossen, Robert] director USA 1949 to 1961 All the King's Men [1949: Broderick Crawford acted]; Brave Bulls [1951: Mel Ferrer and Anthony Quinn acted]; Alexander the Great [1956: Richard Burton and Fredric March acted]; Hustler [1961: Paul Newman, Jackie Gleason, and Piper Laurie acted] He lived 1908 to 1965.

Konrad Adenauer [Adenauer, Konrad] chancellor Germany 1949 to 1963 He lived 1876 to 1967 and led Christian Democrats, centrist party of West Germany. Opposition was Social Democrats, socialist party.

David Ben Gurion [Ben Gurion, David] premier Israel 1949 to 1963 He lived 1886 to 1973 and led Labor party.

Harry Partch [Partch, Harry] composer USA 1949 to 1966 Genesis of a Music [1949: book]; And on the Seventh Day Petals Fell in Petaluma [1964 and 1966]; Delusion of the Fury [1966] He lived 1901 to 1974 and used the 43-tone scale.

Jascha Heifetz [Heifetz, Jascha] violinist USA 1949 to 1967 He lived 1901 to 1987.

Bertrand de Jouvenal [Jouvenal, Bertrand de] political scientist England 1949 to 1967 On Power: Its Nature and the History of Its Growth [1949]; Ethics of Redistribution [1951]; Sovereignty: An Inquiry into the Political Good [1957]; Pure Theory of Politics [1963]; Art of Conjecture [1967] He lived 1903 to 1987 and was conservative.

Stanley Kramer [Kramer, Stanley] director USA 1949 to 1967 Home of the Brave [1949]; Wild One [1953: Marlon Brando acted]; Defiant Ones [1958: Tony Curtis and Sidney Poitier acted]; On the Beach [1959]; Inherit the Wind [1960: Spencer Tracy, Fredrich March, and Gene Kelly acted]; Judgment at Nuremburg [1961]; Ship of Fools [1965: Oskar Werner and Simone Signoret acted]; Guess Who's Coming to Dinner [1967: Spencer Tracy, Katherine Hepburn, and Sidney Poitier acted] He lived 1913 to 2001.

Arthur Miller [Miller, Arthur] playwright USA 1949 to 1968 Death of a Salesman [1949]; Crucible [1953]; View from the Bridge [1955]; Price [1968] He lived 1915 to 2005.

Arthur Mitchell [Mitchell, Arthur] modern dancer/choreographer USA 1949 to 1969 He lived 1934 to ?.

Yukio Mishima [Mishima, Yukio] or Hiraoka Kimitake [Kimitake, Hiraoka] writer Japan 1949 to 1970 Confessions of a Mask [1949]; Sailor Who Fell From the Grace With the Sea [1963]; Sea of Fertility tetralogy [1964 to 1970] He lived 1925 to 1970.

Gilbert Ryle [Ryle, Gilbert] philosopher Britain 1949 to 1979 Concept of Mind [1949]; Dilemmas [1954]; Thinking and Meaning [1962]; Plato's Progress [1966]; Collected Papers [1971]; On Thinking [1979] He lived 1900 to 1976. Epistemology Philosophy should make language clear and find why some statements have no meaning or do not work in contexts. Statements have categories {statement types}. Knowledge can be about skill {knowing how} or about facts and events {knowing that} [1949]. Statements of one category often use contexts that require another category {category mistake, Ryle} {type error}. Words belong to categories {logical type} by usage {logical behavior}. Mental ideas mean what happens in behavior {operational behaviorism} or what disposes people to behave in way {logical behaviorism, Ryle}. Words can be about mental dispositions and feelings. Words can describe values. Words {achievement word} can be about mental processes or activities that have results, such as solving, detecting, and seeing. Words about mental processes can have different types. For example, people perform some mental processes and have skills, while some processes seem to just happen. Mental processes can have causes or antecedents, while others seem spontaneous. Pairs can require each other for meaning {polar concept}, like up or down and correctness or error. Because there can be error, people can be correct. However, this does not state when or where error or correctness was. Pairs, like finite and infinite, can have one member that has no reference. Mental-event descriptions describe agent possible actions and statements, not actual mental events. Thinking is acting in organized ways. Mind The idea that thinking things reside inside bodies or minds {ghost in the machine, Ryle} is ridiculous. Mind-brain dualism does not exist, because statements about minds are not statements about matter. Mental states are dispositions {reactive disposition} to behave in specific ways {dispositional analysis}. Mental states are not substances but substance processes. If will causes voluntary actions, and will is voluntary, will has infinite regress.

Claude Lévi-Strauss [Lévi-Strauss, Claude] sociologist/anthropologist France 1949 to 1983 Elementary Structures of Kinship [1949]; Tristes Tropiques [1955]; Mythologiques [1964 to 1971: including The Raw and the Cooked, From Honey to Ashes, The Origin of Table Manners, and The Naked Man]; Structural Anthropology [1958]; Le Pensée Sauvage or The Savage Mind [1962]; Le Cru et le Cuit or The Raw and the Cooked [1964]; View from Afar [1983] He lived 1908 to 2009. Systems have arrangements of rules, institutions, and environments {structuralism, sociology} and have models. All cultures share solutions to human conflicts that have structural similarities. Myths from different cultures share structures. Belief systems, cultures, communications, and languages have semantic and syntactic structures.

Donald Hebb [Hebb, Donald] psychologist Canada 1949 to 1985 Organization of Behavior [1949] He lived 1904 to 1985. Memory and information distribute among cortex cell assemblies. Synapses strengthen if presynaptic activity correlates with postsynaptic activity {Hebb rule}. Hebbian rules can only find large input correlations, like interactions between self-generated actions and perceptions. For example, neurons can correlate saccadic eye movements with neuron responses to find motion direction. Eye movement signals that direct saccades to objects initiate object representation. Network circuits {Hebbian circuit} can learn only if receiving part alters sending- part behavior.

Nicholas Brodszky [Brodszky, Nicholas]/Harold Arlen [Arlen, Harold]/Cesare Andrea Bixio [Bixio, Cesare Andrea] composer Russia/USA 1950 Be My Love [1950: from the film The Toast of New Orleans] Brodszky lived 1905 to 1985. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986. Bixio lived 1920 to 1978.

Ralph Bunche [Bunche, Ralph] diplomat USA 1950 He lived 1904 to 1971 and worked at United Nations.

David Butler [Butler, David] director USA 1950 Tea for Two [1950: with Doris Day] He lived 1894 to 1979.

Delmer Daves [Daves, Delmer] director USA 1950 Broken Arrow [1950] He lived 1904 to 1977.

Mack David [David, Mack]/Jacques Larue [Larue, Jacques]/Louiguy or Louis Gugliemi [Gugliemi, Louis] lyricist/lyricist/composer France/USA 1950 Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White [1950: translated by David] Gugliemi lived 1916 to 1991. David lived 1912 to 1993.

Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. [Fairbanks, Jr., Douglas]/Glynis Johns [Johns, Glynis] actor USA 1950 State Secret [1950] Fairbanks lived 1909 to 2000. Johns lived 1923 to ?.

Red Foley [Foley, Red] or Clyde Julian Foley [Foley, Clyde Julian] singer USA 1950 Chattanooga Shoeshine Boy [1950] He lived 1910 to 1968 and played Texas Swing guitar.

Anna Freud [Freud, Anna] psychotherapist Austria/USA 1950 Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense [1950] She lived 1895 to 1982, directly observed young children's behavior, studied ego development, and studied defense- mechanism development.

John Garfield [Garfield, John]/Patricia Neal [Neal, Patricia] actor USA 1950 Breaking Point [1950] Garfield lived 1913 to 1952. Neal lived 1926 to ?.

Bob Hope [Hope, Bob]/Lucille Ball [Ball, Lucille] actor USA 1950 Fancy Pants [1950] Hope lived 1903 to 2003. Ball lived 1911 to 1989.

Trevor Howard [Howard, Trevor]/Joseph Cotten [Cotten, Joseph]/Orson Welles [Welles, Orson] actor USA 1950 Third Man [1950] Howard lived 1913 to 1988. Cotten lived 1905 to 1994. Welles lived 1915 to 1985.

Betty Hutton [Hutton, Betty]/Howard Keel [Keel, Howard] actor USA 1950 Annie Get Your Gun [1950] Hutton lived 1921 to 2007. Keel lived 1919 to 2004.

Milt Jackson [Jackson, Milt] or Bags Jackson [Jackson, Bags] vibraphonist/composer USA 1950 Bag's Groove [1950] He lived 1923 to 1999 and was in the Modern Jazz Quartet and played Modern.

Bill Katz [Katz, Bill]/Gene Pillar [Pillar, Gene]/Ruth Roberts [Roberts, Ruth] composer USA 1950 Mister Touchdown, U.S.A. [1950]

Ted Koehler [Koehler, Ted]/Mack Gordon [Gordon, Mack] composer USA/Poland 1950 Get Happy [1950: from the film Summer Stock. sung by Judy Garland] Koehler lived 1894 to 1973. Gordon lived 1904 to 1959.

Par Lagerkvist [Lagerkvist, Par] novelist Sweden 1950 Barabbas [1950] He lived 1891 to 1974.

Charles Macak [Macak, Charles]/Tafft Baker [Baker, Tafft]/Larry LaPrise [LaPrise, Larry] composer USA 1950 Hokey Pokey [1950]

Marcel Mauss [Mauss, Marcel] anthropologist France 1950 Techniques of the Body [1950] He lived 1872 to 1950 and wrote that culture affects body posture, balance, kinesthesia, and movements {habitus}.

Percy Mayfield [Mayfield, Percy] singer USA 1950 Please Send Me Someone to Love [1950]

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Jacques Prevert [Prevert, Jacques]/Joseph Kosma [Kosma, Joseph] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA/France 1950 Autumn Leaves [1950] Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Prevert lived 1900 to 1977. Kosma lived 1905 to 1969.

Ralph [Moody, Ralph] writer USA 1950 Little Britches [1950] He lived 1898 to 1982.

Steve Nelson [Nelson, Steve]/Walter E. Rollins [Rollins, Walter E.] lyricist/composer USA 1950 Frosty the Snowman [1950] Rollins lived 1906 to 1973.

Jan Oort [Oort, Jan] astronomer USA 1950 He lived 1900 to 1992 and found comet belt around solar system (Oort cloud) [1950].

Johnny Otis [Otis, Johnny]/Little Esther [Esther, Little]/Robins singer USA 1950 Double Crossing Blues [1950] Otis lived 1921 to ?.

Cesare Pavese [Pavese, Cesare] poet Italy 1950 Verra la morte e avra i tuoi occhi or Death Will Come and Will Have Your Eyes [1950] He lived 1908 to 1950.

David Riesman, Jr. [Riesman, Jr., David] sociologist USA 1950 Lonely Crowd [1950: with Reuel Denney and Nathan Glaser] He lived 1909 to 2002 and studied alienation.

Annie Ross [Ross, Annie]/Wardell Gray [Gray, Wardell] lyricist/composer USA 1950 Twisted [1950: with Lambert and Hendricks]

Angele Vannier [Vannier, Angele]/Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Philippe Bloch [Bloch, Philippe] lyricist/lyricist/composer France/USA 1950 When the World Was Young [1950: modified by M. Philippe-Gerard, 1956] Vannier lived 1917 to 1980. Mercer lived 1909 to 1976.

Immanuel Velikovsky [Velikovsky, Immanuel] novelist Russia 1950 Worlds in Collision [1950: science fiction novel] He lived 1895 to 1979.

Muddy Waters [Waters, Muddy] singer USA 1950 Rollin' Stone [1950] He lived 1915 to 1983.

Clifton Webb [Webb, Clifton]/Myrna Loy [Loy, Myrna] actor USA 1950 Cheaper by the Dozen [1950] Webb lived 1889 to 1966. Loy lived 1905 to 1993.

Jane Wyman [Wyman, Jane]/Arthur Kennedy [Kennedy, Arthur]/Kirk Douglas [Douglas, Kirk]/Gertrude Lawrence [Lawrence, Gertrude] actor USA/England 1950 Glass Menagerie [1950] Wyman lived 1914 to ?. Kennedy lived 1914 to 1990. Douglas lived 1916 to ?. Lawrence lived 1898 to 1952.

Claudette Colbert [Colbert, Claudette] actor France/USA 1950 to 1951 Imitation of Life [1934]; Three Came Home [1950]; Let's Make It Legal [1951] She lived 1903 to 1996.

John F. Nash, Jr. [Nash, John F. Jr.] mathematician USA 1950 to 1951 Equilibrium points in n-person games [1950]; Bargaining problem [1950]; Non-cooperative games [1951]; Two-Person Cooperative Games [1953] He lived 1928 to ? and invented Nash equilibrium [1950], Nash bargaining solution [1950], and Nash programme [1951].

Paul Francis Webster [Webster, Paul Francis]/Juventino Rosas [Rosas, Juventino] lyricist/composer USA 1950 to 1951 Loveliest Night of the Year [1950] Webster lived 1907 to 1984. Rosas lived 1868 to 1894.

Ruth Brown [Brown, Ruth] singer USA 1950 to 1953 Teardrops from My Eyes [1950]; Mama, He Treats Your Daughter Mean [1953] She lived 1928 to 2006.

James Dean [Dean, James] actor USA 1950 to 1955 East of Eden [1955: directed by Elia Kazan]; Rebel without a Cause [1955] He lived 1931 to 1955.

Vincente Minnelli [Minnelli, Vincente] director USA 1950 to 1956 Father of the Bride [1950: Spencer Tracy acted]; American in Paris [1951: Leslie Caron and Gene Kelly acted]; Bandwagon [1953: Fred Astaire acted]; Lust for Life [1956: Kirk Douglas acted] He lived 1903 to 1986.

José Ferrer [Ferrer, José] actor Puerto Rico/USA 1950 to 1957 Cyrano de Bergerac [1950]; Great Man [1957] He lived 1909 to 1992.

Grenville Clark [Clark, Grenville] attorney USA 1950 to 1958 Plan for Peace [1950]; World Peace through World Law [1958: with Louis Sohn] He lived 1882 to 1967.

Art Blakey [Blakey, Art]/Jazz Messengers drummer USA 1950 to 1960 He lived 1919 to 1990 and played Modern.

Kenny Clark [Clark, Kenny] drummer USA 1950 to 1960 He lived 1914 to 1985 and played Cool.

Bill Evans [Evans, Bill] pianist USA 1950 to 1960 He lived 1929 to 1980 and played Modern.

Richard W. Hamming [Hamming, Richard W.] mathematician USA 1950 to 1960 Coding and Information Theory [1960] He lived 1915 to 1998 and invented Hamming code [1950] to detect computer-coding errors.

Percy Heath [Heath, Percy] bassist USA 1950 to 1960 He lived 1923 to 2005, was in played Modern Jazz Quartet, and played Cool.

Gaetano Kanizsa [Kanizsa, Gaetano] psychologist Italy 1950 to 1960 He lived 1913 to 1993. He invented and studied figures that had illusory contours.

Lee Konitz [Konitz, Lee] alto saxophonist USA 1950 to 1960 He lived 1937 to ?. Cool.

Billy Kyle [Kyle, Billy] pianist USA 1950 to 1960 He lived 1915 to 1966 and played Modern.

John Lewis [Lewis, John] pianist USA 1950 to 1960 He lived 1920 to 2001, was in the Modern Jazz Quartet, and played Cool and Modern.

Charlie Mingus [Mingus, Charlie] trumpeter USA 1950 to 1960 He lived 1922 to 1979. Cool.

Max Roach [Roach, Max] drummer USA 1950 to 1960 He lived 1924 to ? and played Modern.

Johnny St. Cyr [St. Cyr, Johnny] banjo player USA 1950 to 1960 He lived 1890 to 1966 and played Modern.

Nat King Cole or Nathaniel Adams Coles [Coles, Nathaniel Adams] singer USA 1950 to 1962 Mona Lisa [1950]; Too Young [1951]; Blossom Fell [1955]; Ramblin' Rose [1962] He lived 1919 to 1965.

John Huston [Huston, John] director USA 1950 to 1962 Asphalt Jungle [1950]; Red Badge of Courage [1951]; African Queen [1952: Humphrey Bogart and Katherine Hepburn acted]; Moulin Rouge [1953: José Ferrer acted]; Moby Dick [1956: Gregory Peck acted]; Freud [1962: Montgomery Clift acted] He lived 1906 to 1987.

Hank Snow [Snow, Hank] or Singing Ranger singer Canada/USA 1950 to 1962 I'm Movin' On [1950]; I've Been Everywhere [1962: by Geoff Mack. sung by Lucky Starr, 1959] He lived 1914 to 1999.

Franz Waxman [Waxman, Franz] composer Germany/USA 1950 to 1962 Sunset Boulevard [1950]; Place In The Sun [1951]; Taras Bulba [1962] He lived 1906 to 1967.

Nathan Glaser [Glaser, Nathan] sociologist USA 1950 to 1963 Lonely Crowd [1950: with Reuel Denney and David Riesman]; Beyond the Melting Pot [1963: with Daniel Moynihan]

Joseph Mankiewicz [Mankiewicz, Joseph] director USA 1950 to 1963 All about Eve [1950: Bette Davis and Anne Baxter acted]; No Way Out [1950]; People Will Talk [1951: Cary Grant and Jeanne Crain acted]; Five Fingers [1952: James Mason acted]; Julius Caesar [1953: John Gielgud, Marlon Brando, and James Mason acted]; Guys and Dolls [1955: Marlon Brando, Jean Simmons, and Frank Sinatra acted]; Cleopatra [1963: Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, and Rex Harrison acted] He lived 1909 to 1993.

Gregory Peck [Peck, Gregory] actor USA 1950 to 1963 Gunfighter [1950]; To Kill a Mockingbird [1963] He lived 1916 to 2003.

Peter Weiss [Weiss, Peter] playwright Germany 1950 to 1964 Der Turm or The Tower [1950]; Persecution and Assassination of Jean-Paul Marat as Performed by the Inmates of the Asylum of Charenton Under the Direction of the Marquis de Sade [1964] He lived 1916 to 1982.

Mack David [David, Mack]/Jerry Livingston [Livingston, Jerry] lyricist/composer USA 1950 to 1965 Bobbidi-Boo [1950: from the film Cinderella]; Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes [1950: from the film Cinderella]; 77 Sunset Strip [1959: from the TV series]; Ballad of Cat Ballou [1965: from the film Cat Ballou] David lived 1912 to 1993. Livingston lived 1915 to 2001.

Miles Davis [Davis, Miles] trumpeter USA 1950 to 1965 He lived 1926 to 1991 and played Cool.

Patti Page [Page, Patti] singer USA 1950 to 1965 Tennessee Waltz [1950]; How Much Is That Doggy in the Window [1953]; Hush, Hush, Sweet Charlotte [1965] She lived 1927 to ?.

James Stewart [Stewart, James] actor USA 1950 to 1965 Harvey [1950]; Spirit of St. Louis [1957]; Shenandoah [1965] He lived 1908 to 1997.

Yehoshua Bar-Hillel [Bar-Hillel, Yehoshua] linguist USA 1950 to 1971 On syntactic categories [1950]; Quasi Arithmetical Notation for Syntactic Description [1953]; Pragmatics of Natural Languages [1971: editor] He lived 1915 to 1975 and helped develop immediate constituent grammar.

Konrad Lorenz [Lorenz, Konrad] biologist Switzerland/Germany 1950 to 1973 King Solomon's Ring [1950]; Man Meets Dog [1954]; On Aggression [1963]; Behind the Mirror: a Search for a Natural History of Human Knowledge [1973] He lived 1903 to 1989 and studied natural behavior {ethology, Lorenz}, aggression, imprinting, instincts, innate releasing mechanisms, and fixed action patterns.

Erik Erikson [Erikson, Erik] psychologist USA 1950 to 1975 Childhood and Society [1950]; Young Man Luther [1958]; Ghandi's Truth [1969]; Life History and the Historical Moment [1975] He lived 1902 to 1994 and studied personality growth. Genuine intimacy is in 20's, generativity is in 30's to 50's, and self-integrity is in 50's.

Frederick Sanger [Sanger, Frederick] biologist/inventor England 1950 to 1977 He lived 1918 to ?, determined insulin amino-acid sequence [1950], and developed method to sequence DNA [1977].

James Jerome Gibson [Gibson, James Jerome] psychologist USA 1950 to 1979 Perception of the Visual World [1950]; Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems [1966]; Ecological Approach to Visual Perception [1979] He lived 1904 to 1979. He studied visual shape and motion perception in natural conditions, when observer moved freely while objects were still, or objects moved while observer was still {visual flow, Gibson}. Higher-order object features can be invariant during motion or rotation. Perception involves acquiring such information from ambient sensations. Sense qualities provide motion lines {flow line} and texture gradients {ecological optics}. People seem to perceive such features without visual computation. People can adapt to distorting lenses but slightly overadapt.

Joy Paul Guilford [Guilford, Joy Paul] psychologist USA 1950 to 1982 Nature of Human Intelligence [1967]; Cognitive psychology's ambiguities: Some suggested remedies [1982] He lived 1897 to 1967 and studied intellectual structure {Structure of Intellect}.

Akira [Kurosawa, Akira] director Japan 1950 to 1985 Rashomon [1950]; Seven Samurai [1954]; Hidden Fortress [1958]; Yojimbo [1961]; Ran [1985] He lived 1910 to 1985.

Max Lerner [Lerner, Max] sociologist USA 1950 to 1990 Unfinished Country [1950]; America as a Civilization [1957]; Wrestling with the Angel [1990] He lived 1902 to 1992.

Peter F. Strawson [Strawson, Peter F.] philosopher England 1950 to 1996 On Referring [1950: in Mind]; Introduction to Logical Theory [1952]; Individuals [1959 and 1963]; Bounds of Sense [1966]; Logico-Linguistic Papers [1971]; Freedom and Resentment [1974]; Subject and Predicate in Logic and Grammar [1974]; Skepticism and Naturalism [1985]; Mental Reality [1996] He lived 1919 to ? and associate with Quine. Epistemology All particulars are individuals. Individuals can be particular spatial objects, with identity. Individuals can be non- particulars, like properties, numbers, and statements. Statements are non-particular and have context. Sentences and descriptions refer to particular objects, such as statements in which "The" and "That" can interchange. Concepts can depend on or refer to other concepts. Mind Experience is a mental-state series {pearl view, Strawson}. Self is new each time. Introspection shows that consciousness alternates with unconsciousness. There is no personality or agent. Neural processes have mental as well as non-mental properties. Experiences depend on persons or selves {no-ownership theory, Strawson}.

Harold Adamson [Adamson, Harold]/Hoagy Carmichael [Carmichael, Hoagy] lyricist/composer USA 1951 My Resistance Is Low [1951] Adamson lived 1906 to 1980. Carmichael lived 1899 to 1981.

Ken Annakin [Annakin, Ken]/Harold French [French, Harold] director England 1951 Trio [1951] Annakin lived 1914 to ?. French lived 1897 to 1997.

Kenneth Arrow [Arrow, Kenneth] economist USA 1951 Social Choice and Individual Values [1951] He lived 1921 to ? and invented Arrow social welfare theorem. All markets balance supply and demand if in competitive equilibrium {general equilibrium theory}. Individuals typically have preference orders among candidates when voting or among products and services when buying. Similarly, groups have preference orders among candidates or products and services. Individuals cannot significantly affect group preferences, because no person has significantly greater wealth, power, or influence than other people. Group preferences typically are sums of individual preferences, because votes or purchases add. Preferences can be independent. If these conditions are true, no method exists that guarantees that group preference order is consistent with sum of individual preference orders {voting paradox, Arrow} {Arrow paradox}.

Richard Basehart [Basehart, Richard]/Paul Douglas [Douglas, Paul] actor USA 1951 Fourteen Hours [1951] Basehart lived 1914 to 1984. Douglas lived 1916 to ?.

Baudouin or Boudewijn king Belgium 1951 He lived 1930 to 1993 and ruled when Leopold III abdicated.

Jackie Brenston [Brenston, Jackie] singer USA 1951 Rocket 88 [1951]

Haskell Curry [Curry, Haskell] mathematician England 1951 Outlines of a Formalist Philosophy of Mathematics [1951] He lived 1900 to 1982. Mathematics branches become more formal over time, until they are deductive systems. Mathematics is about deductive systems.

Kirk Douglas [Douglas, Kirk]/William Bendix [Bendix, William] actor USA 1951 Detective Story [1951] Douglas lived 1916 to ?. Bendix lived 1906 to 1964.

J. Presper Eckert [Eckert, J. Presper]/John Mauchly [Mauchly, John] inventor USA 1951 UNIVAC magnetic tape computer [1951] Eckert lived 1919 to 1995 {magnetic tape computer}. Mauchly lived 1907 to 1980.

Art Farmer [Farmer, Art] composer USA 1951 Farmer's Market [1951] He lived 1928 to 1999.

Dorothy Fields [Fields, Dorothy]/Arthur Schwartz [Schwartz, Arthur] composer USA 1951 Make the Man Love Me [1951: from A Tree Grows in Brooklyn] Fields lived 1905 to 1974. Schwartz lived 1900 to 1984.

Ronnie Gilbert [Gilbert, Ronnie]/Lee Hays [Hays, Lee]/Fred Hellerman [Hellerman, Fred]/Pete Seeger [Seeger, Pete]/Huddie Ledbetter [Ledbetter, Huddie] lyricist/lyricist/lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1951 Kisses Sweeter Than Wine [1951] Gilbert lived 1926 to ?. Hays lived 1914 to 1981 and was in the Weavers. Hellerman lived 1927 to ?. Seeger lived 1919 to ?. Ledbetter lived 1888 to 1949.

Irving Gordon [Gordon, Irving] composer USA 1951 Unforgettable [1951] He lived 1915 to 1996.

José Greco [Greco, José] flamenco dancer Spain/USA 1951 He lived 1918 to 2001.

Oscar Handlin [Handlin, Oscar] sociologist USA 1951 Uprooted [1951] He lived 1915 to ?.

Zellig S. Harris [Harris, Zellig S.] linguist Russia/USA 1951 Methods in Structural Linguistics [1951] He lived 1909 to 1992 and developed transformational grammar.

Neal Hefti [Hefti, Neal] composer USA 1951 Coral Reef or Swingin' on a Coral Reef [1951] He lived 1926 to ?.

Elmore James [James, Elmore] singer USA 1951 Dust My Broom [1951]

James Jones [Jones, James] novelist USA 1951 From Here to Eternity [1951] He lived 1921 to 1977.

Tjalling C. Koopmans [Koopmans, Tjalling C.] economist USA 1951 Analysis of Production as an Efficient Combination of Activities [1951: editor] He lived 1910 to 1985 and used activity analysis model, instead of production function.

Jan Lukasiewicz [Lukasiewicz, Jan] mathematician/philosopher Poland 1951 Aristotle's Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic [1951] He lived 1878 to 1956. Three-value logic allows true, false, and possible. It can account for future contingencies. Polish mathematical notation needs no brackets.

Fredric March [March, Fredric]/Mildred Dunnock [Dunnock, Mildred] actor USA 1951 Death of a Salesman [1951] March lived 1897 to 1975. Dunnock lived 1901 to 1991.

Barbara McClintock [McClintock, Barbara] biologist USA 1951 She lived 1902 to 1992 and studied corn transposable elements {jumping gene, McClintock} [1951].

Gian-Carlo Menotti [Menotti, Gian-Carlo] composer Italy/USA 1951 Amahl and the Night Visitors [1951: opera] He lived 1911 to ?.

Mohammed Mossadegh [Mossadegh, Mohammed] premier Iran 1951 He lived 1882 to 1967. With Communist Tudeh party, he deposed king [1951].

Christian Nyby [Nyby, Christian] director USA 1951 Thing [1951] He lived 1913 to 1993.

George Pal [Pal, George] director Austria/USA 1951 When Worlds Collide [1951] He lived 1908 to 1980.

Robert Parrish [Parrish, Robert] director USA 1951 Cry Danger [1951] He lived 1916 to 1995.

Les Paul [Paul, Les]/Mary Ford [Ford, Mary] singer USA 1951 How High the Moon [1951] Paul lived 1915 to ?. Ford lived 1924 to ?.

Tyrone Power [Power, Tyrone]/Susan Hayward [Hayward, Susan] actor USA 1951 Rawhide [1951] Power lived 1914 to 1958. Hayward lived 1917 to 1975.

Johnnie Ray [Ray, Johnnie] singer USA 1951 Cry [1951]

Michael Rennie [Rennie, Michael] actor England 1951 Day the Earth Stood Still [1951] He lived 1909 to 1971.

Jerome David Salinger [Salinger, Jerome David] novelist USA 1951 Catcher in the Rye [1951] He lived 1919 to ?.

Irving Segal [Segal, Irving] physicist USA 1951 He lived 1918 to 1998 and developed C* algebra theory for quantum mechanics [1951].

Alistair Sim [Sim, Alistair] actor England 1951 Christmas Carol [1951] He lived 1900 to 1976.

Ralph Thomas [Thomas, Ralph] director England 1951 Clouded Yellow [1951] He lived 1915 to 2001.

Juan Antonio Vallejo-Nagera [Vallejo-Nagera, Juan Antonio] writer Spain 1951 Ante la depresión or Before Depression [1951] He lived 1926 to 1990.

Bernie Wayne [Wayne, Bernie]/Lee Morris [Morris, Lee] composer USA 1951 Blue Velvet [1951]

Richard Widmark [Widmark, Richard] actor USA 1951 Halls of Montezuma [1951] He lived 1914 to ?.

William Carlos Williams [Williams, William Carlos] poet/playwright USA 1951 Farmer's Daughter [1951: play] He lived 1883 to 1963.

Donald Winnicott [Winnicott, Donald] psychotherapist Britain 1951 Transitional Objects and Transitional Phenomena [1951] He lived 1896 to 1971 and treated children.

Herman Wouk [Wouk, Herman] novelist USA 1951 Caine Mutiny [1951] He lived 1915 to ?.

Marguerite Yourcenar [Yourcenar, Marguerite] or Marguerite de Crayencour [Crayencour, Marguerite de] writer Europe 1951 Memoirs of Hadrian [1951] She lived 1903 to 1987.

Abraham Zaleznik [Zaleznik, Abraham] economist USA 1951 Foreman Training in a Growing Enterprise [1951] He studied leadership and organizational behavioral theory.

George Sidney [Sidney, George] director Hungary/USA 1951 to 1953 Show Boat [1951: Howard Keel and Ava Gardner acted and sang]; Scaramouche [1952]; Young Bess [1953: Jean Simmons acted]; Kiss Me Kate [1953: Howard Keel acted and sang] He lived 1916 to 2002. His father, George Sidney, lived 1876 to 1945.

Dale Evans [Evans, Dale] composer USA 1951 to 1955 Happy Trails [1951: from the TV series The Roy Rogers Show]; Bible Tells Me So [1955] She lived 1912 to 2001.

Glenn Ford [Ford, Glenn] actor Canada/USA 1951 to 1956 Follow the Sun [1951]; Teahouse of the August Moon [1956] He lived 1916 to 2006.

Rudolph Reti [Reti, Rudolph] critic Austria 1951 to 1957 Thematic Process in Music [1951]; Tonality in Modern Music [1957] He lived 1885 to 1957.

Dean Martin [Martin, Dean]/Jerry Lewis [Lewis, Jerry] actor USA 1951 to 1959 Martin lived 1917 to 1995. Lewis lived 1926 to ?. They were in comedies.

Charles Townes [Townes, Charles]/Arthur L. Schawlow [Schawlow, Arthur L.] physicist/inventor USA 1951 to 1960 maser [1951 to 1953]; laser [1957 to 1960] Townes lived 1915 to ?. Schawlow lived 1921 to 1999. Aleksandr M. Prokhorov [1916 to 2002] and Nikolai G. Basov [1922 to 2001] of Russia discovered maser and laser ideas, as did Joseph Weber [1919 to ?] of USA.

Eric Hoffer [Hoffer, Eric] sociologist USA 1951 to 1963 True Believer [1951]; Ordeal of Change [1963] He lived 1902 to 1983.

Paul Tillich [Tillich, Paul] theologian USA 1951 to 1963 Systematic Theology [1951 to 1963: three volumes] He lived 1886 to 1965 and was Protestant theologian. Expressions of self are attempts to fulfill self-potential {entelechy, self}.

Alan Jay Lerner [Lerner, Alan Jay]/Burton Lane [Lane, Burton] composer USA 1951 to 1965 What Did I Have That I Don't Have Now [1951: from Too Late Now]; On a Clear Day You Can See Forever [1951: from Too Late Now]; Too Late Now [1951: from Too Late Now] Lerner lived 1918 to 1986. Lane lived 1912 to 1997.

Sebastian Konstantinovich Shaumyan [Shaumyan, Sebastian Konstantinovich] linguist USA 1951 to 1965 Structural Linguistics [1951 to 1965] He lived 1916 to 2006 and helped develop transformational grammar {applicative-generative grammar}.

Abraham Robinson [Robinson, Abraham] mathematician Germany/USA 1951 to 1966 On the Metamathematics of Algebra [1951]; Non-Standard Analysis [1961 to 1966] He lived 1918 to 1974 and developed the idea of infinitesimals as greater than zero but smaller than all positive numbers {nonstandard analysis, Robinson}. He described infinitesimal neighborhoods of points infinitely close to a point {compactness theorem, Robinson}.

B. B. King [King, B. B.] singer USA 1951 to 1969 Three O'Clock Blues [1951]; Thrill Is Gone [1969] He lived 1925 to ?.

Nicolas Tinbergen [Tinbergen, Nicolas] biologist Norway 1951 to 1973 Study of Instinct [1951]; Animal in Its World [1973] He lived 1907 to 1988 and studied ethology.

Gérard Debreu [Debreu, Gérard] economist France/USA 1951 to 1975 Theory of Value [1959: Neo-Walrasian theory] He lived 1921 to ? and studied general equilibrium models {Arrow-Debreu model}, working with Kenneth Arrow [1954]. He worked on First and Second Welfare theorems [1951 and 1954], utility function for preference ordering [1954], quasi-equilibrium [1962], unique equilibria [1970], smooth preferences {differential calculus for economics} [1972], and core convergence rate [1975]. He made core convergence theorem [1962 to 1963], with Herbert Scarf. His market demand functions [1974] resulted in Debreu-Sonnenschein-Mantel theorem.

Gene Kelly [Kelly, Gene] director/actor/jazz dancer USA 1951 to 1976 American in Paris [1951]; Singing in the Rain [1952]; That's Entertainment Part 2 [1976] He lived 1912 to 1996.

Gower Champion [Champion, Gower] jazz dancer USA 1951 to 1980 Showboat [1951: with Marge Champion]; 42nd Street [1980] He lived 1920 to 1980.

Carl Rogers [Rogers, Carl] psychologist USA 1951 to 1980 Client-centered Therapy [1951]; On Becoming a Person [1961]; Way of Being [1980] He lived 1902 to 1987. Psychotherapy type {non-directive therapy, Rogers} {client-centered therapy, Rogers} reeducates patient as patient works through his or her own problem. Therapist provides understanding and acceptance, to modify patient's self-concept and self-esteem, so people can do what they will {self-actualization}.

Nelson Goodman [Goodman, Nelson] philosopher USA 1951 to 1983 Structure of Appearance [1951 and 1977]; Languages of Art [1968]; Problems and Projects [1972]; Fact, Fiction and Forecast [1954 and 1983: first and fourth editions] He lived 1906 to ? and studied part and whole relations {mereology, Goodman}. Aesthetics General theories of symbols can explain art. Art can be allographic or autographic, based on meaning. Epistemology Phenomena have basic sensory units, from which experiences are made. Classes with same elements are the same, no matter their names. Regularities in nature are not necessarily useful for prediction, because predictions can depend on changes that people know will happen at future times {new riddle of induction}. Regularities up until now confirm the predictions that there will be no change and that something will change at time in the future {grue}. Only unchanging predictions can use regularities. Conditional can have false antecedent (counterfactual). False antecedent is typically false because it is hypothetical.

Stanislaw Lem [Lem, Stanislaw] novelist/philosopher Poland 1951 to 1983 Astronauts [1951: science fiction novel]; Magellan Nebula [1955: science fiction novel]; Memoirs of a Space Traveler [1957: science fiction novel]; Solaris [1961: science fiction novel]; Invincible [1973: science fiction novel]; Cyberiad [1974: science fiction novel, including The Seventh Sally]; Futurological Congress [1983: science fiction novel] He lived 1921 to ?.

Georg Henrik von Wright [Wright, Georg Henrik von] philosopher Finland 1951 to 1984 Treatise on Induction and Probability [1951]; Logical Studies [1957]; Varieties of Goodness [1963]; Norm and Action [1963]; Essay in Deontic Logic [1968]; Explanation and Understanding [1971]; Causality and Determinism [1974]; Freedom and Determination [1980]; Practical Reason [1983]; Philosophical Logic [1983]; Truth, Knowledge, and Modality [1984] He lived 1916 to ?, followed Wittgenstein's ideas, and studied logic of statements using must and may {deontic logic, Wright}. Epistemology Obligation is like necessity. Permission is like possibility. Prohibition is like impossibility. For example, if something is not necessary, then opposite something is possible. If something is not an obligation, its opposite can happen. If something is not possible, then its opposite is necessary. If something is impermissible, its opposite is obligatory. Not- impossible things are possible, so if something has no prohibition, it can happen. If two things together are necessary, then each is necessary, so if two things together are obligatory, then each is obligatory. If something is necessary, then it is possible, so something obligatory has permission. Ethics Deontic logic can be ethics logic. Actions are prohibited, permitted, or obligatory. Negatives and combinations can be true or false.

David Bohm [Bohm, David] physicist USA 1951 to 1993 Quantum Theory [1951]; Wholeness and the Implicit Order [1980]; Undivided Universe: An Ontological Interpretation of Quantum Theory [1993] He lived 1917 to 1992 and developed the hidden particle theory and pilot wave interpretation [1952], from study of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen experiment.

John C. Eccles [Eccles, John C.] biologist England 1951 to 1994 Brain and the Unity of Conscious Experience [1965]; Understanding of the Brain [1977]; Human Psyche [1980]; Evolution of the Brain: Creation of the Self [1989]; How the Self Controls Its Brain [1994] He lived 1903 to 1997 and studied cerebellum [1967]. Connections between sense and motor nerves in spinal-cord gray matter are responsible for reflexes [1951]. Matter and mind are separate substances, and interact in synapses {interactionism, Eccles}. Mind has units {psychon, Eccles}.

Leroy Anderson [Anderson, Leroy] composer USA 1952 Rakes of Mallow [1952: from The Irish Suite]; Blue Tango [1952] Anderson lived 1908 to 1975.

Solomon Asch [Asch, Solomon] psychologist USA 1952 Social Psychology [1952] He lived 1907 to 1996 and studied conformity to others' opinions. Conformity happens even in line-length perception.

Walter Baade [Baade, Walter] astronomer Germany/USA 1952 He lived 1893 to 1960 and measured interstellar distances and studied Cepheid variable stars [1952].

John Cage [Cage, John] composer USA 1952 4'33'' [1952] He lived 1912 to 1992 and composed electronic music.

Patrick Skene Catling [Catling, Patrick Skene] writer USA 1952 Chocolate Touch [1952] He lived 1925 to ?.

Charlie Chaplin [Chaplin, Charlie]/Claire Bloom [Bloom, Claire] actor USA/England 1952 Limelight [1952] Chaplin lived 1889 to 1977. Bloom lived 1931 to ?.

Merian C. Cooper [Cooper, Merian C.] producer USA 1952 King Kong [1933]; Gone with the Wind [1939]; Quiet Man [1951]; This is Cinerama [1952: in Cinerama] He lived 1893 to 1973.

Helen [Deutsch, Helen]/Bronislau Kaper [Kaper, Bronislau] lyricist/composer USA 1952 Hi-lili Hi-lo [1952] Kaper lived 1902 to 1983.

Ervin Drake [Drake, Ervin]/Irvin Graham [Graham, Irvin]/Jimmy Shirl [Shirl, Jimmy]/Al Stillman [Stillman, Al] lyricist/composer USA 1952 I Believe [1952] Stillman lived 1906 to ?.

Ralph [Ellison, Ralph] novelist USA 1952 Invisible Man [1952] He lived 1914 to ?.

Ronald Fairbairn [Fairbairn, Ronald] psychoanalyst Britain 1952 Psychoanalytical Studies of the Personality [1952] He lived 1889 to 1964 and developed a systematic interpersonal-relationships theory {object relation}. Depressed people can have the delusion that they are responsible for their early environment and feel guilty about it {moral defense}, to be independent and avoid helplessness.

Jimmy Forrest [Forrest, Jimmy] singer USA 1952 Night Train [1952]

Arthur Freed [Freed, Arthur]/Nacio Herb Brown [Brown, Nacio Herb] lyricist/composer USA 1952 You Were Meant for Me [1929]; Should I [1929]; Singin' in the Rain [1929]; Dream of You [1934]; You Are My Lucky Star [1935: from the film Broadway Melody of 1936]; Good Morning [1952: from the film Singin' in the Rain]; Make 'Em Laugh [1952: from the film Singin' in the Rain]; Singin' in the Rain [1952: from the film Singin' in the Rain] Brown lived 1896 to 1964. Freed lived 1894 to 1973.

Michele Galdieri [Galdieri, Michele]/P. G. Redi [Redi, P. G.]/Shelley Dobbins [Dobbins, Shelley] lyricist/composer/lyricist Italy/USA 1952 Non Dimenticar or Go Where I Send Thee or T'ho voluto bene [1952: from the movie Anna] Galdieri lived 1902 to 1965.

Stewart Granger [Granger, Stewart]/Deborah Kerr [Kerr, Deborah] actor USA 1952 Prisoner of Zenda [1952] Granger lived 1913 to ?. Kerr lived 1921 to ?.

Edward Guthrie [Guthrie, Edward] psychologist USA 1952 Psychology of Learning [1952] He lived 1886 to 1959 and was behaviorist. Mind automatically joins objects and events perceived or performed simultaneously {contiguity theory, Guthrie}. S-R learning can happen in one trial {one-trial learning}.

Morris Halle [Halle, Morris] linguist Latvia/USA 1952 Preliminaries to Speech Analysis [1952: with Roman Jakobson and Gunnar Fant]; On accent and juncture in English [1956: with Noam Chomsky and Fred Lukoff]; Sound Pattern of English [1968: with Chomsky] He lived 1923 to ?, was member of Prague School, and studied phoneme distinctive features.

Louis Harris [Harris, Louis] sociologist USA 1952 He studied polling.

Olivia de Havilland [Havilland, Olivia de]/Richard Burton [Burton, Richard] actor USA 1952 My Cousin Rachel [1952] Havilland lived 1916 to ?. Burton lived 1925 to 1984.

Howard Hawks [Hawks, Howard] director USA 1952 Big Sky [1952: Arthur Hunnicutt and Kirk Douglas acted] He lived 1896 to 1977.

Bob Haymes [Haymes, Bob]/Alan Brandt [Brandt, Alan] composer USA 1952 That's All [1952] Haymes lived 1923 to 1989. Brandt lived 1923 to ?.

Edward Heyman [Heyman, Edward]/Victor Young [Young, Victor] lyricist/composer USA 1952 When I Fall in Love [1952: from the movie One Minute to Zero] Heyman lived 1907 to 1981. Young lived 1899 to 1956.

Roman Jakobson [Jakobson, Roman] linguist Russia/USA 1952 Preliminaries to Speech Analysis [1952: with Morris Halle and Gunnar Fant] He lived 1896 to 1982, was member of Prague School, and studied phoneme distinctive features.

Gene Kelly [Kelly, Gene]/Donald O'Connor [O'Connor, Donald]/Debbie Reynolds [Reynolds, Debbie] actor USA 1952 Singin' in the Rain [1952] Kelly lived 1912 to 1996. O'Connor lived 1925 to 2003. Reynolds lived 1932 to ?.

Teinosuke Kinugasa [Kinugasa, Teinosuke] director Japan 1952 Gate of Hell [1952] He lived 1896 to 1982.

Stephen Cole Kleene [Kleene, Stephen Cole] mathematician USA 1952 Introduction to Metamathematics [1952] He lived 1909 to 1994, studied recursion theory and formal logic, and added subtraction to lambda calculus. At least one mathematical truth is true intuitionistically but not Platonically [Kleene, 1952].

Fernando [Lamas, Fernando]/Lana Turner [Turner, Lana] actor USA 1952 Merry Widow [1952] Lamas lived 1915 to 1982. Turner lived 1920 to 1995.

Burt Lancaster [Lancaster, Burt]/Shirley Booth [Booth, Shirley]/Richard Jaeckel [Jaeckel, Richard] actor USA 1952 Come Back, Little Sheba [1952] Lancaster lived 1913 to 1994. Booth lived 1898 to 1992. Jaeckel lived 1926 to 1997.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Ralph Burns [Burns, Ralph]/Woody Herman [Herman, Woody] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1952 Easy Street [1952] Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Herman lived 1913 to 1987.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Lilla Cayley Robinson [Robinson, Lilla Cayley]/Paul Lincke [Lincke, Paul] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA/Germany 1952 Glow Worm [1952] Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Linck lived 1866 to 1946.

Mary Norton [Norton, Mary] writer USA 1952 Borrowers [1952] She lived 1903 to 1992.

Norman Vincent Peale [Peale, Norman Vincent] writer USA 1952 Power of Positive Thinking [1952] He lived 1898 to 1993.

Gregory Peck [Peck, Gregory]/Ava Gardner [Gardner, Ava] actor USA 1952 Snows of Kilamanjaro [1952] Peck lived 1916 to 2003. Gardner lived 1922 to 1990.

Stephen Potter [Potter, Stephen] sociologist USA 1952 Theory and Practice of Gamesmanship [1947]; Lifemanship [1950]; One-upmanship [1952] He lived 1900 to 1969.

Otto Rank [Rank, Otto] or Otto Rosenfeld [Rosenfeld, Otto] psychologist Austria/USA 1952 Trauma of Birth [1952] He lived 1884 to 1939, was psychoanalyst, and wrote about ethics.

William Schuman [Schuman, William] composer USA 1952 George Washington Bridge [1952] He lived 1910 to 1992 and composed symphonies.

George Shearing [Shearing, George] pianist/bandleader/composer England/USA 1952 Lullaby of Birdland [1952] He lived 1919 to ? and played Big Band.

Robert Taylor [Taylor, Robert]/Elizabeth Taylor [Taylor, Elizabeth] actor USA 1952 Ivanhoe [1952] Elizabeth Taylor lived 1932 to ?. Robert Taylor lived 1911 to 1969.

Amy Vanderbilt [Vanderbilt, Amy] essayist USA 1952 Complete Book of Etiquette [1952] She lived 1908 to 1974 and wrote about etiquette.

Robert Walker [Walker, Robert]/Helen Hayes [Hayes, Helen] actor USA 1952 My Son John [1952] Hayes lived 1900 to 1993. Hayes lived 1900 to 1993.

Fred Waller [Waller, Fred] inventor USA 1952 Cinerama [1937 to 1952: wide-screen movies]; Waller Gunnery Trainer; water skis; 360-degree still camera He lived 1885 to 1953 {wide-screen movie}.

Ned Washington [Washington, Ned]/Dimitri Tiomkin [Tiomkin, Dimitri] lyricist/composer USA 1952 High Noon or Do Not Forsake Me, Oh My Darlin' [1952: from the film High Noon. sung by Tex Ritter] Washington lived 1901 to 1976. Tiomkin lived 1894 to 1979.

Gerhard Winkler [Winkler, Gerhard]/Fred Rauch [Rauch, Fred]/Carl Sigman [Sigman, Carl] composer/lyricist Germany/USA 1952 Answer Me My Love [1952: sung by Nat King Cole] Winkler lived 1906 to 1977. Sigman lived 1909 to 2000.

Samuel [Beckett, Samuel] playwright France 1952 to 1953 End Game [1952]; Waiting for Godot [1953] He lived 1906 to 1989 and wrote theater of the absurd.

William De Kooning [De Kooning, William] painter USA 1952 to 1954 Woman I [1952]; Woman and Bicycle [1953]; Marilyn Monroe [1954] He lived 1904 to 1997.

Elwyn B. White [White, Elwyn B.] novelist USA 1952 to 1954 Charlotte's Web [1952]; Second Tree from the Corner [1954]; Stuart Little He lived 1899 to 1985.

Fred Zinnemann [Zinnemann, Fred] director Austria/USA 1952 to 1957 High Noon [1952: Gary Cooper and Grace Kelly acted]; Hatful of Rain [1957] He lived 1907 to 1997.

Han Suyin [Suyin, Han] or Elizabeth Guang-Hu Zhou [Zhou, Elizabeth Guang-Hu] writer China 1952 to 1958 Many Splendored Thing [1952]; Mountain is Young [1958] She lived 1917 to ?.

William Inge [Inge, William] playwright USA 1952 to 1958 Come Back, Little Sheba [1952]; Bus Stop [1955]; Picnic [1955]; Dark at the Top of the Stairs [1958] He lived 1913 to 1973.

Jerry Leiber [Leiber, Jerry]/Mike Stoller [Stoller, Mike] singer/composer USA 1952 to 1959 Kansas City [1952: sung by the Wilbert Harrison 1959 and the Beatles 1965]; Loving You [1957]; Jailhouse Rock [1957: from the film Jailhouse Rock]; Yakety Yak [1958]; Poison Ivy [1959]; Charlie Brown [1959] Leiber lived 1933 to ?. Stoller lived 1933 to ?.

Lloyd Price [Price, Lloyd] singer USA 1952 to 1959 Lawdy Miss Clawdy [1952]; Personality [1959] He lived 1933 to ?.

Richard Rodgers [Rodgers, Richard] lyricist/composer USA 1952 to 1962 Victory at Sea [1952]; No Strings [1962: musical, including The Sweetest Sounds] He lived 1902 to 1979.

Mary T. McCarthy [McCarthy, Mary T.] novelist USA 1952 to 1963 Groves of Academe [1952]; Group [1963] She lived 1912 to 1989.

Ray Price [Price, Ray] singer USA 1952 to 1963 Don't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes [1952]; Crazy Arms [1956]; I've Got a New Heartache [1956]; My Shoes Keep Walking Back to You [1957]; City Lights [1958]; Make the World Go Away [1963] He lived 1926 to ? and played honky tonk, as in the 4/4 country shuffle called Price beat.

José Delgado [Delgado, José] psychologist USA 1952 to 1969 Physical Control of the Mind [1969] He lived 1915 to ?. Amygdala stimulation by electrodes {stimoceiver} can trigger aggressive behavior [1955].

Hans J. Eysenck [Eysenck, Hans J.] psychologist USA 1952 to 1976 Structure of Human Personality [1952]; Biological Basis of Personality [1967]; Psychoticism as a Dimension of Personality [1976: with S. B. G. Eysenck] He lived 1916 to 1997. Behavior therapy uses conditioning and learning theory to eliminate conditioned emotional responses, which are neurotic symptoms.

Barry Commoner [Commoner, Barry] biologist USA 1952 to 1980 Closing Circle: Nature, Man and Technology [1971: including his Laws of Ecology] He lived 1917 to ? and studied ecology and population. He opposed above-ground nuclear testing [1952].

Richard M. Hare [Hare, Richard M.] philosopher England 1952 to 1981 Language of Morals [1952]; Freedom and Reason [1963]; Moral Thinking [1981] He lived 1919 to 2002 and developed phrastic and neustic meanings [Hare, 1963]. Objective judgments about individuals should apply to all similar instances {universalizability}, but subjective judgments about individuals cannot so apply. Ethics Reasoning about morals can make consistent morals. Morals are commands to do or not do something {prescriptivism, Hare}. Morals are not truths {descriptivism, Hare} or emotions {emotivism, Hare}. Morals are not relative or based on situations but are universal. Morals associate with emotions. However, some moral situations involve little emotion or ambiguous emotions.

Mortimer J. Adler [Adler, Mortimer J.] philosopher USA 1952 to 1992 Synopticon [1952: essays on 102 great ideas, with references]; Idea of Freedom [1958]; Great Ideas [1992: essays] He lived 1902 to 2001. Universe is only one of many possible worlds, which can exist or not exist. God is the efficient cause that keeps universe in being and keeps it from nothingness. Government can restrict freedom of speech as to timing, location, and form and by laws against libel, slander, incitement, hate, and harming minors.

Gabriel Garcia Marquez [Marquez, Gabriel Garcia] novelist Colombia 1952 to 1992 Leaf Storm [1952]; No One Writes to the Colonel and Other Stories [1961: stories]; One Hundred Years of Solitude [1967]; Chronicle of a Death Foretold [1981]; Love in the Time of Cholera [1985]; General in His Labyrinth [1989]; Strange Pilgrims [1992] He lived 1928 to 2000.

Hussein I king Jordan 1952 to 1999 He lived 1936 to 1999.

Elizabeth II queen England 1952 to 2003 She lived 1926 to ?.

Faye Adams [Adams, ] singer USA 1953 Shake a Hand [1953]

Robert W. Anderson [Anderson, Robert W.] playwright USA 1953 Tea and Sympathy [1953] He lived 1917 to ?.

Ray Anthony [Anthony, Ray] singer USA 1953 Hokey Pokey [1953] He lived 1922 to ?.

John Benson Brooks [Brooks, John Benson] or Jack Brooks [Brooks, Jack]/Harry Warden [Warden, Harry] lyricist/composer USA 1953 That's Amore [1953: from the movie The Caddy]

Leslie Caron [Caron, Leslie] actor USA 1953 Lili [1953] She lived 1931 to ?.

Bruce Catton [Catton, Bruce] historian USA 1953 Stillness at Appomattox [1953] He lived 1899 to 1978 and wrote about USA civil war.

Padraic Colum [Colum, Padraic] poet England 1953 Treasury of Irish Folklore [1953: stories] He lived 1881 to 1972.

William Craig [Craig, William] mathematician USA 1953 On Axiomatizability within a System [1953] For axiomatic theories, subsets can use only some original terms but contain same theorems {Craig's theorem}.

Rosalind Franklin [Franklin, Rosalind] biologist England 1953 She lived 1920 to 1958 and performed x-ray crystallography of DNA indicating it was double helix [1953].

Max Freeman [Freeman, Max]/Jimmy DeKnight [DeKnight, Jimmy] composer USA 1953 Rock Around the Clock [1953: sung by Bill Haley and the Comets]

Ernest K. Gann [Gann, Ernest K.] novelist USA 1953 High and the Mighty [1953] He lived 1910 to 1991.

José Gironella [Gironella, José] writer Spain 1953 Los cipreses creen en Dios or Cypresses Believe in God [1953] He lived 1917 to 2003.

Arthur Hamilton [Hamilton, Arthur] composer USA 1953 Cry Me a River [1953]

Byron Haskin [Haskin, Byron] director USA 1953 War of the Worlds [1953] He lived 1899 to 1984.

Audrey Hepburn [Hepburn, Audrey]/Gregory Peck [Peck, Gregory] actor USA 1953 Roman Holiday [1953] Hepburn lived 1929 to 1993. Peck lived 1916 to 2003.

Stuart K. Hine [Hine, Stuart K.] lyricist/composer USA 1953 How Great Thou Art [1953] He lived 1899 to 1989.

James Hudson [Hudson, James]/Calvin Carter [Carter, Calvin] composer USA 1953 Goodnight, Sweetheart or Goodnight, It's Time to Go [1953]

Bronislaw Kaper [Kaper, Bronislaw]/Adolph Deutsch [Deutsch, Adolph] composer USA/England 1953 Hi-Lili, Hi-Lo [1953: from the film Lili] Deutsch lived 1897 to 1980.

Henry Koster [Koster, Henry] director USA 1953 Robe [1953: in Cinemascope] He lived 1905 to 1988.

Joseph Krumgold [Krumgold, Joseph] writer USA 1953 And Now Miguel [1953] He lived 1908 to 1980.

Stephen Kuffler [Kuffler, Stephen] biochemist USA 1953 He lived 1913 to 1980. Cat-retina ON-center and OFF-center ganglion cells respond to illumination changes [1953].

Burt Lancaster [Lancaster, Burt]/Deborah Kerr [Kerr, Deborah]/Montgomery Clift [Clift, Montgomery]/Frank Sinatra [Sinatra, Frank] actor USA 1953 From Here to Eternity [1953] Lancaster lived 1913 to 1994. Kerr lived 1921 to ?. Clift 1920 to 1966. Sinatra lived 1915 to 1998.

Edward Madden [Madden, Edward]/Gus Edwards [Edwards, Gus] lyricist/composer USA 1953 By the Light of the Silvery Moon [1953] Edwards lived 1879 to 1945.

Vyankatesh Madgulkar [Madgulkar, Vyankatesh] writer India 1953 Village Had No Walls [1953] He lived 1927 to ? and wrote in Marathi.

Ethel Merman [Merman, Ethel] actor USA 1953 Call Me Madam [1953] She lived 1908 to 1984.

Kenji Mizoguchi [Mizoguchi, Kenji] director Japan 1953 Ugetsu monogatami or Ugetsu or Tales of Ugetsu or Tales of Moonlight and Rain [1953] He lived 1898 to 1956.

Ashley Montagu [Montagu, Ashley] sociologist USA 1953 Natural Superiority of Women [1953] He lived 1905 to 1999.

Geoffrey Parsons [Parsons, Geoffrey]/Rudi Revil [Revil, Rudi]/John Turner [Turner, John] lyricist/composer/composer France/USA 1953 Little Shoemaker [1953] Parsons lived 1929 to 2005.

Conrad Richter [Richter, Conrad] novelist USA 1953 Light in the Forest [1953] He lived 1890 to 1968.

Theodore Roethke [Roethke, Theodore] poet USA 1953 Waking [1953] He lived 1908 to 1963.

Arthur Schwartz [Schwartz, Arthur]/Howard Dietz [Dietz, Howard] composer/lyricist USA 1953 Band Wagon [1953] Schwartz lived 1900 to 1984. Dietz lived 1896 to 1983.

Carl Sigman [Sigman, Carl]/Robert Maxwell [Maxwell, Robert] lyricist/composer USA 1953 Ebb Tide [1953] Sigman lived 1909 to 2000. Maxwell lived 1921 to ?.

Willie Mae Thornton [Thornton, Willie Mae] or Big Mama Thornton [Thornton, Big Mama] singer USA 1953 Hound Dog [1953] She lived 1926 to 1984.

André De Toth [Toth, André De] director USA 1953 House of Wax [1953: in 3-D]; Man on a String [1960] He lived 1912 to 2002.

Vincent du Vigneaud [Vigneaud, Vincent du] biologist France 1953 He lived 1901 to 1978 and discovered vasopressin [1953].

Paul Francis Webster [Webster, Paul Francis]/Sammy Fain [Fain, Sammy] lyricist/composer USA 1953 Secret Love [1953: from the film Calamity Jane. sung by Doris Day]; Love Is a Many Splendored Thing [1955] Webster lived 1907 to 1984. Fain lived 1902 to 1989.

Stanley Miller [Miller, Stanley] biologist USA 1953 to 1954 He lived 1930 to ?. Methane, ammonia, and water heated by electric arcs make amino acids [1953 to 1954]. However, amino acids only polymerize if conditions are hot and dry.

James Olds [Olds, James] psychologist USA 1953 to 1954 Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area [1954: with Peter Milner] He lived 1922 to 1976. Enjoyable feelings follow electrically stimulating septal region, lateral hypothalamus, and other limbic-system parts used for reward and motivation {pleasure center} {self-stimulation} [1953: with Peter Milner]. Sensory neocortex stimulation never causes such enjoyable feelings. Dopamines affect limbic-system septal region. Hippocampus and amygdala stimulation can cause unpleasant feelings.

Joe Turner [Turner, Joe] singer USA 1953 to 1954 Honey Hush [1953]; Shake, Rattle And Roll [1954]

Gordon MacRae [MacRae, Gordon]/Shirley Jones [Jones, Shirley] actor USA 1953 to 1956 Oklahoma [1953]; Carousel [1956] MacRae lived 1921 to 1986. Jones lived 1934 to ?.

Marilyn Monroe [Monroe, Marilyn] actor USA 1953 to 1956 Gentlemen Prefer Blondes [1953]; Seven Year Itch [1954]; Bus Stop [1956] She lived 1926 to 1962.

Robert Wise [Wise, Robert] director USA 1953 to 1958 So Big [1953: Jane Wyman acted]; Somebody Up There Likes Me [1956: Paul Newman acted]; I Want to Live [1958: Susan Hayward acted]; Run Silent, Run Deep [1958: Clark Gable and Burt Lancaster acted] He lived 1914 to 2005.

MacFarlane Burnet [Burnet, MacFarlane] biologist England 1953 to 1959 Natural History of Infectious Disease [1953]; Clonal selection theory of acquired immunity [1959] He lived 1899 to 1985 and suggested clonal-selection theory.

William Grey Walter [Grey Walter, William] physiologist/inventor Britain/USA 1953 to 1960 Living Brain [1953]; Neurophysiological Aspects of Hallucinations and Illusory Experience [1960]; two-channel evoked potential averager; helical scanner; 22-channel toposcope He lived 1910 to 1976 and studied body electrical behavior {toposcopy}, muscle contraction, electroencephalograms, electroconvulsive therapy, frequency analysis, and evoked potentials. He implanted brain electrodes to study epilepsy and treat psychiatric illness in conscious humans. Brain-function electromechanical models, with two control systems and several interacting units, can produce life-like behavior, including learning, as in electromechanical tortoise called M. speculatrix. Brain electrical potential has negative shift between associated stimuli just before decision becomes public {contingent negative variation} (CNV). Motor cortex sends output before people act [Walter, 1953]. Helical scanner measures and displays frequencies and phases on short time-scales from many brain electrodes.

John Foster Dulles [Dulles, John Foster] secretary of state USA 1953 to 1961 He lived 1888 to 1959 and advocated alliances against Communists and supported superior nuclear forces.

Dwight David Eisenhower [Eisenhower, Dwight David] president USA 1953 to 1961 He lived 1890 to 1969. 34th president got truce in Korea, set Eisenhower Doctrine for Middle East defense against Communism, and sent troops to desegregate schools in Little Rock, Arkansas.

Dag Hammerskjöld [Hammerskjöld, Dag] secretary-general New York, New York 1953 to 1961 He lived 1905 to 1961 and was United Nations Secretary-General. He tried to make his office stronger through personal action, especially in Congo, where he died in plane crash.

Sammy Cahn [Cahn, Sammy]/Jimmy Van Heusen [Heusen, Jimmy Van] or James Van Heusen [Heusen, James Van] lyricist USA 1953 to 1962 My Kind of Town [1953]; Love and Marriage [1955]; Tender Trap or (Love Is) The Tender Trap [1955: from the film The Tender Trap]; All the Way [1957: from the film The Joker Is Wild]; High Hopes [1959: from the film A Hole in the Head]; (Love is Prettier) The Second Time Around [1960]; Call Me Irresponsible [1962: from the movie Papa's Delicate Condition] Cahn lived 1913 to 1993. Van Heusen lived 1913 to 1990.

Brenda Milner [Milner, Brenda] psychologist England/Canada 1953 to 1962 Memory troubles accompanying lesions [1962] She lived 1918 to ?.

William Beecher Scoville [Scoville, William Beecher] psychologist Canada 1953 to 1962 Loss of Recent Memory After Bilateral Hippocampal Lesions [1957: with Brenda Milner] He lived 1906 to 1984. He studied H.M. [1953], who had no bilateral temporal lobes or hippocampus after surgery and did not make long-term memories, though he learned motor tasks [1962: with Brenda Milner]. Another William Scoville used parts per million of capsicum {SHU scale} to measure hot pepper heat [1912].

James Baldwin [Baldwin, James] novelist USA 1953 to 1963 Go Tell It on the Mountain [1953]; Fire Next Time [1963] He lived 1924 to 1987.

Alwin Nikolais [Nikolais, Alwin] modern dancer/choreographer USA 1953 to 1963 Tensile Involvement [1953]; Imago Suite [1963] He lived 1912 to 1992 and used fancy costumes.

Nikita Khrushchev [Khrushchev, Nikita] dictator Russia 1953 to 1964 He lived 1894 to 1971 and was member of Politburo [1939], became first secretary when Stalin died [1953], denounced Stalin [1956], and became Premier [1958]. His policy was "peaceful coexistence".

Earl Warren [Warren, Earl] chief justice USA 1953 to 1969 He lived 1891 to 1974 and was USA Supreme Court Chief Justice [1953 to 1969]. USA Supreme Court ended legal segregation, forced one man-one vote legislatures, and defended rights of accused people.

Saul Bellow [Bellow, Saul] novelist Canada/USA 1953 to 1970 Adventures of Augie March [1953]; Herzog [1964]; Mr. Sammler's Planet [1970] He lived 1915 to 2005.

James Watson [Watson, James] biologist USA 1953 to 1980 Double Helix [1980] He lived 1928 to ? and calculated that DNA was double helix [1953].

Milton Friedman [Friedman, Milton] economist USA 1953 to 1982 Essays in Positive Economics [1953]; Theory of the Consumption Function [1957]; Optimum Quantity of Money and Other Essays [1969]; Capitalism and Freedom [1982: with Rose Friedman] He lived 1912 to 2006, studied money supply and free markets, and suggested negative income tax. Capitalism is the most-efficient economic system. Capitalists manage, supervise, assume risks, and save. Capitalism provides individual economic and social freedom.

Willard Van Orman Quine [Quine, Willard Van Orman] philosopher USA 1953 to 1990 From a Logical Point of View [1953]; Two Dogmas of Empiricism [1953]; Word and Object [1960]; Set Theory and Its Logic [1963]; Ways of Paradox [1966]; Ontological Relativity and Other Essays [1969: includes Epistemology Naturalized]; Web of Belief [1970: with J. Ullian]; Philosophy of Logic [1970]; Roots of Reference [1974]; Methods of Logic [1982]; Quiddities [1987]; Pursuit of Truth [1990] He lived 1908 to 2000 and was empiricist. He associated with Nelson Goodman, J. L. Austin, and Peter F. Strawson and later with Richard Rorty and Hilary Putnam. Epistemology Meaning is about belief systems, not about beliefs. Belief systems can adjust at many places. All statements depend on empirical evidence. Analytic and synthetic truths do not differ, because mathematics depends on belief system and because experience is not about logic or statements. Language translations have many alternatives {indeterminacy, translation}, because experience is always about part relations, and translation can use any part. Deciphering unknown languages cannot rely on only spoken or written evidence but needs to know belief systems. Language interpretation should ascribe only universally true and neutral beliefs or references to speakers and writers, to minimize errors and falsehoods {charity principle} {principle of charity}. Because language has alternatives, new ideas have indeterminate objects and ideas {ontological relativity}. Belief systems have words that refer to one object in all uses {referential opacity} {referentially opaque}. Belief systems cannot allow words that do not refer to anything or refer to something else than intended in different contexts. Quantifiers can say that object exists {objectual} or that sentence form exists and is true. Metaphysics Reality is physical only {physicalism, Quine}. Existence requires that things have property quantities. "To be is to be the value of a variable." Existence requires something identifiable. "No entity without identity."

Francis H. C. Crick [Crick, Francis H. C.] biologist England/USA 1953 to 1994 Thinking about the Brain [1979]; Problem of Consciousness [1992: with Christof Koch]; Astonishing Hypothesis: The Scientific Search for the Soul [1994] He lived 1916 to 2004 and calculated that DNA was double helix [1953]. Perhaps, consciousness depends on thalamus and cortex layers 4 and 6 [1994].

Pat Ballard [Ballard, Pat] composer USA 1954 Mister Sandman [1954: sung by the Andrews Sisters] He lived 1899 to 1960.

Howard Barnes [Barnes, Howard]/Harold Cornelius [Cornelius, Harold]/Dominic John [John, Dominic] composer USA 1954 Blossom Fell [1954: sung by Nat King Cole]

Charles Calhoun [Calhoun, Charles] composer USA 1954 Shake, Rattle and Roll [1954]

Truman [Capote, Truman]/Harold Arlen [Arlen, Harold] lyricist/composer USA 1954 Sleepin' Bee [1954: from House of Flowers]; Two Ladies in De Shade of De Banana Tree [1954: from House of Flowers] Capote lived 1924 to 1984. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986.

Thomas B. Costain [Costain, Thomas B.] novelist Canada 1954 Silver Chalice [1954] He lived 1885 to 1965.

Bing Crosby [Crosby, Bing]/Danny Kaye [Kaye, Danny] actor USA 1954 White Christmas [1954] Crosby lived 1903 to 1977. Kay lived 1913 to 1987.

Bing Crosby [Crosby, Bing]/Grace Kelly [Kelly, Grace]/William Holden [Holden, William] actor USA 1954 Country Girl [1954] Crosby lived 1903 to 1977. Kelly lived 1929 to 1982. Holden lived 1918 to 1981.

Douglass Cross [Cross, Douglass]/George Cory [Cory, George] composer USA 1954 I Left My Heart in San Francisco [1954: sung by Tony Bennett]

Gordon Douglas [Douglas, Gordon] director USA 1954 Them [1954] He lived 1909 to 1993.

Edward Eager [Eager, Edward]/N. M. Bodecker [Bodecker, N. M.] writer/illustrator USA 1954 Half Magic [1954] Eager lived 1911 to 1964.

Melvin Endsley [Endsley, Melvin] composer USA 1954 Singing the Blues [1954] He lived 1934 to 2004.

Pietro Garinei [Garinei, Pietro]/Sandro Giovanninni [Giovanninni, Sandro]/Carl Sigman [Sigman, Carl]/Renato Rascel [Rascel, Renato] lyricist/lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1954 Arrivederci Roma or Goodbye Rome [1954] Sigman lived 1909 to 2000.

Erroll Garner [Garner, Erroll] pianist/composer USA 1954 Misty [1954] He lived 1921 to 1977 and played Swing.

John Gassner [Gassner, John] writer USA 1954 Masters of the Drama [1954] He lived 1903 to 1967.

Ira Gershwin [Gershwin, Ira]/Harold Arlen [Arlen, Harold] lyricist/composer USA 1954 Man That Got Away [1954: from the film A Star Is Born] Gershwin lived 1896 to 1983. Arlen lived 1905 to 1986.

William Golding [Golding, William] writer England 1954 Lord of the Flies [1954] He lived 1911 to 1993.

Carl Stuart Hamblen [Hamblen, Carl Stuart] or Stuart Hamblen [Hamblen, Stuart] composer USA 1954 This Old House [1954: sung by Rosemary Clooney] He lived 1908 to 1989.

Leslie P. Hartley [Hartley, Leslie P.] novelist USA 1954 Go Between [1954] He lived 1895 to 1972.

Richard Hofstadter [Hofstadter, Richard] political scientist USA 1954 American Political Tradition [1954] He lived 1916 to 1970.

Arnold Horwitt [Horwitt, Arnold]/Albert Hague [Hague, Albert] lyricist/composer USA/Germany 1954 Plain and Fancy [1954: musical] Hague lived 1920 to 2001.

Bart Howard [Howard, Bart] composer USA 1954 Fly Me to the Moon or In Other Words [1954] He lived 1915 to 2004.

Joan Javits [Javits, Joan]/Phil Springer [Springer, Phil]/Tony Springer [Springer, Tony] composer USA 1954 Santa Baby [1954: originally sung by Eartha Kitt]

J. J. Johnson [Johnson, J. J.] trombonist USA 1954 He lived 1924 to 2001 and worked with Kai Winding [1954].

Carolyn Leigh [Leigh, Carolyn]/Johnny Richards [Richards, Johnny] lyricist/composer USA 1954 Young at Heart [1954: sung by Frank Sinatra] Leigh lived 1926 to ?.

Abraham H. Maslow [Maslow, Abraham H.] psychotherapist USA 1954 Motivation and Personality [1954] He lived 1908 to 1970. People's needs form hierarchy {need hierarchy}.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Gene de Paul [Paul, Gene de] lyricist/composer USA 1954 Seven Brides for Seven Brothers [1954] Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. de Paul lived 1919 to 1988.

Edwin O'Connor [O'Connor, Edwin] novelist USA 1954 Last Hurrah [1954] He lived 1918 to 1968.

Elvis Presley [Presley, Elvis]/Scotty and Bill singer USA 1954 That's All Right [1954] Presley lived 1935 to 1977.

Hyman Rickover [Rickover, Hyman] admiral Poland/USA 1954 He lived 1985 to 1987.

Antonia Ridge [Ridge, Antonia]/Friedrich Moller [Moller, Friedrich] lyricist/composer USA 1954 Happy Wanderer [1954]

Francoise Sagan [Sagan, Francoise] or Françoise Quoirez [Quoirez, Françoise] writer France 1954 Bonjour tristesse or Goodbye Sadness [1954] He lived 1935 to 2004.

Jonas Salk [Salk, Jonas] doctor/inventor USA 1954 polio vaccine [1954] He lived 1914 to 1995 {polio vaccine}.

Don Siegel [Siegel, Don] director USA 1954 Riot in Cellblock 11 [1954] He lived 1906 to 1990.

James Stewart [Stewart, James]/June Allyson [Allyson, June] actor USA 1954 Glenn Miller Story [1954] Stewart lived 1908 to 1997. Allyson lived 1917 to 2006.

Tulio Trapani [Trapani, Tulio]/Lee Lange [Lange, Lee] lyricist/composer USA 1954 Cara Mia or My Dear One [1954]

John Turner [Turner, John]/Geoffrey Parsons [Parsons, Geoffrey]/Charles Chaplin [Chaplin, Charles] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1954 Smile [1954] Parsons lived 1929 to 2005.

Getulio Vargas [Vargas, Getulio] president Brazil 1954 He lived 1882 to 1954. After ruling [1930 to 1954], power struggle began, he lost, and military took over.

Chen Ning Yang [Yang, Chen Ning]/Robert L. Mills [Mills, Robert L.] physicist USA 1954 Conservation of isotopic spin and isotopic gauge invariance [1954] Yang lived 1922 to ?. Mills lived 1927 to 1999. They studied Yang-Mills field [Yang and Mills, 1954].

Robert Yount [Yount, Robert]/Eddie Miller [Miller, Eddie]/Dub Williams [Williams, Dub] composer USA 1954 Release Me [1954]

Jerry Ross [Ross, Jerry]/Richard Adler [Adler, Richard] lyricist/composer USA 1954 to 1955 Pajama Game [1954]; Hey There [1954: from the Pajama Game]; Damn Yankees [1955]; Whatever Lola Wants [1955: from the film Damn Yankees] Ross lived 1926 to 1955. Adler lived 1921 to ?.

Les Baxter [Baxter, Les] singer USA 1954 to 1956 Poor People of Paris or Jean's Song [1954: French lyrics by Rene Rouzaud, music by Marguerite Monnot, lyrics by Jack Lawrence]; Unchained Melody [1955: music by Alex North and lyrics by Hy Zaret] He lived 1922 to 1996.

Stanley Donen [Donen, Stanley] director USA 1954 to 1957 Seven Brides for Seven Brothers [1954: Howard Keel acted]; Funny Face [1957: Fred Astaire and Audrey Hepburn acted] He lived 1924 to ?.

Georg Pólya [Pólya, Georg] or George Pólya [Pólya, George] mathematician USA 1954 to 1957 How to solve it [1945]; Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning [1954] He lived 1887 to 1985 and studied problem solving and problem-solving heuristics and invented counting formula. Plausibility depends on authority or reliability of information source used to justify proposition, not on probabilities of alternatives. Reasoning-chain plausibility is least-plausible-proposition plausibility.

Bill Haley [Haley, Bill]/Comets singer USA 1954 to 1958 Shake Rattle and Roll [1954]; Rock around the Clock [1954]; See You Later Alligator [1955]; Boney Maroney [1958]; Skinny Minny [1958] Bill Haley and the Comets. Haley lived 1925 to ?.

Peter De Vries [De Vries, Peter] novelist USA 1954 to 1959 Tunnel of Love [1954]; Comfort Me with Apples [1956]; Tents of Wickedness [1959] He lived 1910 to 1993.

Peter Shaffer [Shaffer, Peter] playwright/novelist England 1954 to 1959 Salt Land [1954]; Balance of Terror [1957]; Five Finger Exercise [1959] He lived 1926 to ?.

Kenneth Pike [Pike, Kenneth] linguist USA 1954 to 1960 Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior [1954 to 1960: three volumes] He lived 1912 to 2000. Synonyms in different contexts are different idea instances {tagmeme} {tagmemics}. Behavior description can be for actor or inside {emic}. Behavior description can be for observer or outside {etic}. He invented a language {Kalaba-X constructed language}.

Ray Charles [Charles, Ray] singer/composer USA 1954 to 1962 I've Got a Woman [1954]; Hallellujah I Love Him So [1956]; I Can't Stop Loving You [1958: by Don Gibson]; Hit the Road Jack [1959]; What'd I Say [1959]; Georgia on My Mind [1960]; Hit the Road Jack [1961]; I Can't Stop Loving You [1962] He lived 1930 to 2004.

Kai Winding [Winding, Kai] trombonist/composer/bandleader Denmark/USA 1954 to 1963 More [1963] He lived 1922 to 1983 and worked with J. J. Johnson [1954].

Mario Pei [Pei, Mario] linguist USA 1954 to 1965 Dictionary of Linguistics [1954: with Frank Gaynor]; Story of Language [1965] He lived 1901 to 1978.

Monroe C. Beardsley [Beardsley, Monroe C.] philosopher England/USA 1954 to 1970 Intentional Fallacy [1954: with W. K. Wimsatt, Jr.]; Aesthetics [1958]; Aesthetics from Classical Greece to the Present [1960]; Possibility of Criticism [1970] He lived 1915 to 1985. Aesthetics People can interpret artworks using creator's intentions, but should not. Works can contain only some aspects of creator intentions and not contain others {intentional fallacy}. People should study texts using only the words {new criticism}, not author intentions, history, feelings, or beliefs. Epistemology Truth is only in the text, because author had no intentions, feelings, or historical knowledge or used only part of them.

Leonard Bernstein [Bernstein, Leonard] composer USA 1954 to 1971 On the Waterfront [1954]; West Side Story [1961: including America, Somewhere, and Tonight]; Mass [1971: mass] He lived 1918 to 1990.

Kamala Markandaya [Markandaya, Kamala] novelist India 1954 to 1977 Nectar in a Sieve [1954]; Silence of Desire [1960]; Possession [1963]; Handful of Rice [1966]; Coffer Dams [1969]; Nowhere Man [1972]; Golden Honeycomb [1977] He lived 1923 to ?.

Herman A. Witkin [Witkin, Herman A.] psychologist USA 1954 to 1981 Personality Through Perception [1954]; Cognitive Styles in Personal and Cultural Adaptation [1977]; Field Dependence and Interpersonal Behavior [1981: with D. R. Goodenough] He lived 1916 to 1979 and studied field dependence and cognitive styles.

Roy Schafer [Schafer, Roy] psychologist USA 1954 to 1983 Psychoanalytic Interpretation in Rorschach Testing [1954]; New Language for Psychoanalysis [1976]; Analytic Attitude [1983] He developed a psychoanalysis variant [1954]. Ego is an integrated and inseparable self, with personality, objects, and identifications. Ego grows by internalizing love relations.

Manfred Eigen [Eigen, Manfred] biologist Germany 1954 to 1993 Hypercycle: A principle of natural self-organization [1979: with Peter Schuster]; Steps toward Life [1992: with Ruthild Winkler-Oswatitsch]; Rules of the Game [1993: with Ruthild Winkler-Oswatitsch] He lived 1927 to ? and developed relaxation methods, to measure 10^-10 second reaction rates [1954]. High mutation rates prevent natural selection [1992].

John Bardeen [Bardeen, John]/Walter Brattain [Brattain, Walter]/William Shockley [Shockley, William] inventor USA 1955 transistor [1955] Bardeen lived 1908 to 1991. Brattain lived 1902 to 1987. Shockley lived 1910 to 1989.

Daniel Bell [Bell, Daniel] sociologist USA 1955 Reforming of General Education [1955] He lived 1919 to ? and studied anthropology.

Boyd Bennett [Bennett, Boyd]/Rockets singer USA 1955 Seventeen [1955] Boyd Bennett and the Rockets.

Bonnie Lou singer USA 1955 Daddy-o [1955]

Ernest Borgnine [Borgnine, Ernest] actor USA 1955 Marty [1955] He lived 1917 to ?.

André Breton [Breton, André] writer France 1955 Les Vases Communicants or Communicating Vessels [1955] He lived 1896 to 1966.

Irving Burgie [Burgie, Irving] or Lord Burgess/William Attaway [Attaway, William] composer USA 1955 Banana Boat Song or Day-o [1955: sung by Harry Belafonte] Burgie lived 1926 to ?.

Irving Burgie [Burgie, Irving] or Lord Burgess composer USA 1955 Jamaica Farewell [1955: sung by Harry Belafonte] He lived 1926 to ?.

Sonny Burke [Burke, Sonny]/Peggy Lee [Lee, Peggy] composer USA 1955 He's a Tramp [1955: from the film Lady and the Tramp] Burke lived 1914 to 1980. Lee lived 1920 to 2001.

William S. Burroughs [Burroughs, William S.] novelist USA 1955 Naked Lunch [1955] He lived 1914 to 1997.

Maria Callas [Callas, Maria] soprano USA/Greece 1955 She lived 1923 to 1977.

Maurice Chevalier [Chevalier, Maurice] actor France/USA 1955 Gigi [1955] He lived 1888 to 1972.

Kamala Das [Das, Kamala] novelist India 1955 Walls [1955] He lived 1934 to ?.

George Duning [Duning, George] composer USA 1955 Theme from Picnic or Love Theme from Picnic [1955: from the film Picnic] He lived 1908 to 2000.

Lawrence Ferlinghetti [Ferlinghetti, Lawrence] poet USA 1955 Sometimes During Eternity [1955]; Far Rockaway of the Heart [1955] He lived 1919 to 2001.

John Ford [Ford, John]/Mervyn LeRoy [LeRoy, Mervyn] director USA 1955 Mister Roberts [1955: Henry Fonda acted] Ford lived 1894 to 1973.

Tennessee Ernie Ford [Ford, Tennessee Ernie] singer USA 1955 Sixteen Tons [1955] He lived 1919 to 1991.

Georgia Gibbs [Gibbs, Georgia] singer USA 1955 Dance with Me Henry or Wallflower [1955]

Alan Ginsburg [Ginsburg, Alan] poet USA 1955 Howl [1955] He lived 1926 to 1997.

Donald A. Glaser [Glaser, Donald A.] physicist/inventor USA 1955 bubble chamber [1955] He lived 1926 to ? and invented the bubble chamber [1955].

Gigi Gryce [Gryce, Gigi] composer USA 1955 Blue Lights [1955] She lived 1925 to 1983.

Robert Guidry [Guidry, Robert] composer USA 1955 See You Later, Alligator [1955]

Irving Hallowell [Hallowell, Irving] anthropologist USA 1955 Culture and Experience [1955] He lived 1892 to 1974. Social non-sensory symbols of meaning, values, emotions, and motivations affect perception {behavioral environment}.

Chico Hamilton [Hamilton, Chico] drummer USA 1955 He lived 1921 to ?, formed the Chico Hamilton Quintet [1955], and played Modern.

Bill Hayes [Hayes, Bill] singer USA 1955 Ballad of Davy Crockett [1955]

Elisha A. Hoffman [Hoffman, Elisha A.]/Anthony J. Showalter [Showalter, Anthony J.] composer USA 1955 Leaning on the Everlasting Arms [1955: from the film The Night of the Hunter] Showalter lived 1858 to 1924.

MacKinlay Kantor [Kantor, MacKinlay] historian USA 1955 Andersonville [1955: USA civil war] He lived 1904 to 1977.

Jack [Kerouac, Jack] novelist USA 1955 On the Road [1955] He lived 1922 to ?.

Janet Leigh [Leigh, Janet] actor USA 1955 My Sister Eileen [1955] She lived 1927 to 2004.

Smiley Lewis [Lewis, Smiley] singer USA 1955 I Hear You Knockin' [1955]

Anne Lindbergh [Lindbergh, Anne] novelist USA 1955 Gift from the Sea [1955] She lived 1906 to 2001.

Johnny Maddox [Maddox, Johnny] singer USA 1955 Crazy Otto [1955]

Anna Magnani [Magnani, Anna]/Burt Lancaster [Lancaster, Burt] actor Italy/USA 1955 Rose Tattoo [1955] Magnani lived 1908 to 1973. Lancaster lived 1913 to 1994.

George Meany [Meany, George] president USA 1955 He lived 1894 to 1980 and led AFL-CIO.

Mitch Miller [Miller, Mitch] singer USA 1955 Yellow Rose of Texas [1955] He lived 1911 to ?.

Marilyn Monroe [Monroe, Marilyn]/Laurence Olivier [Olivier, Laurence] actor USA 1955 Prince and the Showgirl [1955] Monroe lived 1926 to 1962. Olivier lived 1907 to 1989.

Audie Murphy [Murphy, Audie] actor USA 1955 To Hell and Back [1955] He lived 1924 to 1971.

Imre Nagy [Nagy, Imre] premier Hungary 1955 He lived 1896 to 1958 and liberalized Communism in Hungary. Russia removed him.

Alfred Newman [Newman, Alfred]/Sammy Fain [Fain, Sammy] composer USA 1955 Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing [1955: from the film Love Is a Many-Splendored Thing] Newman lived 1901 to 1970. Fain lived 1902 to 1989.

Herb Newman [Newman, Herb]/Stan Lebowsky [Lebowsky, Stan] composer USA 1955 Wayward Wind [1955]

Kim Novak [Novak, Kim] actor USA 1955 Man with the Golden Arm [1955] She lived 1933 to ?.

Flannery O'Connor [O'Connor, Flannery] novelist USA 1955 Good Man Is Hard to Find [1955] She lived 1925 to 1964.

Tyrone Power [Power, Tyrone]/Myrna Loy [Loy, Myrna] actor USA 1955 Rains of Ranchipur [1955] Power lived 1914 to 1958. Loy lived 1905 to 1993.

Buck Ram [Ram, Buck]/Ande Rand [Rand, Ande] lyricist/composer USA 1955 Only You [1955] Ram lived 1907 to 1991.

Walter Reuther [Reuther, Walter] labor leader USA 1955 He lived 1907 to 1970 and led AFL/CIO.

Mark Robson [Robson, Mark] director USA 1955 Bridges at Toko-Ri [1955] He lived 1913 to 1978.

Gale Storm [Storm, Gale] singer USA 1955 I Hear You Knocking [1955] She lived 1922 to ?.

Joe Hin Tjio [Tjio, Joe Hin] biologist Java/Sweden/USA 1955 human chromosome number He lived 1919 to ?. Human chromosome number is 46, rather than 44 or 48 [1955].

Richard Todd [Todd, Richard]/Jean Peters [Peters, Jean] actor England/USA 1955 Man Called Peter [1955] Todd lived 1919 to ?. Peters lived 1926 to 2000.

Joan Weber [Weber, Joan] singer USA 1955 Let Me Go Lover [1955]

Taro Yashima [Yashima, Taro] or Jun Atsushi Iwamatsu [Iwamatsu, Jun Atsushi] writer Japan/USA 1955 Crow Boy [1955] He lived 1908 to 1994.

Hy Zaret [Zaret, Hy]/Alex North [North, Alex] lyricist/composer USA 1955 Unchained Melody [1955] Zaret lived 1907 to 2007. North lived 1910 to 1991.

Johnny Cash [Cash, Johnny]/Tennessee Two singer USA 1955 to 1956 Folsom Prison Blues [1955]; I Walk the Line [1956] He lived 1932 to 2003.

Bill Flagg [Flagg, Bill] musician USA 1955 to 1956 Go Cat Go [1956] Bill Flagg and His Rockabillies. He lived 1934 to ? and played the first rockabilly.

Gogi Grant [Grant, Gogi] singer USA 1955 to 1956 Suddenly There Is a Valley [1955: by Chuck Meyer and Biff Jones]; Wayward Wind [1956] She lived 1924 to ?.

Frankie Lymon [Lymon, Frankie]/Teenagers singer USA 1955 to 1956 Why Do Fools Fall in Love [1955]; I Want You to Be My Girl [1956] Frankie Lyman and the Teenagers. Lymon lived 1942 to 1968.

Carl Perkins [Perkins, Carl] singer/composer USA 1955 to 1956 Blue Suede Shoes [1955] He lived 1932 to 1998.

Perry Como [Como, Perry] singer USA 1955 to 1958 Ko Ko Mo (I Love You So) [1955]; Hot Diggity (Dog Ziggity Boom) [1956]; Round and Round [1957]; Catch a Falling Star [1958] He lived 1912 to 2001.

Bo Diddley [Diddley, Bo] singer USA 1955 to 1958 Bo Diddley [1955: by Ellas McDaniel] He lived 1928 to ?.

Arthur Kornberg [Kornberg, Arthur] biologist USA 1955 to 1958 He lived 1918 to ? and synthesized DNA molecules using DNA polymerase I [1955 to 1958].

McGuire Sisters singer USA 1955 to 1958 Sincerely [1955]; Sugartime [1958] Christine lived 1926 to ?. Dorothy lived 1930 to ?. Phyllis lived 1931 to ?.

Perez Prado [Prado, Perez] singer Cuba/USA 1955 to 1958 Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White [1955]; Patricia [1958] He lived 1916 to 1989.

Laverne Baker [Baker, Laverne] singer USA 1955 to 1959 Tweedle Dee [1955]; Jim Dandy to the Rescue [1957]; I Cried a Tear [1959] She lived 1929 to 1997.

Bobby Charles [Charles, Bobby] or Robert Charles Guidry [Guidry, Robert Charles] composer USA 1955 to 1959 See You Later Alligator [1955]; Bye Bye Baby [1959: with Dave Bartholomew]

Gore Vidal [Vidal, Gore] novelist USA 1955 to 1960 Visit to a Small Planet [1955]; Best Man [1960] He lived 1925 to ?.

Elie Wiesel [Wiesel, Elie] essayist/novelist Romania/France 1955 to 1960 Night [1955]; Dawn [1957]; Accident [1960] He lived 1928 to ? and wrote the Night trilogy.

Pat Boone [Boone, Pat] singer USA 1955 to 1962 Ain't That a Shame [1955]; Two Hearts [1955]; I'll Be Home My Darling [1956: written by Ferdinand Washington and Stan Lewis]; I Almost Lost My Mind [1956]; Don't Forbid Me [1957]; April Love [1957: from the film April Love]; Love Letters in the Sand [1957]; Moody River [1961]; I'll See You in My Dreams [1962] He lived 1934 to ?.

Billy Vaughn [Vaughn, Billy] singer USA 1955 to 1962 Melody of Love [1955]; Swinging Safari [1962]

Chuck Berry [Berry, Chuck] singer/composer USA 1955 to 1964 Maybelline [1955]; Roll over Beethoven [1956]; Monkey Business [1956]; School Days [1958]; Sweet Little Sixteen [1958]; Johnny B. Goode [1958]; Rock and Roll Music [1958]; Nadine [1964]; No Particular Place to Go [1964] He lived 1926 to ?.

Edsger W. Dijkstra [Dijkstra, Edsger W.] inventor USA 1955 to 1965 multiprocessing and multiprogramming computer [1955 to 1961]; structured programming [1965]; top-down design [1965] He lived 1930 to 2002.

Christian de Duve [Duve, Christian de] biologist USA 1955 to 1965 He lived 1917 to ? and discovered lysosomes [1955] and peroxisomes [1965].

Alvar Aalto [Aalto, Alvar] architect/sculptor Finland 1955 to 1966 House of Culture [1955 to 1958: at Helsinki, Finland]; Student's Hostel [1962 to 1966: at Otaniemi, Finland] He lived 1898 to 1976 and designed buildings and furniture.

Elmer Bernstein [Bernstein, Elmer] composer USA 1955 to 1966 Man With the Golden Arm [1955]; Magnificent Seven [1960]; To Kill a Mockingbird [1962]; Return of the Seven [1966]; Thoroughly Modern Millie [1966] He lived 1922 to 2004.

Roger Williams [Williams, Roger] player USA 1955 to 1966 Autumn Leaves [1955]; Born Free [1966] He lived 1924 to ?.

Richard Brooks [Brooks, Richard] director USA 1955 to 1967 Blackboard Jungle [1955: Glenn Ford acted]; Cat on a Hot Tin Roof [1958: Elizabeth Taylor, Paul Newman, and Burl Ives acted]; Elmer Gantry [1960: Burt Lancaster and Jean Simmons acted]; In Cold Blood [1967] He lived 1912 to 1992.

Martin Luther King, Jr. [King, Jr., Martin Luther] civil rights leader USA 1955 to 1968 He lived 1929 to 1968 and led Southern Christian Leadership Organization and used passive resistance and boycotts to force desegregation.

Herbert A. Simon [Simon, Herbert A.] psychologist/mathematician USA 1955 to 1982 Behavioral Model of Rational Choice [1955]; Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment [1956]; Logic Theory Machine [1956: with A. Newell]; Report on a general problem solving program [1959: with A. Newell and J. C. Shaw]; Administrative Behavior [1970]; Sciences of the Artificial [1981]; Models of Bounded Rationality, Volume 1, Economic Analysis and Public Policy [1982] He lived 1916 to 2001 and invented administration systems theory {decision theory, Simon}, which examines human problem-solving difficulties, cognitive limits on rationality, and perceptual limits on decision making. Good chess players can remember real chess positions better but not random ones better.

Jerry Goldsmith [Goldsmith, Jerry] composer USA 1955 to 1985 Gunsmoke [1955]; Perry Mason [1957]; Twilight Zone [1959]; Planet of the Apes [1968]; Patton [1970]; Ben [1972: from the film Ben]; Chinatown [1974]; Omen [1975]; Islands in the Stream [1977]; Under Fire [1983]; Legend [1985] He lived 1929 to 2004.

Yevgeny Yevtushenko [Yevtushenko, Yevgeny] poet/novelist Russia 1955 to 1993 Third Snow [1955: poems]; Wild Berries [1985: novel]; Kindergarten [film]; Don't Die Before Your Death [1993: novel] He lived 1933 to ?.

Harold Adamson [Adamson, Harold]/Victor Young [Young, Victor] composer USA 1956 Around the World [1956] Adamson lived 1906 to 1980. Young lived 1899 to 1956.

Louis Aragon [Aragon, Louis] writer France 1956 Red Poster [1956] He lived 1897 to 1982.

Kenneth Boulding [Boulding, Kenneth] sociologist USA 1956 Image: Knowledge in Life and Society [1956] He lived 1910 to 1993 and studied education.

Alexandre Breffort [Breffort, Alexandre]/Marguerite Monnot [Monnot, Marguerite] lyricist/composer France/USA 1956 Irma La Douce [1956: musical, translated to English by Julian More, David Heneker, and Monty Norman]

Paddy Chayefsky [Chayefsky, Paddy] playwright USA 1956 Marty [1956] He lived 1923 to 1981.

Clyde Cowan [Cowan, Clyde] physicist England 1956 He lived 1902 to 1974 and discovered neutrinos [1956], with Reines.

Ricky Coyne [Coyne, Ricky] composer USA 1956 That's Why I Love You So Much [1956: sung by Ferlin Husky]

Luigi Dallapiccola [Dallapiccola, Luigi] composer Italy/Croatia 1956 Concerto per la notte di Natale dell'anno or Concerto for New Year's Eve [1956] He lived 1904 to 1975 and composed operas and choral music in 12-tone technique.

Vera Matson [Matson, Vera] or Ken Darby [Darby, Ken]/Elvis Presley [Presley, Elvis] composer USA 1956 Love Me Tender [1956: from the film Love Me Tender] Darby lived 1909 to 1992. Presley lived 1935 to 1977.

Bill Doggett [Doggett, Bill] singer USA 1956 Honky Tonk (Parts 1 and 2) [1956] He lived 1916 to 1996.

Lonnie Donegan [Donegan, Lonnie] or King of Skiffle composer Scotland/England 1956 Rock Island Line [1956] He lived 1931 to 2002.

Anne Francis [Francis, Anne] actor USA 1956 Forbidden Planet [1956] She lived 1930 to ?.

Fred Gipson [Gipson, Fred] writer USA 1956 Old Yeller [1956] He lived 1908 to 1973.

Ernst Gombrich [Gombrich, Ernst] philosopher Germany 1956 Art and Illusion [1956] He lived 1909 to 2001. Repetitions and symmetries are appealing, because they allow prediction, control, and survival.

Gerald Green [Green, Gerald] novelist USA 1956 Last Angry Man [1956] He lived 1922 to ?.

Judy Holliday [Holliday, Judy] actor USA 1956 Solid Gold Cadillac [1956] She lived 1921 to 1965.

Vernon M. Ingram [Ingram, Vernon M.] biologist Germany/Sweden/England 1956 sickle cell anemia protein defect He lived 1924 to 2006. One amino-acid change in hemoglobin causes sickle cell anemia [1956].

Sonny James [James, Sonny] singer USA 1956 Young Love [1956: by Carole Joyner and Ric Cartey]; My Love Is Warmer than the Warmest Sunshine He lived 1929 to ? and was the "country gentleman".

Grace Kelly [Kelly, Grace] actor USA 1956 Swan [1956] She lived 1929 to 1982.

Deborah Kerr [Kerr, Deborah]/Yul Brynner [Brynner, Yul] actor USA 1956 King and I [1956] Kerr lived 1921 to ?. Brynner lived 1920 to 1985.

Gloria Lasso [Lasso, Gloria] or Rosa Maria Coscolin [Coscolin, Rosa Maria] singer Spain/France 1956 Padre or Father [1956]; Extraños en el Paraiso or Strangers in Paradise [1956] She lived 1922 to 2005.

Jim Lowe [Lowe, Jim] singer USA 1956 Green Door [1956]

Maurice Mysels [Mysels, Maurice]/Ira Kosloff [Kosloff, Ira] composer USA 1956 I Want You, I Need You, I Love You [1956]

David Niven [Niven, David]/Cantinflas actor England/France/USA 1956 Around the World in 80 Days [1956] Niven lived 1910 to 1983. Cantinflas lived 1911 to 1993.

Fred Parris [Parris, Fred] composer USA 1956 In the Still of the Night [1956]

Gregory Peck [Peck, Gregory]/Fredric March [March, Fredric]/Jennifer Jones [Jones, Jennifer] actor USA 1956 Man in the Gray Flannel Suit [1956] Peck lived 1916 to 2003. March lived 1897 to 1975. Jones lived 1919 to ?.

François Poulenc [Poulenc, François] composer France 1956 Flute Sonata [1956] He lived 1899 to 1963 and composed symphonies.

Buck Ram [Ram, Buck] composer USA 1956 Magic Touch [1956] He lived 1907 to 1991.

Frederick Reines [Reines, Frederick] physicist England 1956 He lived 1918 to 1998 and discovered neutrinos [1956], with Cowan.

Nelson Riddle [Riddle, Nelson] orchestra leader USA 1956 Lisbon Antigua [1956] He lived 1921 to ?.

Joao Guimarães Rosa [Rosa, Joao Guimarães] writer Brazil 1956 Grande Sertão: Veredas or Devil to Pay in the Backlands [1956] He lived 1908 to 1967.

Dorothy Sayers [Sayers, Dorothy] novelist England 1956 Lord Peter Wimsey [1956: mysteries] She lived 1893 to 1967.

Robert M. Solow [Solow, Robert M.] economist USA 1956 Balanced Growth under Constant Returns to Scale [1953: with Paul A. Samuelson]; Complete Capital Model Involving Heterogeneous Capital Goods [1956: with Paul A. Samuelson]; Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth [1956]; Linear Programming and Economic Analysis [1958: with Robert Dorfman and Paul A. Samuelson]; Analytical Aspects of Anti-Inflation Policy [1960: with Paul A. Samuelson, about Phillips Curve]; Growth Theory: An exposition [1970] He lived 1924 to ? and studied growth [1956 to 1970]. He helped make constant elasticity-of-substitution production function [1961]. He studied long-run multiplier [1973].

Kay Starr [Starr, Kay] singer USA 1956 Rock and Roll Waltz [1956]

Morris Stoloff [Stoloff, Morris] composer USA 1956 Moonglow and Theme from "Picnic" [1956] He lived 1898 to 1980.

Margo Sylvia [Sylvia, Margo]/Gilbert Lopez [Lopez, Gilbert] composer USA 1956 Happy, Happy Birthday Baby [1956]

Gene Vincent [Vincent, Gene]/Bluecaps singer USA 1956 Be-Bop-A-Lula [1956]

William H. Whyte [Whyte, William H.] sociologist USA 1956 Organization Man [1956] He lived 1917 to 1999.

Richard Wilbur [Wilbur, Richard]/John LaTouche [LaTouche, John]/Stephen Sondheim [Sondheim, Stephen]/Leonard Bernstein [Bernstein, Leonard] lyricist/composer USA 1956 Candide [1956: musical] Wilbur lived 1921 to ?. LaTouche lived 1914 to 1956. Bernstein lived 1918 to 1990.

Little Richard singer USA 1956 to 1957 Miss Ann [1956]; Slippin' and Slidin' [1956]; Tutti-Fruiti [1956]; Keep a Knockin' or I Hear You Knockin', But You Can't Come In [1956]; Long Tall Sally [1956]; Rip It Up [1957]; Good Golly, Miss Molly [1957]; Lucille [1957] He lived 1932 to ?.

Guy Mitchell [Mitchell, Guy] singer USA 1956 to 1959 Singing the Blues [1956]; Heartaches by the Number [1959]

Allen Newell [Newell, Allen] psychologist/mathematician USA 1956 to 1959 Logic Theory Machine [1956: with H. A. Simon]; Report on a general problem solving program [1959: with H. A. Simon and J. C. Shaw] He lived 1927 to 1992.

Stanley Schachter [Schachter, Stanley] psychologist USA 1956 to 1959 When Prophecy Fails [1956: with L. Festinger and H. Riecken]; Psychology of Affiliation [1959] He lived 1922 to 1997. People with high or low adrenaline have same moods and so chemical levels do not cause emotions, with Jerome Singer. Moods depend on social-situation cognition. Arousal accompanies fear, sex, anger, and elation. Differing expected and actual perception or cognition, or interrupting perception or cognition, produces undifferentiated autonomic nervous system arousal, especially in viscera. Arousal directs more attention to environment. General visceral arousal causes the feeling of emotion. Thought, past-experience, and environmental-signal differences cause emotion differences, not visceral-arousal differences.

Pete Seeger [Seeger, Pete]/Joe Hickerson [Hickerson, Joe] composer USA 1956 to 1960 Where Have All the Flowers Gone? [1956 to 1960] Seeger lived 1919 to ?. Hickerson lived 1935 to ?.

Paul Francis Webster [Webster, Paul Francis]/Dimitri Tiomkin [Tiomkin, Dimitri] lyricist/composer USA 1956 to 1960 Friendly Persuasion (Thee I Love) [1956: from the film Friendly Persuasion]; Green Leaves of Summer [1960] Webster lived 1907 to 1984. Tiomkin lived 1894 to 1979.

Wayne H. Holtzman [Holtzman, Wayne H.] psychologist USA 1956 to 1961 Inkblot Perception and Personality: Holtzman Inkblot Technique [1961] He lived 1923 to ?, studied cognitive styles, and developed inkblot tests {Holtzman Inkblot Technique} [1956].

Friedrich Durrenmatt [Durrenmatt, Friedrich] playwright Switzerland 1956 to 1962 Der Besuch der alten Dame or Old Woman's Visit [1956]; Physicists [1962] He lived 1921 to 1990.

George Miller [Miller, George] psychologist USA 1956 to 1962 Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information [1956]; Psychology: The Science of Mental Life [1962] He lived 1920 to ?. Concepts or perceptions can be chunks of previous concepts or perceptions [1956]. Number of chunks that people can keep in immediate memory is seven, plus or minus two. Perhaps, chunking synchronizes information subsets into units.

Frederico Fellini [Fellini, Frederico] director Italy 1956 to 1963 La Strada or The Street [1956: Anthony Quinn acted]; La Dolce Vita or The Sweet Life [1961: Marcello Mastroianni acted]; 8 1/2 [1963] He lived 1920 to 1993.

Benjamin S. Bloom [Bloom, Benjamin S.] educator USA 1956 to 1964 Taxonony of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook I: Cognitive Domain [1956: with David R. Krathwohl]; Taxonony of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals. Handbook II: Affective Domain [1964: with David R. Krathwohl and Bertram B. Masia] He lived 1913 to 1999 and studied educational objectives [Bloom and Krathwohl, 1956].

Dean Martin [Martin, Dean] singer USA 1956 to 1964 Memories Are Made of This [1956]; Everybody Loves Somebody [1964] He lived 1917 to 1995.

James Brown [Brown, James]/Famous Flames singer USA 1956 to 1965 Please, Please, Please [1956]; I Got You (I Feel Good) [1965] James Brown and the Famous Flames. He lived 1933 to 2007.

Marija Gimbutas [Gimbutas, Marija] linguist Lithuania/USA 1956 to 1965 Bronze Age Cultures of Central and Eastern Europe [1965] She lived 1921 to 1994. She invented Kurgan hypothesis [1956].

Kon Ichikawa [Ichikawa, Kon] director Japan 1956 to 1965 Burmese Harp or Harp of Burma [1956]; Fires on the Plane [1959]; Tokyo Olympiad [1965] He lived 1948 to 1983.

Odetta Holmes singer USA 1956 to 1965 Take This Hammer She lived 1930 to ?.

Fielder Cook [Cook, Fielder] director USA 1956 to 1966 Patterns [1956]; Big Hand for the Little Lady [1966: Henry Fonda, Joanne Woodward, and Jason Robards acted] He lived 1923 to 2003.

Erving Goffman [Goffman, Erving] sociologist Canada/USA 1956 to 1967 Presentation of Self in Everyday Life [1956]; Interaction Ritual [1967] He lived 1922 to 1982.

Joshua Logan [Logan, Joshua] director USA 1956 to 1967 Picnic [1956: William Holden, Rosalind Russell, and Kim Novak acted]; Camelot [1967] He lived 1908 to 1988.

Johnny Cash [Cash, Johnny] or John R. Cash [Cash, John R.] singer/composer USA 1956 to 1969 I Walk the Line [1956]; Ring of Fire [1962: by Merle Kilgore and June Carter]; Boy Named Sue [1969] He lived 1932 to 2003.

Gamal Abdel Nasser [Nasser, Gamal Abdel] president Egypt 1956 to 1969 He lived 1918 to 1970 and started coup that deposed King Farouk I. He nationalized Suez Canal and started land reform. France, Britain, and Israel tried to take Suez Canal [1956] but failed.

Elvis Presley [Presley, Elvis] singer USA 1956 to 1974 Blue Suede Shoes [1955: by Carl Perkins]; Hound Dog [1956: by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller]; Don't Be Cruel [1956: by Otis Blackwell and Elvis Presley]; Heartbreak Hotel [1956: by Mae Boren Axton, Tommy Durden, and Elvis Presley]; Love Me Tender [1956: by Vera Matson and Elvis Presley]; All Shook Up [1957: by Otis Blackwell and Elvis Presley]; Teddy Bear [1957: by Kal Mann and Bernie Lowe]; Jailhouse Rock [1957: by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller]; Stuck on You [1960: by Aaron Schroeder and J. Leslie McFarland]; Surrender [1960: music by E. De Curtis, with Italian words by G. B. De Curtis and English by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman]; It's Now or Never [1960: by Aaron Schroder and Wally Gold]; Can't Help Falling in Love [1961: by George Weiss, Hugo Peretti, and Luigi Creatore]; Little Sister [1961: by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman]; Be My Good Luck Charm [1962]; Return to Sender [1962: by Otis Blackwell and Winfield Scott]; She's Not You [1962]; Suspicious Minds [1969]; In the Ghetto [1969]; Burning Love [1972]; Are You Lonesome Tonight [1926: by Roy Turk and Lou Handman]; Blue Hawaii [1936: by Leo Robin and Ralph Rainger]; Crying in the Chapel [1953: by Artie Glenn]; Now and Then There's a Fool Such As I [1952: by Bill Trader] He lived 1935 to 1977.

Hans Selye [Selye, Hans] psychologist Canada 1956 to 1974 Stress of Life [1956]; Stress without Distress [1974] He lived 1907 to 1982 and studied stress syndrome. Pituitary and adrenal glands activate body against stress {stress syndrome}.

Romain Gary [Gary, Romain] novelist France 1956 to 1975 Les racines du ciel or Roots of Heaven [1956]; La vie devant soi or Life Before Him [1975] He lived 1914 to 1980.

Charles Eames [Eames, Charles] architect/sculptor USA 1956 to 1977 Relax Lounge Chair and Ottoman [1956]; Powers of Ten [1977: slides, with Ray Eames] He lived 1907 to 1978 and molded plywood chairs.

Jerome S. Bruner [Bruner, Jerome S.] psychologist USA 1956 to 1996 Study of Thinking [1956: with Jacqueline J. Goodnow and George A. Austin]; Process of Education [1960]; Man: A Course of Study [1966]; Towards a Theory of Instruction [1966]; Relevance of Education [1971]; Going Beyond the Information Given [1973]; Acts of Meaning [1990]; Culture of Education [1996] He lived 1915 to ? and studied thinking strategies, child development, and cultural psychology. Play has rules, and people distinguish it from reality. Creativity requires playing. For solving problems, playing with needed materials is as effective as seeing complete solution. Memories can have no records but just be changes in whole organism skills and rules. Memories can be records about people, places, times, and events.

Edward Fredkin [Fredkin, Edward] mathematician USA 1956 to 2005 He lived 1934 to ? and invented reversible-computing gates {Fredkin gate} {Conservative Logic Gate}. Mathematical models can reversibly transform into computational models {Fredkin transforms}. Universe computes using discrete and finite quantities {digital mechanics}. The more two alternatives are similar, the harder it is to choose and the less the choice matters {Fredkin paradox, Fredkin}.

John Bardeen [Bardeen, John]/Leon Cooper [Cooper, Leon]/John Schrieffer [Schrieffer, John] physicist USA 1957 Bardeen lived 1908 to 1991. Cooper lived 1930 to ?. Schrieffer lived 1931 to ?. They invented BCS superconductivity theory, in which electrons distort positive-ion lattices to make phonons, which interact with second electrons, causing slight attraction and so pairing electrons [1957]. In superconductors, magnetic flux has quanta. Electric field has no quanta, but quantizing the field mathematically allows easier calculations. Critical temperature is higher if more electrons can be in superconductive state, if lattice-vibration frequencies are higher, and if electrons and lattice interact more strongly.

Warren Bennis [Bennis, Warren] economist USA 1957 Changing Organizations [1957] He lived 1925 to ? and studied leadership.

John Braine [Braine, John] writer England 1957 Room at the Top [1957] He lived 1922 to 1986.

Margaret Burbridge [Burbridge, Margaret] astronomer USA 1957 She lived 1919 to ? and demonstrated how red giant stars can make carbon, oxygen, and iron [1957: with Geoffrey Burbridge, William Fowler, and Fred Hoyle].

John Cheever [Cheever, John] novelist USA 1957 Wapshot Chronicle [1957] He lived 1912 to 1982.

Walter V. Clark [Clark, Walter V.] novelist USA 1957 Ox-Bow Incident [1957] He lived 1909 to 1971.

James Gould Cozzens [Cozzens, James Gould] novelist USA 1957 By Love Possessed [1957] He lived 1903 to 1978.

Doris Day [Day, Doris] or Doris Mary Ann von Kappelhoff [Kappelhoff, Doris Mary Ann von] actor USA 1957 Pajama Game [1957] She lived 1924 to ?.

Del Vikings singer USA 1957 Whispering Bells [1957]; Come Go with Me [1957]

Hugh Everett [Everett, Hugh] physicist USA 1957 'Relative State' Formulation of Quantum Mechanics [1957] He lived 1930 to 1982 and modified generalized Lagrange multiplier method {Everett algorithm}, which finds optimum paths. Quantum systems, including measuring devices and observers, have probabilities of possible states. Reality includes all possible states, including separate realities for observer and observation states {relative state interpretation} {many-worlds interpretation} [1957].

Ian Fleming [Fleming, Ian] novelist England 1957 James Bond series [1952 and 1964] He lived 1908 to 1964 and wrote about James Bond.

Max Frisch [Frisch, Max] writer Germany 1957 Homo faber or Working man [1957] He lived 1911 to 1991.

Jerry Gilkyson [Gilkyson, Jerry]/Easy Riders singer USA 1957 Marianne Jerry Gilkyson and the Easy Riders.

Charlie Gracie [Gracie, Charlie] singer USA 1957 Butterfly [1957]

Jester Hairston [Hairston, Jester] composer USA 1957 Amen [1957: from the movie Lilies of the Field] He lived 1901 to 2000.

Thurston Harris [Harris, Thurston] singer USA 1957 Little Bitty Pretty One [1957]

Dale Hawkins [Hawkins, Dale]/Stan Lewis [Lewis, Stan]/Eleanor Broadwater [Broadwater, Eleanor] composer USA 1957 Susie-Q [1957]

Harry Hess [Hess, Harry] geologist USA 1957 He lived 1906 to 1969. Mantle convection caused continental drift and sea-floor spreading [1957].

Jean Hoerni [Hoerni, Jean] inventor USA 1957 semiconductor planar technology [1957] He lived 1924 to ? and used masking {photomask} to add and etch layers for silicon wafers {planar technology}.

Buddy Holly [Holly, Buddy]/Crickets singer USA 1957 Peggy Sue [1957]; That'll Be the Day [1957]; Everyday [1957] Buddy Holly and the Crickets. Holly lived 1936 to 1959.

Tab Hunter [Hunter, Tab] singer USA 1957 Young Love [1957] He lived 1931 to ?.

Edwin T. Jaynes [Jaynes, Edwin T.] physicist USA 1957 He lived 1922 to 1998 and studied information theory, thermodynamics, and neoclassical radiation theory [1957].

Jennifer Jones [Jones, Jennifer]/John Gielgud [Gielgud, John] actor USA 1957 Barretts of Wimpole Street [1957] Jones lived 1919 to ?. Gielgud lived 1904 to 2000.

Burt Lancaster [Lancaster, Burt]/Tony Curtis [Curtis, Tony] actor USA 1957 Sweet Smell of Success [1957] Lancaster lived 1913 to 1994. Curtis lived 1925 to ?.

Jerry Lee Lewis [Lewis, Jerry Lee] singer USA 1957 Great Balls of Fire [1957: by Otis Blackwell and Jack Hammer]; Whole Lot of Shakin' Goin' On [1957] He lived 1935 to ?.

Bernard Lovell [Lovell, Bernard] astronomer England 1957 He lived 1913 to ? and used radio astronomy at Jodrell Bank [1957].

Alistair Maclean [Maclean, Alistair] novelist USA 1957 Guns of Navarone [1957] He lived 1922 to 1987.

Maguire Sisters singer USA 1957 Sugar in the Morning [1957: by Charles Phillips and Odis Echols] Christine lived 1926 to ?. Dorothy lived 1930 to ?. Phyllis lived 1931 to ?.

Karl Malden [Malden, Karl] director USA 1957 Time Limit [1957] He lived 1912 to ?.

Johnny Mathis [Mathis, Johnny] singer USA 1957 Chances Are [1957]; Wonderful Wonderful [1957] He lived 1935 to ?.

Patricia McBride [McBride, Patricia] ballerina USA 1957 She lived 1942 to ?.

Hal Miller [Miller, Hal]/Rays singer USA 1957 Silhouettes on the Shade [1957: by Frank Slay, Jr., and Bob Crewe] Hal Miller and the Rays.

Danny di Minno [Minno, Danny di]/Carmen Lombardo [Lombardo, Carmen] composer USA 1957 Return to Me [1957] Lombardo lived 1903 to 1971.

Wright Morris [Morris, Wright] novelist USA 1957 Love among the Cannibals [1957] He lived 1910 to 1998 and was photographer.

Clyde Otis [Otis, Clyde]/Nancy Lee [Lee, Nancy] composer USA 1957 Stroll [1957]

Boris Pasternak [Pasternak, Boris] novelist Russia 1957 Doctor Zhivago [1957] He lived 1890 to 1960.

Ben Raleigh [Raleigh, Ben]/Sherman Edwards [Edwards, Sherman] lyricist/composer USA 1957 It's Wonderful [1957: sung by Johnny Mathis] Raleigh lived 1913 to 1997. Edwards lived 1919 to 1981.

Debbie Reynolds [Reynolds, Debbie] singer USA 1957 Tammy [1957] She lived 1932 to ?.

Nevil Shute [Shute, Nevil] novelist England 1957 On the Beach [1957] He lived 1899 to 1960.

Huey Smith [Smith, Huey] or Piano Smith [Smith, Piano]/Clowns singer USA 1957 Rocking Pneumonia and the Boogie Woogie Flu [1957]

Stephen Sondheim [Sondheim, Stephen]/Leonard Bernstein [Bernstein, Leonard] lyricist/composer USA 1957 West Side Story [1957: musical, lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, including America, Somewhere, and Tonight] Sondheim lived 1930 to ?.

David White [White, David] composer USA 1957 Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay [1957]

Larry Williams [Williams, Larry] singer USA 1957 Bony Maronie or Bony Moronie [1957]

Chuck Willis [Willis, Chuck] singer USA 1957 C C Ryder [1957]

Meredith Willson [Willson, Meredith] lyricist/composer USA 1957 Music Man [1957: musical, including Seventy-Six Trombones] He lived 1902 to 1984.

Joanne Woodward [Woodward, Joanne] actor USA 1957 Three Faces of Eve [1957] She lived 1930 to ?.

Jimmie F. Rodgers [Rodgers, Jimmie F.] singer USA 1957 to 1958 Honeycomb [1957]; Oh, Oh, I'm Falling in Love Again [1958]; Secretly [1958]; Kisses Sweeter than Wine [1951] He lived 1933 to ?.

Leon Festinger [Festinger, Leon] psychologist USA 1957 to 1959 Theory of Cognitive Dissonance [1957]; Cognitive consequences of forced compliance [1959: with J. M. Carlsmith] He lived 1919 to 1989. Inconsistencies in themselves or environment {cognitive dissonance, Festinger} can cause tension. People try to reduce cognitive dissonance.

Lawrence Durrell [Durrell, Lawrence] novelist England 1957 to 1960 Alexandria Quartet [novels]; Justine [1957: first novel in The Alexandria Quartet]; Balthazar [1958: second novel in The Alexandria Quartet]; Mountolive [1959: third novel in The Alexandria Quartet]; Clea [1960: fourth novel in The Alexandria Quartet] He lived 1912 to 1990.

Buddy Knox [Knox, Buddy] composer/singer USA 1957 to 1961 Party Doll [1957]; Lovey Dovey [1960] He lived 1933 to ?.

Alain Robbe-Grillet [Robbe-Grillet, Alain] novelist France 1957 to 1962 Jealousy [1957]; Last Year at Marienbad [1962] He lived 1922 to ?.

Marlon Brando [Brando, Marlon] actor USA 1957 to 1963 Sayonara [1957]; Ugly American [1963] He lived 1924 to 2004.

Stanley Kubrick [Kubrick, Stanley] director USA 1957 to 1964 Paths of Glory [1957: Kirk Douglas and Adolphe Menjou acted]; Spartacus [1960: Kirk Douglas acted]; Dr. Strangelove [1964: Peter Sellers, George C. Scott, and Sterling Hayden acted] He lived 1928 to 1999.

Sidney Lumet [Lumet, Sidney] director USA 1957 to 1964 Twelve Angry Men [1957: Henry Fonda acted]; Fugitive Kind [1960: Marlon Brando and Anna Magnani acted]; Long Day's Journey into Night [1962: Katherine Hepburn, Ralph Richardson, and Dean Stockwell acted]; Fail-Safe [1964] He lived 1924 to ?.

Andy Williams [Williams, Andy] singer USA 1957 to 1964 Butterfly [1957]; Bilbao Song or Greatest Nights of Them All [1961]; Can't Get Used To Losing You [1963: by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman, 1962]; Dear Heart [1964] He lived 1927 to ?.

Sam Cooke [Cooke, Sam] singer/composer USA 1957 to 1965 You Send Me [1957: by Charles "LC" Cooke]; Wonderful World [1960]; Chain Gang [1960]; Cupid [1961]; Twisting the Night Away [1962]; Bring It on Home to Me [1962]; Saturday Night and I Ain't Got Nobody [1963]; Change Is Gonna Come [1965] He lived 1931 to 1964.

Marilyn Horne [Horne, Marilyn] soprano USA 1957 to 1965 She lived 1934 to ?.

Tom Jones [Jones, Tom]/Harvey Schmidt [Schmidt, Harvey] lyricist/composer USA 1957 to 1966 Fantasticks [1957: musical, including Try to Remember]; I Do! I Do! [1966: musical, including My Cup Runneth Over] Schmidt lived 1920 to 2001.

Kwame Nkrumah [Nkrumah, Kwame] philosopher/statesman Ghana 1957 to 1966 Africa Must Unite [1963]; NeoColonialism [1965] He lived 1909 to 1972, led independence [1957], and became prime minister and president [1957 to 1966]. He advocated socialism and Pan African Union.

Boudleaux Bryant [Bryant, Boudleaux]/Felice Bryant [Bryant, Felice] composer USA 1957 to 1967 Wake up Little Susie [1957: with Felice Bryant]; Bird Dog [1958]; Devoted to You [1958]; All I Have to Do Is Dream [1958]; Rocky Top [1967] Boudleaux Bryant lived 1920 to 1987. Felice Bryant lived 1925 to 2003.

Jackie Wilson [Wilson, Jackie] singer USA 1957 to 1967 Lonely Teardrops [1957: by Berry Gordy, Gwen Gordy Fuqua, and Tyran Carlo]; Night [1960]; Baby Workout [1963]; Higher and Higher [1967] He lived 1934 to 1984.

Hal David [David, Hal]/Burt Bacharach [Bacharach, Burt] lyricist/composer USA 1957 to 1969 Story of My Life [1957: sung by Marty Robbins]; Magic Moments [1957: sung by Perry Como]; Liberty Valence [1962: sung by Gene Pitney]; Make It Easy on Yourself [1962: sung by Jerry Butler]; Only Love Can Break a Heart [1962: sung by Gene Pitney]; Don't Make Me Over [1962: sung by Dionne Warwick]; Blue on Blue [1963: sung by Bobby Vinton]; Reach Out for Me [1963: sung by Lou Johnson]; Anyone Who Had a Heart [1963: sung by Dionne Warwick]; Wishin' and Hopin' [1964: sung by Dusty Springfield]; There's Always Something There to Remind Me [1964: sung by Lou Johnson and by Sandie Shaw]; Walk on By [1964: sung by Dionne Warwick]; Baby Elephant Walk [1964: from the movie Hatari!]; Don't Go Breaking My Heart [1965]; What the World Needs Now Is Love [1965: sung by Jackie DeShannon]; What's New Pussycat? [1965: sung by Tom Jones, from the film What's New Pussycat?]; Alfie [1966: sung by Cilla Black, from the film Alfie]; I Say a Little Prayer [1967: sung by Dionne Warwick]; Do You Know the Way to San Jose [1968: sung by Dionne Warwick]; This Guy's in Love with You [1968: sung by Herb Alpert]; Promises, Promises [1968: sung by Dionne Warwick]; Raindrops Keep Fallin' on My Head [1969: sung by B. J. Thomas, from the film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid]; I'll Never Fall in Love Again [1969: sung by Dionne Warwick]; They Long to Be Close to You [1970: sung by the Carpenters]; One Less Bell to Answer [1970: sung by the Fifth Dimension] David lived 1921 to ?. Bacharach lived 1928 to ?.

Roland Barthes [Barthes, Roland] philosopher France 1957 to 1970 Mythologies [1957]; Elements of Semiology [1964]; S/Z [1970] He lived 1915 to 1980, was neo-Kantian, and developed the idea of improvisation. Text is symbol relations, from which meaning comes without knowledge about author {death-of-the-author}.

C. Northcote Parkinson [Parkinson, C. Northcote] political scientist/historian England 1957 to 1970 Parkinson's Law [1957]; Evolution of Political Thought [1958]; Law and the Profits [1960]; In-Laws and Outlaws [1962]; Left Luggage [1967]; Mrs. Parkinson's Law [1968]; Law of Delay [1970] He lived 1909 to 1993 and invented Parkinson's laws. People rise to level at which they are incompetent and then stay there {Parkinson's law}.

Rick Nelson [Nelson, Rick] singer USA 1957 to 1972 I'm Walkin' [1957]; You're My One and Only Love [1957]; Be Bop Baby [1957]; Never Be Anyone Else but You [1958]; Have I Told You Lately That I Love You [1958]; Poor Little Fool [1958: by Sharon Sheeley]; Lonesome Town [1958]; Waitin' in School [1958]; Stood Up [1958]; It's Late [1959]; You Are My Sunshine [1960]; Young Emotions [1960]; Traveling Man [1960: by Jerry Fuller]; Hello, Mary Lou, Goodbye Heart [1961]; Wonder like You [1961]; Teenage Idol [1962]; She Belongs to Me [1969]; Garden Party [1972] He lived 1940 to 1985.

Paul Anka [Anka, Paul] singer USA 1957 to 1974 Diana [1957]; Lonely Boy [1959]; Put Your Head on My Shoulder [1959]; Puppy Love [1959]; My Home Town [1960]; Papa [1974] He lived 1941 to ?.

Herbert Paul Grice [Grice, Herbert Paul] or Paul Grice [Grice, Paul] linguist England 1957 to 1975 Meaning [1957]; Causal Theory of Perception [1961]; Utterer's Meaning, Sentence Meaning, and Word-Meaning [1968]; Logic and Conversation [1975] He lived 1913 to 1988. Speaker meaning is what speaker intended to make happen to audience using words {conversation implicature}. Intention is to modify audience beliefs or behavior, and audience knows intention {reflexive intention}. Meaning is about speaker and hearer mental state. Speaker meaning is first and determining, above word or sentence meaning. Speaker meaning, linguistic meaning, or semantics follows from thoughts. Actual usage does not necessarily reflect thought. Speaker meaning and word meaning can differ.

Ingmar Bergman [Bergman, Ingmar] director Sweden 1957 to 1983 Wild Strawberries [1957]; Seventh Seal [1957]; Virgin Spring [1959]; Through a Glass, Darkly [1962]; Winter Light [1962]; Silence [1963]; Persona [1966]; Cries and Whispers [1972]; Fanny and Alexander [1983] He lived 1918 to ?.

Werner E. Reichardt [Reichardt, Werner E.] biologist Germany 1957 to 1986 He lived 1924 to 1992 and developed neuron motion-detector models, to explain how flies detect motion.

Octavio Paz [Paz, Octavio] writer Mexico 1957 to 1988 Collected Poems of Octavio Paz, 1957-1987 [1988]; Selected Poems [1988] He lived 1914 to 1998.

Noam Chomsky [Chomsky, Noam] linguist USA 1957 to 2000 Syntactic Structures [1957]; Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior [1959]; Aspects of a Theory of Syntax [1965]; Language and Mind [1972]; Reflections on Language [1975]; Rules and Representations [1980]; Knowledge of Language [1986]; Language and the Problems of Knowledge [1988]; New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind [2000] He lived 1928 to ?, studied unconscious and innate language structures, and developed transformational grammar to explain how brain makes language structures. Newborn brain has innate linguistic rules {universal grammar, Chomsky}. Learning a particular language, which has words, sets limited-range linguistic parameters. Expressed language {E-language} depends on internal language {I-language}. Grammars assign structures {logical form} to sentences. Grammars can generate just language sentences {observationally adequate grammar}, give some structure to all sentences {descriptively adequate grammar}, or give structure used by speakers to all sentences {explanatorily adequate grammar}.

Roy Acuff [Acuff, Roy] singer USA 1958 Great Speckled Bird [1958] He lived 1903 to 1992.

Robert Allen [Allen, Robert]/Richard Adler [Adler, Richard] lyricist/composer USA 1958 Everybody Loves a Lover [1958: sung by Doris Day] Adler lived 1921 to ?.

Jay Althouse [Althouse, Jay] composer USA 1958 Summertime Summertime [1958: sung by the Jamies]

Anthony Asquith [Asquith, Anthony] director England 1958 Doctor's Dilemma [1958] He lived 1902 to 1968.

John Paul Richardson [Richardson, John Paul] or Big Bopper composer USA 1958 Chantilly Lace [1958: by J. P. Richardson] He lived 1930 to 1959.

Michael Bond [Bond, Michael] writer England 1958 Bear Called Paddington [1958] He lived 1926 to ?.

Shirley Booth [Booth, Shirley] actor USA 1958 Matchmaker [1958] She lived 1898 to 1992.

Sylvester Bradford [Bradford, Sylvester]/Al Lewis [Lewis, Al] composer USA 1958 Tears on My Pillow [1958]

Jerry Butler [Butler, Jerry]/Impressions singer USA 1958 For Your Precious Love [1958] Butler lived 1940 to ?.

Taylor Caldwell [Caldwell, Taylor] novelist USA 1958 Dear and Glorious Physician [1958] She lived 1900 to 1985.

Eddie Cochran [Cochran, Eddie] singer USA 1958 Summertime Blues [1958]

Cozy Cole [Cole, Cozy] pianist USA 1958 Topsy [1958] He lived 1910 to 1981 and played Swing.

Bobby Darin [Darin, Bobby]/Jean Murray [Murray, Jean] composer USA 1958 Splish Splash [1958] Darin lived 1936 to 1973.

Katherine K. Davis [Davis, Katherine K.]/Henry Onorati [Onorati, Henry]/Harry Simeone [Simeone, Harry] composer USA 1958 Little Drummer Boy [1958] Davis lived 1892 to 1980. Simeone lived 1911 to 2005.

Bobby Day [Day, Bobby] singer USA 1958 Rockin' Robin [1958: by Jimmie Thomas or Leon Rene]; Over and Over [1958: by Bobby Day] He lived 1928 to 1990.

Milovan Djilas [Djilas, Milovan] novelist Yugoslavia 1958 New Class [1955]; Land Without Justice [1958] He lived 1911 to 1995.

Duane Eddy [Eddy, Duane]/Lee Hazlewood [Hazlewood, Lee] player/composer USA 1958 Rebel 'Rouser [1958] Eddy lived 1938 to ?. Hazlewood lived 1929 to ?.

Tommy Edwards [Edwards, Tommy] singer USA 1958 It's All in the Game [1958]

Eliot Feld [Feld, Eliot] modern dancer USA 1958 He lived 1942 to ?.

Zino Francescati [Francescati, Zino] violinist USA 1958

Andy Griffith [Griffith, Andy] actor USA 1958 No Time for Sergeants [1958] He lived 1926 to ?.

Bruce C. Heezen [Heezen, Bruce C.] geologist USA 1958 He lived 1924 to 1977 and mapped ocean floor [1958].

Richard Held [Held, Richard] psychologist USA 1958 Adaptation of disarranged hand-eye coordination contingent on reafferent stimulation [1958: with Hein] He studied eye-hand coordination. Visual depth perception requires coordinated self-movement, with Alan Hein. Self- produced movements result in sensory stimulation {reafference}. Visual motor skills require reafference, but reflexes do not. Sensory stimulation is independent of self-produced movements {exafference}.

Jean-Paul Le Chanois [Le Chanois, Jean-Paul] or Jean-Paul Dreyfus [Dreyfus, Jean-Paul] director France 1958 Les Misérables [1958] He lived 1909 to 1985.

Daniel Lerner [Lerner, Daniel] sociologist USA 1958 Passing of Traditional Society [1958: with Lucille W. Pevsner] He lived 1917 to 1980.

Seymour Lipset [Lipset, Seymour] sociologist USA 1958 Political Man [1958] He lived 1922 to ?.

Laurie London [London, Laurie] singer USA 1958 He's Got the Whole World (in His Hands) [1958]

Robin Luke [Luke, Robin] singer USA 1958 Susie Darling [1958]

James G. March [March, James G.] economist USA 1958 Organizations [1958: with H. Guetzkow and Herbert Simon] He studied systems theory or decision theory.

Ed Marshall [Marshall, Ed] composer USA 1958 Venus [1958: sung by Frankie Avalon] He lived 1940 to ?.

John Mills [Mills, John] actor England 1958 Dunkirk [1958] He lived 1908 to 2005.

Domenico Modugno [Modugno, Domenico] singer USA 1958 Nel Blu Dipinto Di Blu or Volare or In the Blue Painted Blue or To Fly [1958] He lived 1928 to 1994.

Kenneth More [More, Kenneth] actor England 1958 Night to Remember [1958] He lived 1914 to 1982.

Jerome Moross [Moross, Jerome] composer USA 1958 Big Country [1958] He lived 1913 to 1983.

Kurt Neumann [Neumann, Kurt] director Germany/USA 1958 Fly [1958] He lived 1898 to 1958.

Bill Parsons [Parsons, Bill] singer USA 1958 All-American Boy [1958]

Lee Pockriss [Pockriss, Lee]/Paul Vance [Vance, Paul] lyricist/composer USA 1958 Catch a Falling Star [1958]

Leontyne Price [Price, Leontyne] soprano USA 1958 She lived 1927 to ?.

Jody Reynolds [Reynolds, Jody] singer USA 1958 Endless Sleep [1958]

Keith Robertson [Robertson, Keith] writer USA 1958 Henry Reed Inc. [1958] He lived 1941 to 1991.

Rosalind Russell [Russell, Rosalind] actor USA 1958 Auntie Mame [1958] She lived 1907 to 1976.

Robert Ryan [Ryan, Robert] actor USA 1958 God's Little Acre [1958] He lived 1909 to 1973.

Mikio Sato [Sato, Mikio] mathematician Japan 1958 He lived 1928 to ? and studied hyperfunctions [1958].

David Seville [Seville, David] singer USA 1958 Witch Doctor [1958]

Wayne Shanklin [Shanklin, Wayne]/George Callender [Callender, George] composer USA 1958 Primrose Lane [1958]

Wayne Shanklin [Shanklin, Wayne] composer USA 1958 Chanson d'Amour or Song of Love or Ra-Da-Da-Da-Da Song [1958]

Irwin Shaw [Shaw, Irwin] novelist USA 1958 Young Lions [1958] He lived 1913 to 1984.

Sharon Sheeley [Sheeley, Sharon] composer USA 1958 Poor Little Fool [1958: sung by Rick Nelson]

Elizabeth George Speare [Speare, Elizabeth George] writer USA 1958 Sign of the Beaver; Witch of Blackbird Pond [1958]; Bronze Bow She lived 1922 to ?.

Kim Stanley [Stanley, Kim] actor USA 1958 Goddess [1958: Paddy Chayefsky wrote] She lived 1925 to 2001.

Billy Strayhorn [Strayhorn, Billy]/Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Duke Ellington [Ellington, Duke] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1958 Satin Doll [1958] Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Ellington lived 1899 to 1974.

Ed Townsend [Townsend, Ed] singer USA 1958 For Your Love [1958]

Conway Twitty [Twitty, Conway] singer/composer USA 1958 It's Only Make Believe [1958: with Jack Nance] He lived 1933 to ?.

Ritchie Valens [Valens, Ritchie] singer USA 1958 La Bamba [1958]; Oh or Donna [1958] He lived 1941 to 1959.

James Van Allen [Van Allen, James] geologist USA 1958 He lived 1914 to 2006 and found radiation belts around Earth [1958].

Gwen Verdon [Verdon, Gwen] actor USA 1958 Damn Yankees [1958] She lived 1925 to 2000.

Jerry Wallace [Wallace, Jerry] singer USA 1958 How the Time Flies [1958: by Tommy Jarrett]

Terence White [White, Terence] novelist England 1958 Once and Future King [1958] He lived 1906 to 1964.

Sheb Wolley [Wolley, Sheb] composer/guitarist USA 1958 Purple People Eater [1958] He lived 1921 to 2003.

Jack Kilby [Kilby, Jack]/Robert Noyce [Noyce, Robert] inventor USA 1958 to 1959 integrated circuit [1958 to 1959] Kilby lived 1923 to 2005. Noyce lived 1927 to 1990.

Francois Truffaut [Truffaut, Francois] director France 1958 to 1959 Jules et Jim [1958: Oscar Werner acted]; 400 Blows [1959]; Shoot the Piano Player He lived 1932 to 1984.

Dion/Belmonts singer USA 1958 to 1960 I Wonder Why [1958]; Teenager in Love [1959]; Where or When [1960]; Lonely Teenager [1960] Dion and the Belmonts. Dion lived 1939 to 1996.

Duane Eddy [Eddy, Duane] singer USA 1958 to 1960 Rebel Rouser [1958]; Because They're Young [1960]; Peter Gunn [1960] He lived 1938 to ?.

Bobby Darin [Darin, Bobby] singer/composer USA 1958 to 1961 Early in the Morning [1958]; Queen of the Hop [1958]; Splish Splash [1958]; Mack the Knife [1959]; Dream Lover [1959]; Beyond the Sea or La Mer [1959]; Things [1961]; Lazy River [1961] He lived 1936 to 1973.

Eugene Burdick [Burdick, Eugene] novelist USA 1958 to 1962 Ugly American [1958: with William Lederer]; Fail-Safe [1962] He lived 1918 to 1965.

Ross Bagdasarian/Chipmunks singer USA 1958 to 1962 Chipmunk Song [1958]; Christmas Don't Be Late [1962] Bagdasarian lived 1919 to 1972.

Connie Francis [Francis, Connie] singer USA 1958 to 1962 Jingle Bell Rock [1958]; Who's Sorry Now [1958]; Frankie [1959]; Many Tears Ago [1960]; My Heart Has a Mind of Its Own [1960]; Where the Boys Are [1961]; Don't Break the Heart That Loves You [1962] She lived 1938 to ?.

William Lederer [Lederer, William] novelist USA 1958 to 1962 Ugly American [1958: with Eugene Burdick] He lived 1912 to ?.

Trini Lopez [Lopez, Trini] singer USA 1958 to 1962 If I Had a Hammer [1958: by Lee Hays and Pete Seeger]; La Bamba [1958] He lived 1937 to ?.

Clyde McPhatter [McPhatter, Clyde] singer USA 1958 to 1962 Lover's Question [1958]; Lover Please [1962] He lived 1932 to 1972.

Alvin [Ailey, Alvin] modern dancer/choreographer USA 1958 to 1963 He lived 1931 to 1989 and started Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater [1958].

John XXIII pope Rome, Italy 1958 to 1963 He lived 1881 to 1963. As pope, he modernized Catholic Church. Church became more ecumenical at second Vatican Council.

Link Wray [Wray, Link] composer/guitarist USA 1958 to 1963 Rumble [1958]; Rawhide [1959]; Jack the Ripper [1963] He lived 1929 to 2005 and invented electric guitar chord {power chord} that featured distortion.

Bobby Freeman [Freeman, Bobby] singer USA 1958 to 1964 Do You Want to Dance [1958]; C'mon and Swim [1964]

Martin Ritt [Ritt, Martin] director USA 1958 to 1964 Long Hot Summer [1958: Paul Newman, Orson Welles, and Joanne Woodward acted]; Hud [1963: Paul Newman and Patricia Neal acted]; Outrage [1964: Paul Newman, Claire Bloom, and Laurence Harvey acted] He lived 1914 to 1990.

Truman Capote [Capote, Truman] novelist USA 1958 to 1965 Breakfast at Tiffany's [1958]; In Cold Blood [1965] He lived 1924 to 1984.

Chinua Achebe [Achebe, Chinua] novelist Nigeria 1958 to 1966 Things Fall Apart [1958]; No Longer at Ease [1960]; Arrow of God [1964]; Man of the People [1966] He lived 1930 to ?.

Jerry Butler [Butler, Jerry] composer/singer USA 1958 to 1967 For Your Precious Love [1958]; He Will Break Your Heart or He Don't Love You (Like I Love You) [1960]; Moon River [1961]; Make It Easy on Yourself [1962]; Hey, Western Union Man [1967]; Only the Strong Survive [1967] He lived 1940 to ?.

John Kenneth Galbraith [Galbraith, John Kenneth] economist USA 1958 to 1967 Affluent Society [1958]; New Industrial State [1967] He lived 1908 to ? and studied government social policy.

Peggy Lee [Lee, Peggy] singer USA 1958 to 1969 Fever [1958]; Is That All There Is? [1969: by Leiber and Stoller] She lived 1920 to ?.

Joseph Wolpe [Wolpe, Joseph] therapist USA 1958 to 1969 Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition [1958]; Behavior Therapy Technique [1966: with Arnold Lazarus]; Practice of Behavior Therapy [1969] He lived 1915 to 1997 and developed behavior therapy {systematic desensitization} [1958].

Allen Toussaint [Toussaint, Allen] composer USA 1958 to 1970 Java Jones [1958]; Working in a Coal Mine [1970]

Donald E. Broadbent [Broadbent, Donald E.] psychologist England 1958 to 1971 Perception and Communication [1958]; Decision and Stress [1971] He lived 1926 to 1993 and studied Broadbent filtering effect, cocktail party effect, filter theory, memory position effects, primacy effect, and recency effect [Broadbent, 1958].

Jacques Lipchitz [Lipchitz, Jacques] or Chaim Jacob Lipchitz [Lipchitz, Chaim Jacob] sculptor France 1958 to 1971 Between Heaven and Earth [1958: bronze]; Beautiful One [1962: bronze]; L'Amazone [1971: bronze] He lived 1891 to 1973 and built transparent sculptures.

Roger W. Brown [Brown, Roger W.] psychologist USA 1958 to 1972 Words and Things [1958]; Wolf Children and the Problem of Human Nature [1972] He lived 1925 to 1997 and studied biofeedback and children raised by animals.

Hannah Arendt [Arendt, Hannah] sociologist USA 1958 to 1978 Human Condition [1958]; Life of the Mind [1975 to 1978] She lived 1906 to 1975 and studied under Jaspers and Heidegger. Human activity is labor to stay alive, work to make things for society, and action to create new things and work with others. Action is more important than thought.

Philippa Foot [Foot, Philippa] philosopher England 1958 to 1978 Moral arguments [1958]; Moral beliefs [1958]; Virtues and Vices and Other Essays in Moral Philosophy [1978] She lived 1920 to ? and wrote against prescriptivism. Morals are about thoughts and acts that objectively cause good or harm.

Henry Mancini [Mancini, Henry] or Enrico Nicola Mancini [Mancini, Enrico Nicola] composer England 1958 to 1982 Peter Gunn [1958: including Peter Gunn Theme, with lyrics by Ray Evans and Jay Livingston]; Mr. Lucky [1959]; Moon River [1961: lyrics by Johnny Mercer]; Breakfast at Tiffany's [1961: including Moon River, with lyrics by Johnny Mercer]; Hatari! [1962: including Baby Elephant Walk, with lyrics by Hal David]; Days of Wine and Roses [1962: including Days of Wine and Roses]; Man's Favorite Sport [1963: lyrics by Johnny Mercer]; I Love You and Don't You Forget It [1963: lyrics by Al Stillman]; Richard Boone Show [1963: including How Soon, with lyrics by Al Stillman]; Charade [1963]; Pink Panther Theme [1964]; Pink Panther [1964: including Pink Panther Theme and It Had Better Be Tonight, with lyrics by Johnny Mercer]; Dear Heart [1964: including Dear Heart]; Shot in the Dark [1964: including Moment to Moment, with lyrics by Johnny Mercer]; What Did You Do in the War, Daddy? [1966: including In the Arms of Love, with lyrics by Jay Livingston and Ray Evans]; Party [1968: including Nothing to Lose, sung by Claudine Longet]; Darling Lili [1969: including I'll Give You Three Guesses and Darling Lili, with lyrics by Johnny Mercer]; Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet [1969]; Sunflower [1970: including Loss of Love, with lyrics by Bob Merrill]; Newhart [1982] He lived 1924 to 1994.

Sekou Toure [Toure, Sekou] philosopher/statesman Guinea 1958 to 1984 He lived 1922 to 1984, advocated socialism, and was President of Guinea [1958 to 1984].

Edward Villella [Villella, Edward] ballet dancer USA 1958 to 1986 He lived 1936 to ?.

Syd Hoff [Hoff, Syd] writer USA 1958 to 1988 Danny and the Dinosaur [1958]; Horse in Harry's Room [1970]; Mrs. Brice's Mice [1988] He lived 1912 to 2004.

Joachim Lambek [Lambek, Joachim] linguist USA 1958 to 1988 Mathematics of Sentence Structure [1958]; Categorial and categorical grammars [1988] He lived 1922 to ? and helped develop immediate constituent grammar.

Alasdair C. MacIntyre [MacIntyre, Alasdair C.] philosopher USA 1958 to 1990 Unconscious: A Conceptual Analysis [1958]; Short History of Ethics [1966]; After Virtue [1981]; Whose Justice? Which Rationality? [1988]; Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry [1990] He lived 1929 to ?. Morality is about human fulfillment. People make choices based on social developments. Society is now losing its foundations, so people are changing choices.

Pierre Boulez [Boulez, Pierre] composer France/USA 1958 to 1991 He lived 1925 to ?.

Van Cliburn [Cliburn, Van] pianist USA 1958 to 1999 He lived 1934 to 1999.

Frankie Avalon [Avalon, Frankie] singer USA 1959 Why [1959] He lived 1939 to ?.

Marshall Barer [Barer, Marshall]/Mary Rodgers [Rodgers, Mary] lyricist/composer USA 1959 Once upon a Mattress [1959: musical] Barer lived 1923 to 1998.

Heinrich Böll [Böll, Heinrich] novelist Germany 1959 Billiards at Half Past Nine [1959] He lived 1917 to 1985.

Russell Brain [Brain, Russell] biologist England 1959 Nature of Experience [1959] He lived 1895 to 1966 and studied brain.

Fidel Castro [Castro, Fidel] premier Cuba 1959 He lived 1926 to ?. The 26th of July revolutionary movement overthrew Juan Bautista, and Cuba became Communist.

Herman Chernoff [Chernoff, Herman]/Lincoln E. Moses [Moses, Lincoln E.] mathematician USA 1959 Elementary Decision Theory [1959] Chernoff lived 1923 to ?. Mises lived 1921 to ?.

James Costigan [Costigan, James] novelist USA 1959 Little Moon of Alban [1959] He lived 1928 to ?.

Doris Day [Day, Doris]/Rock Hudson [Hudson, Rock]/Tony Randall [Randall, Tony] actor USA 1959 Pillow Talk [1959] Day lived 1924 to ?. Hudson lived 1925 to 1985. Randall lived 1920 to 2004.

Shelagh Delaney [Delaney, Shelagh] novelist England 1959 Taste of Honey [1959] She lived 1939 to ?.

Carl Dobkins, Jr. [Dobkins, Jr., Carl] singer USA 1959 My Heart Is an Open Book [1959]

Toni Fisher [Fisher, Toni] singer USA 1959 Big Hurt [1959]

Frankie Ford [Ford, Frankie] singer USA 1959 Sea Cruise [1959]

Edgar Friedenberg [Friedenberg, Edgar] sociologist USA 1959 Vanishing Adolescent [1959] He lived 1912 to 2001.

Jean Genet [Genet, Jean] playwright France 1959 Our Lady of the Flowers [1959]; Blacks He lived 1910 to 1986.

Harry Giosasi [Giosasi, Harry]/Artie Zwirn [Zwirn, Artie] composer USA 1959 I Ran All the Way Home [1959: sung by Impalas]

Earl Grant [Grant, Earl] singer USA 1959 End or At the End of the Rainbow [1959]

Che Guevara [Guevara, Che] general Cuba 1959 He lived 1928 to 1967.

Lorraine Hansberry [Hansberry, Lorraine] playwright USA 1959 Raisin in the Sun [1959] She lived 1930 to 1965.

Sheldon Harnick [Harnick, Sheldon]/Jerry Bock [Bock, Jerry] lyricist/composer USA 1959 Fiorello [1959: musical] Harnick lived 1924 to ?. Bock lived 1928 to ?

Wilbert Harrison [Harrison, Wilbert] singer USA 1959 Kansas City [1959: by Mike Stoller and Jerry Leiber]

Laurence Harvey [Harvey, Laurence]/Simone Signoret [Signoret, Simone] actor England/Germany/France 1959 Room at the Top [1959] Harvey lived 1928 to 1973. Signoret lived 1921 to 1985.

Ben Hecht [Hecht, Ben] playwright USA 1959 Ten Commandments [1959] He lived 1894 to 1964.

Fred Hoyle [Hoyle, Fred] astronomer England 1959 Black Cloud [1959: Organic molecules in cloud can have metabolism] He lived 1915 to 2001, propounded universe steady-state theory, and demonstrated how red-giant stars can make carbon, oxygen, and iron [1957: with Geoffrey Burbridge, William Fowler, and Margaret Burbridge].

John Knowles [Knowles, John] novelist USA 1959 Separate Peace [1959] He lived 1926 to 2001.

Howard Koch [Koch, Howard] director USA 1959 Last Mile [1959: Mickey Rooney acted] He lived 1902 to 1995.

Lev D. Landau [Landau, Lev D.] physicist Russia 1959 Course of Theoretical Physics [1959: with Evgenii M. Lifshitz] He lived 1908 to 1968. He proposed neutron stars [1932], and J. Robert Oppenheimer and G. M. Volkov found mass limit {Landau-Oppenheimer-Volkov limit, Landau} for making black holes instead of neutron stars, 2.5 times Sun mass. Turbulence begins when new frequencies appear in fluid at overlapping velocities and masses. Turbulent motions include oscillatory, skewed varicose, cross-roll, knot, and zigzag. Turbulence is like white noise, with all frequencies.

Jerry Leiber [Leiber, Jerry]/Mike Stoller [Stoller, Mike]/Ben E. Nelson [Nelson, Ben E.]/Lover Patterson [Patterson, Lover]/George Treadwell [Treadwell, George] composer USA 1959 There Goes My Baby [1959] Leiber lived 1933 to ?. Stoller lived 1933 to ?.

Jerome Y. Lettvin [Lettvin, Jerome Y.] biologist USA 1959 What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain [1959: with Maturana, McCulloch, and Pitts] He lived 1920 to ?. Axons from frog retinal ganglion cells have four groups that respond differently to different stimuli and that end in four distinct optic-tectum layers, all with same topographic map. Frog is normally motionless, so detectors detect environment changes. Sustained contrast detectors make immediate and prolonged signals when object edge, either lighter or darker than background, moves into receptive field and stops. Net convexity detectors make immediate and temporary signals when large dark-object small or convex edges pass through visual field. Smooth movement has less effect than jerky movement. Moving-edge detectors respond to edges moving through receptive field. Net dimming detectors make immediate and prolonged signals with sudden illumination reduction. Frogs can recognize prey and enemy categories.

Antonio Maria [Maria, Antonio]/Luiz Bonfa [Bonfa, Luiz] lyricist/composer Brazil 1959 Samba de Orfeu [1959] Bonfa lived 1922 to 2001.

Newton Mendonca [Mendonca, Newton]/Antonio Carlos Jobim [Jobim, Antonio Carlos]/Jon Hendricks [Hendricks, Jon]/Jessie Cavanaugh [Cavanaugh, Jessie] lyricist/composer/lyricist/lyricist Brazil/USA 1959 Slightly Out of Tune or Desafinado [1959] Jobim lived 1927 to ?.

Alfred Newman [Newman, Alfred] composer USA 1959 Diary of Anne Frank [1959] He lived 1901 to 1970.

Ray Peterson [Peterson, Ray] singer USA 1959 Wonder of You [1959]; Corinna, Corinna [1960]; Tell Laura I Love Her [1960] He lived 1939 to ?.

Sidney Poitier [Poitier, Sidney]/Sammy Davis, Jr. [Davis, Jr., Sammy] actor USA 1959 Porgy and Bess [1959] Poitier lived 1924 to ?. Davis lived 1925 to 1990.

Albert Sabin [Sabin, Albert] doctor/inventor Poland/USA 1959 oral polio vaccine [1959] He lived 1906 to 1993 {oral polio vaccine}.

André Schwarz-Bart [Schwarz-Bart, André] novelist France 1959 Last of the Just [1959] He lived 1928 to ?.

Oliver Selfridge [Selfridge, Oliver] psychologist USA 1959 He invented letter-recognition models {Pandemonium model}. Lowest level recognized letter features, such as straight and curved line segments at different orientations. Middle level suggested letters based on feature combinations. Highest level chose letter based on weights from middle-level letters.

Frank Sibley [Sibley, Frank] philosopher USA 1959 Aesthetic Concepts [1959] He lived 1923 to 1996. No criteria or assumption should apply to aesthetics.

Alan Sillitoe [Sillitoe, Alan] novelist England 1959 Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner [1959] He lived 1928 to ?.

William D. Snodgrass [Snodgrass, William D.] poet USA 1959 Examination [1959] He lived 1926 to ?.

Stephen Sondheim [Sondheim, Stephen]/Jule Styne [Styne, Jule] lyricist/composer USA 1959 Gypsy [1959: musical, with Jerome Robbins, choreographer, and Ethel Merman, singer, Arthur Laurents, book, including Everything's Coming up Roses, Let Me Entertain You, Small World, Together Wherever We Go] Styne lived 1904 to 1994.

Barrett Strong [Strong, Barrett] singer USA 1959 Money [1959]

Jean Surrey [Surrey, Jean] composer USA 1959 Teen Angel [1959]

Mikis Theodorakis [Theodorakis, Mikis] composer Greece/USA 1959 Never on Sunday [1959] He lived 1925 to ?.

J. Lloyd Trump [Trump, J. Lloyd] sociologist USA 1959 Images of the Future [1959]

Louis Untermeyer [Untermeyer, Louis] editor USA 1959 Golden Treasury of Poetry [1959] He lived 1885 to 1977.

Dinah Washington [Washington, Dinah] singer USA 1959 What a Diff'rence a Day Makes [1959] She lived 1924 to 1963.

Bobby Weinstein [Weinstein, Bobby]/Teddy Randazzo [Randazzo, Teddy] composer USA 1959 Pretty Blue Eyes [1959] Randazzo lived 1935 to 2003.

Betty Comden [Comden, Betty]/Adolph Green [Green, Adolph]/Jule Styne [Styne, Jule] lyricist/composer USA 1959 to 1960 Bells Are Ringing [1959: musical, including The Party's Over, Just in Time]; Do Re Mi [1960: musical, including Make Someone Happy] Comden lived 1919 to ?. Green lived 1914 to 2002. Styne lived 1905 to 1994.

Johnny Horton [Horton, Johnny] singer USA 1959 to 1960 Battle of New Orleans [1959]; North to Alaska [1960]; Sink the Bismarck [1960]

Marty Robbins [Robbins, Marty] singer USA 1959 to 1960 El Paso [1959] He lived 1925 to 1982.

Arnold Brecht [Brecht, Arnold] political scientist Germany/USA 1959 to 1961 Foundations of 20th Century Political Thought [1959]; Political Theory [1961] He lived 1884 to 1977. Universal human ethical thinking and feeling preferences determine political values.

Dee Clark [Clark, Dee] composer USA 1959 to 1961 Hey Little Girl [1959]; Raindrops [1961]

James Purdy [Purdy, James] novelist USA 1959 to 1961 Malcolm [1959]; Nephew [1961] He lived 1923 to ?.

Bennett Cerf [Cerf, Bennett] writer/essayist/humorist USA 1959 to 1962 Book of Laughs [1959: humor]; Book of Riddles [1960: humor]; More Riddles [1961: humor]; Book of Animal Riddles [1962: humor] He lived 1898 to 1971.

Patsy Cline [Cline, Patsy] or Patsy Hensley [Hensley, Patsy] singer USA 1959 to 1962 Walkin' After Midnight [1959]; Crazy Dreams [1960]; I Fall to Pieces [1961]; Crazy [1961: by Willie Nelson] She lived 1932 to 1963.

Dave Cortez [Cortez, Dave] or Baby Cortez [Cortez, Baby] or David Cortez Clowney [Clowney, David Cortez] organist USA 1959 to 1962 Happy Organ [1959]; Rinky Dink [1962: based on the song Love Is Strange] He lived 1938 to ?.

Otto Preminger [Preminger, Otto] director Austria/USA 1959 to 1962 Anatomy of a Murder [1959: James Stewart acted]; Advise and Consent [1962] He lived 1906 to 1986.

Alain Resnais [Resnais, Alain] director France 1959 to 1962 Hiroshima, Mon Amour [1959]; Last Year at Marienbad [1962] He lived 1922 to ?.

Neil Sedaka [Sedaka, Neil] singer/composer USA 1959 to 1962 Oh Carol [1959]; Calendar Girl [1961: by Howard Greenfield and Neil Sedaka]; Happy Birthday Sweet Sixteen [1961: by Howard Greenfield and Neil Sedaka]; Breaking up Is Hard to Do [1962: by Howard Greenfield and Neil Sedaka]; Living Right Next Door to an Angel [1962] He lived 1939 to ?.

Peter Ustinov [Ustinov, Peter] playwright/director England 1959 to 1962 Romanov and Juliet [1959: play and movie]; Billy Budd [1962] He lived 1921 to 2004.

Steve Lawrence [Lawrence, Steve] singer USA 1959 to 1963 Pretty Blue Eyes [1959]; Footsteps [1960]; More [1962: in the movie Mondo Cane]; Go Away Little Girl [1963] He lived 1935 to ?.

Othmar Ammann [Ammann, Othmar] architect Switzerland/New York, New York 1959 to 1964 Verrazano Narrows Bridge [1959 to 1964: iron and concrete bridge goes from Brooklyn to Staten Island, has 1400- meter span, has 70-story towers, and is 70 meters above water] He lived 1879 to 1965.

Doc Pomus [Pomus, Doc]/Mort Shuman [Shuman, Mort] composer USA 1959 to 1964 Teenager in Love [1959]; This Magic Moment [1959: sung by the Drifters]; Save the Last Dance for Me [1960]; Viva Las Vegas [1964: from the film Viva Las Vegas] Pomus lived 1925 to 1991. Shuman lived 1936 to 1991.

Bobby Rydell [Rydell, Bobby] or Robert Ridarelli [Ridarelli, Robert] singer USA 1959 to 1964 We Got Love [1959]; Wild One [1960]; Little Bitty Girl [1960]; Swinging School [1960]; Volare [1960]; Ding-a-ling [1960]; Sway [1961: 1954]; Good Time Baby [1961]; I've Got Bonnie [1962]; Cha Cha Cha [1962]; Forget Him [1963]; World Without Love [1964] He lived 1942 to ?.

Gunter Grass [Grass, Gunter] novelist Germany 1959 to 1965 Tin Drum [1959]; Dog Years [1965] He lived 1927 to ?.

Peter Sellers [Sellers, Peter] actor England 1959 to 1966 Mouse that Roared [1959]; Waltz of the Toreadors [1962]; Pink Panther [1964]; Wrong Box [1966] He lived 1925 to ?.

Audrey Hepburn [Hepburn, Audrey] actor Belgium/USA 1959 to 1967 Nun's Story [1959]; Wait Until Dark [1967] She lived 1929 to 1993.

Jean Luc Godard [Godard, Jean Luc] actor France 1959 to 1968 Breathless [1959]; Weekend [1968] He lived 1930 to ?.

Tony Richardson [Richardson, Tony] director England 1959 to 1968 Look Back in Anger [1959: Richard Burton and Claire Bloom acted]; Entertainer [1960: Laurence Olivier acted]; Taste of Honey [1962: Rita Tushingham acted]; Tom Jones [1963: Alfred Finney and Susannah York acted]; Charge of the Light Brigade [1968: Trevor Howard and John Gielgud acted] He lived 1928 to 1991.

Philip Roth [Roth, Philip] novelist USA 1959 to 1969 Goodbye, Columbus [1959]; Portnoy's Complaint [1969] He lived 1933 to ?.

Nathalie Sarraute [Sarraute, Nathalie] or Nathalie Ilyanova Tcherniak [Tcherniak, Nathalie Ilyanova] writer Russia/France 1959 to 1972 Planetarium [1959]; Do You Hear Them? [1972] She lived 1900 to 1999.

Edwin H. Land [Land, Edwin H.] inventor USA 1959 to 1977 Experiments in Color Vision [1959]; Retinex Theory of Color Vision [1977] He lived 1909 to 1991 and invented Polaroid photography {instant photography} and polaroid filters. Epistemology Color perception depends on relative reflectances. People see colors based on red, green, and blue intensity ratios from neighboring and separated regions {retinex theory, Land}. Two-color mixtures can produce full color range.

Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart [Hart, Herbert Lionel Adolphus] philosopher England 1959 to 1983 Causation in the Law [1959 and 1985: with Tony Honoré]; Concept of Law [1961]; Law, Liberty, and Morality [1963]; Punishment and Responsibility [1968]; Essays on Bentham [1982]; Essays in Jurisprudence and Philosophy [1983] He lived 1907 to 1992. Responsibility requires behavior control and understanding of actions and rules. People relate laws to morals and values. Laws are reasons for actions, without content. Society roles cause parents, police, and soldiers to have duties and responsibilities {role responsibility}.

Hao Wang [Wang, Hao] mathematician China 1959 to 1986 Beyond Analytic Philosophy [1986] He lived 1921 to ?, invented computer programs to prove first-order theorems [1959], and invented infinite series of types. Mathematics is intuitive.

Joseph Campbell [Campbell, Joseph] anthropologist USA 1959 to 1987 Masks of God [1959 to 1968: four volumes]; Hero With a Thousand Faces [1948]; Myths to Live by [1972]; Power of Myth [1987: with Bill Moyers] He lived 1904 to 1987.

Humberto R. Maturana [Maturana, Humberto R.] biologist USA 1959 to 1992 What the Frog's Eye Tells the Frog's Brain [1959: with Lettvin, McCulloch, and Pitts]; Tree of Knowledge [1992: with Francisco Varela] He lived 1928 to ?. Living cells rebuild themselves {autopoiesis, Maturana}.

Joe Allison [Allison, Joe]/Audrey Allison [Allison, Audrey] composer USA 1960 He'll Have to Go [1960: sung by Jim Reeves] Joe Allison lived 1924 to 2002.

Cleveland Amory [Amory, Cleveland] novelist USA 1960 Who Killed Society? [1960] He lived 1917 to 1998.

John Langshaw Austin [Austin, John Langshaw] philosopher England 1960 How to Do Things with Words [1960]; Sense and Sensibilia [1960] He lived 1911 to 1960 and studied ordinary language {linguistic philosophy}. Epistemology Language analysis can clarify philosophical and metaphysical problems, which are typically confusing. Language developed by evolution. Speech {linguistic act} can state things {constative} or do something {performative}. Stating is actually performing. All speech is an action {speech-act theory}, such as to warn, remind, and communicate information. Actions can be actual sound making {locution, Austin}, acts resulting from or secondary to uttering {illocution}, and uttering effects {perlocution}. Case or term can describe situation. Then prove that other cases or terms do not apply to situation. Show that other situations require different cases or terms. If these apply, original situation implies term is valid {paradigm case argument}. However, situation, case, or term typically has ambiguous meaning. Context can distinguish appearance from reality.

Hank Ballard [Ballard, Hank]/Midnighters singer USA 1960 Finger Poppin' Time [1960]; Let's Go, Let's Go, Let's Go [1960] Ballard lived 1927 to ?. Hank Ballard and the Midnighters.

Lionel Bart [Bart, Lionel] composer USA 1960 Oliver! [1960: musical, including As Long As He Heeds Me, Consider Yourself at Home] He lived 1930 to 1999.

Stan Berenstain [Berenstain, Stan] writer USA 1960 Berenstain Bears [1960 on: books] He lived 1923 to 2005.

Jeanne Black [Black, Jeanne] singer USA 1960 He'll Have to Stay [1960]

Billy Bland [Bland, Billy] singer USA 1960 Let the Little Girl Dance [1960]

Johnny Bond [Bond, Johnny] singer USA 1960 Hot Rod Lincoln [1960]

Sydney Brenner [Brenner, Sydney]/Matthew Meselson [Meselson, Matthew]/François Jacob [Jacob, François] biologist USA 1960 mRNA discovered [1960] Brenner lived 1927 to ?. Meselson lived 1930 to ?. Jacob lived 1920 to ?.

Dave Brubeck [Brubeck, Dave] pianist USA 1960 Take Five [1960] He lived 1920 to ? and played Progressive.

Ray Bryant [Bryant, Ray] composer USA 1960 Little Susie [1960] He lived 1931 to ?.

Jimmy Charles [Charles, Jimmy]/Revelettes composer USA 1960 Million to One [1960]

James B. Clark [Clark, James B.] director USA 1960 Dog of Flanders [1960] He lived 1908 to 2000.

Floyd Cramer [Cramer, Floyd] piano player/composer USA 1960 Last Date [1960] He lived 1933 to 1997.

Barry Darvell [Darvell, Barry] singer USA 1960 How Will It End [1960]

Mark Dinning [Dinning, Mark] singer USA 1960 Teen Angel [1960: by Jean Surrey and Red Surrey] He lived 1933 to 1986.

Mack Discant [Discant, Mack]/Max Steiner [Steiner, Max] lyricist/composer USA 1960 Theme from A Summer Place [1960: played by Percy Faith] Steiner lived 1888 to 1971.

Harold Dorman [Dorman, Harold] singer/composer USA 1960 Mountain of Love [1960: also sung by Johnny Rivers, 1964]

Clifton Fadiman [Fadiman, Clifton] essayist/humorist USA 1960 Lifetime Reading Plan [1960] He lived 1902 to 1999.

Percy Faith [Faith, Percy] orchestra leader USA 1960 Theme from a Summer Place [1960] Percy Faith and His Orchestra. He lived 1908 to 1976.

Dallas Frazier [Frazier, Dallas] composer USA 1960 Alley-oop [1960: sung by Hollywood Argyles]

Martin Gardner [Gardner, Martin] writer USA 1960 Ambidextrous Universe [1960] He lived 1914 to ?.

Paul Goodman [Goodman, Paul] sociologist USA 1960 Growing Up Absurd [1960] He lived 1911 to 1972.

Howard Greenfield [Greenfield, Howard]/Neil Sedaka [Sedaka, Neil] composer USA 1960 Where the Boys Are [1960: from the movie Where the Boys Are. sung by Connie Francis] Greenfield lived 1952 to ?. Sedaka lived 1939 to ?.

Alec Guinness [Guinness, Alec]/John Mills [Mills, John] actor England 1960 Tunes of Glory [1960] Guinness lived 1914 to 2000. Mills lived 1908 to 2005.

Shirley Hall [Hall, Shirley]/Leslie Temple [Temple, Leslie]/James Johnson [Johnson, James] composer USA 1960 Watusi [1960]

Bobby Hendricks [Hendricks, Bobby] singer USA 1960 Psycho [1960] He was in the Drifters.

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin [Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot] biologist England 1960 She lived 1910 to 1994 and determined insulin structure.

James Hoffa [Hoffa, James] labor leader USA 1960 He lived 1913 to 1975 and led Teamster's Union.

Zilphia Horton [Horton, Zilphia]/Frank Hamilton [Hamilton, Frank]/Guy Carawan [Carawan, Guy]/Pete Seeger [Seeger, Pete] composer USA 1960 We Shall Overcome [1960] traditional. Horton lived 1905 to 1991. Seeger lived 1919 to ?.

Trevor Howard [Howard, Trevor]/Wendy Hiller [Hiller, Wendy]/Dean Stockwell [Stockwell, Dean] actor England/USA 1960 Sons and Lovers [1960] Howard lived 1913 to 1988. Hiller lived 1912 to 2003. Stockwell lived 1936 to ?.

Wanda Jackson [Jackson, Wanda] singer USA 1960 Let's Have a Party [1960]

Marv Johnson [Johnson, Marv] singer USA 1960 You Got What It Takes [1960]

Jimmy Jones [Jones, Jimmy] singer USA 1960 Good Timing [1960]; Handy Man [1960: composed by Otis Blackwell and Jimmy Jones]

Joe Jones [Jones, Joe] singer USA 1960 You Talk Too Much [1960]

Paul Kaufman [Kaufman, Paul]/Mike Anthony [Anthony, Mike] composer USA 1960 Poetry in Motion [1960]

Arthur L. Kopit [Kopit, Arthur L.] playwright USA 1960 Phantom [1960]; Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mamma's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feelin' So Sad [1967] He lived 1937 to ?.

Harper Lee [Lee, Harper] novelist USA 1960 To Kill a Mockingbird [1960] She lived 1926 to ?.

Carolyn Leigh [Leigh, Carolyn]/Cy Coleman [Coleman, Cy] composer USA 1960 Hey, Look Me Over [1960: from the musical Wildcat] Leigh lived 1926 to ?. Coleman lived 1929 to 2004.

Hank Locklin [Locklin, Hank] singer USA 1960 Please Help Me, I'm Falling [1960]

Jerry Lordan [Lordan, Jerry] composer USA 1960 Apache [1960: played by Jorg Ingemann and the Ventures]

Douglas McGregor [McGregor, Douglas] economist USA 1960 Human Side of Enterprise [1960] He studied organizational behavioral theory.

Richard Neustadt [Neustadt, Richard] political scientist USA 1960 Presidential Power [1960] He lived 1919 to 2003.

Alex North [North, Alex] composer USA 1960 Spartacus [1960] He lived 1910 to 1991.

Webb Pierce [Pierce, Webb] singer USA 1960 Rose And A Thorn [1960] He lived 1921 to ?.

Johnny Preston [Preston, Johnny] singer USA 1960 Running Bear [1960]; Cradle of Love [1960] He lived 1939 to ?.

Jim Reeves [Reeves, Jim] singer USA 1960 He'll Have to Go [1960] He lived 1923 to 1964.

Wolf Rilla [Rilla, Wolf] director USA 1960 Village of the Damned [1960] He lived 1920 to 2005.

William Robinson [Robinson, William] or Smokey Robinson [Robinson, Smokey]/Berry Gordy [Gordy, Berry] composer USA 1960 Shop Around [1960: sung by Smokey Robinson and the Miracles] Robinson lived 1940 to ?. Gordy lived 1929 to ?

Neil Sedaka [Sedaka, Neil]/Stella Unger [Unger, Stella] composer USA 1960 Where the Boys Are [1960: from the film Where the Boys Are] Sedaka lived 1939 to ?.

George Selden [Selden, George] writer USA 1960 Cricket in Times Square [1960] He lived 1929 to 1989.

Connie Stevens [Stevens, Connie] singer USA 1960 Sixteen Reasons Why I Love You [1960] She lived 1938 to ?.

W. S. Stevenson [Stevenson, W. S.]/Charley Ryan [Ryan, Charley] composer USA 1960 Hot Rod Lincoln [1960]

David Storey [Storey, David] novelist England 1960 This Sporting Life [1960] He lived 1933 to ?.

Larry Verne [Verne, Larry] singer USA 1960 Mr. Custer [1960]

Dinah Washington [Washington, Dinah]/Brook Benton [Benton, Brook] singer USA 1960 Baby (You've Got What It Takes) [1960: by Clyde Otis and Murray Stein] Washington lived 1924 to 1963.

Ben Weisman [Weisman, Ben]/Kay Twomey [Twomey, Kay]/Fred Wise [Wise, Fred]/Berthold Kaempfert [Kaempfert, Berthold] composer USA 1960 Wooden Heart [1960]

Joseph Weizenbaum [Weizenbaum, Joseph] mathematician USA 1960 Computer Power and Human Reason [1960] He lived 1923 to ? and wrote ELIZA program to imitate psychologist querying patient.

Kathy Young [Young, Kathy] singer USA 1960 Thousand Stars [1960]

Robert Youngson [Youngson, Robert] director USA 1960 When Comedy was King [1960] He lived 1917 to 1974.

Johnny Burnette [Burnette, Johnny] composer USA 1960 to 1961 You're Sixteen [1960]; Dreamin' [1960] He lived 1934 to 1964.

Al Caiola [Caiola, Al] orchestra leader USA 1960 to 1961 Magnificent Seven [1960]; Bonanza [1961]

Georges Delerue [Delerue, Georges] composer France 1960 to 1961 Shoot the Piano Player [1960]; Jules et Jim [1961] He lived 1925 to 1992.

Philip D. Eastman [Eastman, Philip D.] writer USA 1960 to 1961 Are You My Mother? [1960]; Go Dog Go [1961] He lived 1909 to 1986.

Johnny Tillotson [Tillotson, Johnny] singer USA 1960 to 1961 It Keeps Right on Hurtin' [1962]; Why Do I Love You So [1960]; Poetry in Motion [1960: by Paul Kaufman and Mike Anthony] He lived 1939 to ?.

Lawrence Welk [Welk, Lawrence] orchestra leader USA 1960 to 1961 Calcutta [1960] He lived 1903 to 1992.

Gary U. S. Bonds [Bonds, Gary U. S.] singer USA 1960 to 1962 Take Me Back to New Orleans or New Orleans [1960]; Quarter to Three [1961]; School Is Out [1962]

Freddy Cannon [Cannon, Freddy] or Boom Boom Cannon [Cannon, Boom Boom] composer USA 1960 to 1962 Way Down Yonder in New Orleans [1960]; Palisades Park [1962] Cannon lived 1939 to ?.

Jimmy Clanton [Clanton, Jimmy] composer USA 1960 to 1962 Go, Jimmy, Go [1960]; Venus in Blue Jeans [1962]

Brian Hyland [Hyland, Brian] singer USA 1960 to 1962 Itsy Bitsy Teeny Weeny Yellow Polka Dot Bikini [1960]; Sealed with a Kiss [1962]

Chubby Checker [Checker, Chubby] composer/singer USA 1960 to 1963 Twist [1960]; Pony Time [1961]; Limbo Rock [1962]; Let's Twist Again [1963]; Lazy Elsie Molly [1964] He lived 1941 to ?.

Roy Clark [Clark, Roy] singer/composer/guitarist USA 1960 to 1963 Down Home [1960]; Talk about a Party [1962]; Tips of My Fingers [1963] He lived 1933 to ?.

Brenda Lee [Lee, Brenda] singer USA 1960 to 1963 So Sorry or I'm Sorry [1960]; I Want to Be Wanted [1960]; Sweet Nothin's [1960]; That's All You Gotta Do [1960]; Fool #1 [1961]; Break It to Me Gently [1962]; All Alone Am I [1962]; Losing You [1963] She lived 1944 to ?.

Sylvia Plath [Plath, Sylvia] poet USA 1960 to 1963 Colossus [1960]; Ariel [1963] She lived 1932 to 1963.

Richard M. Sherman [Sherman, Richard M.]/Robert B. Sherman [Sherman, Robert B.] composer USA 1960 to 1963 Mary Poppins [1960: musical]; Chim Chim Cher-ee [1960: from the film Mary Poppins, 1963]; Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious [1960: from the film Mary Poppins, 1963] Richard lived 1928 to ?. Robert lived 1925 to ?.

Lee Adams [Adams, Lee]/Charles Strouse [Strouse, Charles] lyricist/composer USA 1960 to 1964 Bye Bye Birdie [1960: musical, including Put on a Happy Face]; Once Upon a Time [1962]; Fiddler on the Roof [1964: musical, including If I Were a Rich Man and Sunrise, Sunset. choreography by Jerome Robbins] Adams lived 1924 to ?. Strouse lived 1928 to ?. Robbins lived 1918 to 1998.

John Barth [Barth, John] novelist USA 1960 to 1964 Sot-Weed Factor [1960]; Giles Goat Boy [1964] He lived 1930 to ?.

Jules Dassin [Dassin, Jules] director USA 1960 to 1964 Never on Sunday [1960: Melina Mercouri acted]; Topkapi [1964: Peter Ustinov and Melina Mercouri acted] He lived 1911 to ?.

Roy Orbison [Orbison, Roy] singer USA 1960 to 1964 Only the Lonely [1960: with Joe Melson]; Cryin' [1961: with Joe Melson]; Blue Bayou [1961: with Joe Melson]; Blue Angel [1962]; Dream Baby [1962]; In Dreams [1963]; Pretty Woman [1964: with Bill Dees] He lived 1936 to 1988.

Mary Wells [Wells, Mary] singer USA 1960 to 1964 Bye Bye, Baby [1960]; One Who Really Loves You [1962]; You Beat Me to the Punch [1962]; Two Lovers [1963]; My Guy [1964]

Miracles/Smokey Robinson [Robinson, Smokey] singer USA 1960 to 1966 Shop Around [1960]; I Need a Change [1960]; Way Over There [1962]; You've Really Got a Hold on Me [1962]; Mickey's Monkey [1963]; Tracks of My Tears [1965]; Bad Girl [1966] Robinson lived 1940 to ?.

Maurice Williams [Williams, Maurice]/Zodiacs singer USA 1960 to 1966 Stay [1960]; May I [1966] Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs. Williams lived 1939 to ?.

Ronald David Laing [Laing, Ronald David] psychiatrist Britain 1960 to 1967 Divided Self [1960] He lived 1927 to 1989. Inability to form good personal relationships with others causes schizophrenia. Counseling emphasizes experiences in social interactions and imparts sympathy and understanding to help people form social relations. Psychiatric, diagnostic, and scientific methods do not address human relations.

Hans-Lukas Teuber [Teuber, Hans-Lukas] psychologist Germany 1960 to 1967 Somatosensory Changes after Penetrating Brain Wounds in Man [1960]; Visual Field Defects after Penetrating Missile Wounds of the Brain [1960: with W. S. Battersby and Morris B. Bender] He lived 1916 to 1977 and studied wartime brain-wound psychological effects. He investigated social networks [1967] and found how many links {six degrees of separation} can connect all population members.

Bobby Vee [Vee, Bobby] singer USA 1960 to 1967 Devil or Angel [1960]; Take Good Care of My Baby [1961]; Rubber Ball [1962]; Night has a Thousand Eyes [1963: by Benjamin Weisman, Dorothy Wayne, and Marilynn Garrett]; Come Back When You Grow Up [1967] He lived 1943 to ?.

Leo Lionni [Lionni, Leo] writer Netherlands/USA 1960 to 1969 Inch by Inch [1960]; Swimmy [1963]; Frederick [1967]; Alexander and the Wind-Up Mouse [1969] He lived 1910 to 1999.

Ornette Coleman [Coleman, Ornette] saxophonist USA 1960 to 1970 He lived 1930 to ? and played New Wave.

Pete Fountain [Fountain, Pete] clarinetist USA 1960 to 1970 He lived 1930 to ? and played Modern.

Ghobind Khorana [Khorana, Ghobind] biologist India/USA 1960 to 1970 He lived 1922 to ? and synthesized yeast gene [1960].

Chia-Chiao Lin [Lin, Chia-Chiao]/Frank Shu [Shu, Frank] astronomer USA 1960 to 1970 Galaxy bars and spirals are compressions in star galactic waves.

Archie Shepp [Shepp, Archie] saxophonist USA 1960 to 1970 He lived 1939 to ? and played New Wave.

Cootie Williams [Williams, Cootie] or Charles Melvin Williams [Williams, Charles Melvin] trumpeter USA 1960 to 1970 He lived 1910 to 1985 and played Modern.

Theodore White [White, Theodore] historian USA 1960 to 1972 Making of the President [1960 and 1968 and 1972] He lived 1915 to 1986.

Russell Hoban [Hoban, Russell] writer USA 1960 to 1974 Bedtime for Frances [1960]; Bread and Jam for Frances [1964]; How Tom Beat Captain Najork and His Hired Sportsmen [1974] He lived 1925 to ?.

Scott O'Dell [O'Dell, Scott] writer USA 1960 to 1980 Island of the Blue Dolphins [1960]; Sing Down the Moon [1971]; Sarah Bishop [1980] He lived 1898 to 1989.

Leopold Sedar Senghor [Senghor, Leopold Sedar] philosopher/poet/statesman Senegal 1960 to 1980 Songs of The Shadow [1945: including Prayer to the Masks]; Prayer to the Masks [1945: poem] He lived 1906 to 2001, advocated African-culture glorification {Negritude}, and was Senegal president [1960 to 1980].

Carl Hilding Severinsen [Severinsen, Carl Hilding] or Doc Severinsen [Severinsen, Doc] trumpeter USA 1960 to 1980 He lived 1927 to 1989 and played Modern.

Hans-Georg Gadamer [Gadamer, Hans-Georg] philosopher Heidelberg, Germany 1960 to 1986 Truth and Method [1960]; Idea of the Good in Platonic-Aristotelian Philosophy [1978]; Relevance of the Beautiful and Other Essays [1986] He lived 1900 to 2002 and studied under Heidegger. Epistemology Understanding differs from explanation and depends on culture. People should be aware of culture and how it affects their understanding of world and themselves. Understanding is in the present. Realizing factors involved in understanding allows understanding to be as correct as possible {authentic}. In studying and understanding, it is important to know writing style, intended audience, problem, and social and historical context {hermeneutics, Gadamer}. Mind The life-world is social.

Clifford Geertz [Geertz, Clifford] anthropologist USA 1960 to 1988 Religion of Java [1960]; Agricultural Involution [1963]; Peddlers and Princes [1963]; Social History of an Indonesian Town [1965]; Islam Observed [1968]; Interpretation of Cultures [1973]; Meaning and Order in Moroccan Society [1980: with Hildred Geertz and Lawrence Rosen]; Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology [1983]; Works and Lives [1988] He lived 1926 to 2006 and studied Java and Bali peoples. He advocated trying to interpret culture, rather than just explaining behaviors. People live in systems of meaning {culture, Geertz}, in which actions have intention and significance, and people have knowledge and attitudes. Action meaning is public and observable. Ideas, attitudes, and purposes lead to religion. Religion is cultural system, societal symbol system about the way world is and should be {world-view}, which builds feelings, values, and goals {ethos, sociology}. It explains evil, suffering, death, and universe. Rituals blend world-view and ethos. Participating puts people in touch with highest reality.

John Updike [Updike, John] novelist USA 1960 to 1990 Rabbit, Run [1960]; Rabbit Redux [1971]; Rabbit is Rich [1981]; Rabbit at Rest [1990] He lived 1932 to ?.

Karl H. Pribram [Pribram, Karl H.] psychologist USA 1960 to 1991 Plans and the Structure of Behavior [1960: with George Miller and Eugene Galanter]; Languages of the Brain [1971]; Central Processing of Sensory Input [1974]; Brain and Perception [1991] He lived 1919 to ?. Algorithms can first test, then operate, then test, and then exit {test-operate-test-exit} {TOTE unit} [1960: with Miller and Galanter]. Units are in networks. He discussed dissipative structures in neurons and holonomic theory. Cortical dendrites hold wave interference patterns, which activate by partial input [Pribram, 1991].

Wole Soyinka [Soyinka, Wole] poet/playwright Nigeria 1960 to 2000 Invention [1959: poem]; Dance of the Forests [1960: poem]; Play of Giants [1984: poem]; Interpreters [1965: novel]; Ake: Years of Childhood [1981: memoir] He lived 1934 to ?.

Joseph Albers [Albers, Joseph] painter Germany/USA 1961 Homage to the Square [1961] He lived 1888 to 1976 and used color squares to study color relations.

Fred Astaire [Astaire, Fred]/Debbie Reynolds [Reynolds, Debbie] actor USA 1961 Pleasure of His Company [1961] Astaire lived 1899 to 1987. Reynolds lived 1932 to ?.

Fred Attneave [Attneave, Fred] psychologist USA 1961 In Defense of Homunculi [1961] He lived 1919 to ?. Reticular formation can be conscious. Homunculus can be new substance. It can need previous homunculi to know later ones.

Jacques Barzun [Barzun, Jacques] historian USA 1961 Classic, Romantic, and Modern [1961] He lived 1907 to ?.

Boris Bassiak [Bassiak, Boris] composer France 1961 Le tourbillon or Canoe [1961: from the film Jules et Jim] He lived 1928 to ?.

Bobby Bland [Bland, Bobby] singer USA 1961 Turn on Your Love Light [1961]

Pat Boone [Boone, Pat]/Ernest Gold [Gold, Ernest] lyricist/composer USA 1961 Exodus [1961: from the movie Exodus] Boone lived 1934 to ?. Gold lived 1921 to 1999.

Maxine Brown [Brown, Maxine] singer USA 1961 All in My Mind [1961]

George Burton [Burton, George]/Paul Hampton [Hampton, Paul] composer USA 1961 You Don't Know What You've Got [1961: sung by Ral ]

Claudia Cardinale [Cardinale, Claudia] actor USA 1961 Girl with a Suitcase [1961] She lived 1938 to ?.

Gene Chandler [Chandler, Gene] singer USA 1961 Duke of Earl [1961: by Earl Edwards, Eugene Dixon, and Bernice Williams] He lived 1937 to ?.

Corsairs singer USA 1961 Smoky Places [1961]

Tony Curtis [Curtis, Tony] actor USA 1961 Great Imposter [1961] He lived 1925 to ?.

James Darren [Darren, James] singer USA 1961 Goodbye Cruel World [1961]

Mack David [David, Mack]/Burt Bacharach [Bacharach, Burt]/Barney Williams [Williams, Barney] composer USA 1961 Baby, It's You [1961] David lived 1912 to 1993. Bacharach lived 1928 to ?.

Mack David [David, Mack]/Elmer Bernstein [Bernstein, Elmer] lyricist/composer USA 1961 Walk on the Wild Side [1961] David lived 1912 to 1993. Bernstein lived 1922 to 2004.

Jimmy Dean [Dean, Jimmy] singer/composer USA 1961 Big Bad John [1961] He lived 1928 to ?.

Pierre DeLanoë [DeLanoe, Pierre]/Gilbert Becaud [Becaud, Gilbert]/Carl Sigman [Sigman, Carl] lyricist/composer/lyricist France/USA 1961 What Now My Love or Et maintenant [1961] DeLanoë lived 1918 to 2006. Becaud lived 1927 to 2001. Sigman lived 1909 to 2000.

Lonnie Donegan [Donegan, Lonnie]/Skiffle Group singer USA 1961 Does Your Chewing Gum Lose Its Flavor [1961] Lonnie Donegan and His Skiffle Group.

Kirk Douglas [Douglas, Kirk] actor USA 1961 Town without Pity [1961] He lived 1926 to ?.

Ervin M. Drake [Drake, Ervin M.] composer USA 1961 It Was a Very Good Year [1961: sung by Frank Sinatra] He lived 1919 to ?.

Yuri Gagarin [Gagarin, Yuri] pilot Russia 1961 He lived 1934 to 1968 and was first person to orbit Earth, once, in spacecraft and return.

Barbara George [George, Barbara] singer USA 1961 I Know [1961]

Henry Glover [Glover, Henry]/Carl Spencer [Spencer, Carl] composer USA 1961 Let the Little Girl Dance [1961: sung by Steve Lawrence]

Jean Gottman [Gottman, Jean] sociologist USA 1961 Megalopolis [1961] He lived 1915 to 1994.

Clarence Henry [Henry, Clarence] or Frogman Henry [Henry, Frogman] singer USA 1961 But I Do or (I Don't Know Why I Love You) But I Do [1961] He lived 1937 to ?.

Jorgen Ingmann [Ingmann, Jorgen] singer USA 1961 Apache [1961: by Jerry Lordan]

Etta James [James, Etta] singer USA 1961 At Last [1961] She lived 1938 to ?.

Cathy Jean [Jean, Cathy]/Roommates singer USA 1961 Please Love Me Forever [1961] Cathy Jean and the Roommates.

Joey Dee/Starliters singer USA 1961 Peppermint Twist [1961: by J. Deem and H. Glover]

Virgil Johnson [Johnson, Virgil]/Velvets singer USA 1961 Tonight Could Be the Night [1961] Virgil Johnson and the Velvets.

Norton Juster [Juster, Norton] writer USA 1961 Phantom Tollbooth [1961] He lived 1929 to ?.

Bert Kaempfert [Kaempfert, Bert] orchestra leader USA 1961 Wonderland By Night [1961]

Chris Kenner [Kenner, Chris] singer USA 1961 I Like It Like That [1961]

Freddy King [King, Freddy] singer USA 1961 Hide Away [1961]

Ben E. King [King, Ben E.]/Jerry Leiber [Leiber, Jerry]/Mike Stoller [Stoller, Mike] composer USA 1961 Stand by Me [1961]; Spanish Harlem [1961] King lived 1938 to ?. Leiber lived 1933 to ?. Stoller lived 1933 to ?.

Curtis Lee [Lee, Curtis]/Tommy Boyce [Boyce, Tommy] composer USA 1961 Angel Eyes [1961: sung by Curtis Lee and the Halos] Curtis Lee and the Halos.

Bobby Lewis [Lewis, Bobby] singer USA 1961 Tossin' And Turnin' [1961]

Oscar Lewis [Lewis, Oscar] sociologist USA 1961 Children of Sanchez [1961] He lived 1914 to 1970.

John Loudermilk [Loudermilk, John] composer USA 1961 Sad Movies Make Me Cry [1961] He lived 1934 to ?.

Eugene Lourie [Lourie, Eugene] director Russia/France 1961 Gorgo [1961] He lived 1903 to 1991.

Frank Low [Low, Frank] astronomer USA 1961 He used infrared astronomy using his germanium bolometer [1961].

Arthur Lyman [Lyman, Arthur] singer USA 1961 Yellow Bird [1956] Arthur Lyman Group.

Barry Mann [Mann, Barry] composer USA 1961 Who Put the Bomp [1961]

David McClelland [McClelland, David] sociologist USA 1961 Achieving Society [1961] He lived 1917 to ? and studied achievement.

Carlos Montoya [Montoya, Carlos] guitarist Spain 1961 He lived 1903 to 1993. Flamenco.

Farley Mowat [Mowat, Farley] writer USA 1961 Owls in the Family [1961] He lived 1921 to ?.

Don Murray [Murray, Don] actor USA 1961 Hoodlum Priest [1961] He lived 1929 to 2006.

Vidiadhar Naipaul [Naipaul, Vidiadhar] writer England 1961 House for Mr. Biswas [1961] He lived 1932 to ?.

Rasipuram Krishnaswami Narayan [Narayan, Rasipuram Krishnaswami] writer India 1961 Guide [1961] He lived 1906 to 2001.

Alexander Sutherland Neill [Neill, Alexander Sutherland] educator Britain 1961 Summerhill: a Radical Approach to Education [1961] He lived 1883 to 1973. Children need love and freedom and need boundaries and controls. Children have rights. Parents and teachers are not too indulgent or harsh.

Tom Paxton [Paxton, Tom] composer USA 1961 Marvelous Toy [1961] He lived 1937 to ?.

Gregory Peck [Peck, Gregory]/David Niven [Niven, David]/Anthony Quinn [Quinn, Anthony] actor USA 1961 Guns of Navarone [1961] Peck lived 1916 to 2003. Niven lived 1910 to 1983. Quinn lived 1915 to 2001.

Harold Pinter [Pinter, Harold] playwright England 1961 Birthday Party [1961] He lived 1930 to ?.

Sidney Poitier [Poitier, Sidney]/Ruby Dee [Dee, Ruby] actor USA 1961 Raisin in the Sun [1961] Poitier lived 1924 to ?. Dee lived 1924 to ?.

Wilson Rawls [Rawls, Wilson] writer USA 1961 Where the Red Fern Grows [1961] He lived 1913 to 1984.

Carlos Rigual [Rigual, Carlos]/Carlos Martinoli [Martinoli, Carlos]/Sunny Skylar [Skylar, Sunny] composer/lyricist USA 1961 Love Me with All Your Heart [1961]

Leo Robin [Robin, Leo]/Al Hoffman [Hoffman, Al] lyricist/composer USA/Russia 1961 Blue Hawaii [1961: from the film Blue Hawaii] Robin lived 1895 to 1984. Hoffman lived 1902 to 1960.

Linda Scott [Scott, Linda] singer USA 1961 I Told Every Little Star [1961]

Del Shannon [Shannon, Del]/Max Crook [Crook, Max] composer USA 1961 Runaway [1961: sung by Del Shannon] Shannon lived 1934 to 1990.

Alan Shepard [Shepard, Alan] pilot USA 1961 He lived 1923 to 1998 and was first American in space.

Vassili Soloviev-Sedoy [Soloviev-Sedoy, Vassili]/Mikhail Matusovsky [Matusovsky, Mikhail]/Kenny Ball [Ball, Kenny] composer Russia/USA 1961 Midnight in Moscow [1961] Ball lived 1930 to ?.

Muriel Spark [Spark, Muriel] essayist USA 1961 Prime of Miss Jean Brodie [1961] She lived 1918 to ?.

Irving Stone [Stone, Irving] novelist USA 1961 Agony and the Ecstasy [1961] He lived 1903 to 1989.

Sue Thompson [Thompson, Sue] singer USA 1961 Norman [1961]

Colin M. Turnbull [Turnbull, Colin M.] anthropologist England 1961 Forest People [1961] He lived 1924 to 1994 and studied African pygmy peoples.

Erico Verissimo [Verissimo, Erico] writer Brazil 1961 O Tempo e o Vento or Time and the Wind [1961] He lived 1905 to 1975.

Luchino Visconti [Visconti, Luchino] director Italy 1961 Rocco and His Brothers [1961] He lived 1906 to 1976.

Karel Zeman [Zeman, Karel] director Bohemia 1961 Fabulous World of Jules Verne [1961] He lived 1910 to 1989.

Ben E. King [King, Ben E.] singer USA 1961 to 1962 Stand by Me [1961]; There Is a Rose in Spanish Harlem [1961]; Don't Play That Song (You Lied) [1962] He lived 1938 to ?. Drifters.

Gene McDaniels [McDaniels, Gene] singer USA 1961 to 1962 One Hundred Pounds of Clay [1961]; Tower of Strength [1962: by Burt Bacharach and Bob Hilliard] He lived 1935 to ?.

Vittorio de Sica [Sica, Vittorio de] director Italy 1961 to 1962 Two Women [1961: Sophia Loren acted]; Easy Life [1962] He lived 1902 to 1974.

John F. Kennedy [Kennedy, John F.] president USA 1961 to 1963 Profiles in Courage He lived 1917 to 1963. 35th president tried to start New Frontier and Peace Corps, supported Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba by insurgents, won Cuban missile crisis, got nuclear test ban treaty, and Oswald assassinated him.

Del Shannon [Shannon, Del] singer USA 1961 to 1963 Runaway [1961]; Little Town Flirt [1962]; Hats Off to Larry [1963]; Keep Searchin' (We'll Follow the Sun) [1964] He lived 1934 to 1990.

Timi Yuro [Yuro, Timi] singer USA 1961 to 1963 Hurt [1961]; Make the World Go Away [1963] She lived 1941 to 2004.

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Henry Mancini [Mancini, Henry] lyricist/composer USA 1961 to 1964 Moon River [1961: in the film Breakfast at Tiffany's]; Charade [1964: from the film Charade] Mercer lived 1909 to 1976. Mancini lived 1924 to 1994.

Matt Monro [Monro, Matt] singer England 1961 to 1964 My Kind of Girl [1961]; Walk Away [1964] He lived 1930 to 1985.

Blake Edwards [Edwards, Blake] director USA 1961 to 1965 Breakfast at Tiffany's [1961: Audrey Hepburn acted]; Days of Wine and Roses [1962: Jack Lemmon and Lee Remick acted]; Experiment in Terror [1962]; Shot in the Dark [1964: Peter Sellers and Elke Sommer acted]; Great Race [1965: Jack Lemmon acted] He lived 1922 to ?.

Geoffrey Chew [Chew, Geoffrey] physicist USA 1961 to 1966 He studied S-matrix theory [1961] and bootstrap hypothesis [1966].

Rudolph Nureyev [Nureyev, Rudolph] ballet dancer Russia/England 1961 to 1966 Romeo and Juliet [1966: with Fonteyn and Nureyev] He lived 1938 to 1993.

Carla Thomas [Thomas, Carla] singer USA 1961 to 1966 Gee Whiz [1961]; BABY [1966: by Isaac Hayes and David Porter] She lived 1942 to ?.

James B. Conant [Conant, James B.] sociologist USA 1961 to 1967 Slums and Suburbs [1961]; Comprehensive High School [1967] He lived 1893 to 1978 and studied comprehensive high schools.

Herman Kahn [Kahn, Herman] physicist USA 1961 to 1967 On Thermonuclear War [1961]; Year 2000 [1967] He lived 1922 to 1983.

Mark Van Doren [Van Doren, Mark] poet USA 1961 to 1967 Happy Critic [1961]; 100 Poems [1967] He lived 1894 to 1972.

Dion DiMucci singer USA 1961 to 1968 Runaround Sue [1961]; Lovers Who Wonder [1962]; Wanderer [1962]; Donna the Prima Donna [1964]; Abraham, Martin, and John [1968: by Richard Holler] He lived 1939 to 1996.

U Thant [Thant, U] secretary-general United Nations 1961 to 1969 He lived 1909 to 1974 and was United Nations Secretary-General. He dealt with Netherlands New Guinea independence, trouble over Cuba, and Congo reunification.

Robert Ardrey [Ardrey, Robert] psychologist England 1961 to 1970 African Genesis [1961]; Territorial Imperative [1966]; Social Contract [1970] He lived 1908 to 1980 and studied territoriality and aggression.

René Couteaux [Couteaux, René] biologist France 1961 to 1970 He lived 1909 to 1999. Synaptic vesicles release transmitter packets only at active synapse zones {active zone}, where calcium ion channels are [1961].

Leslie Bricusse [Bricusse, Leslie]/Anthony Newley [Newley, Anthony] lyricist/composer England 1961 to 1971 Stop the World, I Want to Get Off [1961: musical, including What Kind of Fool Am I?]; Roar of the Greasepaint, The Smell of the Crowd [1964: musical]; Talk to the Animals [1967: from the film Doctor Dolittle]; Candy Man [1971: from the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory] Bricusse lived 1931 to ?. Newley lived 1931 to 1999.

Jacques Monod [Monod, Jacques] biologist France 1961 to 1971 Chance and Necessity: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modern Biology [1971] He lived 1910 to 1976 and studied DNA repression and expression in Lac operon [1961].

Gladys Knight [Knight, Gladys]/Pips singer USA 1961 to 1973 Every Beat of My Heart [1961]; I Heard It through the Grapevine [1967]; Midnight Train to Georgia [1973] Gladys Knight and the Pips. Knight lived 1944 to ?.

Joseph Heller [Heller, Joseph] novelist USA 1961 to 1974 Catch 22 [1961]; Something Happened [1974] He lived 1923 to 1999.

Michel Foucault [Foucault, Michel] philosopher Paris, France 1961 to 1976 Madness and Civilization [1961]; Birth of the Clinic [1963]; Order of Things [1966]; Archaeology of Knowledge [1969]; Maids of Honor [1970]; Discipline and Punish [1975]; Will to Knowledge [1976] He lived 1926 to 1984. History has interpretation changes.

Brook Benton [Benton, Brook] singer USA 1961 to 1978 Boll Weevil Song [1961]; Frankie and Johnny [1961]; Rainy Night in Georgia [1978] He lived 1931 to 1988.

Julius Nyerere [Nyerere, Julius] philosopher/statesman Tanzania 1961 to 1979 Arusha Declaration [1967] He lived 1922 to 1999, was Tanzania president [1961 to 1979], and advocated collectivism {Familyhood} {Ujama socialism}. Collective community farms {ujama} failed.

Edward Albee [Albee, Edward] playwright USA 1961 to 1980 American Dream [1961]; Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf [1962]; Zoo Story [1980] He lived 1928 to ?.

Roald Dahl [Dahl, Roald] writer England 1961 to 1982 James and the Giant Peach [1961]; Charlie and the Chocolate Factory [1964]; Magic Finger [1966]; Danny the Champion of the World [1975]; Enormous Crocodile [1976]; Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar [1977]; BFG [1982] He lived 1916 to 1990.

John Shine [Shine, John] inventor Wales 1961 to 1982 human insulin from cloned cells [1982] He found Shine-Dalgarno sequence [1961].

Isaac Bashevis Singer [Singer, Isaac Bashevis] writer Poland/USA 1961 to 1986 Spinoza of Market Street [1961]; Magician of Lublin [1961]; In My Father's Court [1966]; Tale of Three Wishes [1975: story]; Power of Light [1980: story]; Stories for Children [1986: stories] He lived 1904 to 1991.

Luciano Pavarotti [Pavarotti, Luciano] tenor Italy 1961 to 1992 He lived 1935 to ?.

Ruth C. Barcan [Barcan, Ruth C.] or Ruth C. Barcan Marcus [Barcan Marcus, Ruth C.] philosopher England 1961 to 1993 Modalities and Intentional Languages [1961]; Modalities: Philosophical Essays [1993] She lived 1921 to ? and studied modal logic. The possibility that something has an attribute implies that something exists that possibly has the attribute {Barcan formula}, assuming that possible worlds overlap.

Joan Aiken [Aiken, Joan] writer USA 1962 Wolves of Willoughby Chase [1962] She lived 1924 to 2004.

Arthur Altman [Altman, Arthur]/Jean Ioannidis [Ioannidis, Jean]/M. Hadjidakis [Hadjidakis, M.] lyricist/lyricist/composer Greece/USA 1962 All Alone Am I [1962] Altman lived 1911 to 1994.

Kenny Ball [Ball, Kenny] player USA 1962 Midnight in Moscow [1962] Kenny Ball and His Jazzmen.

Tony Bennett [Bennett, Tony] singer USA 1962 I Left My Heart in San Francisco [1962] He lived 1926 to ?.

Mr. Acker Bilk [Bilk, Mr. Acker] singer England 1962 Stranger on the Shore [1962] He lived 1929 to ?.

Marcie Blane [Blane, Marcie] singer USA 1962 Bobby's Girl [1962]

Robert Bolt [Bolt, Robert] playwright England 1962 Man for All Seasons [1962] He lived 1924 to 1995.

Fritz W. Bopp [Bopp, Fritz W.] physicist USA 1962 He invented path integral quantum-mechanics theory [1962].

Marlon Brando [Brando, Marlon]/Trevor Howard [Howard, Trevor]/Richard Harris [Harris, Richard] actor USA 1962 Mutiny on the Bounty [1962] Brando lived 1924 to 2004. Howard lived 1913 to 1988. Harris lived 1930 to 2002.

Leslie Bricusse [Bricusse, Leslie]/Anthony Newley [Newley, Anthony] composer USA 1962 What Kind of Fool Am I [1962] Bricusse lived 1931 to ?. Newley lived 1931 to 1999.

Anthony Burgess [Burgess, Anthony] novelist England 1962 Clockwork Orange [1962] He lived 1917 to ?.

Bruce Chanel [Chanel, Bruce] singer USA 1962 Hey Baby [1962]

Chubby Checker [Checker, Chubby]/Dee Dee Sharp [Sharp, Dee Dee] composer/singer USA 1962 Slow Twistin' [1962] Checker lived 1941 to ?.

Claudine Clark [Clark, Claudine] singer USA 1962 Party Lights [1962]

Johnny Crawford [Crawford, Johnny] singer USA 1962 Cindy's Birthday [1962]

Shelley Fabares [Fabares, Shelley] singer USA 1962 Johnny Angel [1962] She lived 1944 to ?.

Pierre-Dominique Gaisseau [Gaisseau, Pierre-Dominique] director USA 1962 Sky Above, Mud Below [1962] He lived 1923 to 1997.

William Gibson [Gibson, William] playwright USA 1962 Miracle Worker [1962] He lived 1948 to ?.

Val Guest [Guest, Val] director United Kingdom 1962 Day the Earth Caught Fire [1962] He lived 1911 to 2006.

Robert Heilbroner [Heilbroner, Robert] economist USA 1962 Making of Economic Society [1962] He lived 1919 to 2005.

Jaakko Hintikka [Hintikka, Jaakko] philosopher Finland 1962 Knowledge and Belief [1962] He lived 1929 to ?. Qualifier type should be for objects. Another qualifier type should be for intentions. Using these two different ideas, set theory for beliefs can confirm laws and opinions.

William Holden [Holden, William]/Lilli Palmer [Palmer, Lilli] actor USA/Germany 1962 Counterfeit Traitor [1962] Holden lived 1918 to 1981. Palmer lived 1914 to 1986.

Rock Hudson [Hudson, Rock]/Doris Day [Day, Doris]/Tony Randall [Randall, Tony] actor USA 1962 Lover Come Back [1962] Day lived 1924 to ?. Hudson lived 1925 to 1985. Randall lived 1920 to 2004.

Frank Ifield [Ifield, Frank] singer USA 1962 I Remember You [1962: lyrics by Johnny Mercer and music by Victor Schertzinger, from The Fleet's In of 1942] He lived 1937 to ?.

Bill Justis [Justis, Bill] singer USA 1962 Alley Cat [1962: by Jack Harlen and Frank Bjorn]

Nishitani Keiji [Keiji, Nishitani] philosopher Japan 1962 Religion and Nothingness [1962] He lived 1900 to 1990. Inner self is creative void {ku} and nothingness {mu, nothingness}.

Henry Kempe [Kempe, Henry] psychologist USA 1962 Battered Child Syndrome [1962: with Frederic N. Silverman, Brandt F. Steele, William Droegemueller, and Henry K. Silver] He lived 1922 to 1984. Parents can abuse child, if they are under sufficient stress, child is frustrating them, and they allow themselves uncontrolled anger. Most chronically abusive parents expect children to always be obedient and to know parent needs. Parents abused them. They mimic young children's emotions. Parents more often abuse youngest child, children under two years old, prematurely born children, and children with congenital deformities. One child in family typically receives the most abuse.

Ken Kesey [Kesey, Ken] novelist USA 1962 One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest [1962] He lived 1935 to 2001.

Burt Lancaster [Lancaster, Burt] actor USA 1962 Birdman of Alcatraz [1962] He lived 1913 to 1994.

Dickie Lee [Lee, Dickie] singer USA 1962 Patches [1962]

Robert C. Lee [Lee, Robert C.] writer USA 1962 It's a Mile from Here to Glory [1962]

Madeleine L'Engle [L'Engle, Madeleine] writer USA 1962 Wrinkle in Time [1962] She lived 1918 to ?.

Barbara Lynn [Lynn, Barbara] singer USA 1962 You'll Lose a Good Thing [1962]

Kal Mann [Mann, Kal]/Dave Appell [Appell, Dave] composer USA 1962 Wah Watusi [1962]

Rick Marlow [Marlow, Rick]/Bobby Scott [Scott, Bobby] composer USA 1962 Taste of Honey [1962]

Bobbi Martin [Martin, Bobbi] singer USA 1962 For the Love of Him [1962]

Joe Meek [Meek, Joe] composer USA 1962 Telstar [1962: played by Tornados]

Marshall Nirenberg [Nirenberg, Marshall] biologist USA 1962 He lived 1927 to ? and found DNA and RNA triplet code [1962].

Monty Norman [Norman, Monty] composer England 1962 James Bond Theme [1962: in the film Dr. No] He lived 1928 to ?.

Gregory Peck [Peck, Gregory]/Robert Mitchum [Mitchum, Robert] actor USA 1962 Cape Fear [1962] Peck lived 1916 to 2003. Mitchum lived 1917 to 1997.

Sam Peckinpah [Peckinpah, Sam] director USA 1962 Ride the High Country [1962: Randolph Scott and Joel McCrea acted] He lived 1925 to 1984.

Emilio Pericoli [Pericoli, Emilio] composer/singer Italy 1962 Al Di La or Far, Far Away or Beyond the Beyond [1962] Ervin M. Drake translated into English.

Frank Perry [Perry, Frank] director USA 1962 David and Lisa [1962] He lived 1930 to 1995.

Bobby Pickett [Pickett, Bobby] or Boris Pickett [Pickett, Boris] singer USA 1962 Monster Mash [1962]

Robert Preston [Preston, Robert]/Shirley Jones [Jones, Shirley] actor USA 1962 Music Man [1962] Preston lived 1918 to 1987. Jones lived 1934 to ?.

Anthony Quinn [Quinn, Anthony]/Jackie Gleason [Gleason, Jackie] actor USA 1962 Requiem for a Heavyweight [1962] Quinn lived 1915 to 2001. Gleason lived 1916 to 1987.

Tullio Regge [Regge, Tullio] physicist France 1962 He lived 1907 to 1996 and invented Regge calculus [1962], addition to S-matrix theory.

Noel Regney [Regney, Noel]/Gloria Shayne [Shayne, Gloria] lyricist/composer USA 1962 Do you hear what I hear? [1962] Regney lived 1922 to 2002.

David Rose [Rose, David] singer USA 1962 Stripper [1962]

Hal Shaper [Shaper, Hal]/Antonio DeVita [DeVita, Antonio]/Giorgio Calabrese [Calabrese, Giorgio] composer USA 1962 Softly, As I Leave You [1962: sung by Matt Monro and by Frank Sinatra] Shaper lived 1931 to 2004.

Dee Dee Sharp [Sharp, Dee Dee] singer USA 1962 Mashed Potato Time [1962]

Shel Silverstein [Silverstein, Shel] composer USA 1962 Unicorn [1962] He lived 1930 to 1999.

Joanie Sommers [Sommers, Joanie] singer USA 1962 Johnny Get Angry [1962]

Terry Stafford [Stafford, Terry] singer USA 1962 Suspicion [1962: by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman]

Barbara Tuchman [Tuchman, Barbara] historian USA 1962 Guns of August [1962] She lived 1912 to 1989.

Peter Udell [Udell, Peter]/Gary Geld [Geld, Gary] lyricist/composer USA 1962 Sealed with a Kiss [1962]

Teddy Vann [Vann, Teddy] composer USA 1962 Loop de Loop [1962: sung by Johnny Thunder]

William Lloyd Warner [Warner, William Lloyd] sociologist USA 1962 American Life: Dream and Reality [1962] He lived 1898 to 1970.

John Wayne [Wayne, John]/Robert Mitchum [Mitchum, Robert] actor USA 1962 Longest Day [1962] Wayne lived 1907 to 1979. Mitchum lived 1917 to 1997.

H. Wynn [Wynn, H.]/Jeff Hooven [Hooven, Jeff] composer USA 1962 Cindy's Birthday Party [1962: sung by Johnny Crawford]

Skeeter Davis [Davis, Skeeter] singer USA 1962 to 1963 End of the World [1962]; I Forgot More Than You'll Ever Know [1963: sung by the Davis Sisters]; I Can't Stay Mad at You [1963] He lived 1931 to 2004.

Stan Getz [Getz, Stan] saxophonist USA 1962 to 1963 Desafinado or Slightly Out of Tune [1962: by Stan Getz and Charlie Byrd]; Girl from Ipanema [1963] He lived 1927 to 1991 and played Bossa Nova.

Pete Seeger [Seeger, Pete] singer/composer USA 1962 to 1963 Turn! Turn! Turn! or To Everything There Is a Season [1962: words from the Book of Ecclesiastes, sung by the Byrds]; We Shall Overcome [1963] Seeger lived 1919 to ?.

Brendan Behan [Behan, Brendan] playwright/novelist Ireland 1962 to 1964 Island [1962]; New York [1964] He lived 1923 to 1964.

Robert Dahl [Dahl, Robert] political scientist USA 1962 to 1964 Modern Political Analysis [1962]; Who Governs [1964] He lived 1915 to ?.

Marcello Mastroianni [Mastroianni, Marcello] actor Italy 1962 to 1964 Divorce Italian Style [1962]; Organizer [1964] He lived 1924 to 1996.

Gene Pitney [Pitney, Gene] singer USA 1962 to 1964 Man Who Shot Liberty Valence or Liberty Valence [1962]; Only Love Can Break a Heart [1962: lyrics by Hal David and music by Burt Bacharach]; It Hurts to Be in Love [1964] He lived 1940 to 2006.

Lou Christie [Christie, Lou] singer USA 1962 to 1965 Gypsy Cried [1962]; Two Faces Have I [1963]; Lightning Strikes [1965] He lived 1943 to ?.

Wayne Newton [Newton, Wayne] singer USA 1962 to 1965 Danke Schoen or Thank You [1962: by Bert Kaempfert]; Red Roses for a Blue Lady [1965] He lived 1942 to ?.

Andy Warhol [Warhol, Andy] or Andrew Warhola [Warhola, Andrew] painter USA 1962 to 1965 Campbell's Soup Can [1962 to 1965: painting series] He lived 1928 to 1987.

John Frankenheimer [Frankenheimer, John] director USA 1962 to 1966 Manchurian Candidate [1962: Frank Sinatra, Lawrence Harvey, and Janet Leigh acted]; Seven Days in May [1964]; Seconds [1966] He lived 1930 to 2002.

Chris Montez [Montez, Chris] singer USA 1962 to 1966 Let's Dance [1962]; More I See You [1966]; There Will Never Be Another You [1966]; Call Me [1966] He lived 1943 to ?.

Walter P. Moore [Moore, Walter P.]/John G. Turney [Turney, John G.] architect Houston, Texas 1962 to 1966 Astrodome [1966: First domed stadium had dome 70 meters high and 230 meters diameter] Moore lived 1937 to 1998.

Mary Renault [Renault, Mary] or Mary Challens [Challens, Mary] novelist England 1962 to 1966 Bull from the Sea [1962]; Mask of Apollo [1966] She lived 1905 to 1983.

Nevitt Sanford [Sanford, Nevitt] sociologist USA 1962 to 1967 American College [1962]; Where Colleges Fail [1967] He lived 1909 to 1995.

Herb Alpert [Alpert, Herb]/Tijuana Brass orchestra leader England 1962 to 1968 Lonely Bull [1962]; Taste of Honey [1965]; This Guy's in Love with You [1968] Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass. Alpert lived 1935 to ?.

Otis Redding [Redding, Otis] singer USA 1962 to 1968 These Arms of Mine [1962]; (Sitting on the) Dock of the Bay [1968] He lived 1941 to 1967.

Bobby Vinton [Vinton, Bobby] singer USA 1962 to 1968 Roses Are Red [1962]; Blue Velvet [1963]; Blue on Blue [1963]; Mr. Lonely [1964]; There I've Said It Again [1964]; Please Love Me Forever [1967]; I Love How You Love Me [1968] He lived 1935 to ?.

Torsten Nils Wiesel [Wiesel, Torsten Nils] physiologist/biologist Sweden/USA 1962 to 1968 Receptive Fields, Binocular Interaction and Functional Architecture in the Cat's Visual Cortex [1962 with Hubel]; Receptive Fields and Functional Architecture of Monkey Striate Cortex [1968: with Hubel] He lived 1924 to ? and studied visual-cortex organization, with David Hubel. Not using eye during critical or sensitive period to detect stimulus feature makes visual cortex unable to detect stimulus feature {sensory deprivation, Wiesel}.

Tommy Roe [Roe, Tommy] singer USA 1962 to 1969 Sheila [1962]; Everybody [1963]; Dizzy [1969] He lived 1942 to ?.

Thomas Kuhn [Kuhn, Thomas] philosopher USA 1962 to 1970 Structure of Scientific Revolutions [1962 and 1970] He lived 1922 to 1996. Epistemology Scientists unconsciously use assumption, theory, and concept paradigms for developed sciences. Before development, science {preparadigmatic stage} has no paradigm. When competing paradigms become incompatible {incommensurability}, the paradigm alters. Two paradigms can exist at same time, because current observations cannot decide between them. Then a science revolution happens. History has two aspects, one factual and the other myth {double truth, Kuhn}, which situation winner determines. History and personality affect truths and objects {dirty hands}. Earlier-time scientist independence can amalgamate with current-time big science {syncretism}.

Bela Julesz [Julesz, Bela] psychologist USA 1962 to 1971 Towards the automation of binocular depth perception [1962: with J. E. Miller]; Foundations of Cyclopean Perception [1971] He lived 1928 to 2003. Picture with random, identical, featureless dots {random-dot stereogram} {random dot stereogram} (RDS) [1971] can make perceivers see object surface lying in front of background surface or see three- dimensional object {stereopsis, Julesz}. RDS has no monocular depth cues, so only cyclopean stimuli signal depth. Object and background have same hue and brightness. Stereoscopic fusion and depth do not need recognizable objects or line features. If dots fall randomly on surfaces with different-color regions, dots fall on colors with specific frequencies {first-order statistic} [1962]. Randomly thrown needles fall on color combinations with specific frequencies {second-order statistic}. Randomly thrown triangles have specific frequencies with which the three vertices fall on color combinations {third-order statistic}. Texture discrimination processes, which happen before attention processes, use first-order and second-order statistics but not third-order statistics. Similar textures have identical second-order and first-order statistics. Second-order texture classes are many.

Beatles/John [Lennon, John]/Paul McCartney [McCartney, Paul] singer/composer/composer England 1962 to 1973 Hard Day's Night [1964]; All My Loving [1963]; All I've Got to Do [1963]; All You Need Is Love [1967]; And I Love Her [1964]; Any Time at All [1964]; Back in the USSR [1968]; Bad to Me [1963]; Can't Buy Me Love [1964]; Come Together [1969]; Day in the Life [1967]; Day Tripper [1965]; Do You Want to Know a Secret [1963]; Eight Days a Week [1964]; Eleanor Rigby [1966]; Every Little Thing [1964]; From Me to You [1963]; Get Back [1969]; Golden Slumbers Medley [1969]; Good Day Sunshine [1966]; Hard Day's Night [1964]; Hello, Goodbye [1967]; Help! [1965]; Here, There and Everywhere [1966]; Here Comes the Sun [1969]; Hey Jude [1968]; Hold Me Tight [1963]; I Don't Want to See You Again [1964]; I Feel Fine [1964]; I Need You [1965]; I Saw Her Standing There [1963]; I Should Have Known Better [1964]; I Want to Hold Your Hand [1964]; If I Fell [1964]; I'll Be Back [1964]; I'll Cry Instead [1964]; I'll Follow the Sun [1964]; I'll Get You [1963]; I'm Happy Just to Dance with You [1964]; I Am the Walrus [1967]; In My Life [1965]; It Won't Be Long [1963]; Let It Be [1970]; Long & Winding Road [1970]; Love Me Do [1962]; Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds [1967]; Magical Mystery Tour [1967]; Michelle [1965]; Night Before [1965]; No Reply [1964]; Not a Second Time [1963]; Nowhere Man [1965]; P.S. I Love You [1962]; Paperback Writer [1966]; Penny Lane [1967]; Please, Please Me [1962]; Revolution [1968]; Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band [1967]; She's a Woman [1964]; She Loves You [1963]; Something [1969]; Strawberry Fields Forever [1967]; Tell Me Why [1964]; Thank You Girl [1963]; There's a Devil in Her Heart [1962]; There's a Place [1963]; Things We Said Today [1964]; This Boy [1963]; Ticket to Ride [1965]; We Can Work It Out [1965]; What You're Doing [1964]; When I Get Home [1964]; While My Guitar Gently Weeps [1968]; With a Little Help from My Friends [1967]; World without Love [1964]; Yesterday [1965]; Yes It Is [1965]; You Can't Do That [1964]; You're Going to Lose That Girl [1965]; You Won't See Me [1965]; You've Got to Hide Your Love Away [1965]; You've Really Got a Hold on Me [1962: by William Robinson]; Mr. Moonlight [1962: by Roy Lee Johnson]; Twist and Shout [1960: by Bert Russell and Phil Medley]; Words of Love [1957: by Buddy Holley]; Kansas City [1952: by Mike Stoller and Jerry Leiber]; Baby, It's You [1961: by Mack David, Burt Bacharach, and Barney Williams] Lennon lived 1940 to 1979.

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn [Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr] novelist Russia 1962 to 1973 One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich [1962]; First Circle [1968]; Cancer Ward [1968]; Gulag Archipelago [1973: essay] He lived 1918 to ?.

Ray Stevens [Stevens, Ray] singer USA 1962 to 1974 Ahab the Arab [1962]; Everything Is Beautiful [1970]; Streak [1974]

Elman Service [Service, Elman] anthropologist USA 1962 to 1975 Primitive Social Organization [1962]; Origins of the State and Civilization [1975] He lived 1915 to 1996. Societies are bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states.

Jacob Getzels [Getzels, Jacob] psychologist USA 1962 to 1976 Creativity and Intelligence [1962]; Creative Vision [1976: with M. Csikszentmihalyi] He lived 1912 to 2001 and studied creativity and intelligence.

Robert M. Gagné [Gagné, Robert M.] psychologist France 1962 to 1977 Conditions of Learning and Theory of Instruction [1977] He lived 1916 to 2002 and studied cumulative learning theory [Gagné, 1977].

Arthur Penn [Penn, Arthur] director USA 1962 to 1977 Miracle Worker [1962: Patty Duke and Anne Bancroft acted]; Bonnie and Clyde [1977: Warren Beatty and Faye Dunaway acted] He lived 1922 to ?.

Maurice Sendak [Sendak, Maurice] writer USA 1962 to 1981 Chicken Soup with Rice [1962]; Where the Wild Things Are [1963]; In the Night Kitchen [1970]; Outside Over There [1981] He lived 1928 to ?.

Dionne Warwick [Warwick, Dionne] singer USA 1962 to 1986 Don't Make Me Over [1962: by Hal David and Burt Bacharach]; Walk on By [1964: by Hal David and Burt Bacharach]; What the World Needs Now Is Love [1966: by Hal David and Burt Bacharach]; I Say a Little Prayer for You [1967: by Hal David and Burt Bacharach]; Valley of the Dolls [1968]; Do You Know the Way to San Jose [1968: by Hal David and Burt Bacharach]; That's What Friends Are For [1986: by Carole Sager and Burt Bacharach] She lived 1941 to ?.

John Barry [Barry, John] or John Barry Prendergast [Prendergast, John Barry] composer England 1962 to 1987 Dr. No [1962]; Stalking [1963: from the film From Russia with Love]; From Russia with Love [1963]; Goldfinger [1964]; Thunderball [1965]; Born Free [1966]; You Only Live Twice [1967]; On Her Majesty's Secret Service [1969]; Diamonds Are Forever [1971]; Man with the Golden Gun [1974]; Moonraker [1979]; Somewhere in Time [1980]; Octopussy [1983]; Out of Africa [1985]; View to a Kill [1985]; Living Daylights [1987] He lived 1933 to ?.

John Ciardi [Ciardi, John] poet USA 1962 to 1987 You Read to Me, I Read to You [1962: poems]; I Met a Man [1973]; Doodle Soup [1985: poems]; You Read to Me, I Read to You [1987: poems] He lived 1916 to 1986.

Ezra Jack Keats [Keats, Ezra Jack] writer USA 1962 to 1987 Snowy Day [1962]; Whistle for Willie [1964]; Regards to the Man in the Moon [1981]; Trip [1987] He lived 1916 to 1983.

David H. Hubel [Hubel, David H.] biologist USA 1962 to 1988 Receptive Fields, Binocular Interaction and Functional Architecture in the Cat's Visual Cortex [1962: with Wiesel]; Receptive Fields and Functional Architecture of Monkey Striate Cortex [1968: with Wiesel]; Eye, Brain, and Vision [1988] He lived 1926 to ? and studied visual-cortex organization, with Torsten Wiesel. Not using eye during critical or sensitive period to detect stimulus features makes visual cortex unable to detect stimulus features. Brain detects color in round vertical columns, located 0.5 mm apart in regular arrays between primary-visual-cortex orientation columns, using double-opponent neurons, with both ON-center and OFF-center circular fields, to compare colors. He found blobs by staining primary visual cortex with cytochrome oxidase (CO), with Margaret Livingstone. Interblob regions detect orientation.

Stephen Sondheim [Sondheim, Stephen] lyricist/composer USA 1962 to 1990 Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum [1962: musical, including Comedy Tonight]; Company [1970: musical]; Send in the Clowns [1973]; Sooner or Later (I Always Get My Man) [1990: from the film Dick Tracy]; I'm Still Here [1990: from the film Postcards from the Edge] Sondheim lived 1830 to ?.

Thomas Gold [Gold, Thomas] astronomer USA 1962 to 1999 Deep Hot Biosphere [1999] He lived 1920 to 2004 and propounded universe steady-state theory {time-symmetric universe}. He suggested that oil came to early Earth from space.

Bob Dylan [Dylan, Bob] composer/singer USA 1962 to 2000 Blowin' in the Wind [1962]; Times They Are a-Changin' [1963]; Don't Think Twice, It's All Right [1963]; It Ain't Me Babe [1965]; It's All Over Now, Baby Blue [1965]; Like a Rolling Stone [1965]; Mr. Tambourine Man [1965]; Positively 4th Street [1965]; Subterranean Homesick Blues [1965]; Lay Lady Lay [1969]; Knockin' on Heaven's Door [1973]; Tangled up in Blue [1975]; Things Have Changed [2000: from the film Wonder Boys] He lived 1941 to ?.

Bobby Bare [Bare, Bobby] singer USA 1963 Five Hundred Miles [1963]

Leslie Bricusse [Bricusse, Leslie]/Cyril Ornadel [Ornadel, Cyril] lyricist/composer USA 1963 Pickwick [1963: musical] Bricusse lived 1931 to ?. Ornadel lived 1924 to ?.

Peter Brook [Brook, Peter] director England 1963 Lord of the Flies [1963] He lived 1925 to ?.

Richard M. Cyert [Cyert, Richard M.] economist USA 1963 Behavioral Theory of the Firm [1963: with R. G. March] He studied systems theory or decision theory.

Jacques Demy [Demy, Jacques] director France 1963 Seven Capital Sins [1963] He lived 1931 to 1990.

James Patrick Donleavy [Donleavy, James Patrick] novelist USA 1963 Ginger Man [1963] He lived 1926 to ?.

John Dos Passos [Dos Passos, John] novelist USA 1963 USA [1963] He lived 1896 to 1970.

Betty Everett [Everett, Betty] singer USA 1963 Shoop Shoop Song or It's in His Kiss [1963: by Rudy Clark]

Brian Forbes [Forbes, Brian] director USA 1963 L-shaped Room [1963: Leslie Caron acted] He lived 1926 to ?.

Gale Garnett [Garnett, Gale] singer/composer New Zealand/USA 1963 We'll Sing in the Sunshine [1963] She lived 1942 to ?.

Jimmy Gilper [Gilper, Jimmy]/Fireballs singer USA 1963 Sugar Shack [1963] Jimmy Gilper and the Fireballs.

Mack David [David, Mack]/Ernest Gold [Gold, Ernest] lyricist/composer USA/Austria 1963 It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World [1963: from the film It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World] Gold lived 1921 to 1999. David lived 1912 to 1993.

Leslie Gore [Gore, Leslie] singer USA 1963 It's My Party [1963]; You Don't Own Me [1963: by Dusty Springfield]; Judy's Turn to Cry [1963]; She's a Fool [1963] She lived 1946 to ?.

Cary Grant [Grant, Cary]/Audrey Hepburn [Hepburn, Audrey] actor USA 1963 Charade [1963] Grant lived 1904 to 1986. Hepburn lived 1929 to 1993.

Frank Harris [Harris, Frank] novelist England 1963 My Life and Loves [1963: autobiography published] He lived 1856 to 1931.

Richard Harris [Harris, Richard] actor England 1963 This Sporting Life [1963] He lived 1930 to 2002.

Rolf Harris [Harris, Rolf] singer USA 1963 Tie Me Kangaroo Down Sport [1963]

Bob Hilliard [Hilliard, Bob]/Mort Garson [Garson, Mort] lyricist/composer USA 1963 Our Day Will Come [1963: sung by Ruby and the Romantics]

Edith Fisher Hunter [Hunter, Edith Fisher] writer USA 1963 Child of the Silent Night [1963] Laura Bridgman lived 1829 to 1889 and was first deaf and blind child taught.

Jerrold J. Katz [Katz, Jerrold J.] linguist USA 1963 Structure of a Semantic Theory [1963: with Fodor]; Semantic Theory [1971]; Integrated Theory of Linguistic Descriptions [1978: with Paul Postal]; Metaphysics of Meaning [1990] He lived 1932 to 2002 and developed projection rules to try to formalize semantics.

Doris Lessing [Lessing, Doris] novelist England 1963 Golden Notebook [1963] She lived 1919 to ?.

Edward Lorenz [Lorenz, Edward] meteorologist/computer scientist USA 1963 Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow [1963] He lived 1917 to ? and studied complex systems. He invented non-periodic weather-system computer models that were sensitive to initial conditions {butterfly effect, Lorenz}. He studied fluid convections with circular motions {Rayleigh-Bénard convection, Lorenz}. Equations are dx / dt = 10 * (y - x), dy / dt = x * z + 28 * x - y, and dz / dt = x * y - (8/3) * z. Paths through phase space never cross. Attractor can move to another surface when it moves to another phase-space region, so surfaces do not intersect. Complex non-linear systems can have different final states that are not interchangeable {intransitive system}. Systems can be almost intransitive and can flip spontaneously from one state to another.

Little Peggy March [March, Little Peggy] singer USA 1963 I Will Follow Him [1963]

Al Martino [Martino, Al] composer USA 1963 I Love You Because [1963]

Bob Merrill [Merrill, Bob]/Jule Styne [Styne, Jule] lyricist/composer USA 1963 Funny Girl [1963: musical, including People, My Man, and Don't Rain on My Parade] Merrill lived 1921 to 1998. Styne lived 1905 to 1994.

Garnet Mimms [Mimms, Garnet]/Enchanters singer USA 1963 Cry Baby [1963]

Joan Miro [Miro, Joan] painter Spain 1963 Composition II [1963] He lived 1934 to 1976, was Surrealist, and used only curved outlines {biomorphic abstraction, Miro}.

Lou Monte [Monte, Lou] player USA 1963 Pepino the Italian Mouse [1963]

Sidney Poitier [Poitier, Sidney] actor USA 1963 Lilies of the Field [1963] He lived 1927 to ?.

Joey Powers [Powers, Joey] singer USA 1963 Midnight Mary or Meet Me at Midnight, Mary [1963: by Artie Wayne and Ben Raleigh]

John Rechy [Rechy, John] novelist USA 1963 City of Night [1963] He lived 1934 to ?.

Kyu Sakamoto [Sakamoto, Kyu] singer Japan 1963 Sukiyaki [1963] He lived 1941 to 1985.

William Sansom [Sansom, William] novelist England 1963 Stories of William Sansom [1963] He lived 1912 to 1976.

Mongo Santamaria [Santamaria, Mongo] or Ramon Santamaria [Santamaria, Ramon] singer/drummer USA 1963 Watermelon Man [1963]

Wilfred F. Sellars [Sellars, Wilfred F.] philosopher USA 1963 Science, Perception and Reality [1963] He lived 1912 to 1989 and was functionalist.

Ramon Sender [Sender, Ramon] or Ramon Sender Barayón [Sender Barayón, Ramon] writer Spain 1963 Death in Zamora [1963] He lived 1902 to 1982.

Vonda Shepard [Shepard, Vonda] singer USA 1963 Tell Him [1963: by Bert Russell Berns. also sung by the Exciters]

Allan Sherman [Sherman, Allan] singer USA 1963 Hello Muddah, Hello Fadduh! or Letter from Camp [1963] He lived 1924 to 1973.

April Stevens [Stevens, April]/Nino Tempo [Tempo, Nino] singer USA 1963 Deep Purple Dream [1963]

Charles Tobias [Tobias, Charles]/Hans Carste [Carste, Hans] lyricist/composer USA 1963 Those Lazy-Hazy-Crazy Days of Summer [1963] Tobias lived 1898 to 1970.

Doris Troy [Troy, Doris] singer USA 1963 Just One Look [1963]

Peter van de Camp [van de Camp, Peter] astronomer USA 1963 He lived 1901 to 1995 and found planet around Bernard's star [1963].

Frederick Vine [Vine, Frederick]/Drummond Matthews [Matthews, Drummond] geologist England 1963 Vine lived 1939 to ?. Matthews lived 1931 to 1997. They studied magnetic pole flipping compared to seafloor spreading [1963].

Hans Wallach [Wallach, Hans] psychologist USA 1963 Perception of Neutral Colors [1963] He lived 1905 to 1998 and studied color vision.

Peter Yarrow [Yarrow, Peter]/Leonard Lipton [Lipton, Leonard] composer/lyricist USA 1963 Puff (the Magic Dragon) [1963] Yarrow lived 1938 to ?. Lipton live 1941 to ?.

Joe Young [Young, Joe]/Fred Ahlert [Ahlert, Fred] lyricist/composer USA 1963 I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself a Letter [1963] Ahlert lived 1892 to 1953. Young lived 1889 to 1939.

Vince Guaraldi [Guaraldi, Vince] player USA 1963 to 1965 Cast Your Fate to the Wind [1963]; Peanuts Theme [1965] Vince Guaraldi Trio.

Barbara Lewis [Lewis, Barbara] composer/singer USA 1963 to 1965 Hello Stranger [1963]; Baby, I'm Yours [1965: also sung by Shirelles]

Lennie Welch [Welch, Lennie] singer USA 1963 to 1965 Since I Fell for You [1963]; Ebb Tide [1964]; Darling Take Me Back [1965]

Paul J. Cohen [Cohen, Paul J.] mathematician USA 1963 to 1966 Set Theory and the Continuum Hypothesis [1966] He lived 1934 to ? and proved that continuum hypothesis was indeterminable under set theory [1963].

Jerry Herman [Herman, Jerry] lyricist/composer USA 1963 to 1966 Hello, Dolly [1963: musical, including Hello, Dolly]; Mame [1966: musical, including Mame] He lived 1933 to ?.

Richard Lester [Lester, Richard] director England 1963 to 1966 Mouse on the Moon [1963]; Hard Day's Night [1964: The Beatles acted and sang]; Knack [1965]; Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum [1966: Zero Mostel, Phil Silvers, and Jack Gilford acted] He lived 1932 to ?.

Buck Owens [Owens, Buck] or Alvis Edgar Owens [Owens, Alvis Edgar] or Baron of Bakersfield/Buckaroos singer USA 1963 to 1967 Act Naturally [1963]; My Heart Skips a Beat [1963]; Together Again [1963]; Love's Gonna Live Here [1965]; Buckaroo [1965] He lived 1929 to 2006.

Steve McQueen [McQueen, Steve] actor USA 1963 to 1968 Great Escape [1963]; Bullitt [1968] He lived 1930 to 1980.

Dean E. Woolridge [Woolridge, Dean E.] psychologist USA 1963 to 1968 Machinery of the Brain [1963]; Mechanical Man: The Physical Basis of Intelligent Life [1968] He studied behavior and cognition.

Lyndon B. Johnson [Johnson, Lyndon B.] president USA 1963 to 1969 He lived 1908 to 1973. 36th president led nation into Vietnam War and Great Society.

Leslie Orgel [Orgel, Leslie] biologist USA 1963 to 1970 Maintenance of the accuracy of protein synthesis and its relevance to ageing [1963]; Origins of Life: Molecules and Natural Selection [1970] Freezing can concentrate and align organic molecules to make nucleic acids, such as adenine [1970]. Mutations degrade good working genetic code to make it more varied {error catastrophe, Orgel}, and this process adds to genetic variability [1963].

Sean Connery [Connery, Sean]/Roger Moore [Moore, Roger] actor England 1963 to 1973 Dr. No [1963: James Bond]; From Russia with Love [1963: James Bond]; Goldfinger [1965: James Bond]; Thunderball [James Bond]; You Only Live Twice [James Bond]; Diamonds Are Forever [1974: James Bond] Connery lived 1930 to ?. Moore lived 1927 to ?.

Marvin Gaye [Gaye, Marvin] singer USA 1963 to 1973 Stubborn Kind of Fella [1963]; How Sweet It Is to Be Loved by You [1965]; I'll Be Doggone [1965]; I Heard It Through the Grapevine [1968]; What's Going On [1971]; Let's Get It On [1973] He lived 1939 to ?.

Golda Meir [Meir, Golda] premier Israel 1963 to 1973 She lived 1898 to 1978.

Thomas Pynchon [Pynchon, Thomas] novelist USA 1963 to 1973 V [1963]; Gravity's Rainbow [1973] He lived 1937 to ?.

John Jameison Carswell Smart [Smart, John Jameison Carswell] philosopher Australia 1963 to 1973 Philosophy and Scientific Realism [1963]; Utilitarianism [1973: with B. A. O. Williams] He lived 1920 to ? and was Australian materialist and realist. Expressions {topic-neutral expression} can give no information about subject, object, or idea. Topic-neutral expressions can have no evidence they are either physical or mental.

Imre Lakatos [Lakatos, Imre] mathematician Hungary/England 1963 to 1976 Proofs and Refutations [1963] He lived 1922 to 1974. He founded empirical mathematics philosophy, in which people can know truth by Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. He opposed the philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend.

Paul VI pope Rome, Italy 1963 to 1978 He lived 1897 to 1978.

Stevie Wonder [Wonder, Stevie] singer/composer USA 1963 to 1984 Fingertips (Part II) [1963: Little Stevie Wonder]; For Once in My Life [1965: lyrics by Ronald Miller, music by Orlando Murden. sung 1968]; Uptight [1965: by Stevie Wonder, Sylvia Moy, and Henry Cosby]; Place in the Sun [1966: by Bryan Wells and Miller]; You Are the Sunshine of My Life [1972]; Superstition [1972]; Living for the City [1973]; I Just Called to Say I Love You [1984] He lived 1950 to ?.

Maurice Jarre [Jarre, Maurice] composer USA 1963 to 1985 Lawrence of Arabia [1963]; Lara's Theme [1965: from the film Doctor Zhivago]; We Don't Need Another Hero or Thunderdome [1985: from the film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome] He lived 1924 to ?.

Joseph Greenberg [Greenberg, Joseph] linguist USA 1963 to 1987 Studies in African Linguistic Classification [1955]; Universals of Language [1963: editor]; Languages of Africa [1963]; Language in the Americas [1987] He lived 1916 to 2001 and classified world languages [1963] into four families: Niger-Kordofanian, Nilo-Saharan, Afro-Asiatic, and Khoisan. People came to Americas from Asia in three separate waves with different languages {Greenberg Theory}: Amerind, Eskimo-Aleut, and Na-Dene.

John W. Gardner [Gardner, John W.] sociologist USA 1963 to 1993 Self Renewal: The Individual and the Innovative Society [1963]; On Leadership [1993] He lived 1912 to 2002 and founded Common Cause [1970].

William Hamilton [Hamilton, William] biologist England 1963 to 1996 He lived 1936 to 2000. Sexual reproduction results from competition between parasite and host [1963].

Roman Polanski [Polanski, Roman] director France/Poland/USA 1963 to 2003 Knife in the Water [1963]; Pianist [2003] He lived 1933 to ?.

Richard Attenborough [Attenborough, Richard] actor USA 1964 Seance on a Wet Afternoon [1964] He lived 1923 to 1983.

Chuck Berry [Berry, Chuck]/Jerome Patrick Holan [Holan, Jerome Patrick] composer USA 1964 You Never Can Tell [1964] Berry lived 1926 to ?.

Jerry Butler [Butler, Jerry]/Betty Everett [Everett, Betty] singer USA 1964 Let It Be Me [1964] Butler lived 1940 to ?.

Ray Charles Singers singer USA 1964 Love Me with All Your Heart or Cuando Calienta El Sol [1964]

Eldridge Cleaver [Cleaver, Eldridge] essayist USA 1964 Soul on Ice [1964: nonfiction] He lived 1935 to 1998.

John Coltrane [Coltrane, John] saxophonist USA 1964 A Love Supreme [1964]; My Favorite Things [1964] He lived 1926 to 1967 and played New Wave.

Clyde H. Coombs [Coombs, Clyde H.] philosopher USA 1964 Theory of Data [1964] He lived 1912 to 1988.

Jacques Cousteau [Cousteau, Jacques] director USA 1964 World without Sun [1964] He lived 1910 to 1997.

Ray Davies [Davies, Ray] composer USA 1964 You Really Got Me [1964]

Robert H. Dicke [Dicke, Robert H.] physicist USA 1964 He lived 1916 to 1997, found background microwave radiation, and studied gravitational theory [1964].

Martin Duberman [Duberman, Martin] playwright USA 1964 In White America [1964] He lived 1930 to ?.

Marianne Faithfull [Faithfull, Marianne] singer England 1964 As Tears Go By or It is the Evening of the Day [1964: by Keith Richard]

Louise Fitzhugh [Fitzhugh, Louise] writer USA 1964 Harriet the Spy [1964] She lived 1928 to 1974.

Pietro Germi [Germi, Pietro] director Italy 1964 Seduced and Abandoned [1964] He lived 1914 to 1974.

Barry Goldwater [Goldwater, Barry] candidate USA 1964 He lived 1909 to 1998 and was conservative Republican presidential candidate.

Audrey Hepburn [Hepburn, Audrey]/Rex Harrison [Harrison, Rex] actor Belgium/USA/England 1964 My Fair Lady [1964] Hepburn lived 1929 to 1993. Harrison lived 1908 to 1990.

Arthur Hiller [Hiller, Arthur] director USA 1964 Americanization of Emily [1964: James Garner and Julie Andrews acted and Paddy Chayevsky wrote] He lived 1922 to ?.

Al Hirt [Hirt, Al] trumpeter USA 1964 Cotton Candy [1964]; Java [1964] He lived 1922 to 1999 and played Modern.

Rolf Hochhuth [Hochhuth, Rolf] playwright Germany 1964 Deputy [1964] He lived 1931 to ?.

John Holt [Holt, John] sociologist USA 1964 How Children Fail [1964] He lived 1923 to ?.

Antonio Carlos Jobim [Jobim, Antonio Carlos]/Norman Gimbel [Gimbel, Norman]/Vinicius DeMoraes [DeMoraes, Vinicius] composer Brazil/USA 1964 Girl from Ipanema [1964: played by Stan Getz] Jobim lived 1927 to ?. Gimnel lived 1927 to ?. DeMoraes lived 1913 to 1980.

Leroi Jones [Jones, Leroi] or Amiri Baraka [Baraka, Amiri] playwright/poet USA 1964 Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note [1961: poems] He lived 1934 to ?.

Bel Kaufman [Kaufman, Bel] novelist Germany/USA 1964 Up the Down Staircase [1964] She lived 1911 to ?.

Dean Kay [Kay, Dean]/Kelly Gordon [Gordon, Kelly] composer USA 1964 That's Life [1964: sung by Frank Sinatra]

John G. Kemeny [Kemeny, John G.] mathematician/inventor Hungary/USA 1964 BASIC [1964] He lived 1926 to 1992 and developed a FORTRAN-like programming language {BASIC programming language}.

Aleksei Kosygin [Kosygin, Aleksei] premier Russia 1964 He lived 1904 to 1980 and led USSR.

Jerry Kramer [Kramer, Jerry]/Dakotas singer USA 1964 Little Children [1964] Jerry Kramer and the Dakotas.

Jay Livingston [Livingston, Jay]/Henry Mancini [Mancini, Henry] lyricist/composer USA 1964 Dear Heart [1964] Livingston lived 1915 to 2001. Mancini lived 1924 to 1994.

Robert Lowell [Lowell, Robert] poet USA 1964 For the Union Dead [1964] He lived 1917 to 1977.

Marshall McLuhan [McLuhan, Marshall] sociologist Canada 1964 Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man [1964] He lived 1911 to 1980 and studied mass communications.

Jean Merrill [Merrill, Jean] writer USA 1964 Pushcart War [1964]

Paul Newman [Newman, Paul]/Elke Sommer [Sommer, Elke] actor USA/Germany 1964 Prize [1964] Newman lived 1925 to ?. Sommer lived 1940 to ?.

Riz Ortolani [Ortolani, Riz]/Norman Newell [Newell, Norman]/Nino Oliviero [Oliviero, Nino] composer USA 1964 More [1964: sung by Steve Lawrence] Ortolani lived 1931 to ?. Newell lived 1919 to 2004.

John Osborne [Osborne, John] playwright England 1964 Look Back in Anger [1956]; Luther [1964] He lived 1929 to 1994.

Anthony Quinn [Quinn, Anthony] actor Mexico/USA 1964 Zorba the Greek [1964] He lived 1915 to 2001.

Diane Renay [Renay, Diane] singer USA 1964 Navy Blue [1964]

Alexander N. Sarkovskii [Sarkovskii, Alexander N.] mathematician Russia 1964 Coexistence of Cycles of a Continuous Map of a Line into Itself [1964] One-dimensional objects with cycle of period three have all periods.

Hubert Selby [Selby, Hubert] novelist USA 1964 Last Exit to Brooklyn [1964] He lived 1928 to 2004.

Alfred P. Sloan [Sloan, Alfred P.] economist USA 1964 My Years with General Motors [1964] He lived 1875 to 1966 and led General Motors.

Millie Small [Small, Millie] singer USA 1964 My Boy Lollipop [1964]

Joe Tex [Tex, Joe] singer USA 1964 Hold What You Got [1964]

Cindy Walker [Walker, Cindy] lyricist/composer USA 1964 In the Misty Moonlight [1964] She lived 1918 to 2006.

Danny Williams [Williams, Danny] singer USA 1964 White on White, Lace on Satin [1964]

J. Frank Wilson [Wilson, J. Frank]/Cavaliers singer USA 1964 Last Kiss [1964: composed by Wayne Cochran] J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers.

George Zweig [Zweig, George] physicist USA 1964 He lived 1937 to ? and suggested quarks [1964], with Murray Gell-Mann.

Sidney Cohen [Cohen, Sidney] psychologist USA 1964 to 1965 Beyond Within [1964]; Drugs of Hallucination [1965] He lived 1910 to ? and studied mind drugs.

Shirley Ellis [Ellis, Shirley] singer USA 1964 to 1965 Nitty-Gritty [1964]; Name Game [1965]

Joseph Losey [Losey, Joseph] director England 1964 to 1965 Servant [1964: Dirk Bogarde and Sarah Miles acted]; These Are the Damned [1965] He lived 1909 to 1984.

Roger Miller [Miller, Roger] singer/composer USA 1964 to 1965 Chug-a-lug [1964]; Dang Me [1964]; King of the Road [1964]; England Swings [1965] He lived 1936 to ?.

Sal Valentino [Valentino, Sal]/Beau Brummels singer USA 1964 to 1965 Laugh Laugh [1964]; Just a Little [1965] Sal Valentino and the Beau Brummels.

Peter W. Higgs [Higgs, Peter W.] physicist England 1964 to 1966 He invented the idea of Higgs field and Higgs boson [1964 to 1966].

Dusty Springfield [Springfield, Dusty] singer USA 1964 to 1966 I Only Want to Be with You [1964]; Wishin' and Hopin' [1964]; You Don't Have to Say You Love Me [1966]

Donald Davies [Davies, Donald]/Paul Baran [Baran, Paul]/Leonard Kleinrock [Kleinrock, Leonard] inventor England/USA 1964 to 1967 packet switching [1964 to 1967] Davies lived 1924 to 2000.

Mel Brooks [Brooks, Mel] director/composer USA 1964 to 1968 Young Frankenstein [1964]; Producers [1968: Zero Mostel and Gene Wilder acted. includes the song Springtime for Hitler, with Burt Bacharach] He lived 1926 to ?.

Manfred Mann [Mann, Manfred] singer USA 1964 to 1968 Do Wah Diddy Diddy [1964]; Mighty Quinn [1968]

Johnny Rivers [Rivers, Johnny] singer USA 1964 to 1968 Memphis [1964]; On the Poor Side of Town [1966]; Secret Agent [1965: by P. F. Sloan and Steve Barri, from the TV series]; Summer Rain [1968] He lived 1942 to ?.

Diana Ross [Ross, Diana]/Supremes singer USA 1964 to 1968 I've Got Him Back in My Arms Again [1964]; Where Did Our Love Go? [1964]; Baby Love [1964]; Come See about Me [1964]; Stop! in the Name of Love [1965]; You Keep Me Hanging On [1966]; Love Child [1968] Diana Ross and the Supremes.

Franklin J. Schaffner [Schaffner, Franklin J.] director USA 1964 to 1968 Best Man [1964: Henry Fonda and Cliff Robertson acted]; Planet of the Apes [1968] He lived 1920 to 1989.

Lloyd Alexander [Alexander, Lloyd] writer USA 1964 to 1969 Prydain Chronicles [1964 to 1969: five books, including Westmark trilogy and Book of Three] He lived 1924 to ?.

John E. Amoore [Amoore, John E.] psychologist USA 1964 to 1970 Stereochemical Theory of Odor [1964: with L. W. Johnston, Jr., and M. Rubin]; Molecular Basis of Odor [1970] He developed stereochemical theory of smell.

Barbra Streisand [Streisand, Barbra] singer USA 1964 to 1974 People [1964]; Funny Girl [1964]; Way We Were [1974] She lived 1942 to ?.

Feisal king Saudi Arabia 1964 to 1975 He lived 1905 to 1975 and ended slavery and strong monarchy.

Bob Marley [Marley, Bob] or Robert Nesta Marley [Marley, Robert Nesta]/Wailers composer/singer Jamaica 1964 to 1977 Simmer Down [1964]; Get Up, Stand Up [1973]; I Shot the Sheriff [1974: sung by ]; No Woman, No Cry [1974]; One Love [1977: based on Curtis Mayfield's People Get Ready]; Punk Reggae Party [1977] He lived 1945 to 1981. He popularized Jamaican slower dance music {reggae}, which came after ska and rocksteady. In reggae, guitarist plays regular chops on backbeat {skank}, and drummer plays rhumba box on measure third beat {one drop}. Ska fast calypso can derive from mento, calypso, jazz, and rhythm and blues. Calypso {rocksteady} can be slower [1966 to 1968]. Jamaican folk music {mento} uses acoustic guitar, banjo, hand drums, and large-box mbira {rhumba box}. Trinidad and Tobago calypso has African and Spanish influences. East Africa and West Indies use wood boards {thumb piano} {mbira huru} {mbira njari} {mbira nyunga nyunga} {marimba} {karimba} {kalimba}, with staggered metal keys and resonators.

Arthur C. Danto [Danto, Arthur C.] philosopher USA 1964 to 1981 Artworld [1964]; Transfiguration of the Commonplace [1981] He lived 1924 to ?. Art uses different numerical identification than used in factual statements. Art has complex properties that are not expressible in scientific terms.

Leonid Brezhnev [Brezhnev, Leonid] dictator Russia 1964 to 1982 He lived 1906 to 1982 and led USSR. He became Communist Party first secretary after he took power from Krushchev.

Shel Silverstein [Silverstein, Shel] or Uncle Shelby writer USA 1964 to 1984 Giving Tree [1964]; Where the Sidewalk Ends [1974]; Lafcadio, the Lion Who Shot Back [1978]; Light in the Attic [1984]; Falling Up He lived 1930 to 1999.

John S. Bell [Bell, John S.] physicist Ireland 1964 to 1987 Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics [1987] He lived 1928 to 1990. Instruments can measure coupled-particle spins to see if spins are separable. Positive-spin number along first-particle x-axis and second-particle y-axis is less than or equal to positive-spin number along first- particle x-axis and second-particle z-axis plus positive-spin number along first-particle y-axis and second-particle z- axis {Bell inequality} {Bell's inequalities}. In quantum mechanics, Bell inequality is not true. Two particles are not separable. No local hidden variables exist [1964] {Bell's theorem, Bell}.

Kenneth Kaunda [Kaunda, Kenneth] philosopher/statesman Zambia 1964 to 1991 He lived 1924 to 1997, was Zambia president [1964 to 1991], and advocated Zambian humanism.

Murray Gell-Mann [Gell-Mann, Murray] physicist USA 1964 to 1994 He lived 1929 to ?, suggested quarks [1964], with George Zweig, and invented decoherence theory [1994].

Ad-libs singer USA 1965 Boy from New York City [1965]

Jewel Akens [Akens, Jewel] singer USA 1965 Birds and the Bees [1965]

Lee Andrews [Andrews, Lee]/Bernice Davis [Davis, Bernice]/Mimi Uniman [Uniman, Mimi]/Douglas Henderson [Henderson, Douglas] composer USA 1965 Long Long and Lonely Nights [1965: sung by Bobby Vinton]

Chet Atkins [Atkins, Chet] singer USA 1965 Yakety Axe [1965] He lived 1924 to 2001.

Charles Aznavour [Aznavour, Charles]/Herbert Kretzmer [Kretzmer, Herbert] composer/lyricist France/USA 1965 Yesterday, When I Was Young or Hier encore [1965] Aznavour lived 1924 to ?. Kretzmer lived 1925 to ?.

Len Barry [Barry, Len] singer USA 1965 1-2-3 [1965]

Fontella Bass [Bass, Fontella] singer USA 1965 Rescue Me [1965]

Shirley Bassey [Bassey, Shirley] singer Wales 1965 Goldfinger [1965] She lived 1937 to ?.

Jim Bishop [Bishop, Jim] novelist USA 1965 Day Lincoln Was Shot [1965] He lived 1907 to 1987.

Leslie Bricusse [Bricusse, Leslie]/Anthony Newley [Newley, Anthony]/John Barry [Barry, John] lyricist/lyricist/composer England 1965 Goldfinger [1965: sung by Shirley Bassey] Bricusse lived 1931 to ?. Newley lived 1931 to 1999. Barry lived 1933 to ?.

Richard Burton [Burton, Richard]/Claire Bloom [Bloom, Claire]/Oskar Werner [Werner, Oskar] actor USA/England/Austria 1965 Spy Who Came in from the Cold [1965] Burton lived 1925 to 1984. Bloom lived 1931 to ?. Werner lived 1922 to 1984.

Mel Carter [Carter, Mel] singer USA 1965 Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me [1965]

Grahame Clark [Clark, Grahame] archaeologist England 1965 Prehistoric Societies [1965: with Stuart Piggott] He lived 1907 to 1995.

Joe Darion [Darion, Joe]/Mitch Leigh [Leigh, Mitch] lyricist/composer USA 1965 Man of La Mancha [1965: musical, including Impossible Dream or Quest] Darion lived 1911 to 2001. Leigh lived 1928 to ?.

Patty Duke [Duke, Patty] singer USA 1965 Don't Just Stand There [1965] She lived 1946 to ?.

Edward Feigenbaum [Feigenbaum, Edward]/Robert K. Lindsay [Lindsay, Robert K.] inventor Stanford, California 1965 DENDRAL expert system [1965: for molecules] Feigenbaum lived 1936 to ?.

Jane Fonda [Fonda, Jane]/Lee Marvin [Marvin, Lee] actor USA 1965 Cat Ballou [1965] Fonda lived 1937 to ?. Marvin lived 1924 to 1987.

Wayne Fontana [Fontana, Wayne]/Mindbenders singer USA 1965 Game of Love [1965] Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders.

Bobby Fuller [Fuller, Bobby] singer USA 1965 I Fought the Law and the Law Won [1965]

Frank D. Gilroy [Gilroy, Frank D.] playwright USA 1965 Subject Was Roses [1965] He lived 1925 to ?.

Gerry Goffin [Goffin, Gerry]/Carole King [King, Carole] composer USA 1965 I'm Into Something Good [1965: sung by Herman's Hermits] Goffin lived 1939 to ?. King lived 1942 to ?.

Harvey Hart [Hart, Harvey] director Canada/USA 1965 Bus Riley's Back in Town [1965] He lived 1928 to 1989.

Lee Hazlewood [Hazlewood, Lee] composer USA 1965 These Boots Are Made for Walkin' [1965: sung by Nancy Sinatra] Hazlewood lived 1929 to ?.

Guy Hemric [Hemric, Guy]/Les Baxter [Baxter, Les] lyricist/composer USA 1965 Beach Blanket Bingo [1965: from the film Beach Blanket Bingo] Baxter lived 1922 to 1996.

Richard Hughes [Hughes, Richard] novelist England 1965 High Wind in Jamaica [1965] He lived 1900 to 1976.

Horst Jankowski [Jankowski, Horst] orchestra leader Germany/USA 1965 Walk in the Black Forest [1965] Horst Jankowski and His Orchestra. Jankowski lived 1936 to 1998.

Jonathan King [King, Jonathan] singer England 1965 Everyone's Gone to the Moon [1965]

Al Kooper [Kooper, Al]/Irwin Levine [Levine, Irwin]/Bob Brass [Brass, Bob] composer USA 1965 This Diamond Ring [1965]

Timothy Leary [Leary, Timothy] psychologist USA 1965 Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead [1964: with Ralph Metzner, Richard Alpert, Karma-Glin-Pa Bar Do Thos Grol]; Politics of Ecstasy [1965] He lived 1920 to 1996 and used drugs for freedom.

Alexei Leonov [Leonov, Alexei] pilot Russia 1965 He lived 1934 to ? and first walked in space.

Gary Lewis [Lewis, Gary]/Playboys singer USA 1965 This Diamond Ring [1965]; Count Me In [1965]; Everybody Loves a Clown [1965]; Green Grass [1966] Gary Lewis and the Playboys.

Shirley Lewis [Lewis, Shirley] singer USA 1965 Clapping Song or Clap Pat Clap Slap [1965]

Barry McGuire [McGuire, Barry] singer USA 1965 Eve of Destruction [1965]

Johnny Mercer [Mercer, Johnny]/Hans Bradtke [Bradtke, Hans] composer/lyricist USA 1965 Summer Wind [1965: sung by Frank Sinatra] Mercer lived 1909 to 1976.

Walt Morey [Morey, Walt] writer USA 1965 Gentle Ben [1965] He lived 1907 to 1992.

Eric Partridge [Partridge, Eric] linguist New Zealand/England 1965 Usage and Abusage [1965] He lived 1894 to 1979.

Arno Penzias [Penzias, Arno]/Robert Woodrow Wilson [Wilson, Robert Woodrow] astronomer USA 1965 Penzias lived 1933 to ?. Wilson lived 1936 to ?. They discovered cosmic background radiation as uniform space black- body microwave noise, with temperature 3 K [1965].

Stuart Piggott [Piggott, Stuart] archaeologist Scotland 1965 Ancient Europe [1965]; Prehistoric Societies [1965: with Grahame Clark] He lived 1910 to 1996.

Dag Prawitz [Prawitz, Dag] logician Stockholm, Sweden 1965 Natural Deduction [1965] He lived 1936 to ?. Removing sections in which introduction rule precedes elimination rule can simplify natural deductions {normalization, logic}, because addition followed by subtraction leads to no net result.

Teddy Randazzo [Randazzo, Teddy]/Bobby Weinstein [Weinstein, Bobby]/Bobby Hart [Hart, Bobby] composer USA 1965 Hurt So Bad [1965] Randazzo lived 1935 to 2003.

Pauline Reage [Reage, Pauline] or Anne Desclos [Desclos, Anne] novelist France 1965 Story of O [1965] She lived 1907 to 1998.

Jason Robards [Robards, Jason] actor USA 1965 Thousand Clowns [1965] He lived 1922 to 2000.

Billy Joe Royal [Royal, Billy Joe] singer USA 1965 Down in the Boondocks [1965]; I Knew You When [1965]

Eero Saarinen [Saarinen, Eero] architect Finland/USA 1965 Gateway Arch [1965: steel arch 200 meters tall and 200 meters wide in St. Louis, Missouri] He lived 1910 to 1961.

Moacir Santos [Santos, Moacir] composer/musician Brazil 1965 Coisa No. 5 or Nana [1965: in the album Coisas. Later lyrics by Mario Telles] He lived 1926 to 2006.

John Schlesinger [Schlesinger, John] director USA 1965 Darling [1965: Julie Christie acted] He lived 1926 to 2003.

Dennis Sciama [Sciama, Dennis] physicist USA 1965 He lived 1926 to 1999. Quasar density increases with redshift [1965], with Martin Rees.

Robert R. Sears [Sears, Robert R.] psychologist USA 1965 Identification and Child Rearing [1965: with Lucy Rau and Richard Alpert] He lived 1908 to ?.

John Sebastian [Sebastian, John]/Steve Boone [Boone, Steve] composer USA 1965 You Didn't Have to Be So Nice [1965]

Stephen Sondheim [Sondheim, Stephen]/Richard Rodgers [Rodgers, Richard] lyricist/composer USA 1965 Do I Hear a Waltz? [1965: musical] Rodgers lived 1902 to 1979.

Rod Steiger [Steiger, Rod] actor USA 1965 Pawnbroker [1965] He lived 1925 to 2002.

Thomas Szasz [Szasz, Thomas] psychologist USA 1965 Myth of Mental Illness [1965] He lived 1920 to ? and questioned whether mental illness really exists.

Terry-Thomas or Thomas Terry Hoar Stevens [Stevens, Thomas Terry Hoar] actor England 1965 Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines [1965] He lived 1911 to 1990.

Them/Van Morrison [Morrison, Van] singer USA 1965 Gloria [1965]; Here Comes the Night [1965] Morrison lived 1942 to ?.

Lionel Trilling [Trilling, Lionel] essayist/critic USA 1965 Beyond Culture: Essays on Literature and Learning [1965] He lived 1905 to 1975.

Paul F. Webster [Webster, Paul F.]/Maurice Jarre [Jarre, Maurice] lyricist/composer USA 1965 Somewhere My Love or Lara's Theme [1965: from the film Dr. Zhivago] Webster lived 1907 to 1984. Jarre lived 1924 to ?.

Paul Francis Webster [Webster, Paul Francis]/John Alfred Mandel [Mandel, John Alfred] or Johnny Mandel [Mandel, Johnny] lyricist/composer USA 1965 Shadow of Your Smile [1965: from the film The Sandpiper] Webster lived 1907 to 1984. Mandel lived 1925 to ?.

Glenn Yarbrough [Yarbrough, Glenn] singer USA 1965 Baby, The Rain Must Fall [1965] He lived 1930 to ?.

Laurence Yep [Yep, Laurence] writer USA 1965 Child of the Owl [1965] He lived 1948 to ?.

Lofti Zadeh [Zadeh, Lofti] mathematician Azerbaijan/USA 1965 fuzzy logic [1965] He lived 1921 to ? and invented fuzzy-set theory or fuzzy logic.

Michael Caine [Caine, Michael] actor England 1965 to 1966 Ipcress File [1965]; Alfie [1966] He lived 1933 to ?.

Carl Hempel [Hempel, Carl] philosopher USA 1965 to 1966 Aspects of Scientific Explanation [1965]; Philosophy of Natural Science [1966] He lived 1905 to ? and was logical empiricist. Description is result of physical laws. Explanation and prediction differ only in time, because facts are deducible from other facts and at least one law {covering-law model} {deductive-nomological model}. Sentence meaning is the publicly accessible outcome of publicly accessible procedures. Group beliefs establish outcomes and procedures, even in science. Cognitive and scientific meaning requires that sentence be expressible in logical language. Psychology can treat internal states of people like black boxes, only checking stimuli and responses {methodological behaviorism}. Induction can lead to statements but can also lead to statement contrapositives. Contrapositive statements are general, while statements are specific. Evidence for contrapositive statement cannot support statement. For example, "All ravens are black" is logically the same as its contrapositive, "All not black things are not ravens", and both have support from each raven observation {paradox of the ravens, Hempel} {ravens paradox, Hempel}. Physical and material world concepts always change as people acquire new knowledge, so physicalism and functionalism are not static concepts {Hempel's dilemma}.

Tom Jones [Jones, Tom] singer England/Wales 1965 to 1966 It's Not Unusual [1965]; Green Green Grass of Home [1966] He lived 1928 to ?.

Wilson Pickett [Pickett, Wilson] singer USA 1965 to 1966 In the Midnite Hour [1965]; Mustang Sally [1966]

Petula Clark [Clark, Petula] singer England 1965 to 1967 Downtown [1965]; I Know a Place [1965]; My Love [1965]; This Is My Song [1967] She lived 1932 to ?.

Norman Jewison [Jewison, Norman] director USA 1965 to 1967 Cincinnati Kid [1965: Steve McQueen and Edward G. Robinson acted]; In the Heat of the Night [1967: Rod Steiger and Sidney Poitier acted] He lived 1926 to ?.

Carl Woese [Woese, Carl] biologist USA 1965 to 1967 Genetic Code [1967] He lived 1928 to ?. Small subunit ribosomal RNA can classify organisms [1965].

Lloyd Homme [Homme, Lloyd] psychologist England 1965 to 1968 What Behavioral Engineering Is [1968] Covert, unobservable behaviors, such as thoughts, images, and other mental events, are similar to overt or operant behavior {coverant behavior} [1965].

Merle Haggard [Haggard, Merle] singer USA 1965 to 1969 Mama Tried [1965]; Bottle Let Me Down [1965]; If We Make It Through December [1965]; Okie from Muskogee [1969] He lived 1937 to ? and played Western swing.

Tommy James [James, Tommy]/Shondells singer USA 1965 to 1969 Hanky Panky [1965]; I Think We're Alone Now [1967]; Mony Mony [1968]; Crystal Blue Persuasion [1969]; Crimson and Clover [1969] Tommy James and the Shondells.

James Brown [Brown, James] singer USA 1965 to 1970 Papa's Got a Brand New Bag [1965]; Get Up (I Feel Like Being A) Sex Machine [1970] He lived 1933 to 2007.

Jerzy Kosinski [Kosinski, Jerzy] novelist Poland 1965 to 1970 Painted Bird [1965]; Steps [1968]; Being There [1970] He lived 1933 to 1991.

William H. Masters [Masters, William H.]/Virginia E. Johnson [Johnson, Virginia E.] physician USA 1965 to 1970 Human Sexual Response [1965]; Human Sexual Inadequacy [1970] Masters lived 1915 to 2001. Johnson lived 1925 to ?. They studied sexuality.

Van Morrison [Morrison, Van] singer/composer Ireland 1965 to 1970 Gloria [1965]; Brown-eyed Girl [1967]; Astral Weeks [1968]; Moondance [1970] He lived 1942 to ?.

Cher singer USA 1965 to 1971 All I Really Want to Do [1965]; Bang Bang [1966]; Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves [1971] She lived 1946 to ?.

Loretta Lynn [Lynn, Loretta] composer USA 1965 to 1971 You Ain't Woman Enough [1965]; Don't Come Home a-Drinkin' [1967]; Fist City [1968]; Woman of the World [1969]; Coal Miner's Daughter [1970]; One's on the Way [1971: by Shel Silverstein] She lived 1935 to ?.

Paul Revere [Revere, Paul]/Raiders singer USA 1965 to 1971 Kicks [1965]; Indian Reservation [1971] Paul Revere and the Raiders.

Donovan Leitch [Leitch, Donovan] or Donovan singer/composer England 1965 to 1972 Catch the Wind or Try and Catch the Wind [1965]; Sunshine Superman [1966]; Mellow Yellow [1966]; Hurdy Gurdy Man [1968]; Yellow Is the Color [1972] He lived 1946 to ?.

Dobie Gray [Gray, Dobie] singer USA 1965 to 1973 In Crowd [1965]; Drift Away [1973]

Charlie Rich [Rich, Charlie] singer USA 1965 to 1973 Mohair Sam [1965]; Behind Closed Doors [1973]; Most Beautiful Girl [1973] He lived 1932 to 1995.

Jeffrey S. Gruber [Gruber, Jeffrey S.] psychologist USA 1965 to 1976 Studies in Lexical Relations [1965]; Lexical Structures in Syntax and Semantics [1976] Processes and concepts used for spatial location and motion can extend to represent other ideas, objects, and relations, such as possession {thematic relations hypothesis}.

Alex Haley [Haley, Alex] novelist USA 1965 to 1976 Autobiography of Malcolm X [1965: ghostwriter biography]; Roots [1976: novel] He lived 1921 to 1992.

Herbert Kohl [Kohl, Herbert] sociologist USA 1965 to 1976 Open Classroom [1965]; 36 Children [1967]; On Teaching [1976] He lived 1935 to ?.

Twyla Tharp [Tharp, Twyla] modern dancer/choreographer USA 1965 to 1976 Push Comes to Shove [1976: modern dance] She lived 1941 to ?.

John L. Mackie [Mackie, John L.] philosopher Australia 1965 to 1982 Causes and Conditions [1965]; Truth, Probability, and Paradox [1973]; Cement of the Universe [1974]; Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong [1977]; Evil and Omnipotence; Hume's Moral Theory [1980]; Miracle of Theism [1982] He lived 1917 to 1981. Ethics Moral truths pretend to objectivity, but there are no objective moral truths {error theory of value} {error theory of moral values}. Morals are subjective and should serve subjective purposes. That evil exists, God is only good, and God is omnipotent are logically inconsistent. Epistemology Causes are effect conditions. Causes are always event combinations, and no single event can necessitate effect. Cause is a necessary but insufficient part of an unnecessary but sufficient condition {INUS condition}.

Sid Fleischman [Fleischman, Sid] writer USA 1965 to 1986 Ghost in the Noonday Sun [1965]; Humbug Mountain [1978]; Whipping Boy [1986]; McBroom Tells the Truth; By the Great Horn Spoon He lived 1920 to ?.

Abioseh Nicol [Nicol, Abioseh] storyteller Sierra Leone 1965 to 1990 Truly Married Woman and Other Stories [1965: stories] He lived 1924 to ?.

Henry Stapp [Stapp, Henry] physicist USA 1965 to 1993 S-matrix interpretation of quantum-theory [1971]; Mind, Matter, and Quantum Mechanics [1993] Quantum waves collapse only when they interact with consciousness and observation. Brain can plan better from fewer possibilities. Consciousness is brain parts and activities that collapse wave functions. Brains do not affect probabilities but only initiate collapses.

Ronald Melzack [Melzack, Ronald] psychologist USA 1965 to 1996 Puzzle of Pain [1973]; Challenge of Pain [1996] He developed the gate control theory of pain [1965], with Patrick Wall. He said people have body image {phylomatrix} {body-schema}.

Richard Wollheim [Wollheim, Richard] philosopher USA 1965 to 1999 Art and Its Objects [1980] He lived 1923 to 2003. Painting and sculpture have different aesthetics than literature and music, because they have different compositional principles and structural forms.

Margaret Drabble [Drabble, Margaret] novelist England 1965 to 2004 Millstone [1965]; Red Queen [2004] She lived 1939 to ?.

Hannes Alfvén [Alfvén, Hannes] physicist Sweden 1966 Worlds-Antiworlds [1966] He lived 1908 to 1995 and studied plasma physics.

Jorge Amado [Amado, Jorge] writer Brazil 1966 Dona Flor and her Two Husbands [1966] He lived 1912 to 2001.

Michelangelo Antonioni [Antonioni, Michelangelo] director Italy 1966 Blow Up [1966] He lived 1912 to ?.

Raymond Aron [Aron, Raymond] sociologist France 1966 Peace and War: A Theory of International Relations [1966] He lived 1905 to 1983.

Pierre Barouh [Barouh, Pierre]/Francis Lai [Lai, Francis]/Jerry Keller [Keller, Jerry] lyricist/composer/lyricist France/USA 1966 Man and a Woman [1966: from the movie A Man and a Woman] Lai lived 1932 to ?. Keller lived 1937 to ?.

Ronald Blackwell [Blackwell, Ronald] composer USA 1966 Lil' Red Riding Hood [1966: sung by Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs]

Paul Butterfield Blues Band [Butterfield Blues Band, Paul] singer USA 1966 East-West [1966]

Pierre Coeur [Coeur, Pierre]/Bryan Blackburn [Blackburn, Bryan]/Andre Popp [Popp, Andre] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1966 Love Is Blue [1966: played by Paul Mauriat] Mauriat lived 1925 to 2006.

Jim Dale [Dale, Jim]/Tom Springfield [Springfield, Tom] lyricist/composer USA 1966 Georgie Girl [1966: from the movie Georgy Girl]

Spencer Davis [Davis, Spencer] singer USA 1966 Gimme Some Lovin' [1966] Spencer Davis Group.

Basil Dearden [Dearden, Basil] director England 1966 Khartoum [1966] He lived 1911 to 1971.

Dorothy Fields [Fields, Dorothy]/Cy Coleman [Coleman, Cy]/Bob Fosse [Fosse, Bob] lyricist/composer/choreographer USA 1966 Sweet Charity [1966: musical, including Big Spender and If My Friends Could See Me Now] Fields lived 1905 to 1974. Coleman lived 1929 to 2004. Fosse lived 1927 to 1987.

Michael Flynn [Flynn, Michael] inventor USA 1966 parallel processing [1966] Algorithm instruction and data-input stream can be simultaneous. SISD is Single Instruction stream, Single Data stream. SIMD is Single Instruction, Multiple Data. MIMD is Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data. SPMD is Single Program, Multiple Data.

Indira Gandhi [Gandhi, Indira] prime minister India 1966 She lived 1917 to 1984.

Bobby Hebb [Hebb, Bobby] singer USA 1966 Sunny [1966]

James Hill [Hill, James] director England 1966 Born Free [1966] He lived 1838 to 1994.

Irene Hunt [Hunt, Irene] writer USA 1966 Up a Road Slowly [1966] She lived 1907 to 2001.

Walter Kerr [Kerr, Walter] essayist/critic USA 1966 He lived 1913 to 1996.

Claude Lelouch [Lelouch, Claude] director France 1966 Man and a Woman [1966] He lived 1937 to ?.

Bob Lind [Lind, Bob] composer/singer USA 1966 Elusive Butterfly [1966] He lived 1942 to ?.

Bernard Malamud [Malamud, Bernard] novelist USA 1966 Fixer [1966] He lived 1914 to 1986.

Jose [Marti, Jose]/Bernard Gasso [Gasso, Bernard] composer Cuba 1966 Guantanamera or Lady of Guantanamo [1966] Marti lived 1853 to 1895.

Fred Neil [Neil, Fred] composer USA 1966 Everybody's Talkin' [1966: in the film Midnight Cowboy, 1969. sung by Nilsson]

Paul Newman [Newman, Paul]/Lauren Bacall [Bacall, Lauren] actor USA 1966 Harper [1966] Newman lived 1925 to ?. Bacall lived 1924 to ?.

Eugene Ormandy [Ormandy, Eugene] conductor Hungary/USA 1966 He lived 1899 to 1985.

Gregory Peck [Peck, Gregory]/Sophia Loren [Loren, Sophia] actor USA 1966 Arabesque [1966] Peck lived 1916 to 2003. Loren lived 1934 to ?.

Leon Pober [Pober, Leon] composer USA 1966 Tiny Bubbles or Hua Li'i [1966: sung by Don Ho] Ho lived 1930 to 2007.

James and Bobby Purify [Purify, James and Bobby] singer USA 1966 I'm Your Puppet [1966: by Lindon Oldham and Dan Pennington]

Lynn Redgrave [Redgrave, Lynn] actor USA 1966 Georgy Girl [1966] She lived 1943 to ?.

Karel Reisz [Reisz, Karel] director Czech/England 1966 Morgan! [1966] He lived 1926 to 2002.

Jimmy Ruffin [Ruffin, Jimmy] singer USA 1966 What Becomes of the Broken Hearted [1966]

Mitch Ryder [Ryder, Mitch]/Detroit Wheels singer USA 1966 Jenny Take a Ride [1965]; Devil with the Blue Dress On and Good Golly Miss Molly [1966] Mitch Ryder and the Detroit Wheels.

Barry Sadler [Sadler, Barry] singer USA 1966 Ballad of the Green Berets [1966]

Paul Scofield [Scofield, Paul]/Robert Shaw [Shaw, Robert] actor USA 1966 Man for All Seasons [1966] Scofield lived 1922 to ?. Shaw lived 1927 to ?.

Anne Sexton [Sexton, Anne] novelist USA 1966 Live or Die [1966] She lived 1928 to ?.

Carl Sigman [Sigman, Carl]/Luis Bonfa [Bonfa, Luis] lyricist/composer Germany/USA 1966 Day in the Life of a Fool or Manha de Carnaval [1966: from the movie Black Orpheus] Sigman lived 1909 to 2000. Bonfa lived 1922 to 2001.

Charles Silberman [Silberman, Charles] sociologist USA 1966 Myths of Automation [1966] He lived 1925 to ?.

Nancy Sinatra [Sinatra, Nancy] singer USA 1966 Sugar Town [1966]; These Boots Are Made for Walking [1966] She lived 1940 to ?.

Charles Singleton [Singleton, Charles]/Eddie Snyder [Snyder, Eddie]/Bert Kaempfert [Kaempfert, Bert] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1966 Strangers in the Night [1966: sung by Frank Sinatra] Kaempfert lived 1923 to 1980.

Percy Sledge [Sledge, Percy] singer USA 1966 When a Man Loves a Woman [1966: by Calvin Lewis and Andrew Wright] He lived 1941 to ?.

Geoff Stephens [Stephens, Geoff] composer USA 1966 Winchester Cathedral [1966]

Ike Turner [Turner, Ike]/Tina Turner [Turner, Tina] singer USA 1966 River Deep, Mountain High [1966] Ike and Tina Turner. Tina lived 1939 to ?.

Mary Weik [Weik, Mary] writer USA 1966 Jazz Man [1966] She lived 1922 to 1978.

Raquel Welch [Welch, Raquel] actor USA 1966 Fantastic Voyage [1966] She lived 1940 to ?.

Mike Nichols [Nichols, Mike] director USA 1966 to 1967 Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf [1966: Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton acted]; Graduate [1967: Dustin Hoffman and Anne Bancroft acted] He lived 1931 to ?.

Lalo Schifrin [Schifrin, Lalo] composer USA 1966 to 1967 Mission: Impossible Theme [1966: from the TV series]; Mannix [1967: from the TV series] He lived 1932 to ?.

Alan Arkin [Arkin, Alan] actor USA 1966 to 1968 Russians Are Coming, Russians Are Coming [1966]; Heart Is a Lonely Hunter [1968] He lived 1934 to ?.

Alton Ellis [Ellis, Alton] composer/singer Jamaica 1966 to 1968 Rock Steady [1966] Rocksteady is slower [1966 to 1968].

Paul Simon [Simon, Paul]/Art Garfunkel [Garfunkel, Art] singer USA 1966 to 1970 Homeward Bound [1966]; I am a Rock [1966]; Sounds of Silence [1966]; Hazy Shade of Winter [1966]; Mrs. Robinson [1967: from the film The Graduate]; Boxer [1969]; Bridge over Troubled Waters [1970] Simon lived 1941 to ?. Garfunkel lived 1941 to ?.

Ennio Morricone [Morricone, Ennio] composer USA 1966 to 1971 Good, the Bad, and the Ugly [1966]; Chi Mai or Who Me [1971: from the film Maddalena] He lived 1928 to ?.

Liam Hudson [Hudson, Liam] psychologist USA 1966 to 1973 Contrary Imaginations [1966]; Psychological Study of the English Schoolboy [1966]; Originality [1973] He lived 1934 to 2005.

Clifford N. Matthews [Matthews, Clifford N.] biologist USA 1966 to 1975 Serine and threonine-containing heteropolypeptides [1966: with R. E. Moser]; Heteropolypeptides from poly-alpha- cyanoglycine and hydrogen cyanide. Model for origin of proteins [1975] Heteropolypeptides can come from hydrogen cyanide [1966]. Dry heating HCN makes heteropolyamidines. Water converts them to polypeptides.

Fred Ebb [Ebb, Fred]/John Kander [Kander, John] lyricist/composer USA 1966 to 1977 Cabaret [1966: musical, including Cabaret, Willkommen, and Tomorrow Belongs to Me]; Chicago [1975: musical, including All That Jazz and Razzle Dazzle]; New York, New York or Theme from New York, New York [1977: from the film New York, New York] Ebb lived 1932 to 2004. Kander lived 1927 to ?.

Minoru Yamasaki [Yamasaki, Minoru] architect New York, New York 1966 to 1977 World Trade Center [1966 to 1977: Two iron and concrete skyscrapers were each 450 meters tall.] He lived 1912 to 1986. Towers burned down in 2001.

Jean Rhys [Rhys, Jean] writer USA/England 1966 to 1979 Wide Sargasso Sea [1966] She lived 1894 to 1979.

Roderick M. Chisholm [Chisholm, Roderick M.] philosopher USA 1966 to 1981 Theory of Knowledge [1966 and 1977]; First Person [1981] He lived 1916 to 1999 and invented Chisholm paradox. Propositions can be rational beliefs {epistemic proposition}.

Lois Duncan [Duncan, Lois] writer USA 1966 to 1985 Five Were Missing [1966]; Killing Mr. Griffin [1978]; Locked in Time [1985] She lived 1934 to ?.

Janet Frame [Frame, Janet] writer New Zealand 1966 to 1985 State of Siege [1966]; Angel at My Table [1984]; To the Is-Land [1982]; Envoy from Mirror City [1985] She lived 1924 to ?.

Richard I. Gregory [Gregory, Richard I.] psychologist England 1966 to 1987 Eye and Brain [1966]; Mind in Science [1981]; Odd Perceptions [1986]; Oxford Companion to the Mind [1987 and 2004] He lived 1923 to ?. Perceptions are good guesses about what physical world is like.

Placido Domingo [Domingo, Placido] tenor Mexico 1966 to 1992 He lived 1941 to ?.

George C. Williams [Williams, George C.] biologist USA 1966 to 1992 Adaptation and Natural Selection [1966]; Sex and Evolution [1975]; Natural Selection: Domains, Levels, and Challenges [1992] Genes are natural-selection units, and organisms passively contain them. Evolution changes gene frequency and can make new genes.

Benjamin Libet [Libet, Benjamin] physician USA 1966 to 1993 Brain stimulation and the threshold of conscious experience [1966]; Electrical stimulation of cortex in human subjects and conscious sensory aspects [1973]; Neurophysiology of Consciousness [1993]; Volitional Brain [1999: with Anthony Freeman and Keith Sutherland] He studied backward referral in time, Libet's delay, neuronal adequacy, readiness potential, and time-on theory [Libet, 1993]. Neural events can make experiences have unity {conscious mental field} (CMF). CMF can affect neurons and allows subjective experience.

Seamus Heaney [Heaney, Seamus] poet Ireland 1966 to 1995 Death of a Naturalist [1966: poems] He lived 1919 to ?.

F. Károlyházy [Károlyházy, F.] physicist Hungary 1966 to 2000 Gravity causes wavefunction reduction.

Bernard W. Agranoff [Agranoff, Bernard W.] psychologist USA 1967 Memory and protein synthesis [1967] He lived 1926 to ?. Long-term memory needs protein synthesis.

Jocelyn Bell [Bell, Jocelyn]/Anthony Hewish [Hewish, Anthony] physicist England 1967 Bell lived 1943 to ?. Hewish lived 1924 to ?. They discovered neutron-star pulsars, which look to Earth observers like microwave-beam lighthouses, spinning dozens of times each second [1967].

Jocelyn Bell [Bell, Jocelyn] astronomer England 1967 She lived 1943 to ? and discovered pulsars [1967].

Seymour Benzer [Benzer, Seymour] biologist USA 1967 Behavioral mutants of Drosophila isolated by counter current distribution [1967] He lived 1921 to ?, studied fruit flies, and mutated single genes to affect courtship rituals, vision, circadian rhythms, memory, and learning. He found proteins used in non-declarative memory.

Don Black [Black, Don]/Mark London [London, Mark] lyricist/composer England 1967 To Sir With Love [1967: from the film To Sir With Love] Black lived 1938 to ?.

Ray Bradbury [Bradbury, Ray] novelist USA 1967 Fahrenheit 451 [1967: science fiction] He lived 1920 to ?.

John Christopher [Christopher, John] or Samuel Youd [Youd, Samuel] writer USA 1967 White Mountains [1967: first novel of Tripods trilogy] He lived 1922 to ?.

Judy Collins [Collins, Judy] singer USA 1967 Both Sides Now [1967: by Joni Mitchell]; Send in the Clowns [1977] She lived 1939 to ?.

Arthur Conley [Conley, Arthur] singer USA 1967 Sweet Soul Music [1967]

Sandy Denis [Denis, Sandy] actor USA 1967 Up the Down Staircase [1967] She lived 1937 to 1992.

James Dickey [Dickey, James] novelist/poet USA 1967 Deliverance [1967] He lived 1923 to 1997.

Francis P. Dineen [Dineen, Francis P.] linguist USA 1967 Introduction to General Linguistics [1967] He lived 1887 to 1891.

Steve Duboff [Duboff, Steve]/Artie Kornfeld [Kornfeld, Artie] composer USA 1967 Rain, the Park and Other Things [1967: sung by The Cowsills]

Bobbie Gentry [Gentry, Bobbie] singer USA 1967 Ode to Billie Joe [1967]

Terry Gilkyson [Gilkyson, Terry]/Phil Harris [Harris, Phil] composer USA 1967 Bare Necessities [1967: from the film The Jungle Book]; I Want to Be like You [1967: from the film The Jungle Book] Gilkyson lived 1916 to 1999. Harris lived 1904 to 1995.

Knut Hamsun [Hamsun, Knut] novelist Norway 1967 Hunger [1967: translated to English] He lived 1859 to 1952.

John Hartford [Hartford, John] composer USA 1967 Gentle on My Mind [1967: sung by Glen Campbell] He lived 1937 to 2001.

Lee Hazlewood [Hazlewood, Lee]/Nancy Sinatra [Sinatra, Nancy] composer/singer USA 1967 Summer Wine [1967] Hazlewood lived 1929 to ?.

Susan E. Hinton [Hinton, Susan E.] writer USA 1967 Outsiders [1967] She lived 1950 to ?.

Idries Shah historian Afghanistan/England 1967 Tales of the Dervishes [1967] He lived 1924 to 1996 and wrote about Sufism.

Quincy Jones [Jones, Quincy] composer USA 1967 In the Heat of the Night [1967: from the film In the Heat of the Night] He lived 1933 to ?.

Albert King [King, Albert] singer USA 1967 Born under a Bad Sign [1967]

Elaine Konigsburg [Konigsburg, Elaine] or E. L. Konigsburg [Konigsburg, E. L.] writer USA 1967 From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler [1967]; View from Saturday She lived 1930 to ?.

Jonathan Kozol [Kozol, Jonathan] sociologist USA 1967 Death at an Early Age [1967] He lived 1936 to ? and studied education.

Phyllis LaFarge [LaFarge, Phyllis] writer USA 1967 Gumdrop Necklace [1967]

Rensis Likert [Likert, Rensis] economist USA 1967 Human Organization [1967] He studied organizational behavioral theory.

Jay Livingston [Livingston, Jay]/Ray Evans [Evans, Ray]/Victor Young [Young, Victor] lyricist/composer USA 1967 Golden Earrings [1967] Livingston lived 1915 to 2001. Evans lived 1915 to 2007. Young lived 1899 to 1956.

Lulu or Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie [Lawrie, Marie McDonald McLaughlin] singer Scotland 1967 To Sir, with Love [1967] She lived 1948 to ?.

Galt MacDermot [MacDermot, Galt]/James Rado [Rado, James] lyricist/composer USA 1967 Hair [1967: musical, including Aquarius, Let the Sunshine In, and Hair] MacDermot lived 1928 to ?.

Scott McKenzie [McKenzie, Scott] composer/singer USA 1967 San Francisco [1967] He lived 1939 to ?.

Peter Medawar [Medawar, Peter] biologist England 1967 Art of the Soluble [1967] He lived 1915 to 1987 and studied immunology.

Robert Morse [Morse, Robert]/Michele Lee [Lee, Michele]/Rudy Vallee [Vallee, Rudy] actor USA 1967 How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying [1967] Morse lived 1931 to ?. Lee lived 1942 to ?. Vallee lived 1901 to 1986.

Paul Newman [Newman, Paul]/George Kennedy [Kennedy, George] actor USA 1967 Cool Hand Luke [1967] Newman lived 1925 to ?. Kennedy lived 1925 to ?.

C. Carson Parks [Parks, C. Carson] composer USA 1967 Something Stupid [1967] He lived 1936 to 2005.

John Peterson [Peterson, John] writer USA 1967 Littles [1967 on: books] He lived 1924 to 2002.

Andre Previn [Previn, Andre]/Elmer Bernstein [Bernstein, Elmer] composer USA 1967 Thoroughly Modern Millie [1967: from the film Thoroughly Modern Millie] Previn lived 1929 to ?.

Keith Reid [Reid, Keith]/Gary Brooker [Brooker, Gary] composer USA 1967 Whiter Shade of Pale [1967]

Ben Shawn [Shawn, Ben] painter USA 1967 Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti [1967] He lived 1898 to 1969.

Nancy Sinatra [Sinatra, Nancy]/Frank Sinatra [Sinatra, Frank] singer USA 1967 Somethin' Stupid [1967] Frank lived 1915 to 1998.

Stephen Smale [Smale, Stephen] mathematician USA 1967 Differentiable Dynamic Systems [1967] He lived 1930 to ? and studied non-linear oscillators that had stable, non-repeating, periodic patterns. He studied topology in five or higher dimensions and Poincaré conjecture. He invented topological phase-space transformations {Smale's horseshoe}, in which space stretches, shrinks, and folds multiple times in any dimension. Transformations are sensitive to initial conditions.

Tom Stoppard [Stoppard, Tom] playwright England 1967 Rosencranz and Guildenstern are Dead [1967] He lived 1937 to ?.

Eli Wallach [Wallach, Eli]/Anne Jackson [Jackson, Anne] actor USA 1967 Tiger Makes Out [1967] Wallach lived 1915 to ?. Jackson lived 1926 to ?.

George David Weiss [Weiss, George David]/Bob Thiele [Thiele, Bob]/Louis Armstrong [Armstrong, Louis] lyricist/composer/singer USA 1967 What a Wonderful World [1967: sung by Louis Armstrong] Weiss lived 1921 to ?. Thiele lived 1922 to 1996. Armstrong lived 1901 to 1971.

Marvin Gaye [Gaye, Marvin]/Tammi Terrell [Terrell, Tammi] singer USA 1967 to 1968 Ain't No Mountain High Enough [1967]; Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing [1967]; You're All I Need to Get By [1967]; You Can Have My Private Number [1968: by Judy Clay and William Bell]

Jimi Hendrix [Hendrix, Jimi] singer USA 1967 to 1968 Purple Haze [1967]; Hey Joe [1967]; Foxey Lady [1967]; Fire [1967]; All along the Watchtower [1968]; Voodoo Chile/Slight Return [1968] He lived 1942 to 1970.

Franco Zefferelli [Zefferelli, Franco] director USA 1967 to 1968 Taming of the Shrew [1967: Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor acted]; Romeo and Juliet [1968] He lived 1923 to ?.

Rod McKuen [McKuen, Rod] poet USA 1967 to 1969 If You Go Away [1967: translated from Jacques Brel]; Lonesome Cities [1967]; Jean [1969] He lived 1933 to ?.

Harry Nilsson [Nilsson, Harry] singer USA 1967 to 1969 Everybody's Talking at Ya or Everybody's Talking at Me or Echoes or Theme from Midnight Cowboy [1967: from the film Midnight Cowboy] He lived 1941 to 1994.

K. M. Peyton [Peyton, K. M.]/Kathleen Peyton [Peyton, Kathleen]/Michael Peyton [Peyton, Michael] writer England 1967 to 1969 Flambards [1967: trilogy]; Edge of the Cloud [1969: book 2 of Flambards]; Flambards in Summer [1969: book 3 of Flambards] Kathleen Peyton lived 1929 to ?. Michael Peyton lived 1933 to ?.

Hans Kirst [Kirst, Hans] writer Germany 1967 to 1970 Night of the Generals [1967]; Officer Factory [1970] He lived 1914 to 1989.

Neil Diamond [Diamond, Neil] singer USA 1967 to 1972 For What It's Worth (Stop, Hey, What's That Sound) [1967]; Girl, You'll Be a Woman Soon [1967]; Cracklin' Rosie [1970]; Song Sung Blue [1972]; Sweet Caroline [1972] He lived 1941 to ?.

Eleanor Clymer [Clymer, Eleanor] writer USA 1967 to 1973 My Brother Stevie [1967]; Luke Was There [1973] She lived 1906 to 2001.

Janis Ian [Ian, Janis] singer/composer USA 1967 to 1974 Society's Child [1967]; At Seventeen [1974]

Susan Cooper [Cooper, Susan] writer USA 1967 to 1975 Dark Is Rising [1967 to 1975: books] She lived 1935 to ?.

Yakov B. Zel'dovich [Zel'dovich, Yakov B.] physicist Russia 1967 to 1976 He lived 1914 to 1987. Gravity can cause baryons to decay, over 10^31 years [1976]. He described the Cosmological Constant problem [1967]: cosmological constant is 120 order of magnitude too great.

Robert Lipsyte [Lipsyte, Robert] writer USA 1967 to 1977 Contender [1967]; One Fat Summer [1977]

Bee Gees/Barry Gibb [Gibb, Barry]/Maurice Gibb [Gibb, Maurice]/Robin Gibb [Gibb, Robin] singer England 1967 to 1978 1941 New York Mining Disaster [1967]; Massachusetts or Lights Went Out [1967]; I Started a Joke [1968]; I've Gotta Get a Message to You [1968]; How Can You Mend a Broken Heart [1971]; Stayin' Alive [1978: in the film Saturday Night Fever]; How Deep Is Your Love [1977: in the movie Saturday Night Fever]; More Than a Woman [1977: in the film Saturday Night Fever]; Stayin' Alive [1977: in the film Saturday Night Fever] Barry Gibb lived 1946 to ?.

William Styron [Styron, William] novelist USA 1967 to 1979 Confessions of Nat Turner [1967]; Sophie's Choice [1979] He lived 1935 to ?.

Jacques Derrida [Derrida, Jacques] philosopher Algeria/Paris, France 1967 to 1982 Of Grammatology [1967]; Speech and Phenomena and Other Essays on Husserl's Theory of Signs [1967]; Margins of Philosophy [1972]; Glas [1974]; Post Card [1980] He lived 1930 to 2004 and studied language relative to philosophy. He analyzed and criticized texts based on ideas about language relativity {deconstruction, Derrida}. His criticism contrasted with that of Roland Barthes. Epistemology Spoken and written symbols are physical and arbitrary. Spoken and written symbols are always in context. Because meanings differ in context, meaning can be unobtainable {undecidability, meaning}. As speech or writing progresses, sign meaning changes slightly {différence}, as context changes. Thus, signs cannot know consciousness or truth. Speech expresses mental thoughts {logocentric}, and writing is secondary. Philosophy depends on opposite-concept pairs, such as soul-body, which are not useful or real but are only about language use. Mind The Other must contrast with the Self. This idea was against the idea of Emmanuel Levinas that the Other is absolute.

Ulrich Neisser [Neisser, Ulrich] psychologist USA 1967 to 1982 Cognitive Psychology [1967]; Memory Observed: Remembering in Natural Contexts [1982] He lived 1928 to ?. Memory is like reconstructing dinosaur from bones alone.

Paula Fox [Fox, Paula] writer USA 1967 to 1991 How Many Miles to Babylon [1967]; Slave Dancer [1973]; One-Eyed Cat [1984]; Lily and the Lost Boy [1987]; Village by the Sea [1988]; Moonlight Man [1991]

Hilary Putnam [Putnam, Hilary] philosopher USA 1967 to 1992 Psychological Predicates [1967]; Mind, Language, and Reality [1975]; Meaning and the Moral Sciences [1978]; Reason, Truth and History [1981]; Philosophy of Mathematics [1983: with Paul Benacerraf]; Realism and Reason [1983]; Many Faces of Realism [1987]; Representation and Reality [1988]; Realism with a Human Face [1990]; Renewing Philosophy [1992] He lived 1926 to ?, was first logical positivist, and was Carnap's student. Quine, Wittgenstein, and Nelson Goodman influenced him. Epistemology People should not judge beliefs individually, but only as whole system {holism, Putnam}. Senses and facts cannot be the basis of knowledge. Knowledge requires brains that communicate. Brain {brain in a vat} can know, by electrochemical input alone, everything people know, so it is impossible to prove existence of external world. People react to natural occurrences to establish conscious linguistic responses {causal theory of reference, Putnam}. Mental states, representing ideas, cause linguistic responses. Linguistic responses report mental state using signs. Response pattern depends on similarity or relation represented by mental state, which people do not necessarily consciously know. Because mental states vary widely, natural occurrence can have incompatible explanations. Skepticism refutes itself, because its thoughts have different meaning than ordinary thoughts. Relativity requires that past, present, and future have no real distinction among them. People think and speak based on how experts use words {externalism, Putnam}. Mind Mental states are computations {functionalism, Putnam}, and mind is relations between beliefs, desires, memories, and all mental states. This was his early thinking, which he criticized later. Minds know objects using mental tools {internal realism}.

Aretha Franklin [Franklin, Aretha] or Queen of Soul singer USA 1967 to 1998 (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman [1967]; Respect [1967: by Otis Redding]; Chain of Fools [1968]; Think [1968]; Day Dreaming [1972]; I Knew You Were Waiting for Me [1987]; A Rose Is Still a Rose [1998] She lived 1942 to ?.

Werner Arber [Arber, Werner] biologist Switzerland 1968 restriction enzymes discovered [1968] He lived 1929 to ?.

Richard C. Atkinson [Atkinson, Richard C.]/Richard M. Shiffrin [Shiffrin, Richard M.] psychologist USA 1968 Human Memory: a proposed system and its control processes [1968] They studied memory.

Louis Auchincloss [Auchincloss, Louis] novelist USA 1968 Rector of [1968] He lived 1917 to ?.

Burt Bacharach [Bacharach, Burt]/John Barry [Barry, John] composer USA 1968 Windmills of Your Mind [1968: from the film The Thomas Crown Affair] Bacharach lived 1928 to ?. Barry lived 1933 to ?.

Alan Bates [Bates, Alan] actor England 1968 Fixer [1968] He lived 1934 to 2003.

Jacques Brel [Brel, Jacques] lyricist/composer USA 1968 Jacques Brel Is Alive and Well and Living in Paris [1968: musical, with English translation by Mort Shuman and Eric Blau] Brel lived 1929 to 1978.

Mel Brooks [Brooks, Mel]/Burt Bacharach [Bacharach, Burt] director/composer USA 1968 Producers [1968: Zero Mostel and Gene Wilder acted. includes the song Springtime for Hitler] He lived 1926 to ?. Bacharach lived 1928 to ?.

Glen Campbell [Campbell, Glen] singer USA 1968 Wichita Lineman [1968] He lived 1936 to ?.

Clarence Carter [Carter, Clarence] singer USA 1968 Slip Away [1968]

Felix Cavaliere [Cavaliere, Felix]/Edward Brigati, Jr. [Brigati, Jr., Edward]/Rascals composer/singer USA 1968 It's a Beautiful Morning [1968]

Judy Clay [Clay, Judy]/William Bell [Bell, William] singer USA 1968 You Can Have My Private Number [1968]

Henry de Montherlant [Montherlant, Henry de] writer France 1968 La Rose de sable or Black Rose [1968] He lived 1896 to 1972.

René Dubos [Dubos, René] biologist France 1968 So Human an Animal [1968] He lived 1901 to 1982 and studied evolution.

Mel Ellis [Ellis, Mel] writer USA 1968 Ironhead [1968]

Mia Farrow [Farrow, Mia] actor USA 1968 Rosemary's Baby [1968] She lived 1945 to ?.

William Friedkin [Friedkin, William] director USA 1968 Night They Raided Minsky's [1968] He lived 1935 to ?.

Bobby Goldsboro [Goldsboro, Bobby] singer USA 1968 Honey [1968]

Richard Harris [Harris, Richard] singer USA 1968 MacArthur Park [1968]

Mary Hopkins [Hopkins, Mary] singer England 1968 Those Were the Days [1962: by Gene Raskin]

John Kay [Kay, John]/Rushton Moreve [Moreve, Rushton] composer USA 1968 Magic Carpet Ride [1968: sung by Steppenwolf]

Kris Kristofferson [Kristofferson, Kris] singer USA 1968 For the Good Times [1968] He lived 1936 to ?.

Louis L'Amour [L'Amour, Louis] writer USA 1968 Down the Long Hills [1968] He lived 1908 to 1988.

George Leonard [Leonard, George] sociologist USA 1968 Education and Ecstasy [1968]

Mama Cass or Cass Elliot [Elliot, Cass] singer USA 1968 Dream a Little Dream of Me [1930: by Gus Kahn, Wilber Schwandt, and Fabian Andre] She lived 1941 to 1974.

Armando Manzanero [Manzanero, Armando]/Sid Wayne [Wayne, Sid] composer/lyricist Mexico/USA 1968 It's Impossible or Somos novios [1968] Manzanero lived 1935 to ?.

Hugh Masekela [Masekela, Hugh] singer USA 1968 Grazing in the Grass [1968]

Paul Mauriat [Mauriat, Paul] orchestra leader France 1968 Love Is Blue [1968: by André Popp] He lived 1925 to ?.

Sergio Mendes [Mendes, Sergio]/Brasil 66 player Brazil 1968 Look of Love [1968]

Hugo Montenegro [Montenegro, Hugo] orchestra leader USA 1968 Good, the Bad and the Ugly [1968] He lived 1925 to ?.

Arlene Mosel [Mosel, Arlene] writer USA 1968 Tikki Tikki Tembo [1968: Chinese folktale]

Charles Muscatine [Muscatine, Charles] sociologist USA 1968 Future of the University as an Idea [1968]

Paul Newman [Newman, Paul] director USA 1968 Rachel, Rachel [1968: Joanne Woodward acted] He lived 1925 to ?.

Charley Pride [Pride, Charley] singer USA 1968 Kiss an Angel Good Morning [1968]; (Is Anybody Going To) San Antone [1968]; Crystal Chandeliers [1968] He lived 1938 to ?.

Arthur Resnick [Resnick, Arthur]/Joe Levine [Levine, Joe] composer USA 1968 Yummy Yummy Yummy [1968]

Jacques Revaux [Revaux, Jacques]/Claude François [François, Claude]/Gilles Thibault [Thibault, Gilles]/Paul Anka [Anka, Paul] composer USA 1968 My Way [1968: sung by Frank Sinatra] Revaux lived 1940 to ?. François lived 1939 to ?. Anka lived 1941 to ?.

Jeannie C. Riley [Riley, Jeannie C.] singer USA 1968 Harper Valley P.T.A. [1968]

Linda Ronstadt [Ronstadt, Linda]/Stone Poneys singer USA 1968 Different Drum [1968]

Melanie Rush [Rush, Melanie] singer USA 1968 Angel of the Morning [1968]

Bobby Russell [Russell, Bobby] composer USA 1968 Little Green Apples [1968] He lived 1913 to 2002.

Gene Saks [Saks, Gene] director USA 1968 Odd Couple [1968] He lived 1921 to ?.

O. C. Smith [Smith, O. C.] singer USA 1968 Little Green Apples [1968]

Lynn Sykes [Sykes, Lynn] geologist USA 1968 He studied sea floor spreading and earthquakes, with Jack Oliver and Bryan L. Isacks, and said that plates float [1968].

Max O. Urbahn [Urbahn, Max O.] architect Cape Canaveral, Florida 1968 Vehicle Assembly Building [1968: has the most space inside one room, 180 meters tall and 230 meters square, and has 150-meter tall doors] He lived 1912 to 1995.

Gabriele Veneziano [Veneziano, Gabriele] physicist Italy 1968 He found that Euler beta-function describes properties of particles affected by strong force [1968].

Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. [Vonnegut, Kurt] novelist USA 1968 Slaughterhouse Five [1968] He lived 1922 to ?.

Jimmy Webb [Webb, Jimmy] composer USA 1968 Wichita Lineman [1968]

Mason Williams [Williams, Mason] guitarist USA 1968 Classical Gas [1968]

Tammy Wynette [Wynette, Tammy] or Virginia Wynette Pugh [Wynette Pugh, Virginia] or First Lady of Country Music singer USA 1968 Take Me to Your World [1968]; DIVORCE [1968]; Stand by Your Man [1968] She lived 1942 to 1998.

Archie Bell [Bell, Archie]/Drells singer USA 1968 to 1969 Tighten Up [1968]; Goin' to be a Showdown [1969] Archie Bell and the Drells.

Desmond Dekker [Dekker, Desmond] singer Jamaica 1968 to 1969 Israelites [1968] He lived 1943 to 2006 and popularized dance music of Jamaica {ska}, which preceded the slower reggae.

Oliver composer USA 1968 to 1969 Jean [1968: from the film The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie]; Good Morning, Starshine [1969] He lived 1945 to ?.

George Harrison [Harrison, George] composer England 1968 to 1970 My Sweet Lord [1968] He lived 1943 to 2001.

Janis Joplin [Joplin, Janis] singer USA 1968 to 1971 Piece of My Heart [1968]; Me and Bobby McGee [1971] She lived 1943 to 1970.

Johnny Nash [Nash, Johnny] composer/singer USA 1968 to 1972 Hold Me Tight [1968]; I Can See Clearly Now [1972] He lived 1940 to ?.

René Thom [Thom, René] mathematician France 1968 to 1972 Dynamic theory of morphogenesis [1968]; Structural Stability and Morphogenesis [1972] He lived 1923 to 2002 and studied catastrophe theory.

Paul Zindel [Zindel, Paul] writer USA 1968 to 1976 Pigman [1968]; My Darling, My Hamburger [1969]; Pardon Me, You're Stepping on My Eyeball [1976] He lived 1936 to 2003.

Barbara Brown [Brown, Barbara] biologist USA 1968 to 1978 New Mind, New body [1974]; Critique of biofeedback concepts and methodologies [1978] People can sense unconscious body behavior by signal biofeedback [1968]. After training, people can control one neuron or can change blood pressure or heartbeat.

Oscar Ichazo [Ichazo, Oscar] psychologist/philosopher Chile/USA 1968 to 1982 Between Metaphysics and Protoanalysis [1982] He lived 1931 to ?, invented nine-point personality typing {Enneagram}, and followed Gurdjieff. Psychotherapy can raise awareness of altered states, to reduce ego {ego destruction}. He founded Arica School {arica training} [1968].

Niles Eldridge [Eldridge, Niles] biologist USA 1968 to 1985 Pattern of Evolution [1968]; Time Frames [1985] New speciation is at range fringes in isolated places. Species change little at other times.

Marvin Minsky [Minsky, Marvin] psychologist USA 1968 to 1985 Semantic Information Processing [1968: editor]; Society of Mind [1985] He lived 1927 to ?. Systems have interacting subsystems {agent} that perform actions for whole system. Agents take input and produce output. Systems perform actions for makers. Agents can restore other agents to previous states {K- line}. Brain agents {polyneme} can initiate processes in other agencies, which use learning and memory to act on signals. Agents can trigger other agents with unknown learned behaviors to respond, like triggering memory. Agents can cause agents with known fixed behaviors to act in coordinated ways {isonome}. They activate short-term memory in other agencies and coordinate activities. Similar temporary agents {pronome} hold and move mental-state active fragments. Agents can act directly on outside world. Knowledge-agent {microneme} combinations activate word agents. Agents can be forms {frame}. Form nodes can hold lower agent types. Nodes have default agents. People can mistake failure of imagination for insight into necessity {philosophers' syndrome}.

Roger W. Sperry [Sperry, Roger W.] psychologist USA 1968 to 1985 Hemisphere Deconnection and Unity in Conscious Awareness [1968]; Lateral specialization in the surgically separated hemispheres [1974]; Science and Moral Priority [1985] He lived 1913 to ? and studied split brain. Brains are neural-network collections. They regulate each other. Consciousness emerges from activities in neural networks, and consciousness regulates networks.

Barbara Wersba [Wersba, Barbara] writer USA 1968 to 1987 Dream Watcher [1968]; Fat, a Love Story [1987]

Betsy Byars [Byars, Betsy] writer USA 1968 to 1988 Midnight Fox [1968]; Trouble River [1969]; Pinballs [1977]; 18th Emergency [1981]; Golly Sisters Go West [1984]; Not-Just-Anybody Family [1986]; Burning Questions of Bingo Brown [1988]; Summer of the Swans She lived 1928 to ?.

David M. Armstrong [Armstrong, David M.] philosopher Australia 1968 to 1989 Bodily Sensations [1962]; Materialist Theory of Mind [1968]; Universals and Scientific Realism, Volume I: Nominalism and Realism [1978]; Nature of Mind and Other Essays [1980]; What Is a Law of Nature [1983]; Consciousness and Causality [1984: with Norman Malcolm]; Universals [1989]; Combinatorial Theory of Possibility [1989] He lived 1926 to ? and was Australian materialist and functionalist. Mind Mental processes are brain states and interact causally with body {central-state materialism, Armstrong}.

Jürgen Habermas [Habermas, Jürgen] philosopher Germany 1968 to 1989 Knowledge and Human Interests [1968]; Theory of Communicative Action [1984 and 1989]; Philosophical Discourse of Modernity [1987] He lived 1929 to ?, was of Frankfurt School, and was Adorno's pupil. Epistemology People can study texts by considering social, historical, and textual contexts. People can reach true consensus about text. Free public debate can achieve such consensus. Ideologies depend on power structures and slow social change. Ideologies have weak foundations {ideological critique}. Mind The life-world is social.

Virginia Hamilton [Hamilton, Virginia] writer USA 1968 to 1989 House of Dies Drear [1968]; Time-Ago Tales of Jahdu [1969]; Planet of Junior Brown [1971]; M. C. Higgins the Great [1974]; Little Love [1975]; Sweet Whispers, Brother Rush [1982]; Magical Adventures of Pretty Pearl [1983]; People Could Fly [1985]; In the Beginning [1989] She lived 1936 to 2002.

Carlos Castaneda [Castaneda, Carlos] psychologist USA 1968 to 1993 Teachings of Don Juan [1968]; Separate Reality [1971]; Journey to Ixtlan [1973]; Power of Silence [1987] He lived 1925 to 1998 and talked about peyote and consciousness.

John Maynard Smith [Smith, John Maynard] biologist USA 1968 to 1995 Mathematical Ideas in Biology [1968]; Major Transitions in Evolution [1995: with E. Szathmáry] He lived 1920 to 2004 and studied population-biology relations {logistic difference equation, Smith}.

Elizabeth Warrington [Warrington, Elizabeth] psychologist England 1968 to 1995 Study of learning and retention in amnesic patients [1968: with Lawrence Weiskrantz]; Single and multiple component central dyslexic syndromes [1980: with Tim R. Shallice]; Selective impairment in manipulating arabic numerals [1995: with Lisa Cipolotti and Brian Butterworth] Small cerebral-cortex lesions can reduce object-category knowledge {category-specific knowledge}: frontal and parietal {manipulation category} or temporal {vision category}. Word categories can be lost.

Ursula K. Le Guin [Le Guin, Ursula K.] or Ursula K. LeGuin [LeGuin, Ursula K.] writer USA 1968 to 1999 Catwings; Wizard of Earthsea [1968]; Tombs of Atuan [1971]; Farthest Shore [1972]; Tehanu: The Last Book of Earthsea [1990]; Other Wind [2001]; Catwings [1988]; Catwings Return [1989]; Wonderful Alexander and the Catwings [1994]; Jane on Her Own [1999] She lived 1929 to ?.

Neil Armstrong [Armstrong, Neil] explorer USA/Moon 1969 He lived 1930 to ? and was first person to step on Moon.

William Armstrong [Armstrong, William] writer USA 1969 Sounder [1969] He lived 1914 to 1999.

Robert Blake [Blake, Robert] actor USA 1969 Tell Them Willie Boy Is Here [1969] He lived 1933 to ?.

Lincoln Pierson Brower [Brower, Lincoln Pierson] physicist USA 1969 Ecological Chemistry [1969] He lived 1931 to ?.

Kenneth B. Clark [Clark, Kenneth B.] historian England 1969 Civilisation [1969: Harper and Row, New York, about art] He lived 1903 to 1983.

Vera Cleaver [Cleaver, Vera]/Bill Cleaver [Cleaver, Bill] writer USA 1969 Where the Lilies Bloom [1969] Vera Cleaver lived 1919 to 1992. Bill Cleaver lived ? to 1981.

Jackie DeShannon [DeShannon, Jackie] singer USA 1969 Put a Little Love in Your Heart [1969]

Antonia Fraser [Fraser, Antonia] historian England 1969 Mary Queen of Scots [1969] She lived 1932 to ?.

R. B. Greaves [Greaves, R. B.] singer USA 1969 Take a Letter Maria [1969]

Norman Greenbaum [Greenbaum, Norman] singer USA 1969 Spirit in the Sky [1969]

Constance Greene [Greene, Constance] writer USA 1969 Girl Called Al [1969] She lived 1897 to 1975.

Edwin Hawkins [Hawkins, Edwin]/Edwin Hawkins Singers singer USA 1969 O Happy Day [1969] Edwin Hawkins Singers.

Joe Jeffries Group singer USA 1969 My Pledge of Love [1969]

Andy Kim [Kim, Andy] composer USA 1969 Baby, I Love You [1969]

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross [Kubler-Ross, Elizabeth] psychologist USA 1969 On Death and Dying [1969] She lived 1926 to 2004 and studied dying.

Peggy Lee [Lee, Peggy]/Mundell Lowe [Lowe, Mundell]/Mike Melvoin [Melvoin, Mike] composer USA 1969 Lean on Me [1969] Lee lived 1920 to ?.

Rollo May [May, Rollo] psychologist USA 1969 Love and Will [1969] He lived 1909 to 1994.

Rod McKuen [McKuen, Rod] composer USA 1969 Love's Been Good to Me [1969: sung by Frank Sinatra] He lived 1933 to ?.

Yoichiro Nambu [Nambu, Yoichiro] physicist USA 1969 He found that Euler beta-function describes particle properties affected by strong force, if particles are Planck-length, one-dimensional vibrating strings [1969].

Holger Nielsen [Nielsen, Holger] physicist Denmark 1969 He found that Euler beta-function describes particle properties affected by strong force, if particles are Planck-length, one-dimensional vibrating strings [1969].

Neil Postman [Postman, Neil] sociologist USA 1969 Teaching as a Subversive Activity [1969: with Weingartner] He lived 1931 to 2003 and studied education.

Dory Previn [Previn, Dory]/Fred Karlin [Karlin, Fred] lyricist/composer USA 1969 Come Saturday Morning [1969: from the film The Sterile Cuckoo] Karlin lived 1936 to 2004.

Vanessa Redgrave [Redgrave, Vanessa] actor USA 1969 Loves of Isadora [1969] She lived 1937 to ?.

Allan Sandage [Sandage, Allan] astronomer USA 1969 He lived 1926 to ?. Hubble constant is decreasing [1969].

Bobby Scott [Scott, Bobby]/Bobby Russell [Russell, Bobby] composer USA 1969 He's Not Heavy, He's My Brother [1969: sung by the Hollies] Scott lived 1937 to ?. Russell lived 1941 to ?. The Hollies also sang The Air That I Breath [1974].

Bobby Sherman [Sherman, Bobby] singer USA 1969 Little Woman [1969]

Joe South [South, Joe] singer USA 1969 Games People Play [1969]

George Spencer-Brown [Spencer-Brown, George] logician England 1969 Laws of Form [1969] He lived 1923 to ? and developed laws of form {calculus of indications, Spencer-Brown}, based on differences. Autopoietic theory references his work.

Jean Stafford [Stafford, Jean] novelist USA 1969 Collected Stories [1969] She lived 1915 to 1979.

Mary Q. Steele [Steele, Mary Q.] writer USA 1969 Journey Outside [1969] She lived 1922 to 1992.

Theodore Taylor [Taylor, Theodore] writer USA 1969 Cay [1969] He lived 1925 to 2004.

Jane Wagner [Wagner, Jane] writer USA 1969 J. T. [1969] She lived 1935 to ?.

Joseph Weber [Weber, Joseph] astronomer USA 1969 He lived 1919 to 2000 and found gravity waves [1969].

Charles Weingartner [Weingartner, Charles] sociologist USA 1969 Teaching as a Subversive Activity [1969: with Postman] He studied education.

Earl Reiback [Reiback, Earl] sculptor USA 1969 to 1970 Three Experiments within the TV Tube [1969: light sculpture]; Electron Beam [1969]; Suspension and Thrust [1970]; Luminage Projectors [1970]; Lumia Aurore [1970: 3d-lumia] He lived 1936 to ? and was Thomas Wilfred's student. Laszlo Moholy-Nagy built Light-Space Modulator [1922 to 1930], with light bulbs, reflectors, and filters. Wilfred built Lumia, such as his Clavilux [1922 to 1925], with lenses, color filters, mirrors, prisms, and projectors.

B. J. Thomas [Thomas, B. J.] singer USA 1969 to 1970 Hooked on a Feeling [1969]; Raindrops Keep Falling on My Head [1970] He lived 1942 to ?.

Neil Young [Young, Neil] singer USA 1969 to 1972 Cinnamon Girl [1969]; Ohio [1970]; Southern Man [1970]; Heart of Gold [1972] He lived 1945 to ?.

Ralph Brinster [Brinster, Ralph] biologist USA 1969 to 1974 He lived 1932 to ?, cloned foreign genes, and expressed repressed genes in mice [1974].

Richard M. Nixon [Nixon, Richard M.] president USA 1969 to 1974 He lived 1913 to 1994. 37th president opened China [1972], ended Vietnam War [1973], and fought inflation. Watergate scandal forced him to resign [1974].

Kenneth Wilson [Wilson, Kenneth] physicist USA 1969 to 1974 He lived 1936 to ? and used renormalization group theory to remove infinities from masses and distances in phase transitions and to preserve fractal dimension [1969 to 1974].

Natalie Babbitt [Babbitt, Natalie] writer USA 1969 to 1975 Search for Delicious [1969]; Tuck Everlasting [1975] She lived 1932 to ?.

Joe Cocker [Cocker, Joe] singer USA 1969 to 1975 With a Little Help from My Friends [1969: by the Beatles]; Letter [1970]; You Are So Beautiful [1975]

Kurt Waldheim [Waldheim, Kurt] secretary-general New York, New York 1969 to 1977 He lived 1918 to ? and was United Nations Secretary-General. He was from Austria.

John Denver [Denver, John] singer/composer USA 1969 to 1981 Follow Me [1969]; Take Me Home Country Roads [1971: with Bill Danoff and Taffy Nivert]; Sunshine on My Shoulders [1971: lyrics by John Denver, music by John Denver, Mike Taylor, and Dick Kniss]; Rocky Mountain High [1972: music with Mike Taylor]; Annie's Song [1974]; Perhaps Love [1981] He lived 1943 to 1997.

David Crosby [Crosby, David]/Stephen Stills [Stills, Stephen]/Graham Nash [Nash, Graham] singer USA 1969 to 1982 Marrakesh Express [1969]; Wooden Ships [1969]; Suite: Judy Blue Eyes [1969]; Southern Cross [1982]

John Lennon [Lennon, John]/Plastic Ono Band composer/singer USA 1969 to 1982 Instant Karma [1969]; Imagine [1971]; Watching the Wheels [1980]; Jealous Guy [1982] He lived 1940 to 1979.

Henri Tajfel [Tajfel, Henri] sociologist Poland/USA 1969 to 1982 Cognitive Aspects of Prejudice [1969]; Human Groups and Social Categories [1981]; Theory of Social Categorization [1982] He lived 1919 to 1982.

David Bowie [Bowie, David] singer England 1969 to 1983 Space Oddity [1969]; Changes [1971]; Suffragette City [1972]; Ziggy Stardust [1972]; Fame [1975]; Heroes [1977]; Ashes to Ashes [1983]; Modern Love [1983]; China Girl [1983]; Let's Dance [1983] He lived 1947 to ?.

William Steig [Steig, William] writer USA 1969 to 1983 Sylvester and the Magic Pebble [1969]; Amos and Boris [1971]; Real Thief [1973]; Amazing Bone [1983]; Abel's Island He lived 1907 to 2003.

Leon J. Kamin [Kamin, Leon J.] psychologist USA 1969 to 1984 Predictability, surprise, attention, and conditioning [1969]; Not in Our Genes: Biology, Ideology and Human Nature [1984: with Steven Rose and R. C. Lewontin] He lived 1927 to ?. If conditional stimulus pairs with reinforcer and then second stimulus pairs with first stimulus and reinforcer, animals do not respond to only second stimulus {blocking effect, Kamin} [1969]. Animals seem to assume minimum sufficient causation.

Warren Burger [Burger, Warren] chief justice USA 1969 to 1986 He lived 1907 to 1995 and was USA Supreme Court Chief Justice [1969 to 1986].

Victor Turner [Turner, Victor] anthropologist USA 1969 to 1986 Ritual Process [1969]; From Ritual to Theater [1982]; Anthropology of Experience [1986: with E. M. Bruner] He lived 1920 to 1983 and studied rituals. Rituals have symbols are conventions, refer to many things, cause actions. They are about morals and norms. Human physiology provides another source of symbols, emotions, and motivations. Both interlink to make person. People must find structural system from experience units {Erlebnis} and event sequence {Erleben} through the basic perception, memories, emotions, meanings, values, and knowing.

R. Allen Gardner [Gardner, R. Allen]/Beatrix T. Gardner [Gardner, Beatrix T.] primatologist USA 1969 to 1989 Teaching sign language to an ape [1969]; Comparative psychology and language acquisition [1980]; Vocabulary Test for Chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) [1984]; Teaching Sign Language to Chimpanzees [1989: with T. E. Van Cantfort] Beatrix lived 1933 to 1995. After four years of training, the chimpanzee Washoe acquired over 100 signs of American Sign Language. It heard no other language. Some signs were for general classes, rather than specific objects and events. Some signs changed or extended. Washoe used sign order and substituted signs with similar meanings or shapes. However, no primates developed signing themselves. Humans had to teach them. Humans cued chimpanzees to make signs, and chimpanzees signed to get rewards. Chimpanzees signed to each other socially but not for rewards.

Isaiah Berlin [Berlin, Isaiah] historian/philosopher Latvia/England 1969 to 1992 Four Essays on Liberty [1969]; Vico and Herder [1976]; Russian Thinkers [1978]; Against the Current [1980]; Crooked Timber of Humanity [1992]; The Hedgehog and the Fox He lived 1909 to ?, contributed to ordinary-language philosophy at Oxford, and wrote about counterfactual conditionals. History aids understanding, because phenomena always have personal and unique aspects {historicism, Berlin}. Hedgehogs have one reaction. Foxes have many possible reactions. Life's purposes have no unity. People can have positive liberty or negative liberty.

Leonard Susskind [Susskind, Leonard] physicist USA 1969 to 1995 He found that Euler beta-function describes particle properties affected by strong force, if particles are Planck-length, one-dimensional vibrating strings [1969]. He studied holographic principle and how it applies to string theory [1995].

Kees S. Immink [Immink, Kees S.] inventor Netherlands 1969 to 1996 reflective laserdisc [1969]; compact disc [1983: with Toshitada Doi]; DVD [1996] He lived 1946 to ? {compact disc}.

John R. Searle [Searle, John R.] philosopher USA 1969 to 1997 Speech Acts [1969]; Minds, Brains, and Programs [1980]; Intentionality [1983]; Minds, Brains, and Science [1984]; Rediscovery of the Mind [1992]; Mystery of Consciousness [1997]; Mind: A Brief Introduction [2004] He lived 1932 to ?. Epistemology People's minds have intentions, which make meaning and language. Speech acts are rule-governed behavior, with roles and laws. There is strong AI and weak AI. After receiving grammatical string of Chinese characters as input, people who do not know Chinese language can use algorithm or lookup table to send grammatical and meaningful string of Chinese characters as output {Chinese Room example}. System of man and lookup table can pass Turing test but does not have real understanding of Chinese. Symbols and grammar must relate to representation to have meaning {symbol grounding problem}. However, people must be able to perform such complex algorithms, using many underlying brain skills, including learning and memory. People must recognize Chinese characters in strings, put such characters in series, and follow many-ruled algorithm. To use algorithm, people must know language. Recognizing patterns is an algorithm part and means one knows symbols and representation. Perhaps, whole system understands because it must be complex and integrate many subprocesses, so understanding emerges. Perhaps, it needs causal relations to outside world. Perhaps, it needs brain-simulation program. Mind Neurological activity causes all mental phenomena {biological naturalism}. Mental phenomena and conscious states emerge from neurons and their processes. Minds have subjective essence. Sense qualities are elements of a field {total conscious field} that unifies conscious experience.

Daniel C. Dennett [Dennett, Daniel C.] philosopher USA 1969 to 2003 Content and Consciousness [1969]; Brainstorms [1981]; Intentional Stance [1987]; Consciousness Explained [1991]; Darwin's Dangerous Idea [1995]; Kinds of Minds [1996]; Brainchildren [1998]; Freedom Evolves [2003] He lived 1942 to ?. Epistemology People can explain system if they assume that system is rational and has beliefs and goals {intentional stance}. They can look at physical, chemical, and biological processes {physical stance}. They can look at system structure, design, or algorithm {design stance}. Factual statements can substitute equivalent phrases for each other. Intentional statements are not true under substitution, because belief, knowledge, expectation, want, recognition, understanding, imagining are about specific ideas, not semantic meanings. Brains {Darwin Machine} can recognize patterns, activate available behavior patterns, and select patterns through competition. Patterns are in neuron populations and can change. Patterns that require extensive processing receive attention and so become conscious. Experiences report brain-activity results or output. In given situations, researchers can ask people to report their experiences, observe their behavior, or analyze their brains. Researcher can build story about their experiences {heterophenomenology, Dennett}. Mind Brain is network with many pathways that make many reactions to input {Multiple Drafts}, one of which is for consciousness. Human brains create histories, which revolve around same brain {center of narrative gravity}. Brains and memes have co-evolved, so brain parallel architecture {Joycean machine} simulates serial processing used by memes. This simulation is self. Dreams are saved-narratives rerun during sleep {cassette theory}. People naturally feel that they can imagine philosophical zombies {zombic hunch}, because they think experiences are separate from matter.

Michael Brewer [Brewer, Michael]/Thomas Shipley [Shipley, Thomas] composer USA 1970 One Toke Over the Line [1970]

Ivar Brunn [Brunn, Ivar] painter Norway 1970 He used thick oil.

Eric Clapton [Clapton, Eric]/Jim Gordon [Gordon, Jim] composer USA 1970 Layla [1970] Clapton lived 1945 to ?.

E. F. Codd [Codd, E. F.] or Ted Codd [Codd, Ted] inventor USA 1970 relational database [1970] He lived 1923 to 2003.

John Horton Conway [Conway, John Horton] mathematician USA 1970 He lived 1937 to ? and invented an axiomatic number system, constructing counting numbers, and so all numbers, using rules for right and left. He invented Game of Life [1970], based on cellular automata.

Barbara Corcoran [Corcoran, Barbara] writer USA 1970 Long Journey [1970]

Tom Cornsweet [Cornsweet, Tom] psychologist USA 1970 Visual Perception [1970] He invented Cornsweet-Craik illusion.

Julia [Cunningham, Julia] writer USA 1970 Burnish Me Bright [1970]

Mary Parker Follett [Follett, Mary Parker] economist USA 1970 Dynamic Administration [1970] She lived 1868 to 1933 and invented administration law of the situation.

Bruce Hart [Hart, Bruce]/Jon Stone [Stone, Jon]/Joe Raposo [Raposo, Joe] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1970 Sesame Street Theme [1970] Hart lived 1938 to 2006. Stone lived 1931 to 1997. Raposo lived 1937 to 1989.

Uwe Johnson [Johnson, Uwe] writer Germany 1970 Jahrestage or Anniversary [1970] He lived 1934 to 1984.

Fred Karlin [Karlin, Fred]/Robb Royer [Royer, Robb]/James Griffin [Griffin, James] composer/lyricist/lyricist USA 1970 For All We Know [1970: from the film Lovers and Other Strangers]

John R. Lucas [Lucas, John R.] philosopher England 1970 Freedom of the Will [1970] He lived 1929 to ?, favored mentalism, and tried to show that Gödel's proof shows that mind is not an algorithm.

John Alfred Mandel [Mandel, John Alfred] or Johnny Mandel [Mandel, Johnny] composer USA 1970 Suicide Is Painless [1970: from the film M*A*S*H] He lived 1925 to ?.

Yuri Matiyasevich [Matiyasevich, Yuri] mathematician Russia 1970 He lived 1947 to ? and proved that no general algorithm can decide if Diophantine-equation systems have integer solutions, based on work by Julia Robertson, Martin Davis, and Hilary Putnam.

Walter Nims [Nims, Walter] composer USA 1970 Precious and Few [1970]

Gerald O'Neill [O'Neill, Gerald] physicist USA 1970 2001, the High Frontier [1970] He lived 1927 to 1992.

Freda Payne [Payne, Freda] singer USA 1970 Band of Gold [1970]

Carl Sigman [Sigman, Carl]/Francis Lai [Lai, Francis] lyricist/composer USA 1970 Where Do I Begin [1970: from the film Love Story] Sigman lived 1909 to 2000.

Edwin Starr [Starr, Edwin] singer USA 1970 War [1970]

James Taylor [Taylor, James] singer USA 1970 to 1971 Fire and Rain [1970]; Sweet Baby James [1970]; You've Got a Friend [1971] He lived 1948 to ?.

Diana Ross [Ross, Diana] singer USA 1970 to 1973 Ain't No Mountain High Enough [1970]; Touch Me in the Morning [1973] She lived 1944 to ?.

Ruth Jhabvala [Jhabvala, Ruth] playwright Germany 1970 to 1974 Bombay Talkie [1970]; Heat and Dust [1974] She lived 1931 to ?.

Fred Gwynne [Gwynne, Fred] writer USA 1970 to 1976 King Who Rained [1970]; Chocolate Moose for Dinner [1976] He lived 1926 to 1993.

Anne Murray [Murray, Anne] singer USA 1970 to 1980 Snowbird [1970]; You Needed Me [1978]; Could I Have this Dance [1980]

Lynn Margulis [Margulis, Lynn] biologist USA 1970 to 1981 Origins of Eukaryotic Cells [1970]; Symbiosis in Cell Evolution [1981] Early bacteria incorporated into eukaryotes to make mitochondria and chloroplasts {endosymbiont hypothesis, Margulis} [1970].

David Crosby [Crosby, David]/Stephen Stills [Stills, Stephen]/Graham Nash [Nash, Graham]/Neil Young [Young, Neil] singer USA 1970 to 1982 Teach Your Children [1970]; Woodstock [1970]; Our House [1970]; Carry On [1970]; Southern Cross [1982]

Donald Davidson [Davidson, Donald] philosopher USA 1970 to 1984 Mental Events [1970]; Essays on Actions and Events [1980]; Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation [1984] He lived 1917 to ? and developed a meaning theory. Epistemology For first-order languages, sentence truth is provable from semantic sentence-part relations. All languages can transform into first-order language, for sentence-truth clarity. This allows speakers to have truth-theory. First-order language meaning depends on truth-conditions. Language interpretation or translation should use universally true and neutral beliefs and references, to minimize errors and falsehoods. Intention, such as belief, is a mental state in which contrast forms. Speakers speak intentionally. Causality is only physical, with no mental component, and follows physical law. People can describe and imagine objects. People can understand and report events. Objects and events are independent. Mind Mental processes are physical processes, because they have relation laws, which can only be about physical events. However, mental states are not physical states and physical states cannot describe them {anomalous monism, Davidson}.

Thomas Nagel [Nagel, Thomas] philosopher USA 1970 to 1991 Possibility of Altruism [1970]; What Is It Like To Be a Bat? [1974]; Mortal Questions [1979]; View from Nowhere [1986]; What Does It All Mean? [1987]; Equality and Partiality [1991] He lived 1937 to ?. Consciousness is subjective experience. Organisms are conscious if and only if there are mental phenomena {something it is like} to be that organism. Subjective experience has one viewpoint, unlike objective physical theory.

Michael S. Gazzaniga [Gazzaniga, Michael S.] psychologist USA 1970 to 1992 Bisected Brain [1970]; Integrated Mind [1978: with Joseph LeDoux]; Social Brain [1980]; Nature's Mind [1992] He lived 1939 to ? and developed interpreter theory.

Toni Morrison [Morrison, Toni] novelist USA 1970 to 1992 Bluest Eye [1970]; Sula [1973]; Song of Solomon [1977]; Tar Baby [1982]; Beloved [1988]; Jazz [1992] She lived 1931 to ?.

Rom Harré [Harré, Rom] or Horace Romano Harré [Harré, Horace Romano] sociologist France/England/Sweden 1970 to 1993 Principles of Scientific Thinking [1970]; Personal Being [1983]; Physical Being: A Theory for a Corporal Psychology [1991]; Social Being: A Theory for a Social Psychology [1993] He lived 1927 to ?.

Iris Murdoch [Murdoch, Iris] novelist England 1970 to 1993 Sovereignty of Good [1970]; Fire and the Sun [1977]; Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals [1993: essay] She lived 1919 to 1999 and was Platonist. Moral beliefs and judgments are true or false. Moral properties and values exist {moral realism}.

Hans Kung [Kung, Hans] philosopher Freiberg, Germany 1970 to 1995 Infallible? An Inquiry [1970]; On Being a Christian [1977]; Declaration of the Religions for a Global Ethic [1993]; Christianity: Essence, History and Future [1995] He lived 1928 to ? and was Catholic. Unjust world causes questions about morality and then about religion. Absolute should be divine.

Oliver Sacks [Sacks, Oliver] psychologist USA 1970 to 1995 Migraine [1970]; Awakenings [1973]; Leg to Stand On [1984]; Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat [1985]; Seeing Voices [1988]; Anthropologist on Mars [1995] He studied deaf people.

Judy Blume [Blume, Judy] writer USA 1970 to 1996 Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret [1970]; Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing [1976]; Freckle Juice [1978]; Superfudge [1980]; Tiger Eyes [1981]; Forever [1996] She lived 1938 to ?.

Gordon G. Gallup [Gallup, Gordon G.] psychologist USA 1970 to 1998 Chimpanzees: self-recognition [1970]; Animal Self-awareness: A Debate. Can Animals Empathize? Yes [1998] Chimpanzees, orangutans, bonobos, and humans over two years old can use their reflections in mirrors to perceive their bodies and direct actions. They can recognize themselves and have sense of self. Gorillas, monkeys, and children under two do not.

Baba Ram Dass [Dass, Baba Ram] or Richard Alpert [Alpert, Richard] philosopher USA 1971 Be Here Now [1971] He lived 1931 to ? and tried psilocybin, then LSD, with Timothy Leary and Ralph Metzner in 1960's.

Robert Altman [Altman, Robert] director USA 1971 M*A*S*H [1971] He lived 1925 to 2006.

Jacob Bekenstein [Bekenstein, Jacob] physicist Poland/Israel 1971 He found the Bekenstein-Hawking formula [1971] for black hole entropy, which shows that entropy depends on surface area and so mass squared.

Don Black [Black, Don]/John Barry [Barry, John] lyricist/composer USA 1971 Diamonds are Forever [1971: sung by Shirley Bassey] Black lived 1938 to ?. Barry lived 1933 to ?.

Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. [Chandler, Jr., Alfred D.] economist USA 1971 Business History as Institutional History [1971] He lived 1918 to ? and studied actual business policy.

Norman F. Dixon [Dixon, Norman F.] psychologist England 1971 Subliminal Perception: The Nature of a Controversy [1971] Perception can happen without consciousness.

Allan W. Eckert [Eckert, Allan W.] writer USA 1971 Incident at Hawk's Hill [1971]

Scott English [English, Scott]/Richard Kerr [Kerr, Richard] composer USA 1971 Mandy [1971]

Isaac Hayes [Hayes, Isaac] composer USA 1971 Shaft or Theme from Shaft [1971: from the film Shaft] He lived 1942 to ?.

Lennart Heimer [Heimer, Lennart] biologist Sweden/USA 1971 Pathways in the Brain [1971] Heimer lived 1930 to 2007.

Clifford Hicks [Hicks, Clifford] writer USA 1971 Peter Potts [1971]

Jethro Tull [Tull, Jethro] singer USA 1971 Aqualung [1971]; Locomotive Breath [1971]

Elton John [John, Elton] or Reginald Dwight [Dwight, Reginald]/Bernie Taupin [Taupin, Bernie] singer/composer England 1971 Tiny Dancer [1970: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Levon [1970: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Your Song [1970: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Rocket Man [1972: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Honky Cat [1972: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Saturday Night's Alright for Fighting [1973]; Crocodile Rock [1973: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Daniel [1973: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Bennie and the Jets [1973: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Funeral for a Friend/Love Lies Bleeding [1973]; Goodbye Yellow Brick Road [1973: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Candle in the Wind [1973]; Bitch Is Back [1974: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me [1974: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Philadelphia Freedom [1975: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Island Girl [1975: lyricist was Bernie Taupin]; Sad Songs (Say So Much) [1984]; Nikita [1986]; Candle in the Wind [1987]; I Don't Want to Go on with You like That [1988]; Sacrifice [1990] He lived 1947 to ?.

Janis Joplin [Joplin, Janis]/Michael McClure [McClure, Michael]/Bob Neuwirth [Neuwirth, Bob] composer USA 1971 Mercedes Benz [1971] Joplin lived 1943 to 1970.

Carole King [King, Carole] singer USA 1971 It's Too Late [1971]; You've Got a Friend [1971] She lived 1942 to ?.

Don McLean [McLean, Don] singer/composer USA 1971 American Pie [1971]; Vincent or Starry, Starry Night [1971] He lived 1945 to ?.

Miska Miles [Miles, Miska] writer USA 1971 Annie and the Old One [1971] She lived 1899 to 1986.

Osmond Molarsky [Molarsky, Osmond] writer USA 1971 Take It or Leave It [1971]

David Ruelle [Ruelle, David] mathematician Belgium 1971 On the Nature of Turbulence [1971: with Floris Takens] He used three independent motions to describe turbulence. However, this was wrong. Phase-space centers can be not equilibria or periodic loops but infinitely long lines in confined space {strange attractor, Ruelle}. Strange attractors are stable, can have few dimensions, and are periodic but not exactly periodic.

Roger Sessions [Sessions, Roger] composer USA 1971 Concerto for Violin, Violoncello, and Orchestra [1971]; When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd [1971: cantata] He lived 1896 to 1985 and composed symphonies.

Beatrice Sparks [Sparks, Beatrice] writer USA 1971 Go Ask Alice [1971] She lived 1918 to ?.

Steven Stills [Stills, Steven] singer/composer USA 1971 Love the One You're With [1971] He lived 1945 to ?.

Yoshiko Uchida [Uchida, Yoshiko] writer USA 1971 Journey to Topaz [1971] She lived 1921 to ?.

Jim Weatherly [Weatherly, Jim] composer USA 1971 Midnight Train to Georgia [1971: sung by Gladys Knight and the Pips]

Al Green [Green, Al] singer USA 1971 to 1972 Let's Stay Together [1971]

Cat Stevens [Stevens, Cat] or Yusuf Islam singer England 1971 to 1972 Wild World [1971]; Moon Shadow [1971]; If You Want to Sing Out, Sing Out [1971: from the film Harold and Maude]; Morning Has Broken [1972: from hymn by Eleanor Farjeon] He lived 1948 to ?.

Bill Withers [Withers, Bill] singer USA 1971 to 1972 Ain't No Sunshine [1971]; Lean on Me [1972]

Tony Orlando [Orlando, Tony]/Dawn singer USA 1971 to 1973 Knock Three Times [1971]; Tie a Yellow Ribbon 'round the Old Oak Tree [1973] Tony Orlando and Dawn.

Daniel E. Berlyne [Berlyne, Daniel E.] philosopher Germany 1971 to 1974 Aesthetics and Psychobiology [1971]; Studies in the new experimental aesthetics [1974: editor] He lived 1924 to 1976. Aesthetic behavior relates to exploratory behavior.

Joni Mitchell [Mitchell, Joni] singer USA 1971 to 1974 Blue [1971]; Help Me [1974] She lived 1943 to ?.

Samuel Eliot Morison [Morison, Samuel Eliot] historian USA 1971 to 1974 European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages [1971]; European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages [1974] He lived 1887 to 1976.

Robert C. O'Brien [O'Brien, Robert C.] writer USA 1971 to 1974 Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH [1971]; Z for Zachariah [1974] He lived 1918 to 1973.

Paul McCartney [McCartney, Paul] singer USA 1971 to 1977 Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey [1971: with Linda McCartney]; My Love [1973: with Wings]; Maybe I'm Amazed [1977] He lived 1942 to ?.

Rod Stewart [Stewart, Rod] singer England 1971 to 1978 Maggie May [1971]; Tonight's the Night [1976]; Your in My Heart [1978] He lived 1945 to ?.

Judith Viorst [Viorst, Judith] writer USA 1971 to 1979 Tenth Good Thing about Barney [1971]; Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day [1979] She lived 1931 to ?.

José Carreras [Carreras, José] tenor Spain 1971 to 1987 He lived 1946 to ?.

Claus Oldenburg [Oldenburg, Claus] sculptor USA 1971 to 1991 Giant 3-Way Plug (Cube Tap) [1971]; Spoonbridge and Cherry [1985 to 1988]; Giant Binoculars [1985 to 1991] He lived 1928 to ? and built gigantic works.

John Rawls [Rawls, John] philosopher USA 1971 to 1993 Theory of Justice [1971]; Political Liberalism [1993] He lived 1921 to ?. Epistemology Intuitive judgments about cases build up principles, to compare to judgments, to converge on principles {reflective equilibrium}. Ethics If people do not know about life, culture, or themselves, they have equal concern for all. Politics Justice depends on fairness and equality in all social and economic areas. People should have equal liberty and maximum liberty. People should have equal opportunity. However, society should allow inequalities in jobs and power if poor become richer than when everyone is equal {difference principle}. Rights are more important than goods.

Paul R. Ehrlich [Ehrlich, Paul R.] sociologist USA 1971 to 2000 Population Bomb [1971]; Human Natures [2000] He lived 1932 to ?.

Walter Becker [Becker, Walter]/Donald Fagen [Fagen, Donald] composer USA 1972 Reeling in the Years [1972]

John Bellairs [Bellairs, John] writer USA 1972 House with a Clock in Its Walls [1972] He lived 1938 to 1991.

Alice Cooper [Cooper, Alice] singer USA 1972 School's Out [1972]

Carmine Coppola [Coppola, Carmine]/Nino Rota [Rota, Nino] lyricist/composer USA 1972 Godfather Waltz [1972] Coppola lived 1910 to 1991. Rota lived 1911 to 1979.

Sammy Davis, Jr. [Davis, Jr., Sammy] singer USA 1972 Candy Man [1972] He lived 1925 to 1990.

William C. Dement [Dement, William C.] psychologist USA 1972 Some Must Watch while Some Must Sleep [1972] He lived 1928 to ? and studied sleep and dreams.

Sherman Edwards [Edwards, Sherman] composer USA 1972 1776 [1972] He lived 1920 to 1981.

Aretha Franklin [Franklin, Aretha]/James Cleveland [Cleveland, James]/Southern California Community Choir singer USA 1972 Amazing Grace [1972]

Jean George [George, Jean] writer USA 1972 Julie of the Wolves [1972]; My Side of the Mountain She lived 1919 to ?.

Isabelle Holland [Holland, Isabelle] writer USA 1972 Man without a Face [1972] She lived 1920 to ?.

M. E. Kerr [Kerr, M. E.] or Mary James [James, Mary] or Marijane Agnes Meaker [Meaker, Marijane Agnes] writer USA 1972 Dinky Hocker Shoots Smack [1972] She lived 1932 to ?.

Larry Kusik [Kusik, Larry]/Nino Rota [Rota, Nino] lyricist/composer USA 1972 Speak Softly Love [1972: from the film The Godfather] Rota lived 1911 to 1979.

Harold Melvin [Melvin, Harold]/Blue Notes singer USA 1972 If You Don't Know Me by Now [1972]

Jean Joseph Mouret [Mouret, Jean Joseph]/Paul Parnes [Parnes, Paul] composer England 1972 Masterpiece [1972: from the TV series Masterpiece Theater, based on the Rondeau from First Symphonic Suite by Mouret] Mouret lived 1682 to 1738.

Gilbert O'Sullivan [O'Sullivan, Gilbert] singer England 1972 Alone Again (Naturally) [1972]

Billy Paul [Paul, Billy] singer USA 1972 Me and Mrs. Jones [1972]

Barbara Robinson [Robinson, Barbara] writer USA 1972 Best Christmas Pageant Ever [1972] She lived 1927 to ?.

Mary Rodgers [Rodgers, Mary] writer USA 1972 Freaky Friday [1972] She lived 1931 to ?.

Jeffrey Schrank [Schrank, Jeffrey] sociologist USA 1972 Teaching Human Beings [1972]

Eric Weissberg [Weissberg, Eric] composer USA 1972 Dueling Banjos [1972: with guitarist Steve Mandell. Originally Duelin' Banjo, 1963, by Rodney Dillard, Douglas Dillard, Mitchell F. Jayne, and Dean Webb]

Jay Williams [Williams, Jay] writer USA 1972 Hero from Otherwhere [1972]

Roberta Flack [Flack, Roberta] singer USA 1972 to 1973 First Time Ever I Saw Your Face [1972]; Killing Me Softly (With His Song) [1973] She lived 1939 to ?.

Helen Reddy [Reddy, Helen] singer USA 1972 to 1973 I Am Woman [1972]; Delta Dawn [1973]

Lou Reed [Reed, Lou] singer USA 1972 to 1973 Walk on the Wild Side [1972]

Joel Hirschhorn [Hirschhorn, Joel]/Al Kasha [Kasha, Al] composer USA 1972 to 1974 Morning After [1972: from the film The Poseidon Adventure]; We May Never Love Like This Again [1974: from the film The Towering Inferno]

Peggy Parish [Parish, Peggy] writer USA 1972 to 1974 Amelia Bedelia [1972: books]; Dinosaur Time [1974: with Arnold Lobel] She lived 1927 to 1988.

Charlotte Zolotow [Zolotow, Charlotte] writer USA 1972 to 1974 William's Doll [1972]; My Grandson Lew [1974] She lived 1915 to ?.

Myron Levoy [Levoy, Myron] writer USA 1972 to 1977 Witch of Fourth Street [1972]; Alan and Naomi [1977]

Gerry Rafferty [Rafferty, Gerry] composer USA 1972 to 1978 Stuck in the Middle With You [1972: sung by Stealers Wheel]; Star [1973]; Baker Street [1978]; Right Down the Line [1978] He lived 1947 to ?.

Gregory Bateson [Bateson, Gregory] psychologist England 1972 to 1979 Steps to an Ecology of Mind [1972]; Mind and Nature, A Necessary Unity [1979] He lived 1904 to 1980 and studied mind in environment.

Marjorie Sharmat [Sharmat, Marjorie] writer USA 1972 to 1980 Nate the Great [1972 on: books]; Gila Monsters Meet You at the Airport [1980] She lived 1928 to ?.

Saul Kripke [Kripke, Saul] linguist USA 1972 to 1982 Naming and Necessity [1972 and 1980]; Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language [1982] He lived 1940 to ?. Statements can be true and cannot be false {necessary truth, Kripke}, like arithmetical equalities. Statements can be true, though possible to be false {contingent truth}, like historical facts. Some necessary truths are not a priori, because people can learn identities later. Terms, such as person names or natural substances {natural kind, Kripke}, can always mean same thing in physical and all other worlds {rigid designator, Kripke}. Terms {non-rigid designator}, such as variables or descriptions, can allow different possible values in physical and/or all other worlds. People can use rigid designators to refer to same things to which previous persons referred {causal theory of reference, Kripke}. However, time can change references. Necessary identities involve two rigid designators, and contingent identities involve at least one non-rigid designator. Identity theories of mental state and physical state are either necessary identities or one term is non-rigid. They cannot be necessary, because people can imagine mental state, like pain, without physical state. They do not have non-rigid terms, because mental-state instance is essence, not property, and physical state specifies atom positions and motions. Proper names are always about same object. Proper names can be about people about whom people know nothing more and so have no sense, only reference. Proper names of people about whom people know something else have sense and reference. People can conceive of matter and consciousness as separate being, so they are both possible, and so must be different, not just different names for same thing or different levels in hierarchy of knowledge or being, because one is objective and one subjective. Mental states, representing ideas, cause linguistic responses, which report mental state using signs. Response pattern depends on similarity or relation, represented by mental state, which people do not necessarily consciously know. Because mental states vary widely, natural occurrences have incompatible expressions. People think and speak based on social word usage {anti-individualism}. Meaning is normative, as language communities make rules, and relates to individual dispositions. Perception is also necessary for communication about objects. People can have a priori knowledge of contingent things {mind, Kripke} and empirical knowledge of necessary truths {essence, Kripke}.

Barbara Cohen [Cohen, Barbara] writer USA 1972 to 1983 Carp in the Bathtub [1972]; Thank You, Jackie Robinson [1974]; Molly's Pilgrim [1983: My Name is Rosie] She lived 1932 to 1992.

Endel Tulving [Tulving, Endel] psychologist Canada 1972 to 1983 Organization of Memory [1972: editor with W. Donaldson]; Elements of Episodic Memory [1983] He lived 1927 to ? and studied autonoetic consciousness and noetic consciousness [Tulving, 1983].

Jane Goodall [Goodall, Jane] biologist England 1972 to 1986 Chimpanzees of Gombe [1986] She lived 1934 to ? and studied chimpanzee behavior. Chimps grunt, pant, bark, roar, scream, squeak, whimper, laugh, click teeth, and smack lips, in 30 different ways with different meanings [1972].

Norman Geschwind [Geschwind, Norman] psychologist USA 1972 to 1987 Language and the Brain [1972: with Walter Levitsky]; Cerebral Lateralization [1987: with A. M. Galaburda] He lived 1926 to 1984 and traced perceptual deficits to specific brain lesions. Wernicke's areas on right and left sides differ.

Robert Lucas, Jr. [Lucas, Jr., Robert] economist USA 1972 to 1987 Expectations and the Neutrality of Money [1972]; Econometric Policy Evaluation: A Critique [1976: Lucas critique]; Models of Business Cycles [1987] He reintroduced representative agents. Government-policy, culture, or expectation changes can change relationships between economic variables, so some predictions using historical data are inaccurate {Lucas Critique}. He invented theory of Real Business Cycles, with Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott, based on John Muth's rational expectations hypothesis [1961].

Philip N. Johnson-Laird [Johnson-Laird, Philip N.] psychologist USA 1972 to 1988 Psychology of Reasoning [1972]; Mental Models [1983]; Computer and the Mind [1988] Consciousness is like computer operating system.

Carly Simon [Simon, Carly] composer/singer USA 1972 to 1988 You're So Vain [1972]; Haven't Got Time for the Pain [1972]; Nobody Does It Better [1977: from the film The Spy Who Loved Me]; Let the River Run [1988: from the film Working Girl] She lived 1945 to ?.

Mikhail Baryshnikov [Baryshnikov, Mikhail] ballet dancer Russia/USA 1972 to 1992 He lived 1948 to ?.

Hubert L. Dreyfus [Dreyfus, Hubert L.] philosopher USA 1972 to 1992 What Computers Can't Do: A Critique of Artificial Reason [1972]; What Computers Still Can't Do [1992] He lived 1929 to ? and said computers can never have feeling or understanding.

Horace B. Barlow [Barlow, Horace B.] biologist USA 1972 to 1995 Single units and sensations [1972]; Neuron Doctrine in Perception [1995] He studied frog-retina bug-detector ganglion cells. Thousands of cardinal cells code percepts [Barlow, 1972] [Barlow, 1995]. Qualia are not basic phenomena but brain-developed sensations that depend on memory and processing. Consciousness comes from social communication.

Robert Coles [Coles, Robert] sociologist USA 1972 to 1997 Children of Crisis [1972 to 1978]; Moral Intelligence of Children [1997] He studied education.

Edward Bear [Bear, Edward] singer USA 1973 Last Song [1973]

Alan Bergman [Bergman, Alan]/Marvin Hamlisch [Hamlisch, Marvin] lyricist/composer USA 1973 Way We Were [1973: from the film The Way We Were] Hamlisch lived 1944 to ?.

Perry Botkin, Jr. [Botkin, Jr., Perry]/Barry DeVorzon [DeVorzon, Barry] composer USA 1973 Nadia's Theme or Young and the Restless [1973]

Stanley Cohen [Cohen, Stanley]/Herbert Boyer [Boyer, Herbert] biologist/inventor USA 1973 recombinant DNA technology [1973] Cohen lived 1922 to ?. Boyer lived 1936 to ?.

Earl W. Count [Count, Earl W.] anthropologist USA 1973 Being and Becoming Human [1973] Species have adaptations {biogram} of ancestors {anlage}.

Jim Croce [Croce, Jim] singer USA 1973 Time in a Bottle [1973]; Bad, Bad Leroy Brown [1973] He lived 1943 to 1973.

Mitchell Feigenbaum [Feigenbaum, Mitchell] physicist USA 1973 He studied feedback systems and devised how to calculate order in one-dimensional-system chaos [1973], using quantum-field-theory renormalization group, stochastic processes, and fractals to remove infinities. Using y = r * (x - x^2) and x(t) = r * sin(pi * x(t - 1)), doubling oscillation period converges geometrically and so scales with constant ratio = 4.6692016090, to predict all doubling values. Functions are recursive {self-referential} and so introduce higher frequencies that indicate turbulence.

Bruce Graham [Graham, Bruce] architect Chicago, Illinois 1973 Sears Tower [1973: iron and concrete skyscraper is 480 meters tall] He lived 1925 to ?.

Bette Greene [Greene, Bette] writer USA 1973 Summer of My German Soldier [1973] She lived 1934 to ?.

Lee Harding [Harding, Lee] writer USA 1973 Fallen Spaceman [1973]

Constantine Karamanlis [Karamanlis, Constantine] ruler Greece 1973 He lived 1907 to 1998 and led after military-junta failed.

Vicki Lawrence [Lawrence, Vicki] singer USA 1973 Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia [1973]

Penelope Lively [Lively, Penelope] writer Egypt/England 1973 Ghost of Thomas Kempe [1973] She lived 1933 to ?.

Kenny Loggins [Loggins, Kenny]/Jim Messina [Messina, Jim] singer USA 1973 Your Mama Don't Dance [1973]

Geoffrey V. T. Matthews [Matthews, Geoffrey V. T.] biologist USA 1973 Orientation and Position-finding by Birds [1973]

Paul McCartney [McCartney, Paul]/Linda McCartney [McCartney, Linda] composer USA 1973 Live and Let Die [1973: from the film Live and Let Die] Paul lived 1942 to ?.

Juan Peron [Peron, Juan] leader Argentina 1973 He lived 1895 to 1974 and led after military junta failed.

Vera Cooper Rubin [Rubin, Vera Cooper] astronomer USA 1973 She lived 1928 to ?. Milky-Way-Galaxy star (and gas) rotation rate is faster than expected if all mass is visible matter, implying invisible matter [1973].

Alfred Slote [Slote, Alfred] writer USA 1973 Hang Tough Paul Mather [1973]

Doris B. Smith [Smith, Doris B.]/Mike Wimmer [Wimmer, Mike] writer/illustrator USA 1973 Taste of Blackberries [1973]

Ivan Southall [Southall, Ivan] writer USA 1973 Josh [1973]

Harry Swinney [Swinney, Harry] physicist USA 1973 He studied conductivity [1973], with Jerry Gollub. He studied phase transitions. Rotating one cylinder inside another causes intervening liquid to flow {Couette-Taylor flow, Swinney}. First, flow streamlines. At faster speed, fluid cylinder separates into layers along cylinder axis, so fluid goes up and down cylinder. At higher frequency, flow is chaotic, with no defined frequencies. Vapor at critical point gives off white glow {opalescence, vapor}.

Kip S. Thorne [Thorne, Kip S.]/Charles Misner [Misner, Charles]/ [Wheeler, John Archibald] physicist USA 1973 Gravitation [1973] Thorne lived 1941 to ?. Misner lived 1932 to ?. Wheeler lived 1911 to ?.

Andrew Lloyd Webber [Webber, Andrew Lloyd] composer USA 1973 I Don't Know How to Love Him [1973: from the film Jesus Christ Superstar] He lived 1948 to ?.

Julius Wess [Wess, Julius]/Bruno Zumino [Zumino, Bruno] physicist Europe 1973 They invented supersymmetric quantum field theory [1973].

Edgar Winter [Winter, Edgar] singer USA 1973 Frankenstein [1973]

George Woods [Woods, George] writer USA 1973 Catch a Killer [1973]

Peter Frampton [Frampton, Peter] singer England 1973 to 1974 Do You Feel Like We Do [1973]; Show Me the Way [1974] He lived 1950 to ?.

Robert Newton Peck [Peck, Robert Newton] writer USA 1973 to 1974 Day No Pigs Would Die [1973]; Soup [1974]

Clyde Robert Bulla [Bulla, Clyde Robert] writer USA 1973 to 1977 Dexter [1973]; Shoeshine Girl [1975]; Wish at the Top [1977]; Lion to Guard Us He lived 1914 to ?.

Billy Joel [Joel, Billy] singer USA 1973 to 1978 Piano Man [1973]; Captain Jack [1973]; Entertainer [1974]; New York State of Mind [1976]; Just the Way You Are [1977]; Only the Good Die Young [1977]; Scenes from an Italian Restaurant [1977]; She's Always a Woman [1977]; Big Shot [1978] He lived 1949 to ?.

Bob Seger [Seger, Bob] singer/composer USA 1973 to 1978 Turn the Page [1973]; Night Moves [1976]; Rock 'N' Roll Never Forgets [1976]; Old Time Rock and Roll [1978: in the film Risky Business, 1983]; Hollywood Nights [1978] He lived 1945 to ?.

Joe Walsh [Walsh, Joe] singer USA 1973 to 1978 Rocky Mountain Way [1973]; Life's Been Good [1978]

Rosemary Wells [Wells, Rosemary] writer USA 1973 to 1979 Benjamin and Tulip [1973]; Morris's Disappearing Bag [1975]; Max [1979: and later books] She lived 1943 to ?.

Lejaren Hiller [Hiller, Lejaren] composer USA 1973 to 1984 Computer Cantata [1963: used digital effects]; Seven Artifacts [1973 and 1984] He lived 1924 to 1994 and composed electronic music.

Augusto Pinochet [Pinochet, Augusto] dictator Chile 1973 to 1990 He lived 1915 to 2006 and used army to take rule from elected socialist president Salvador Allende and had many people killed.

Bruce Springsteen [Springsteen, Bruce] composer/singer USA 1973 to 1993 Rosalita (Come out Tonight) [1973]; She's the One [1975]; Born to Run [1975]; Jungleland [1975]; Thunder Road [1975]; Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out [1975]; Badlands [1978]; River [1980]; Hungry Heart [1980]; Glory Days [1984]; Born in the USA [1984]; Dancing in the Dark [1984]; Jersey Girl [1986]; Tunnel of Love [1987]; Brilliant Disguise [1987]; One Step Up [1987]; Streets of Philadelphia [1993: from the film Philadelphia]; Dead Man Walking [1995: from the film Dead Man Walking]; Secret Garden [1996: from the film Jerry Maguire] He lived 1949 to ?.

Howard H. Pattee [Pattee, Howard H.] biologist USA 1973 to 1995 Hierarchy Theory [1973]; Evolving Self-reference: Matter, symbols, and semantic closure [1995] He lived 1926 to ?. Computation uses separate initial conditions and motion equations, but these are not separate in nature. Organisms have measurement methods and can interact with environment, allowing them to attach meaning to stimuli {semantic closure}.

Elliott Arnold [Arnold, Elliott] writer USA 1974 Brave Jimmy Stone [1974] He lived 1912 to 1980.

Jacob Bronowski [Bronowski, Jacob] physicist England 1974 Ascent of Man [1974] He lived 1908 to 1974.

Harry Chapin [Chapin, Harry] singer USA 1974 Cat's in the Cradle [1974]

Sheila R. Cole [Cole, Sheila R.] writer USA 1974 Meaning Well [1974]

James Collier [Collier, James]/Christopher Collier [Collier, Christopher] writer USA 1974 My Brother Sam Is Dead [1974] James Collier lived 1928 to ?. Christopher Collier lived 1930 to ?.

Paula Danziger [Danziger, Paula] writer USA 1974 Cat Ate My Gymsuit [1974] She lived 1945 to 2004.

George Dickie [Dickie, George] philosopher USA 1974 Art and the Aesthetic [1974] He lived 1895 to 1985. History and culture affect arts {institutional theory of art, Dickie}.

Carl Douglas [Douglas, Carl] singer USA 1974 Kung Fu Fighting [1974]

Bruno de Finetti [Finetti, Bruno de] mathematician Italy 1974 Theory of Probability [1974] He lived 1906 to 1985. Probability is graded belief or judgments. If judgments are coherent and consistent, judgments converge to consensus with more data, and probability is relative frequencies observed in nature.

Thomas Fundora [Fundora, Thomas]/Morris Albert [Albert, Morris]/Louis Gaste [Gaste, Louis] lyricist/composer Brazil/USA/France 1974 Feelings or Dime? [1974] Albert lived 1951 to ?. Gaste lived 1908 to 2006.

Norman Gimbel [Gimbel, Norman]/Charles Fox [Fox, Charles] composer USA 1974 Happy Days [1974: from the TV series Happy Days]

Sheldon Glashow [Glashow, Sheldon]/Howard Georgi [Georgi, Howard] physicist USA 1974 Glashow lived 1932 to ?. They invented grand unification of strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces [1974], with Steven Weinberg and Helen Quinn.

Jack Haley, Jr. [Haley, Jr., Jack] director USA 1974 That's Entertainment [1974] He lived 1933 to 2001.

Terry Jacks [Jacks, Terry] singer USA 1974 Seasons in the Sun [1974]

Gordon Lightfoot [Lightfoot, Gordon] singer USA 1974 Sundown [1974]

Barry Manilow [Manilow, Barry] composer/singer USA 1974 Mandy [1974]; I Write the Songs [1975]; Can't Smile Without You [1978]; Copacabana [1978]; Looks Like We Made It [1979] He lived 1946 to ?.

George McCrae [McCrae, George] singer USA 1974 Rock Your Baby [1974]

John Morris [Morris, John]/Mel Brooks [Brooks, Mel] composer USA 1974 I'm Tired [1974: from the film Blazing Saddles]

Herbert Ohta [Ohta, Herbert] ukelele player USA 1974 Song for Anna [1974: by André Popp]

Manfred B. Porkert [Porkert, Manfred B.] philosopher Czech Republic 1974 Theoretical Foundations of Chinese Medicine [1974] He lived 1933 to ?. Inductivity is the link between two space positions at same time. Causality is the link between two times at same position.

Vernon Rowland [Rowland, Vernon]/Robert Blumenthal [Blumenthal, Robert] biologist USA 1974 Dynamic Patterns of Brain Cell Assemblies [1974]

Joel Scherk [Scherk, Joel]/John Schwarz [Schwarz, John] physicist USA 1974 They invented string theory including gravity and strong force [1974].

Gene Smith [Smith, Gene] writer USA 1974 Hayburners [1974]

John Martin Sommers [Sommers, John Martin] composer USA 1974 Thank God I'm a Country Boy [1974]

Joseph Taylor [Taylor, Joseph]/Russell Hulse [Hulse, Russell] physicist USA 1974 They measured binary-pulsar rotation period, which increased by gravity radiation exactly as predicted by general relativity [1974].

Colin Thiele [Thiele, Colin] writer USA 1974 Storm Boy [1974] He lived 1920 to 2006.

Gerald Ford [Ford, Gerald] president USA 1974 to 1977 He lived 1913 to 2006. 38th president pardoned Richard Nixon.

Robert Cormier [Cormier, Robert] writer USA 1974 to 1979 Chocolate War [1974]; After the First Death [1979] He lived 1925 to 2000.

Lewis Thomas [Thomas, Lewis] biologist USA 1974 to 1979 Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher [1974]; Medusa and the Snail [1979] He lived 1913 to 1993.

Stanley Milgram [Milgram, Stanley] psychologist USA 1974 to 1983 Obedience to Authority [1974]; Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View [1983] He lived 1933 to 1984 and studied obedience to authority. People sent commands to shock people when directed to do by authority.

Paul Simon [Simon, Paul] singer USA 1974 to 1986 Me and Julio Down by the Schoolyard [1974]; Graceland [1986] He lived 1941 to ?.

Paul Ricœur [Ricœur, Paul] philosopher Paris, France 1974 to 1987 Symbolism of Evil [1960]; Conflict of Interpretations [1974]; Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences [1981]; Time and Narrative [1987] He lived 1913 to 2005 and studied hermeneutics and interpretation methods.

Gerhard Werner [Werner, Gerhard] psychologist USA 1974 to 1990 Feature Extraction by Neurons and Behavior [1974: editor]; Performance evaluation with stochastic graphs of parallel programming in multiprocessors with study method [1990: with Franz Sötz] He studied pattern recognition.

Robert Nozick [Nozick, Robert] philosopher USA 1974 to 1993 Anarchy, State and Utopia [1974]; Philosophical Explanations [1981]; Examined Life [1989]; Nature of Rationality [1993] He lived 1938 to ?. Epistemology Beliefs are knowledge if true and if non-belief does not somehow require original belief. However, people cannot judge either truth or what required non-belief is. People often choose something now, rather than wait for something equal or better in future {time preference}, because they discount future benefits as less probable. Ethics Morality is about mental processes and current actions, not about action results, reasons, or purposes. Politics People have rights, free exercise of rights leads to the most-productive society, and governments should be minimal to preserve liberties {libertarianism, Nozick}. If society has ideal income pattern and if good basketball player plays to gain the most, exercise his rights and freedom, and reach his ideal, income pattern will alter away from ideal {Wilt Chamberlain argument}. Therefore, liberty and equality can conflict. All ideals are possibly in conflict.

Richard Leakey [Leakey, Richard] biologist England 1974 to 1994 Origin of Humankind [1994] He discovered genus Homo fossils [1974].

Eric R. Kandel [Kandel, Eric R.] biologist USA 1974 to 2000 Small Systems of Neurons [1974]; Cellular Basis of Behavior [1976]; Behavioral Biology of Aplysia [1979]; Biological Basis of Learning and Individuality [1992: with Robert Hawkins]; Memory from Mind to Molecules [2000: with Larry Squire] He studied learning and memory in marine snails.

Morris Albert [Albert, Morris] singer USA 1975 Feelings [1975]

James S. Albus [Albus, James S.] biologist USA 1975 He developed Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller [1975].

Akito Arima [Arima, Akito]/Francesco Iachello [Iachello, Francesco] physicist Japan/Italy 1975 Collective States as Representations of a SU(6) Group [1975] They invented atomic-nucleus interacting boson model.

Gavin de Beer [Beer, Gavin de] biologist USA 1975 Evolution of Flying and Flightless Birds [1975] He lived 1899 to 1972.

Michael Caine [Caine, Michael]/Sean Connery [Connery, Sean] actor England 1975 Man Who Would Be King [1975] Caine lived 1933 to ?. Connery lived 1930 to ?.

Keith Carradine [Carradine, Keith] composer USA 1975 I'm Easy [1975: from the film Nashville] He lived 1949 to ?.

Elizabeth Coatsworth [Coatsworth, Elizabeth] writer USA 1975 Werefox or Pure Magic [1975]; Cat Who Went to Heaven She lived 1893 to 1986.

Ellen Conford [Conford, Ellen] writer USA 1975 Luck of Pokey Bloom [1975]

Irene Hass [Hass, Irene] writer USA 1975 Maggie B. [1975]

Richard Kennedy [Kennedy, Richard] writer USA 1975 Contests at Cowlick [1975]

Kiss singer USA 1975 Rock and Roll all Night [1975]

Edward Kleben [Kleben, Edward]/Marvin Hamlisch [Hamlisch, Marvin]/Michael Bennett [Bennett, Michael] lyricist/composer/choreographer USA 1975 Chorus Line [1975: musical]; One [1975] Hamlisch lived 1944 to ?.

Michael Masser [Masser, Michael]/Gerry Coffin [Coffin, Gerry] composer USA 1975 Mahogany or Theme from Mahogany or Do You Know Where You're Going To [1975: from the film Mahogany]

Van McCoy [McCoy, Van] singer USA 1975 Hustle [1975]

Georges Köhler [Köhler, Georges]/César Milstein [Milstein, César] inventor Germany 1975 monoclonal antibodies developed [1975] They started gene engineering {genetic engineering}.

Ralph A. Moody [Moody, Ralph A.] psychologist USA 1975 Life after Life [1975] He studied near-death experiences.

Richard O'Brien [O'Brien, Richard] composer USA 1975 Time Warp [1975: from the film The Rocky Horror Picture Show] He lived 1942 to ?.

Daniel Manus Pinkwater [Pinkwater, Daniel Manus] writer USA 1975 Wingman [1975]

Mordecai Richler [Richler, Mordecai] writer USA 1975 Jacob Two-Two Meets the Hooded Fang [1975] He lived 1931 to 2001.

Linda Ronstadt [Ronstadt, Linda] singer USA 1975 When Will I Be Loved [1975] She lived 1946 to ?.

William Sleator [Sleator, William] writer USA 1975 Among the Dolls [1975]; Duplicate

Charlie Smalls [Smalls, Charlie] composer USA 1975 Wiz [1978]; Ease on Down the Road [1975: from the Wiz]

John Szentágothai [Szentágothai, John]/Michael A. Arbib [Arbib, Michael A.] biologist/psychologist USA 1975 Conceptual Models of Neural Organization [1975] They studied brain and neural networks.

Robert Westall [Westall, Robert] writer England 1975 Machine Gunners [1975]

James Yorke [Yorke, James] mathematician USA 1975 Period Three Implies Chaos [1975: with Tien-Yien Li] He analyzed work of Robert May. In one-dimensional systems, regular cycle of period three implies regular cycles of other periods, as well as chaotic behavior.

Jimmy Buffett [Buffett, Jimmy] composer/singer USA 1975 to 1977 Margaritaville [1975] Coral Reefer Band.

Carol Carrick [Carrick, Carol]/Donald Carrick [Carrick, Donald] writer USA 1975 to 1982 Old Mother Witch [1975]; Sleep Out [1982]

Howard Gardner [Gardner, Howard] psychologist USA 1975 to 1983 Shattered Mind [1975]; Frames of Mind [1983] He lived 1943 to ?. Intelligence is problem-solving ability.

Richard Peck [Peck, Richard] writer USA 1975 to 1986 Ghost Belonged to Me [1975]; Remembering the Good Times [1986]

Margaret Mahy [Mahy, Margaret] writer USA 1975 to 1987 Boy Who Was Followed Home [1975]; Haunting [1982]; Changeover: A Supernatural Romance [1984]; Memory [1987]

Russell L. DeValois [DeValois, Russell L.] biologist USA 1975 to 1988 Spatial Vision [1988: with Karen K. DeValois] He showed that visual cortical neurons respond to frequency rather than edges or lines {direct spatial information} [1975]. They detect fundamental frequency and higher frequencies, together with orientation. He used gratings, checkerboards, and plaid patterns. Results matched results expected from analysis by Fourier transforms.

Donna Summer [Summer, Donna] or LaDonna Adrian Gaines [Gaines, LaDonna Adrian] or Queen of Disco composer/singer USA 1975 to 1989 Love to Love You Baby [1975]; Try Me, I Know We Can Make It/Could It Be Magic [1976]; I Feel Love [1977]; Now I Need You [1978]; Working the Midnight Shift [1978]; Last Dance [1978: from the film Thank God It's Friday]; MacArthur Park [1978]; Our Love [1979]; Lucky [1979]; Hot Stuff [1979]; Bad Girls [1979]; Dim All the Lights [1979]; No More Tears (Enough is Enough) [1979: with Barbra Streisand]; Wanderer [1980]; This Time I Know It's for Real [1989]; I Don't Wanna Get Hurt [1989] She lived 1948 to ?.

Peter Singer [Singer, Peter] philosopher USA 1975 to 1990 Animal Liberation [1975 and 1990]; Animal Rights and Human Obligations [1989: with Tom Regan] He lived 1946 to ? and wrote about animal welfare.

Alan Ross Anderson [Anderson, Alan Ross]/Nuel D. Belnap, Jr. [Belnap, Jr., Nuel D.] philosopher USA 1975 to 1992 Entailment: The Logic of Relevance and Necessity [1975 and 1992] They helped develop relevance logic, modal logic, deontic logic, and logical connectives.

Michael A. Arbib [Arbib, Michael A.] psychologist England/USA 1975 to 1995 Metaphorical Brain [1972]; Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks [1995] He lived 1940 to ?.

Edward Wilson [Wilson, Edward] biologist USA 1975 to 1998 Insect Societies; Sociobiology [1975]; On Human Nature [1978]; Consilience [1998] He invented sociobiology.

Jerry A. Fodor [Fodor, Jerry A.] linguist USA 1975 to 2000 Language of Thought [1975]; RePresentations [1981]; Modularity of Mind [1983]; Psychosemantics [1987]; Theory of Content and Other Essays [1990]; Holism: A Shopper's Guide [1992: with Ernest Lepore]; ELM and the Expert: Mentalese and its Semantics [1994]; Concepts [1998]; In Critical Condition [2000]; Mind Doesn't Work That Way [2000] He lived 1935 to ?. Putnam and Chomsky influenced him. He developed projection rules to try to formalize semantics and model semantic relations by syntax {proof theory, Fodor}. Brains think using symbol system with syntax and semantics {language of thought, Fodor} {mentalese, Fodor}. However, mental language must also have meaning and syntax. If mental language is meaningful, then regular language is meaningful, so why have mental language.

Juan Carlos I king Spain 1975 to 2007 He lived 1938 to ? and ruled after Franco died.

George Benson [Benson, George] singer USA 1976 This Masquerade [1976] He lived 1943 to ?.

T. Ernesto Bethancourt [Bethancourt, T. Ernesto] writer USA 1976 Dog Days of Arthur Cane [1976]

Rose Blue [Blue, Rose] writer USA 1976 Grandma Didn't Wave Back [1976]

Esther Wood Brady [Brady, Esther Wood] writer USA 1976 Toliver's Secret [1976] She lived 1905 to ?.

Martin Charnin [Charnin, Martin]/Charles Strouse [Strouse, Charles] lyricist/composer USA 1976 Tomorrow [1976] Strouse lived 1928 to ?.

Carol Connors [Connors, Carol]/Ayn Robbins [Robbins, Ayn]/Bill Conti [Conti, Bill] lyricist/lyricist/composer USA 1976 Gonna Fly Now or Theme From Rocky [1976: from the film Rocky] Conti lived 1943 to ?.

Scott Corbett [Corbett, Scott] writer USA 1976 Hockey Girls [1976]

John C. Eccles [Eccles, John C.]/Masao Ito [Ito, Masao]/John Szentagothai [Szentagothai, John] biologist England 1976 Cerebellum as a Neuronal Machine [1976] Szentagothai lived 1912 to 1994.

England Dan/John Ford Coley [Coley, John Ford] composer USA 1976 I'd Really Love to See You Tonight [1976]

Julian Jaynes [Jaynes, Julian] psychologist USA 1976 Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind [1976] He lived 1920 to 1997. Consciousness arose when brain hemispheres acquired different specialized functions and unified them. Even at Homer's time, mind was not aware of itself. People seem not to have will or mind. They acted based on thoughts or impulses seemingly from separate places, which they attributed to gods. Left and right hemispheres were separate. As left hemisphere specialized for language, it allowed introspection, control, and integration.

Elton John [John, Elton] or Reginald Dwight [Dwight, Reginald]/Kiki Dee [Dee, Kiki] singer England 1976 Don't Go Breaking My Heart [1976]

H. H. Kornhuber [Kornhuber, H. H.] psychologist Germany 1976 He studied EEG when people randomly chose to flex finger, with L. Deecke and B. Grötzinger. EEGs show change one second before they flex. If people reacted to light signal, EEG change was 0.2 second afterward.

Robert May [May, Robert] biologist USA 1976 Simple Mathematical Models with Very Complicated Dynamics [1976] Assign initial number to logistic difference equation. Low rate values make number go to zero. Medium values make number go higher steady-state numbers. After high initial value, system oscillates between two values. After even higher initial value, system oscillates among four values. After even higher initial values, system oscillates among 8, 16, 32, and so on, values, with smaller differences between rates, until chaos starts {point of accumulation} {accumulation point, complexity}. After that point, oscillations are among all values. However, at higher points, oscillations are among 3 or 7 values, then oscillations are among 6, 9, 12, 14, 21, 28, and so on, values, then chaos returns again.

Bruce S. McEwen [McEwen, Bruce S.] biologist USA 1976 Interactions between Hormones and Nerve Tissue [1976]

Milton Meltzer [Meltzer, Milton] writer USA 1976 Never to Forget: The Jews of the Holocaust [1976]

Laura Nyro [Nyro, Laura] composer USA 1976 Smile [1976: from the film Smile] She lived 1947 to 1997.

Tim Rice [Rice, Tim]/Andrew Lloyd Webber [Webber, Andrew Lloyd] lyricist/composer USA 1976 Evita [1976]; Don't Cry for Me, Argentina [1996: from Evita] Rice lived 1938 to ?. Webber lived 1948 to ?.

Barbra Streisand [Streisand, Barbra]/Paul Williams [Williams, Paul] composer USA 1976 Evergreen or Love Theme from A Star Is Born [1976: from the film A Star Is Born. sung by Barbra Streisand] Streisand lived 1942 to ?. Williams lived 1940 to ?.

Mark Taylor [Taylor, Mark] writer USA 1976 Henry the Explorer [1976]

Susan Terris [Terris, Susan] writer USA 1976 No Boys Allowed [1976]

Stanislaus M. Ulam [Ulam, Stanislaus M.] mathematician Poland/USA 1976 Adventures of a Mathematician [1976] He lived 1909 to 1984 and studied chaos in vibrating strings {Fermi-Pasta-Ulam theorem}.

John R. Napier [Napier, John R.] biologist USA 1976 to 1977 Primate Locomotion [1976]; Primates and Their Adaptations [1977] He lived 1917 to 1987.

Chris Argyris [Argyris, Chris] economist USA 1976 to 1978 Increasing Leadership Effectiveness [1976]; Organizational Learning [1978] He lived 1923 to ? and studied organizational behavioral theory {double loop learning theory} [1976].

John Z. Young [Young, John Z.] biologist England/USA 1976 to 1978 Evolution of Memory [1976]; Programs in the Brain [1978] He described selectionist theory of memory.

Frank Mills [Mills, Frank] pianist/composer England 1976 to 1979 Music Box Dancer [1976: instrumental] He lived 1942 to ?.

Mildred Taylor [Taylor, Mildred] writer USA 1976 to 1981 Roll of Thunder Hear My Cry [1976]; Let the Circle Be Unbroken [1981]; Land She lived 1943 to ?.

Gordon Bower [Bower, Gordon] psychologist USA 1976 to 1983 Emotion and Social Judgments [1978]; Mood and Memory [1981]; Reminding and mood-congruent memory [1983: with S. G. Gilligan] Mood induces memories with similar mood.

David Premack [Premack, David] psychologist USA 1976 to 1986 Intelligence in Ape and Man [1976]; Gavagai! or Rabbit! [1986] He lived 1925 to ? and studied ape intelligence and natural language.

Norma Klein [Klein, Norma] writer USA 1976 to 1988 Mom, the Wolfman, and Me [1976]; My Life as a Body [1988]

Tom Petty [Petty, Tom]/Heartbreakers singer USA 1976 to 1989 Breakdown [1976]; Refugee [1979]; Free Fallin' [1989]; Runnin' Down a Dream [1989] Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers.

Deng Xiaoping [Xiaoping, Deng] premier China 1976 to 1989 He lived 1904 to 1997. After Mao died, China increased economic growth under Deng Xiaoping.

Nicholas Humphrey [Humphrey, Nicholas] philosopher England 1976 to 1992 Social Function of Intellect [1976]; Consciousness Regained [1983]; Inner Eye [1986]; History of the Mind [1992]; Mind Made Flesh [2002] He studied brain development from social interactions. People {natural psychologist} talk to themselves to think what to do in different social situations and so understand, predict, and control what other people do. People then evolved systems {inner eye} to image brain processes and states. Such imaging is consciousness. Consciousness emerged abruptly as existing features combined. Sensations are actions and their thoughts.

Richard Dawkins [Dawkins, Richard] biologist USA 1976 to 1995 Selfish Gene [1976]; Blind Watchmaker [1986]; River out of Eden [1995] Ideas or concepts {meme} {mimeme} can exist in brain, replicate, and have selection. Thoughts and ideas in memory or culture replicate themselves in other minds by imitation and transmission. Memes compete for entry into minds. Selective forces act directly on meme physical substrates, because memes restructure brains to make better habitats for themselves and to modify input and output. Perceptions, skills, feelings, and memories have no copies. Meme sets {memeplex, Wilson} {co-adapted meme complex} can affect survival and reproduction [Dawkins, 1976]. He wrote about Universal Darwinism and replicators [Dawkins, 1995]. Meme copies behavior from another same-species animal {imitation, Dawkins}, but copying varies more than for genes. Memory ties abstractions and agreements together, so imitation is only small part. However, copy does not have same meaning, because brain does not just imitate but processes information. It involves selection and non-selective processes. Culture also involves sharing knowledge {schema, Dawkins}, not by imitation but by abstraction. Culture also involves sharing beliefs and values {social construction}, not by imitation but by agreement. Culture depends on having a theory of mind and knowing that other people have beliefs, intentions, and desires. Genes {selfish gene} use bodies to reproduce themselves.

Serge Moscovici [Moscovici, Serge] sociologist USA 1976 to 2000 Social Influence and Social Change [1976]; Conflict and Consensus: A General Theory of Collective Decisions [1994: with Willem Doise]; Social Representations: Explorations in Social Constructionism [2000] He lived 1925 to ?.

Michel Hénon [Hénon, Michel] astronomer France 1976 to 2002 He studied stretching, compressing, and folding phase space to get self-similarity {Hénon attractor} [1976]: x(t) = y(t - 1) + 1 - 1.4 * (x(t - 1))^2 and y(t) = 0.3 * x(t - 1). He predicted that globular clusters have center that experienced gravitational collapse {gravothermal collapse} [2002].

Benjamin Appel [Appel, Benjamin] writer USA 1977 Heart of Ice [1977: from the French by Anne Claude de Tubieres, Comte de Caylus, 1692 to 1765] He lived 1907 to 1977.

Debby Boone [Boone, Debby] singer USA 1977 You Light up My Life [1977]

Joseph Brooks [Brooks, Joseph] composer USA 1977 You Light up My Life [1977: from the film You Light up My Life. sung by Debby Boone]

Theodore H. Bullock [Bullock, Theodore H.]/Richard Orkand [Orkand, Richard]/Alan Grinnell [Grinnell, Alan] biologist USA 1977 Introduction to Nervous Systems [1977]

Eleanor Coerr [Coerr, Eleanor] writer USA 1977 Sadako and the Thousand Paper Cranes [1977]

Elvis Costello [Costello, Elvis] singer USA 1977 Alison [1977]; Watching the Detectives [1977]

E. George Gray [Gray, E. George] biologist England 1977 Synapse [1977]

Phyllis Green [Green, Phyllis] writer USA 1977 Grandmother Orphan; Ice River; Wild Violets [1977]

Sheila Greenwald [Greenwald, Sheila] writer USA 1977 Secret in Miranda's Closet [1977]

Jon Hassler [Hassler, Jon] writer USA 1977 Four Miles to Pinecone [1977]

Nigel Hinton [Hinton, Nigel] writer USA 1977 Collision Course [1977]

Norman Maclean [Maclean, Norman] novelist USA 1977 River Runs Through It [1977: biography] He lived 1902 to 1990.

Benoit Mandelbrot [Mandelbrot, ] mathematician Poland/France/USA 1977 Fractals: Form, Chance and Dimension; Fractal Geometry of Nature [1977] He lived 1924 to ? and ascribed fluctuations to discontinuous effects and to trends. He studied fractals, self-symmetry, 1/f noise, and 1/f squared noise. Fractal curves have non-integral dimensions. 1/f noise is like Cantor sets. In continuous intervals, continually removing inner third of each remaining continuous interval still leaves infinitely many points, and total empty distance is interval length {Cantor set, Mandelbrot}. Cantor sets are the same at all scales.

Manfred Mann [Mann, Manfred] or Manfred Mann's Earth Band singer USA 1977 Blinded by the Light [1977]

Allan M. Maxam [Maxam, Allan M.]/Walter Gilbert [Gilbert, Walter] biologist/inventor USA 1977 DNA sequencing [1977] They developed method to sequence DNA [1977].

Olivia Newton-John [Newton-John, Olivia]/John Travolta [Travolta, John] singer USA 1977 You're the One that I Want [1978]

Don Schlitz [Schlitz, Don] composer USA 1977 Gambler [1977: sung by Kenny Rogers]

Lawrence Sklar [Sklar, Lawrence] physicist USA 1977 Space, Time and [1977] He studied relativity.

John Williams [Williams, John] composer USA 1977 Close Encounters of the Third Kind [1977]; Star Wars [1977] He lived 1932 to ?.

David Zippel [Zippel, David]/Marvin Hamlisch [Hamlisch, Marvin] lyricist/composer USA 1977 Goodbye Girl [1977: from the film The Goodbye Girl] Hamlisch lived 1944 to ?.

James E. Carter [Carter, James E.] president USA 1977 to 1981 He lived 1924 to ?. 39th president fought inflation and slow growth. Iran took Americans hostage in Tehran until day after he left office.

Katherine Paterson [Paterson, Katherine] writer USA 1977 to 1985 Bridge to Terabithia [1977]; Great Gilly Hopkins [1978]; Jacob Have I Loved [1980]; Rebels of the Heavenly Kingdom [1983]; Come Sing Jimmy Jo [1985] He lived 1932 to ?.

Peter Gabriel [Gabriel, Peter] singer USA 1977 to 1986 Solsbury Hill [1977]; Sledgehammer [1986]; In Your Eyes [1986] He lived 1950 to ?.

Jackson Browne [Browne, Jackson] singer USA 1977 to 1987 Load Out/Stay [1977]; Running on Empty [1987]

Anita Desai [Desai, Anita] novelist India 1977 to 1987 Fire on the Mountain [1977]; Games at Twilight and Other Stories [1978: stories]; Clear Light of Day [1980]; Baumgartner's Bombay [1987] She lived 1937 to ?.

Gary Paulsen [Paulsen, Gary] writer USA 1977 to 1987 Foxman [1977]; Dogsong; Hatchet [1987]; Voyage of the Frog He lived 1939 to ?.

James Marshall [Marshall, James] illustrator USA 1977 to 1988 Miss Nelson Is Missing [1977]; Stupids Step Out [1978]; Three By the Sea [1981]; Miss Nelson Is Back [1982]; Fox and His Friends [1982]; George and Martha Back in Town [1984: books]; Three Up a Tree [1986]; Fox on the Job [1988] He lived 1942 to ?.

Avi writer USA 1977 to 1990 Captain Grey [1977]; Emily Upham's Revenge [1978]; Wolf Rider [1986]; True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle [1990] He lived 1937 to ?.

Pierre Bourdieu [Bourdieu, Pierre] anthropologist France 1977 to 1990 Outline of a theory of practice [1977]; Logic of practice [1990] He lived 1930 to 2002 and studied how culture and society affect behavior, perception, emotion, and motivation {theory of practice}.

Michael Dummett [Dummett, Michael] philosopher England 1977 to 1991 Elements of Intuitionism [1977]; Truth and Other Enigmas [1978]; Frege: Philosophy of Language [1981: 2nd edition]; Logical Basis of Metaphysics [1991] He lived 1925 to ? and used Frege's philosophy to make a theory of meaning based on evidence. Epistemology Events can have poor evidence, such as the past, other people's minds, and mathematics, and so statements about them are neither true nor false {antirealism}. For those situations, people use intuitions {intuitionism, Dummett}. Studying language can analyze thought. To prove that something mathematical exists is to show how to make it {constructivism, Dummett}.

Lewis Wolpert [Wolpert, Lewis] biologist USA 1977 to 1991 Development of Pattern and Form in Animals [1977]; Triumph of the Embryo [1991] He lived 1929 to ?.

Carl Sagan [Sagan, Carl] astronomer USA 1977 to 1992 Dragons of Eden [1977]; Cosmos [1980: with Ann Druyan]; Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors [1992: with Ann Druyan] He lived 1934 to 1996.

Ronald Dworkin [Dworkin, Ronald] philosopher England 1977 to 1993 Taking Rights Seriously [1977]; Matter of Principle [1985]; Law's Empire [1986]; Life's Dominion [1993] He lived 1931 to ?. Law is about rights and principles, not policies or goals.

Steven Weinberg [Weinberg, Steven] physicist USA 1977 to 1993 Gravitation and Cosmology [1972]; First Three Minutes [1977 and 1993]; Dreams of a Final Theory [1992] He lived 1933 to ? and studied universe origin. He worked with Abdus Salam on electroweak theory. Why does our universe have the cosmological constant that allows life to form {coincidence problem}. Perhaps, there are many universes, and some have that cosmological constant.

Elizabeth Loftus [Loftus, Elizabeth] psychologist USA 1977 to 1995 Shifting human color memory [1977]; Eyewitness testimony [1979]; Myth of Repressed Memory [1994: with K. Ketcham]; Formation of False Memories [1995: with J. E. Pickrell] She studied co-existence hypothesis, erasure hypothesis, and inhibition hypothesis [Loftus and Ketcham, 1994].

Robert E. Ornstein [Ornstein, Robert E.] psychologist USA 1977 to 1997 Psychology of Consciousness [1977 and 1986]; Evolution of Consciousness [1991]; Right Mind [1997] Brain has many modules that act together.

Roger Schank [Schank, Roger] psychologist USA 1977 to 1997 Scripts, Plans, Goals and Understanding [1977: with Robert P. Abelson]; Dynamic Memory [1981]; Dynamic Memory Revisited [1997] From repeated experience, people build knowledge structures that provide background information and default settings for processes {script, Schank}. Structures coordinate event sequence. People have many scripts and need to realize which script to use. As rule sets {rules of script}, scripts can predict. Scripts include all scenes and events related to process. Scenes and events share some features but not others, and scripts note differences. People can plan events {plan application}, to reach goals that brain monitors for progress {goal tracking}. Memory {dynamic memory, brain} must be able to change, learn, include new information, and relate information to previous information. People also remember scenes. People have general and abstract memory structures and processes, as well as scripts, which guide scene attention and selection. People notice what deviates from general structures and incorporate the information into general knowledge if it repeats. Stimuli remind of previous scenes, scripts, and general knowledge structures {processing-based reminding}. Organizing memories causes more reminding. Mental processing includes reminding, which uses same structures as storing memories and processing input. Process repeats same structures for similar thing and has reminding. Understanding is remembering similar situation. Reminding becomes less as object or event integrates more and becomes unconscious. Unexpected events add pointers and indexes to script to note differences and exceptions. People do not expect new things only if they see them in context in which they expected something else, so there must be conscious attention, thwarted goal, or difference from previous thing, not just something entirely new or meaningless. Memories, reminding, and processing are simultaneous in script application, plan application, and goal tracking. Story always involves goal, why. In trying to reach goal, people can fail to perform obvious subgoals {goal subsumption failure}, face obstacles, move toward new goal, or have more than one goal. People can search memory intentionally. Scenes connect by higher order knowledge structures {memory organization packet, scene} (MOP). Abstract concepts connect by higher order knowledge structures {thematic organization packet, Schank} (TOP). Consciousness is just observing unconscious mental processing. It is for learning explanations, applying rules, and questioning, but it interferes with well-learned activities.

Christopher Alexander [Alexander, Christopher] architect USA 1977 to 1999 Pattern Language [1977: with Sara Ishikawa and Murray Silverstein]; Timeless Way of Building [1999]; Oregon Experiment [1977 to 1999] Towns and buildings built in natural, intuitive, organic, and evolving way are best. People in society can share ideas {pattern language}. Pattern-language patterns solve problems of living in environments, from large regions down to room parts. Patterns depend on each other. Larger patterns are about town or community. They have independent regions. They have town distributions, city- country fingers, agricultural valleys, country streets, country towns, and countryside. They have subcultures, scattered work, and local transport areas. They have community of 7000, subculture boundary, identifiable neighborhood, and neighborhood boundary. They have public transportation webs, ring roads, learning networks, shopping webs, and minibuses. They have four-story limit, nine-percent parking, parallel roads, sacred sites, access to water, life cycle accommodation, and men and women. They have eccentric nuclei, density rings, activity nodes, promenades, shopping streets, nightlife, and interchanges. They have household mix, public and private mix, house clusters, row houses, housing hills, and old people everywhere. They have work communities, industrial ribbons, marketplace universities, local town halls, community-project loops, large markets, health centers, and housing between. They have looped local roads, T-junctions, green streets, path and road networks, main gateways, road crossings, raised walks, bike paths and racks, and children. They have carnivals, quiet back areas, accessible greens, small public squares, high places, street dancing, pools and streams, birthplaces, and holy ground. They have common land, connected play, public outdoor rooms, grave sites, still water, local sports, adventure playgrounds, and animals. They have families and different-size houses. They have self-governing workshops and offices, small services without red tape, office connections, masters and apprentices, teenage society, shop-front schools, and homes. They have individually owned shops, street cafes, corner groceries, beer halls, traveler's inns, bus stops, and food stands. Smaller patterns are for buildings. They have building complexes, several stories, shielded parking, circulation realms, main buildings, pedestrian paths, building thoroughfares, family entrances, and small parking lots. They have site repair, south-facing outdoor areas, outdoor spaces, light wings, connected buildings, and long thin houses. They have main entrances, half-hidden gardens, entrance transitions, car connections, open-space hierarchies, living courtyards, cascading roofs, sheltering roofs, and roof gardens. They have arcades, paths and goals, path shapes, building fronts, pedestrians not too crowded, activity pockets, and stair seats. They have intimacy gradient, indoor sunlight, common areas at heart, entrance rooms, flows through rooms, short passages, staircase stages, zen-style views, and light and dark tapestries. They have couple realms, children realms, sleeping to east, farmhouse kitchens, private terraces, own rooms, sitting spaces, bed clusters, bathing rooms, and bulk storage. They have flexible office space, communal eating, small work groups, reception areas, places to wait, small meeting rooms, and half-private offices. They have rooms to rent, teenager cottages, old-age cottages, settled workplaces, home workshops, and open stairs. They have light on two room sides, building edges, sunny places, north facing areas, outdoor rooms, street-level windows, openings to street, galleries, six-foot balconies, and connections to earth. They have terraced slopes, fruit trees, tree places, wild gardens, garden walls, trellised walks, greenhouses, garden seats, vegetable gardens, and compost. They have alcoves, window places, fireplaces, eating spots, workspace enclosures, cooking layouts, sitting circles, communal sleeping, marriage beds, bed alcoves, and dressing rooms. They have ceiling-height variety, indoor space shapes, large windows, half- open walls, interior windows, good staircase volume, and corner doors. They have thick walls, closets between rooms, sunny counters, open shelves, waist-high shelves, built-in seats, child caves, and secret places. Building details have patterns. Buildings have structure that follows social spaces, efficient structure, good materials, and gradual stiffening. They have roof layouts, floor-and-ceiling layouts, outer wall thickenings, corner columns, and column distributions. They have root foundations, ground floor slab, box columns, perimeter beams, wall membranes, floor-ceiling vaults, and roof vaults. They have natural doors and windows, low sill, deep reveals, low doorway, and frames as thickened edges. They have column places, column connections, stair vaults, duct spaces, radiant heat, dormer windows, and roof caps. They have floor surfaces, lapped outside walls, soft inside walls, windows that open wide, solid doors with glass, filtered light, small panes, and half-inch trim. They have seat spots, front-door benches, sitting walls, canvas roofs, flower baskets, climbing plants, stone paving, tile, and brick. They have ornaments, warm colors, different chairs, light pools, and things from life. Combining patterns gives deeper meaning.

Stephen Jay Gould [Gould, Stephen Jay] biologist USA 1977 to 2002 Ever Since Darwin [1977]; Ontogeny and Phylogeny [1977]; Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm [1978: with Richard Lewontin]; Urchin in the Storm [1987]; Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History [1989]; Structure of Evolutionary Theory [2002] Evolution repeats and modifies animal forms {bauplan, Gould}. Evolutionary changes can be in bursts {punctuated equilibrium, Gould}, even after 20,000 years with no change. Most traits are side effects. Timing changes during development cause evolutionary changes. Organisms produce more offspring than survive to reproduce {superfecundity, Gould}. Darwin defended this idea against people that thought God is more benevolent. Offspring vary in traits. All accept this idea. Offspring pass their traits to offspring. All accept this idea. Therefore, offspring with traits more favorable for survival to reproductive age will produce more offspring with same traits {natural selection, Gould}. Darwin's evolutionary theory has three main principles to explain natural-selection mechanisms. Natural selection applies to organisms, not classes, genuses, species, tissues, organs, or genes. Darwin suggested that altruism in humans was trait outside this idea. Perhaps, altruism can explain hybridization and worker-insect sterility. Modern theory suggests genes, cell lines, organisms, demes, species, and clades evolve using selection and drift to change frequencies and parts. They can work synergistically, in opposition, or independently of nearby levels. Other possibilities can be entropy effect or complex system spontaneous ordering. Natural selection removes unfit and designs fit, because variations from typical or average are small, random, and numerous and not always negative. Small and large variations accumulate over many generations. Variations can have different kinds and sizes {microevolution, Gould}. Modern theory adds structural, historic, and developmental factors. Natural selection gradually makes more-complex organisms and can make new higher-level organism species. However, modern theory adds mass extinctions, species sorting by punctuated equilibrium to alter clades, and other processes taking different times. Other possibilities can be inorganic and organic comparisons or new species- formation ideas. Because organisms overproduce, nature has competing organisms and species, so new ones must replace or wedge aside existing ones, leading to better-adapted species. This requires that environment changes slowly compared to evolution and observed species changes. Interactors, rather than replicators, can define selection. Emergent fitness, rather than emergent traits, causes higher- level selection. Species selection is main macroevolution method. Evolutionary theory involves same framework as other scientific explanations. It involves causation vs. association. Event sequences relate or do not relate. Related events are consequences or not. Structures and functions exist. Logical conclusions come from premises. People can find causation direction. Determinism comes from fundamental-unit laws versus independent-level interactions. Changes are gradual, spurt, maintain stasis, are exponential, or rise and fall. It involves fundamental units, structure hierarchies, change rates, space scales, and time scales. Darwin felt that nature had progressed, because organism and ecosystem design was good (Paley) and complexity was increasing. Besides, nature ordered itself in the most-efficient way by survival of fittest (Adam Smith). Increased speciation leads to increased extinction. Clade selection, species habitat tracking, and grouping in populations can cause stasis. Organisms tend to evolve to larger size, from individual size advantages and structural factors {Cope's rule, Gould}. Slow variation and slow environmental change helped ancient organisms alive today survive. Their clades had low speciation. Clades have various speciation rates, which can change over time and mimic seemingly progressive linear species changes, as in horses and humans. Humans are stable genetically if punctuated equilibrium is true. Drift can go into available niches, but bacteria dominate life. Geometric patterns and physical laws, such as surface-to-volume ratios and coordinate transformations, constrain structures and allow few alternatives. Historical development can impose homologies and regulations. Adaptation consequences {exaptation, Gould} can have later advantages. Homology is internal structure similarity {homogeny, Gould}. Homology can result from fundamental internal structure {parallelism, Gould} or same external pressures {convergence, Gould}. Organisms can also perform similar functions with different structures {homoplasy, Gould}. Darwin held that small structure shifts were adaptive, but cumulative-shift adaptations can be different {functional shift, Gould} {cooptation, Gould}. Initial stages have unpredictable uses, constrain future adaptation, and form sequence. Non-adaptive structures {spandrel, Gould} arise in association with adaptive structures, and these structures can later be for adaptation, at all hierarchy levels. Adaptive structures tend to limit further evolution through specialization, but adaptive structures make many more non-adaptive structures with which evolution can work.

David A. Adler [Adler, David A.] writer USA 1977 to 2004 Cam Jansen [1977 to 2004: books] He lived 1947 to ?.

Blondie or Deborah Harry [Harry, Deborah] singer USA 1978 Heart of Glass [1978]

Leslie Bricusse [Bricusse, Leslie]/John Williams [Williams, John] lyricist/composer USA 1978 Can You Read My Mind [1978: from the film Superman] Bricusse lived 1931 to ?. Williams lived 1932 to ?.

Jim Casey [Casey, Jim]/Warren Jacobs [Jacobs, Warren] composer USA 1978 Summer Nights [1978: from the film Grease]

Eric Clapton [Clapton, Eric] singer USA 1978 After Midnight [1970]; I Shot the Sheriff [1974]; Cocaine [1977]; Wonderful Tonight [1977]; Lay Down Sally [1978]; I Can't Stand It [1980]; Tears in Heaven [1992]; Layla Unplugged [1992]; Change the World [1996] Clapton lived 1945 to ?.

Otis Day [Day, Otis]/Knights singer USA 1978 Shout [1978] Otis Day and the Knights.

Thomas J. Dygard [Dygard, Thomas J.] writer USA 1978 Winning Kicker [1978] He lived 1931 to 1996.

John Farrar [Farrar, John] composer USA 1978 Hopelessly Devoted to You [1978: from the film Grease]; You're the One That I Want [1978: from the film Grease]

Dino Ferakis [Ferakis, Dino]/Freddie Perren [Perren, Freddie] composer USA 1978 I Will Survive [1978]

Andy Gibb [Gibb, Andy] composer USA 1978 Shadow Dancing [1978] He lived 1958 to 1988.

Randolf Menzel [Menzel, Randolf] psychologist USA 1978 Learning and Memory in Bees [1978: with Jochen Erber]

Michael I. Posner [Posner, Michael I.] psychologist USA 1978 Chronometric Explorations of the Mind [1978] He studied brain timing.

Ellen Raskin [Raskin, Ellen] writer USA 1978 Westing Game [1978] She lived 1928 to 1984.

Brenda Sivers [Sivers, Brenda] writer USA 1978 Snailman [1978]

Robert K. Smith [Smith, Robert K.] writer USA 1978 Chocolate Fever [1978]

Bonnie Tylor [Tylor, Bonnie] singer USA 1978 It's a Heartache [1978]

R. Wall [Wall, R.]/Philip Leder [Leder, Philip] biologist USA 1978 Genes rearrange themselves in early infancy [1978]. Antibody genes can join joining gene by deleting DNA between them. Joining genes join to trunk genes, which determine mobility level. Joined genes determine antigen.

Robert A. Weale [Weale, Robert A.] biologist USA 1978 Vertebrate Eye [1978] He studied vertebrate eye.

Myron Winick [Winick, Myron] biologist USA 1978 Early Nutrition and Brain Development [1978]

Alexander Woodcock [Woodcock, Alexander]/Monte Davis [Davis, Monte] mathematician USA 1978 Catastrophe Theory [1978] They studied catastrophe theory.

Warren Zevon [Zevon, Warren]/Robert Wachtel [Wachtel, Robert]/Leroy Marinel [Marinel, Leroy] composer England 1978 Werewolves of London [1978] Zevon lived 1947 to 2003.

Gloria Gaynor [Gaynor, Gloria] singer USA 1978 to 1979 I Will Survive [1978]

Don Freeman [Freeman, Don] writer USA 1978 to 1981 Corduroy [1978]; Norman the Doorman [1981] He lived 1908 to 1978.

Beverly Cleary [Cleary, Beverly] writer USA 1978 to 1984 Beezus and Ramona [1978]; Ellen Tibbits [1979]; Henry Huggins [1979]; Ramona and Her Father [1979]; Ramona and Her Mother [1980]; Ramona the Pest [1981]; Ramona Quimby Age 8 [1982]; Ramona the Brave [1984]; Mouse and the Motorcycle; Dear Mr. Henshaw She lived 1916 to ?.

Van Halen singer USA 1978 to 1984 You Really Got Me [1978]; Dance the Night Away [1979]; Jump [1984]

Francine G. Patterson [Patterson, Francine G.] primatologist USA 1978 to 1987 Linguistic capabilities of young lowland gorilla [1978]; Koko's Story [1987] She lived 1947 to ?. The gorilla Koko acquired over 250 signs of American Sign Language and learned spoken English comprehension.

Dolly Parton [Parton, Dolly] composer/singer USA 1978 to 1992 Here You Come Again [1978]; 9 to 5 [1980: from the film 9 to 5]; I Will Always Love You [1992: from the film The Bodyguard. sung by Whitney Houston] She lived 1946 to ?.

Louis Sachar [Sachar, Louis] writer USA 1978 to 1998 Sideways Stories from Wayside School [1978]; There's a Boy in the Girls' Bathroom [1990]; Holes [1998] He lived 1954 to ?.

John Paul II pope Poland 1978 to 2003 He lived 1920 to 2005.

Gerald M. Edelman [Edelman, Gerald M.] psychologist USA 1978 to 2004 Mindful Brain: Cortical Organization and the Group-Selective Theory of Higher Brain Function [1978: with Vernon B. Mountcastle]; Neural Darwinism: The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection [1987]; Topobiology: an Introduction to Molecular Embryology [1988]; Remembered Present: A Biological Theory of Consciousness [1989]; Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind [1992]; Universe of Consciousness: How Matter Becomes Imagination [2000: with Guilio Tononi]; Wider than the Sky [2004] He studied developmental selection, dynamic core, experiential selection, neural Darwinism, and neuronal-group selection [Edelman, 2003].

William Rehnquist [Rehnquist, William] judge USA 1978 to 2005 He lived 1924 to 2005 and was USA Supreme Court Justice [1972 to 1986] and Chief Justice [1986 to 2005].

Richard Alexander [Alexander, Richard] biologist USA 1979 Darwinism and Human Affairs [1979] He studied brain development from social interactions.

Kenny Ascher [Ascher, Kenny]/Paul Williams [Williams, Paul] composer USA 1979 Rainbow Connection [1979: from the film The Muppet Movie]

Don Black [Black, Don]/Andrew Lloyd Webber [Webber, Andrew Lloyd] lyricist/composer England 1979 Song and Dance [1979: musical] Black lived 1938 to ?. Webber lived 1948 to ?.

Joan W. Blos [Blos, Joan W.] writer USA 1979 Gathering of Days [1979] She lived 1928 to ?.

Quentin Bone [Bone, Quentin] biologist USA 1979 Origin of Chordates [1979]

Eth Clifford [Clifford, Eth] writer USA 1979 Help! I'm a Prisoner in the Library [1979]

Thomas E. Copeland [Copeland, Thomas E.] economist USA 1979 Financial Theory and Corporate Policy [1979: with J. Fred Weston and Kuldeep Shastri] He studied actual business-policy stages: understanding problem or situation, deciding on solution, organizing resources, instructing participants, timing actions, and following results.

Carmine Coppola [Coppola, Carmine] composer USA 1979 End [1979: from the film Apocalypse Now] She lived 1910 to 1991.

Bruce Coville [Coville, Bruce]/Katherine Coville [Coville, Katherine] writer USA 1979 Sarah's Unicorn [1979]

Scott E. Fahlman [Fahlman, Scott E.] mathematician USA 1979 NETL, A System for Representing and Using Real World Knowledge [1979] He studied neural networks.

Imrich Friedmann [Friedmann, Imrich] biologist USA 1979 Human Ear [1979]

Charlotte Graeber [Graeber, Charlotte] writer USA 1979 Grey Cloud [1979]

Robert Hazard [Hazard, Robert] composer USA 1979 Girls Just Want to Have Fun [1979: sung by Cyndi Lauper]

Barbara Holland [Holland, Barbara] writer USA 1979 Prisoners at the Kitchen Table [1979]

Rupert Holmes [Holmes, Rupert] singer USA 1979 Escape or Pina Colada Song [1979]

James Howe [Howe, James] writer USA 1979 Bunnicula [1979]

David Lane [Lane, David] biologist Scotland 1979 TP53 gene kills cell if cell has broken DNA or has low oxygen, by making p53 protein [1979].

Lois Lowry [Lowry, Lois] writer USA 1979 Anastasia Krupnik [1979]; All about Sam; Number the Stars; Giver She lived 1937 to ?.

Jean-François Lyotard [Lyotard, Jean-François] philosopher Paris, France 1979 Postmodern Condition [1979] He lived 1924 to ? and developed postmodernism.

Amanda McBroom [McBroom, Amanda] composer USA 1979 Rose [1979: from the film The Rose] She lived 1946 to ?.

Bernard Miles [Miles, Bernard] writer England 1979 Robin Hood: His Life and Legend [1979]

Joey Ramone [Ramone, Joey] composer USA 1979 Rock 'N' Roll High School [1979: from the film Rock 'N' Roll High School. sung by the Ramones] He lived 1951 to 2001.

Carole Bayer Sager [Sager, Carole Bayer]/Marvin Hamlisch [Hamlisch, Marvin] lyricist/composer USA 1979 Through the Eyes of Love [1979: from the film Ice Castles. sung by Melissa Manchester] Sager lived 1946 to ?. Hamlisch lived 1944 to ?.

David Shire [Shire, David] composer USA 1979 It Goes Like It Goes [1979: from the film Norma Rae. sung by Jennifer Warnes]

Herbert Terrace [Terrace, Herbert] primatologist USA 1979 Nim [1979] The chimpanzee Nim Chimsky acquired over 125 simplified American-Sign-Language signs.

Geoffrey Underwood [Underwood, Geoffrey] psychologist USA 1979 Aspects of Consciousness [1979: editor with Robin Stevens] He studied forgetting and learning transfer.

Robb White [White, Robb] writer USA 1979 Fire Storm [1979]

Patrick Henry Winston [Winston, Patrick Henry] psychologist USA 1979 Artificial Intelligence, an MIT Perspective [1979: editor with Richard Henry Brown] He studied AI.

G. Clifton Wisler [Wisler, G. Clifton] writer USA 1979 My Brother the Wind [1979]

AC/DC singer USA 1979 to 1980 Highway to Hell [1979]; You Shook Me All Night Long [1980]

Richard Rorty [Rorty, Richard] philosopher USA 1979 to 1982 Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature [1979]; Consequences of Pragmatism [1982] He lived 1931 to 2007. Wilfred Sellars and Quine influenced him. Truths, and objective or transcendental judgments, do not exist. Only beliefs exist, and they can be close to truth. Such truth depends on social context {neo-pragmatism, Rorty}. Intentions and mental states do not correspond to physical brain states {eliminative materialism, Rorty}. Folk psychology is not the way brain works.

John P. Frisby [Frisby, John P.] psychologist USA 1979 to 1991 Seeing: Illusion, Brain and Mind [1979]

Paul M. Churchland [Churchland, Paul M.] philosopher USA 1979 to 1995 Scientific Realism and the Plasticity of Mind [1979]; Matter and Consciousness [1984]; Neurocomputational Perspective [1989]; Engine of Reason, The Seat of the Soul [1995: Fusion Net] He lived 1942 to ?. Epistemology People use terms such as desires, intentions, and reasons {folk psychology}, but scientific terms must replace these terms {eliminativism}. Mind Consciousness uses short-term memory, does not need sensory input, changes attention, interprets input, disappears in deep sleep, reappears in dreaming, and unifies senses. Conscious states involve changing attention, representing inputs, using concepts, combining attention and perception in short-term memory, and processing over time {dynamical profile approach}. Consciousness can be conscious of all representations, not just self-representations or high-level representations. Brain uses recurrent neural networks for attention and memory.

Michael Jackson [Jackson, Michael] or King of Pop singer USA 1979 to 1995 Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough [1979]; Thriller [1982]; Billie Jean [1982]; Beat It [1982]; We Are the World [1985: with Quincy Jones]; Man in the Mirror [1987]; I Just Can't Stop Loving You [1987]; Bad [1987]; Way You Make Me Feel [1987]; Dirty Diana [1987]; Black or White [1991]; You Are Not Alone [1995] He lived 1958 to 2009 and invented a dance step in which one appears to walk forward but goes backward {moonwalk} [1983].

Alan H. Guth [Guth, Alan H.] physicist USA 1979 to 1997 Inflationary Universe [1997] In universes with general relativity, antigravity starting 10^-34 second after universe origin can cause exponential inflation [1979]. Universe goes from smaller than proton to softball size.

Joseph Raz [Raz, Joseph] philosopher England 1979 to 2000 Authority of Law [1979]; Concept of a Legal System [1980]; Morality of Freedom [1986]; Engaging Reason [2000]

Douglas Hofstadter [Hofstadter, Douglas] computer scientist USA 1979 to 2007 Godel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid [1979]; Mind's I [1982: with Daniel Dennett, editors]; I Am a Strange Loop [2007] Mental events are recursive self-representational loops {strange loop}. The physical basis of loops is the molecular- behavioral loop. Consciousness is higher-order thoughts or reports accompanying unconscious mental states, so brain can monitor itself {higher-order thought, Hofstadter}. This control system allows recursion through self- representations. Mental states have different levels. Brain has complex patterns, some of which are self-referentional. Lower animals, mammals, primates, children, adults, brain-damaged adults, and senescent people have no, some, half, medium, or high self-reference. Also, self-reference can have one, some, many, or infinite numbers of levels. People can nest things to infinite self-reference. Brain complex patterns are entirely physical at microscopic levels but have descriptions, and causes and effects, that use intentions at higher levels. Self-reference threatens paradox, runaway feedback, inconsistency, and incompleteness. Strange loops feed back, cross levels, and go back to previous loop stages. By the theory of types, a set cannot contain itself and a proposition cannot refer to itself. A true proposition has a proof, which makes it true. A false proposition has no proof, showing it is false. False propositions lead to contradictions. A different integer can represent each symbol. The sequence of primes can represent each position in a string. The prime raised to the integer represents the symbol at the position. For example, if symbol = is at position 1 and integer 5 represents symbol =, 2^5 = 32 represents the string "=". For more than one position, multiply the primes raised to powers. For example, if integer 2 represents symbol 4, the string "= 4" can be 2^5 * 3^2 = 288. In reverse, knowing the number 288 (Gödel number) and factoring into primes gives the symbol string. Formulas and Gödel numbers have one- to-one mapping and so are analogous. Their meanings are the same, but the concepts differ. Natural numbers can represent any pattern, have unlimited expressivity, and are like universal language. Formal systems cannot prove that a Gödel number is the number of a true formula. Symbol strings can represent propositions and inference rules, or not. Proofs derive propositions from previous propositions using rules of inference, and arithmetic calculations on proposition and rule Gödel numbers are equivalent to proofs. Proofs have Gödel numbers. Some proposition Gödel numbers are in a system, as valid formulas, and the rest are out. Valid formulas come recursively from earlier valid formulas and must get larger. Some proposition Gödel numbers are valid formulas and provable. Provable formulas come recursively from earlier valid formulas and can be smaller or larger. By describing Gödel numbers using their computation methods, formulas can contain their Gödel numbers. Proposition subjects and verb phrases have smaller Gödel numbers than whole propositions. Propositions can have verb phrases as subjects. Propositions about themselves are not provable. In formal systems, proofs always find true propositions (consistency). If propositions about themselves were provable, formal systems find that the statement "propositions about themselves are not provable" is false. This is inconsistent. Formal systems can prove all true propositions (completeness). If propositions about themselves are not provable, formal systems cannot find the true statement "propositions about themselves are not provable". This is incomplete. I is a symbol that perception sometimes triggers in brains. I becomes larger over development, with more perceptions, results of actions, memories, beliefs, goals, feelings, and imaginings. Brain has structures larger than molecules and neurons and even neuron assemblies and brain regions. Such structures correspond with objects and events in the physical world and so are analogies. Brains have many symbols and can make symbol patterns. Some brains can make symbol patterns that refer to symbol patterns. Symbol patterns can communicate. Universal Turing machines can read and write descriptions of themselves (and so any machine).

Richard H. Adrian [Adrian, Richard H.] biologist England 1980 Nerve Impulse [1980] He lived 1927 to ?.

Lynne Reid Banks [Banks, Lynne Reid] writer USA 1980 Indian in the Cupboard [1980] She lived 1929 to ?.

Pat Benatar [Benatar, Pat] singer USA 1980 Hit Me with Your Best Shot [1980] She lived 1953 to ?.

David Botstein [Botstein, David]/Ron Davis [Davis, Ron]/Ray White [White, Ray]/Mark Skolnick [Skolnick, Mark] biologist USA 1980 genetic markers for genome mapping [1980]

James Burke [Burke, James] historian England 1980 Connections [1980] He lived 1936 to ?.

Jorg-Peter Ewert [Ewert, Jorg-Peter] psychologist USA 1980 Neuroethology [1980] He studied mind in environment.

John R. Gardiner [Gardiner, John R.] writer USA 1980 Stone Fox [1980] He lived 1945 to 2006.

Michael Gore [Gore, Michael]/Paul McCrane [McCrane, Paul] composer USA 1980 Fame [1980: from the film Fame]

Deborah Harry [Harry, Deborah] or Blondie composer USA 1980 Call Me [1980: from the film American Gigolo]

David E. Johnson [Johnson, David E.] linguist USA 1980 Arc Pair Grammar [1980: with Paul M. Postal] He lived 1946 to ? and studied grammar.

Horace F. Judson [Judson, Horace F.] psychologist USA 1980 Search for Solutions [1980] He studied problem-solving.

Ruth Park [Park, Ruth] writer USA 1980 Playing Beatie Bow [1980]

Paul M. Postal [Postal, Paul M.] linguist USA 1980 Arc Pair Grammar [1980: with David E. Johnson] He developed projection rules to try to formalize semantics.

Thomas Rockwell [Rockwell, Thomas] writer USA 1980 How to Eat Fried Worms [1980: plays]

Sarah Sargent [Sargent, Sarah] writer USA 1980 Weird Henry Berg [1980]

Carol Beach York [York, Carol Beach] writer USA 1980 Remember Me When I Am Dead [1980]

Lech Walesa [Walesa, Lech] union leader Gdansk, Poland 1980 to 1980.12 He lived 1943 to ?. Shipyard workers strike led to Solidarity trade union, with repression in December.

Christopher Cross [Cross, Christopher] singer USA 1980 to 1981 Sailing [1980]; Arthur's Theme or Best That You Can Do [1981: by Burt Bacharach, Carole Sager, Christopher Cross, and Peter Allen]

Willie Nelson [Nelson, Willie] singer/composer USA 1980 to 1982 On the Road Again [1980: from the film Honeysuckle Rose]; Mammas Don't Let Your Babies Grow up to Be Cowboys [1981: by Ned Sublette]; Always on My Mind [1982] He lived 1933 to ?.

Kenny Loggins [Loggins, Kenny] composer/singer USA 1980 to 1984 I'm Alright [1980: from the film Caddyshack. sung by Kenny Loggins]; Footloose [1984] He lived 1948 to ?.

Ilya Prigogine [Prigogine, Ilya] physicist USA 1980 to 1989 From Being to Becoming [1980]; Order out of Chaos [1984: with Stengers]; Exploring Complexity [1989: with Gregoire Nicolis] He lived 1917 to 2003. Dissipative-structure subsystems can reduce entropy, if energy is available and subsystems use only their own processes.

Franklyn Mayer [Mayer, Franklyn] writer USA 1980 to 1990 Me and Caleb

Stephen Michael Kosslyn [Kosslyn, Stephen Michael] psychologist USA 1980 to 1994 Image and Mind [1980]; Image and Brain [1994] He studied imagery.

Joseph Margolis [Margolis, Joseph] philosopher USA 1980 to 1994 Art and Philosophy [1980]; Culture and Cultural Entities [1984]; Interpretation Radical but not Unruly: The New Puzzle of the Arts and History [1994] He lived 1924 to ?. Art is about physical and material individual objects. Material object expresses {embodiment} emergent properties about interpretations and intentions. Intentions can be numerous and conflict.

Anne Treisman [Treisman, Anne] psychologist USA 1980 to 1996 Feature integration theory of attention [1980: with G. Gelade]; Perception of features and objects [1993]; Binding problem [1996] She invented an attention theory {feature integration theory, Treisman}. Mind first processes basic visual features preattentively and automatically and then uses attention to associate features with objects and find higher-level properties.

Wolfram Schultz [Schultz, Wolfram] biologist England 1980 to 1998 Dopamine prediction neurons fire before rewards.

Ted Honderich [Honderich, Ted] philosopher England 1980 to 1999 Violence for Equality [1980]; Theory of Determinism [1988]; Mind and Brain [1988]; Punishment [1989]; Conservatism [1990]; Oxford Companion to Philosophy [1999: editor] He lived 1933 to ?. Brain-mind mental and physical states function together, pair one to one-or-many, cause brain and body behavior, and affect mind {union theory}.

Austen Clark [Clark, Austen] philosopher England 1980 to 2000 Psychological Models and Neural Mechanisms [1980]; Sensory Qualities [1993]; Theory of Sentience [2000]

Daniel Wegner [Wegner, Daniel] psychologist USA 1980 to 2002 Self in Prosocial Action [1980]; White Bears and Other Unwanted Thoughts [1989]; You can't always think what you want [1992]; Apparent mental causation: Sources of the experience [1999: with Thalia P. Wheatley]; Illusion of Conscious Will [2002] He lived 1948 to ? and invented the priority principle [Wegner, 2002].

David Caplan [Caplan, David] biologist USA 1980 to 2003 Biological Studies of Mental Processes [1980: editor]

Peter Allen [Allen, Peter]/Burt Bacharach [Bacharach, Burt] lyricist/composer USA 1981 Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do) [1981: from the film Arthur] Bacharach lived 1928 to ?.

Avron Barr [Barr, Avron]/Edward A. Feigenbaum [Feigenbaum, Edward A.] mathematician USA 1981 Handbook of Artificial Intelligence [1981] They studied AI.

Sue Ellen Bridgers [Bridgers, Sue Ellen] writer USA 1981 Notes for Another Life [1981]

Kim Carnes [Carnes, Kim] singer USA 1981 Bette Davis Eyes [1981]

John Donovan [Donovan, John] writer USA 1981 Wild in the World [1981]

Sheena Easton [Easton, Sheena] singer England 1981 For Your Eyes Only [1981]

Moshe Gitterman [Gitterman, Moshe]/Vivian Haim Halpern [Halpern, Vivian Haim] physicist USA 1981 Qualitative Analysis of Physical Problems [1981]

Leo M. Hurvich [Hurvich, Leo M.] psychologist USA 1981 Color Vision [1981] He studied color vision.

Rick James [James, Rick] or King of Funk singer USA 1981 Superfreak or Super Freak [1981] He lived 1948 to 2004.

Robert Jastrow [Jastrow, Robert] psychologist USA 1981 Enchanted Loom [1981] He studied brain anatomy.

Michael Leeson [Leeson, Michael]/Bill Conti [Conti, Bill] composer USA 1981 For Your Eyes Only [1981: from the film For Your Eyes Only. sung by Sheena Easton] Conti lived 1943 to ?.

Trevor Nunn [Nunn, Trevor]/Andrew Lloyd Webber [Webber, Andrew Lloyd] lyricist/composer England 1981 Cats [1981: musical, based on T. S. Eliot poem, including the song Memory] Webber lived 1948 to ?.

Werner E. Reichardt [Reichardt, Werner E.]/Tomaso Poggio [Poggio, Tomaso] biologist USA 1981 Theoretical Approaches in Neurobiology [1981: editors]

Diana Ross [Ross, Diana]/Lionel Richie [Richie, Lionel] singer USA 1981 Endless Love [1981] Ross lived 1944 to ?. Richie lived 1949 to ?.

Rick Springfield [Springfield, Rick] singer USA 1981 Jessie's Girl [1981]; I've Done Everything for You [1981] He lived 1949 to ?.

Lionel Richie [Richie, Lionel] composer USA 1981 to 1985 Endless Love [1981: from the film Endless Love. sung with Diana Ross]; Truly [1982]; All Night Long [1983]; Hello [1984]; Say You, Say Me [1986: from the film White Knights]; Dancing on the Ceiling [1986]; Se La or Sela [1986] He lived 1949 to ?.

Ann [Cameron, Ann] writer USA 1981 to 1987 Stories Julian Tells [1981]; Julian's Glorious Summer [1987]

Paul Feyerabend [Feyerabend, Paul] philosopher Austria/England 1981 to 1988 Philosophical Papers [1981]; Against Method [1988] He lived 1924 to 1994 and was eliminative materialist. Philosophy of science and its claim to knowledge are impossible. All knowledge is relative.

Jack Prelutsky [Prelutsky, Jack] writer USA 1981 to 1988 It's Christmas [1981]; New Kid on the Block [1984]; Read-Aloud Rhymes for the Very Young [1986]; Tyrannosaurus was a Beast [1988] He lived 1940 to ?.

Ronald Reagan [Reagan, Ronald] president USA 1981 to 1989 He lived 1911 to 2004. 40th president enacted large tax cuts, caused government debt, and built up military.

Gregory E. Hinton [Hinton, Gregory E.] mathematician USA 1981 to 1992 Parallel Models of Associative Memory [1981: editor with John A. Anderson]; How Neural Networks Learn from Experience [1992] He invented backpropagation learning algorithms.

Isabel Allende [Allende, Isabel] novelist Chile 1981 to 1995 House of the Spirits [1981]; Of Love and Shadows [1984]; Stories of Eva Luna [1986]; Paula [1995] She lived 1942 to ?.

Derek Bickerton [Bickerton, Derek] linguist USA 1981 to 1995 Roots of Language [1981]; Language and Species [1990]; Language and Human Behavior [1995] Animal calls and signs are structural wholes and have no component parts. Hawaiian immigrants spoke pidgin, and their children spoke creole. Creoles all over world are mostly similar to each other, possibly indicating universal grammar, which has same default settings for creole and young children.

Roy D'Andrade [D'Andrade, Roy] anthropologist USA 1981 to 1995 Development of Cognitive Anthropology [1995] He studied how children develop ideas from implicit learning by observation, participation, modeling, and trial and error. He also noted that human physiology constrains culture.

Fred I. Dretske [Dretske, Fred I.] philosopher USA 1981 to 1995 Knowledge and the Flow of Information [1981]; Explaining Behavior: Reasons in a World of Causes [1988]; Naturalizing the Mind [1995] He lived 1932 to ?. Epistemology Beliefs are information about relations. People know relations by differences and similarities among related scenarios {relevant alternative}. Mental states represent beliefs about external events. Learning acts are the basis of representations. Learning links external events and internal natural indicators {natural sign, Dretske}. Natural signs are mental phenomena, personal experiences, and actions, not abstract or arbitrary symbols. In learning, representational system gathers information from environmental events to make new algorithms. Learning is not just sensitizing, habituating, or setting algorithm parameters. Mental-state pattern or structure {belief, Dretske} influences neural events and provides reasons to perform behaviors {structuring cause} and so causes action {triggering event} that leads directly to behavior {structural-cause theory}.

Phil Collins [Collins, Phil] composer/singer England 1981 to 1999 In the Air Tonight [1981]; Against All Odds (Take a Look At Me Now) [1984: from the film Against All Odds]; One More Night [1985]; Another Day in Paradise [1990]; You'll Be in My Heart [1999: from the film Tarzan] He lived 1951 to ?.

Donald R. Griffin [Griffin, Donald R.] psychologist USA 1981 to 2001 Question of Animal Awareness [1981]; Animal Thinking [1984]; Animal Minds [2001] He studied animals.

Alan Bergman [Bergman, Alan]/Dave Grusin [Grusin, Dave] lyricist/composer USA 1982 It Might Be You or Theme from Tootsie [1982: from the film Tootsie]

Thomas Cech [Cech, Thomas]/Sidney Altman [Altman, Sidney] biologist USA 1982 They found ribozyme RNA that can act as enzymes to cut other RNA [1982]. RNA was first molecule able to replicate, because RNA can be catalyst. DNA bases and sugars came from RNA bases and sugars. For example, thymine can come from uracil. RNA works with ribosomal proteins, amino acids, and many enzymes.

Joe Cocker [Cocker, Joe]/Jennifer Warnes [Warnes, Jennifer] singer USA 1982 Up Where We Belong [1982]

Nancy Garden [Garden, Nancy] writer USA 1982 Annie on My Mind [1982]

Joan Jett [Jett, Joan]/Blackhearts singer USA 1982 I Love Rock and Roll [1982] Joan Jett and the Blackhearts.

Michel Legrand [Legrand, Michel] composer USA 1982 How Do You Keep the Music Playing? [1982: from the film Best Friends] He lived 1932 to 1987.

John Macnamara [Macnamara, John] linguist USA 1982 Names for Things [1982] He studied naming.

David Courtenay Marr [Marr, David Courtenay] psychologist Britain 1982 Vision [1982] He lived 1945 to 1980 and modeled cerebellum function. He emphasized need to study brain's task, from requirements, to functions, to implementation. He developed theory of how visual system recognizes lines and edges, using neurophysiology and psychology. Objects have different representations at different stages, to facilitate recognition [Marr, 1982].

Barry J. Marshall [Marshall, Barry J.]/J. Robin Warren [Warren, J. Robin] biologist USA 1982 Helicobacter pylori bacteria cause ulcers [1982].

Jack Nitzsche [Nitzsche, Jack]/Will Jennings [Jennings, Will]/Buffy Sainte-Marie [Sainte-Marie, Buffy] composer USA 1982 Up Where We Belong [1982: from the film An Officer and a Gentleman. sung by Joe Cocker and Jennifer Warnes]

Gunther Palm [Palm, Gunther] biologist Germany 1982 Neural Assemblies [1982]

Yoh-Han Pao [Pao, Yoh-Han] psychologist USA 1982 Context-Directed Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence Techniques for Information Processing [1982: with George W. Ernst] He studied pattern recognition.

Andras Pellionisz [Pellionisz, Andras] psychologist USA 1982 Brain modeling by tensor network theory and computer simulation [1982: with R. Llinas] He studied mental models.

Meredith Pierce [Pierce, Meredith] writer USA 1982 Darkangel [1982]

Stanley B. Prusiner [Prusiner, Stanley B.] biologist USA 1982 Misshapen prion proteins cause scrapie [1982].

Kenny Rogers [Rogers, Kenny] singer USA 1982 Through the Years [1982] He lived 1938 to ?.

Roger N. Shepard [Shepard, Roger N.] psychologist USA 1982 Mental Images and Their Transformations [1982: with Lynn A. Cooper] He studied imagery.

Frankie Sullivan [Sullivan, Frankie]/Jim Peterik [Peterik, Jim] composer USA 1982 Eye of the Tiger [1982: from the film Rocky III. sung by Survivor]

George Thorogood [Thorogood, George]/Destroyers singer USA 1982 Bad to the Bone [1982] George Thorogood and the Destroyers.

Margot Zemach [Zemach, Margot] writer USA 1982 Jake and Honeybunch Go to Heaven [1982]

John Mellencamp [Mellencamp, John] composer/singer USA 1982 to 1985 Jack and Diane [1982]; Pink Houses [1983]; Small Town [1985] He lived 1951 to ?.

Cynthia Voigt [Voigt, Cynthia] writer USA 1982 to 1985 Dicey's Song [1982]; Runner [1985]; Homecoming; When She Hollers She lived 1942 to ?.

Prince or Prince Rogers Nelson [Nelson, Prince Rogers] singer USA 1982 to 1986 1999 [1982]; When Doves Cry [1984]; Purple Rain [1984: from the film Purple Rain]; Let's Go Crazy [1984: from the film Purple Rain]; Let's Go Crazy [1984: from the film Purple Rain]; Kiss [1986] He lived 1958 to ?.

Jerome A. Feldman [Feldman, Jerome A.] psychologist USA 1982 to 1988 Connectionist Models and their properties [1982: with D. Ballard]; Connectionist Models and Their Implications [1988: with David Waltz, editors]

Paul Horwich [Horwich, Paul] philosopher England 1982 to 1990 Probability and Evidence [1982]; Asymmetries in Time [1987]; Truth [1990] He lived 1947 to ?, used Bayesian confirmation theory in science, and studied time direction.

Amartya K. Sen [Sen, Amartya K.] economist India 1982 to 1992 Choice, Welfare and Measurement [1982]; Inequality Reexamined [1992] He lived 1933 to ?. Value does not depend only on individual preferences {welfarism}. Goodness depends on people's average well-being {outcome utilitarianism}.

Alan Baddeley [Baddeley, Alan] psychologist England 1982 to 1996 Your Memory: A User's Guide [1982 and 1996]; Working Memory [1986]; Human Memory: Theory and Practice [1990] He studied articulatory loop. He invented working-memory models, with visuospatial sketchpads, phonological loops, and episodic buffers [Baddeley, 1990]. Working memory connects to executive and long-term memory.

Colin McGinn [McGinn, Colin] psychologist England 1982 to 1999 Character of Mind [1982]; Subjective View [1983]; Mental Content [1989]; Problem of Consciousness: Essays Toward a Resolution [1991]; Mysterious Flame [1999] Consciousness contents are either sensory or propositional. Sensory content is mental image or actual object. Propositional content is statement. Content is what people are aware of, rather than conscious state itself. Perhaps, minds cannot understand or explain consciousness {mysterianism, McGinn}. People cannot perceive or conceive how brain can make consciousness. Thinking is always spatial but consciousness is non-spatial. People can only understand something if it has simpler parts, parts have relations and combine in specific ways, and combinations let properties emerge {Combinatorial Atomism with Lawlike Mappings} (CALM). Introspection is knowledge by acquaintance and needs no concepts or thinking. Introspection shows that consciousness is not spatial. Perhaps, before universe origin, everything had no matter, mass, size, or shape. Perhaps, consciousness is about non- spatial-property worlds. Complex brains somehow enable recreating that reality. Philosophical problems have four answer types: deflationary reductionism, irreducibility, magical, eliminativism (DIME).

Jon Barwise [Barwise, Jon] psychologist USA 1983 Situations and Attitudes [1983: with John Perry] Language is about situations and about relations among communicators {situation semantics, Barwise}.

Alan Bergman [Bergman, Alan]/Marilyn Bergman [Bergman, Marilyn]/Michel Legrand [Legrand, Michel] composer USA 1983 Papa, Can You Hear Me? [1983: from the film Yentl]

Billy Idol singer USA 1983 White Wedding [1983]

Sidney Brenner [Brenner, Sidney] biochemist USA 1983 He lived 1927 to ? and helped determine worm and human genetic codes [1982].

Rita Coolidge [Coolidge, Rita] singer USA 1983 All Time High [1983]

Simon K. Donaldson [Donaldson, Simon K.] mathematician England 1983 He applied Yang-Mills gauge theory to four-dimensional manifolds [1983].

Keith Forsey [Forsey, Keith]/Irene Cara [Cara, Irene]/Giorgio Moroder [Moroder, Giorgio] lyricist/singer/composer USA 1983 What a Feeling [1983: in the movie Flashdance]

Stoyan O. Kableshkov [Kableshkov, Stoyan O.] psychologist Russia 1983 Anthropocentric Approach to Computing and Reactive Machines [1983] He studied mental models.

Motoo Kimura [Kimura, Motoo] biologist England 1983 Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution [1983] Gene DNA evolves at constant rate in all species over all history. Molecular changes that have less control by natural selection evolve more rapidly, because they have no effects, while harmful ones die out and good ones are rare {Kimura's rule}.

William McGinnis [McGinnis, William] biologist USA 1983 Hox regulatory genes govern fruitfly development [1983].

Peter E. Morris [Morris, Peter E.] psychologist England 1983 Imagery and Consciousness [1983: with Peter J. Hampson] He studied imagery.

Kary B. Mullis [Mullis, Kary B.] biologist/inventor USA 1983 polymerase chain reaction [1982] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) developed to make multiple copies of DNA.

Suzanne Newton [Newton, Suzanne] writer USA 1983 I Will Call It Georgie's Blues [1983]

David A. Stewart [Stewart, David A.]/Annie Lennox [Lennox, Annie] composer England 1983 Sweet Dreams are Made of This [1983: sung by the Eurythmics] Lennox lived 1954 to ?.

Norman Whitfield [Whitfield, Norman] composer USA 1983 Ain't Too Proud to Beg [1983: from the film The Big Chill]

Cyndi Lauper [Lauper, Cyndi] singer USA 1983 to 1986 Girls Just Want to Have Fun [1983]; Time After Time [1983]; True Colors [1986] She lived 1953 to ?.

David K. Lewis [Lewis, David K.] philosopher/linguist USA 1983 to 1986 Philosophical Papers [1983 and 1986]; General Semantics; On the Plurality of Worlds [1986] He lived 1941 to ?. Language and other social conventions developed unconsciously, not by agreement, to coordinate behavior. First, unstructured unrelated signals expressed intention. Later, signals gained structure. Then simple intentions used conventional form. Finally, sentences used these elements. Complex-expression meanings are functions of component meanings. Epistemology Roles in causing organism physical behaviors define mental concepts, states, events, and processes {causal theory of mental concepts}. Effects depend on their causes, so if there are no such causes, there are no such effects {counterfactual dependence}. Propositions are about possible worlds and cannot be about impossible worlds. Properties are about possible subjects of propositions, which can be individual or category sets. Metaphysics Reality is local physics, which makes everything else. Quantum mechanically possible worlds are actually real {modal realism, Lewis} and are separate in time and space.

Daniel L. Alkon [Alkon, Daniel L.] biologist USA 1983 to 1987 Learning in a Marine Snail [1983]; Memory Traces in the Brain [1987]

Joanna Cole [Cole, Joanna] writer USA 1983 to 1988 Best Loved Folktales of the World [1983]; Magic School Bus [1988] She lived 1944 to ?.

Sting or Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner [Sumner, Gordon Matthew Thomas] singer/composer England 1983 to 1993 Every Breath You Take [1983: sung by the Police]; Fields of Gold [1993] He lived 1951 to ?.

Igor Aleksander [Aleksander, Igor] psychologist USA 1983 to 1995 Artificial Vision for Robots [1983: editor]; Artificial Neuroconsciousness: An Update; Impossible Minds [1995] He studied methods for vision in robots. He proposed axioms for consciousness and tests for consciousness, with Barry Dunmall.

John R. Anderson [Anderson, John R.] psychologist USA 1983 to 1995 Architecture of Cognition [1983]; Learning and Memory: An Integrated Approach [1995] He studied learning, memory, and cognition.

Irvin Rock [Rock, Irvin] psychologist USA 1983 to 1998 Logic of Perception [1983]; Indirect Perception [1997]; Inattentional Blindness [1998: with A. Mack] He studied perception.

Ray Jackendoff [Jackendoff, Ray] psychologist USA 1983 to 2002 Semantics and Cognition [1983]; Consciousness and the Computational Mind [1987]; Semantic Structures [1990]; Languages of the Mind [1992]; Patterns in the Mind [1993]; Foundations of Language [2002] He studied information structure and intermediate-level theory of consciousness [Jackendoff, 2002].

Alexandr D. Alexandrov [Alexandrov, Alexandr D.]/Andrei N. Kolmogorov [Kolmogorov, Andrei N.]/Mikhail A. Lavrent'ev [Lavrent'ev, Mikhail A.] mathematician Russia 1984 Mathematics: its content, methods, and meaning [1984: translated by S. H. Gould and T. Bartha] Kolmogorov lived 1903 to 1987 and developed measure theory [1965].

Valentin Braitenberg [Braitenberg, Valentin] mathematician USA 1984 Vehicles [1984] He invented robots.

Laura Branigan [Branigan, Laura] singer USA 1984 Self Control [1984]

Bruce Brooks [Brooks, Bruce] writer USA 1984 Moves Make the Man [1984]

Gloria Estefan [Estefan, Gloria] or Queen of Latin Pop/Miami Sound Machine singer USA 1984 Dr. Beat [1984]; Conga [1986]; Anything for You [1988]; 1,2,3 [1988]; Rhythm Is Gonna Get You [1988]; Can't Stay Away from You [1988]; Don't Wanna Lose You [1989]; Cuts Both Ways [1989]; Reach [1996] Gloria Estefan and the Miami Sound Machine.

Miles Goodman [Goodman, Miles]/Dean Pitchford [Pitchford, Dean] composer USA 1984 Footloose [1984: from the film Footloose]

Michael Green [Green, Michael]/John Schwarz [Schwarz, John] physicist USA 1984 They invented first string theory describing all four forces and matter, with supersymmetry, bosons, and fermions [1984]. Previously, bosonic string theory had no supersymmetry or fermions.

Christopher Guest [Guest, Christopher]/Michael McKean [McKean, Michael]/Harry Shearer [Shearer, Harry]/Rob Reiner [Reiner, Rob] composer USA 1984 Big Bottom [1984: from the film This Is Spinal Tap]

Alec Jeffreys [Jeffreys, Alec] inventor USA 1984 DNA fingerprinting [1984] He studied human identification {DNA fingerprinting, Jeffreys}.

Chaka Khan [Khan, Chaka] composer USA 1984 I Feel for You [1984]

Derek Parfit [Parfit, Derek] philosopher England 1984 Reasons and Persons [1984] He lived 1942 to ?. Self does not exist. Personal identity is just grouped personal characteristics {bundle theory, Parfit}. Theories {ego theory} can posit souls or selves. Personal choices can affect particular people {person-affecting principle}, possibly making those people worse off. Ethical choices are about particular people affected by particular action, as well as general considerations. Self-interest does not exist.

Ray Parker, Jr. [Parker, Jr., Ray] composer USA 1984 Ghostbusters [1984: from the film Ghostbusters]

Zenon W. Pylyshyn [Pylyshyn, Zenon W.] psychologist USA 1984 Computation and Cognition [1984] He lived 1937 to ?.

Patricia K. Roche [Roche, Patricia K.] writer USA 1984 Jump All the Morning: A Child's Day in Verse [1984: editor]

Sade or Helen Folasade Adu [Adu, Helen Folasade] singer Nigeria/England 1984 Smooth Operator [1984] She lived 1959 to ?.

Dany Schectman [Schectman, Dany] physicist USA 1984 He invented aluminum-manganese alloy with fivefold symmetry and symmetry three dimensions {quasicrystal} [1984]. Later, others invented aluminum-lithium-copper alloy.

Richard H. Scheller [Scheller, Richard H.]/Richard Axel [Axel, Richard] biologist USA 1984 How Genes Control an Innate Behavior [1984]

Alvin Schwartz [Schwartz, Alvin] writer USA 1984 In a Dark Dark Room and Other Scary Stories [1984]

Susan Shreve [Shreve, Susan] writer USA 1984 Flunking of Joshua T. Bates [1984]

Derek Walcott [Walcott, Derek] poet Santa Lucia 1984 Collected Poems [1984] He lived 1930 to ?.

Matthew Wilder [Wilder, Matthew] singer USA 1984 Break My Stride [1984]

Gheorghe Zamfir [Zamfir, Gheorghe] panpipe player Romania 1984 Lonely Shepherd [1984] He lived 1941 to ?.

Paul Goble [Goble, Paul] writer USA 1984 to 1986 Buffalo Woman [1984]; Death of the Iron Horse [1986] He lived 1866 to 1946.

Don Henley [Henley, Don] singer USA 1984 to 1990 Boys of Summer [1984]; End of the Innocence [1989]; Heart of the Matter [1990]

Madonna or Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone [Ciccone, Madonna Louise Veronica] singer/composer USA 1984 to 1990 Like a Virgin [1984]; Into the Groove [1985: from the film Desperately Seeking Susan, sung by Madonna]; Papa Don't Preach [1986: by Brian Elliot and Madonna]; True Blue [1986]; Open Your Heart [1986]; Like a Prayer [1989]; Vogue [1990] She lived 1958 to ?.

L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza [Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca] biologist Italy 1984 to 1995 Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of Populations in Europe [1984: with Albert Ammerman]; History and Geography of Human Genes [1994: with Paolo Menozzi and Alberto Piazza]; Great Human Diasporas [1995: with Francisco Cavalli-Sforza] He studied human gene frequencies, race, and population migrations.

William G. Lycan [Lycan, William G.] philosopher England 1984 to 1996 Logical Form and Natural Language [1984]; Consciousness [1987]; Judgment and Justification [1988]; Consciousness and Experience [1996] He invented semantics based on truth conditions. Explanation is justifiable if it increases beliefs or makes simpler, more powerful, more fruitful, or more complete and consistent explanations, inferences, or hypotheses for the whole or a larger data set {explanationism}.

David Baltimore [Baltimore, David] biologist USA 1985 He studied RNA viruses [1985].

John Fogerty [Fogerty, John] singer USA 1985 Centerfield [1985]

Robert Gallo [Gallo, Robert]/Luc Montagnier [Montagnier, Luc] biologist England 1985 DNA sequence of HIV published [1985].

Henry Harris [Harris, Henry] biologist England 1985 MYC, BCL-2, APC, and RAS genes check cell division [1985].

Charlotte Herman [Herman, Charlotte] writer USA 1985 Millie Cooper, 3B [1985]

W. Daniel Hillis [Hillis, W. Daniel] mathematician USA 1985 Connection Machine [1985] He studied neural networks.

Franz Huber [Huber, Franz]/John Thorson [Thorson, John] biologist USA 1985 Cricket Auditory Communication [1985]

Thacher Hurd [Hurd, Thacher] writer USA 1985 Mama Don't Allow [1985]

Michael Jackson [Jackson, Michael]/Friends singer USA 1985 We Are the World (USA for Africa) [1985]

Quincy Jones [Jones, Quincy]/Rod Temperton [Temperton, Rod]/Lionel Richie [Richie, Lionel] composer USA 1985 Miss Celie's Blues or Sister [1985: from the film The Color Purple]

Curtis Mayfield [Mayfield, Curtis] composer USA 1985 It's Alright [1985: sung by JJ Jackson and Huey Lewis and the News]

Barbara Park [Park, Barbara] writer USA 1985 Buddies [1985]

Philip Pullman [Pullman, Philip] writer USA 1985 Ruby in the Smoke [1985]

Curtis G. Smith [Smith, Curtis G.] psychologist USA 1985 Ancestral Voices [1985] He studied language origins.

Tricia Tusa [Tusa, Tricia] writer USA 1985 Miranda [1985]

Steve Winwood [Winwood, Steve] singer USA 1985 Higher Love [1985]

Juan Goytisolo [Goytisolo, Juan] writer Spain 1985 to 1986 Forbidden Territory or Memoirs of Juan Goytisolo 1931-1956 [1985]; Realms of Strife or Memoirs of Juan Goytisolo 1957-1982 [1986] He lived 1931 to ?.

Stephen LaBerge [LaBerge, Stephen] psychologist USA 1985 to 1990 Lucid Dreaming [1985]; Exploring the World of Lucid Dreaming [1990] He lived 1947 to ?. People can be aware that they are dreaming when they have lucid dreaming, in phasic REM sleep. They can perform voluntary acts, such as moving eyeballs and changing breathing rate, but REM inhibits other muscles.

Mikhail Gorbachev [Gorbachev, Mikhail] general secretary Russia 1985 to 1991 He lived 1931 to ? and stressed glasnost (openness) and perestroika (reorganization).

David Deutsch [Deutsch, David] mathematician England 1985 to 1993 He studied quantum computation [1985].

Elizabeth S. Spelke [Spelke, Elizabeth S.] psychologist USA 1985 to 1995 Object permanence in five-month-old infants [1985: with R. Baillargeon and S. Wasserman]; Preferential looking methods as tools for the study of cognition in infancy [1985]; Does man reason better than animals? [1995: with Linda Hermer] Objects have spatiotemporal continuity, on which perception always relies to define objects.

John Archambault [Archambault, John]/Bill Martin [Martin, Bill] writer USA 1985 to 1999 Ghost Eye Tree [1985]; Chicka Chicka Boom Boom [1999]

Steven Pinker [Pinker, Steven] psychologist USA 1985 to 2002 Visual Cognition [1985]; Learnability and Cognition [1989]; Language Instinct [1994]; How the Mind Works [1997]; Blank Slate [2002] He studied language and cognition relative to genetics and environment.

Marvin H. Caruthers [Caruthers, Marvin H.] inventor USA 1986 solid phase phosphoramidite chemistry [1986] He invented method to synthesize DNA {solid phase phosphoramidite chemistry}, using DNA on polystyrene beads exposed to acid. Overlapping matching-end oligos can allow longer sequences. Process can make oligos up to 100 bases.

Alice Dalgleish [Dalgleish, Alice] writer USA 1986 Courage of Sarah Noble [1986]

Niki [Daly, Niki] writer USA 1986 Not So Fast Songololo [1986]

Max Delbruck [Delbruck, Max] psychologist Germany/USA 1986 Mind from Matter? [1986] He studied mind in animals.

Charles Hart [Hart, Charles]/Richard Stilgoe [Stilgoe, Richard]/Andrew Lloyd Webber [Webber, Andrew Lloyd] lyricist/lyricist/composer England 1986 Phantom of the Opera [1986: musical, including The Music of the Night] Hart lived 1962 to ?. Webber lived 1948 to ?.

Patricia Hermes [Hermes, Patricia] writer USA 1986 Kevin Corbett Eats Flies [1986]

Ernest R. Hilgard [Hilgard, Ernest R.] psychologist USA 1986 Divided Consciousness: Multiple Controls in Human Thought and Action [1986] He invented neo-dissociation theory.

John J. Hopfield [Hopfield, John J.] psychologist USA 1986 Computing with Neural Circuits, A Model [1986: with David W. Tank] Computation has input data, data transformations, and output {solution, Hopfield}. Brain uses algorithms to transform sense input and brain memories into motor output. Connected, non-linear, graded-response units can model brain representations, transformations, and outputs. Models use continuous analog dynamic functions, which can optimize.

James Horner [Horner, James]/Barry Mann [Mann, Barry] lyricist/composer USA 1986 Somewhere Out There [1986: from the film An American Tail]

Bruce Hornsby [Hornsby, Bruce] singer USA 1986 Way It Is [1986]

Ray E. Jennings [Jennings, Ray E.] mathematician USA 1986 Punctuational Sources of the Truth-Functional "Or" [1986] Granting permission for two things can sound like permitting first or second, and so like exclusive OR, but is actually conjunction {confectionary fallacy, Jennings}. It is a deduction fallacy.

George Johnson [Johnson, George] writer USA 1986 Machinery of the Mind [1986] He writes popular science.

X. J. Kennedy [Kennedy, X. J.] or Joseph Charles Kennedy [Kennedy, Joseph Charles] writer USA 1986 Brats [1986]

Huey Lewis [Lewis, Huey]/News singer USA 1986 Hip to Be Square [1986] Huey Lewis and the Playboys.

Andrei Linde [Linde, Andrei] astronomer USA 1986 He lived 1948 to ?. Inflation never stops, because quantum fluctuations can randomly continue or stop (chaotic inflation) [1986], making many separate universes with different physical laws.

Patricia MacLachlan [MacLachlan, Patricia] writer USA 1986 Sarah Plain and Tall [1986]

Christobel Mattingley [Mattingley, Christobel] writer USA 1986 Angel with a Mouth Organ [1986]

Giorgio Moroder [Moroder, Giorgio]/Tom Whitlock [Whitlock, Tom] composer USA 1986 Take My Breath Away [1986: sung by Berlin. from the film Top Gun]

David Rumelhart [Rumelhart, David]/James McClelland [McClelland, James] mathematician USA 1986 Parallel Distributed Processing [1986] They studied neural networks, with Gregory E. Hinton and R. J. Williams.

E. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh [Savage-Rumbaugh, E. Sue] psychologist USA 1986 Ape Language from Conditioned Response to Symbol [1986] She studied ape intelligence and natural language. The bonobo Kanzi used and understood 150 words, typically to express desires or refer to present objects. Learning is instrumental association but is not necessarily referential, with no grammar.

Robert A. Weinberg [Weinberg, Robert A.] biologist USA 1986 He found first tumor suppressor gene, RB gene [1986].

Terry Winograd [Winograd, Terry] psychologist USA 1986 Understanding Computers and Cognition [1986: with Fernando Flores] He lived 1946 to ?.

Richard Scarry [Scarry, Richard] writer USA 1986 to 1987 My First Word Book [1986]; Best Music Book Ever [1987]; Things That Go [1987]; Things To Love [1987]; Busy Workers [1987] He lived 1919 to 1994.

Howard Ashman [Ashman, Howard]/Alan Menken [Menken, Alan] lyricist/composer USA 1986 to 1992 Somewhere That's Green [1986: from the film Little Shop of Horrors]; Under the Sea [1989: from the film The Little Mermaid]; Beauty and the Beast [1991: from the film Beauty and the Beast]; Be Our Guest [1991: from the film Beauty and the Beast]; Friend Like Me [1992: from the film Aladdin]; Whole New World [1992: from the film Aladdin]

Whitney Houston [Houston, Whitney] singer USA 1986 to 1993 How Will I Know [1986]; Saving All My Love for You [1986]; Hold Me [1986: with Teddy Pendergrass]; Greatest Love of All [1987]; I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me) [1987]; One Moment in Time [1988]; I Will Always Love You [1992: from the film the Bodyguard]; I'm Every Woman [1993] She lived 1963 to ?.

Guy Claxton [Claxton, Guy] psychologist England 1986 to 1997 Beyond Therapy [1986: editor]; Noises from the Darkroom [1994]; Hare Brain Tortoise Mind [1997] When brain evolved to respond quickly to emergency by having high alertness, consciousness began as just concomitant. As people came to have continuing little emergencies, consciousness persisted.

Lawrence Weiskrantz [Weiskrantz, Lawrence] psychologist England 1986 to 1997 Blindsight [1986]; Consciousness Lost and Found [1997] Amnesiacs can respond to cues {priming, Weiskrantz} and so improve ability to recognize [1968: with Elizabeth Warrington]. He asked subjects to press key and give commentary about whether they perceived stimulus {commentary-key paradigm}.

Patricia S. Churchland [Churchland, Patricia S.] philosopher USA 1986 to 2002 Neurophilosophy [1986]; Brain-Wise: Studies in Neurophilosophy [2002] She lived 1943 to ? and is eliminative materialist.

Irving Biederman [Biederman, Irving] psychologist USA 1987 Recognition-by-components: Theory of human image understanding [1987] He said perceptions have geon units and invented a model {recognition-by-components, Biederman}.

Colin Blakemore [Blakemore, Colin] psychologist England 1987 Mind Matters or Mindwaves [1987: editor with Susan Greenfield] He studied disparity detectors [Blakemore and Greenfield, 1987].

Susan Carey [Carey, Susan] psychologist USA 1987 Conceptual Change in Childhood [1987] She studied development.

Rebecca Caudill [Caudill, Rebecca] writer USA 1987 Certain Small Shepherd [1987]

Marian Stamp Dawkins [Dawkins, Marian Stamp] psychologist England 1987 Through Our Eyes Only? The Search for Animal Consciousness [1987] Animals can suffer. Measuring suffering level observes effort that animal exerts to avoid or escape from cause. Animals with more complex behaviors probably can have more suffering. Animals with more complex physiology probably can have more suffering. Animals use signals, such as skin color. They also can recognize species individuals and other species.

Chris DeBurgh [DeBurgh, Chris] singer USA 1987 Lady in Red [1987]

Jean Fritz [Fritz, Jean] writer USA 1987 Cabin Faced West [1987]

Mark Geller [Geller, Mark] writer USA 1987 What I Heard [1987]

James Gleick [Gleick, James] writer USA 1987 Chaos [1987] He wrote popular science.

Ruth Gordon [Gordon, Ruth] editor USA 1987 Under All Silences: Shades of Love [1987]

Leslie F. Greengard [Greengard, Leslie F.] physicist USA 1987 Rapid Evaluation of Potential Fields in Particle Systems [1987]

Johanna Hurwitz [Hurwitz, Johanna] writer USA 1987 Class Clown [1987]

Brian Jacques [Jacques, Brian] writer USA 1987 Redwall [1987]

Mavis Jukes [Jukes, Mavis] writer USA 1987 Like Jake and Me [1987]

George Lakoff [Lakoff, George] psychologist USA 1987 Women, Fire and Dangerous Things [1987] He studied cognition.

Marianna Mayer [Mayer, Marianna] writer USA 1987 Beauty and the Beast [1987]

Bill Medley [Medley, Bill]/Jennifer Warnes [Warnes, Jennifer] composer USA 1987 Time of My Life or (I've Had) The Time of My Life [1987: from the film Dirty Dancing]

David Papineau [Papineau, David] philosopher England 1987 Reality and Representation [1987]; Introducing Consciousness [2000: illustrated by Howard Selina] He studied mental representations [Papineau, 2006].

Carol Purdy [Purdy, Carol] writer USA 1987 Least of All [1987]

Johanna Reiss [Reiss, Johanna] writer USA 1987 Upstairs Room [1987]

David Smith [Smith, David] economist USA 1987 Rise and Fall of Monetarism [1987] He studied actual business policy.

Steven Tyler [Tyler, Steven]/Joe Perry [Perry, Joe]/Desmond Child [Child, Desmond] composer USA 1987 Dude (Looks Like a Lady) [1987: sung by Aerosmith]

Hilma Wolitzer [Wolitzer, Hilma] writer USA 1987 Introducing Shirley Braverman [1987]

George Michael [Michael, George] singer USA 1987 to 1993 Faith [1987]; Different Corner [1993] He lived 1963 to ?.

Chiye Aoki [Aoki, Chiye]/Philip Siekevitz [Siekevitz, Philip] biologist USA 1988 Plasticity in Brain Development [1988]

Lyll Becerra de Jenkins [Becerra de Jenkins, Lyll] writer USA 1988 Honorable Prison [1988]

Don Black [Black, Don]/Charles Hart [Hart, Charles]/Andrew Lloyd Webber [Webber, Andrew Lloyd] lyricist/lyricist/composer England 1988 Aspects of Love [1988: musical] Black lived 1938 to ?. Webber lived 1948 to ?.

Ivars Ekeland [Ekeland, Ivars] mathematician USA 1988 Mathematics and the Unexpected [1988] He studied computer memory.

James L. Gould [Gould, James L.] biologist USA 1988 Honey Bee [1988]

Mary D. Hahn [Hahn, Mary D.] writer USA 1988 Following the Mystery Man [1988]

Florence Parry Heide [Heide, Florence Parry] writer USA 1988 Shrinking of Treehorn [1988]

Larry Henley [Henley, Larry]/Jeff Silbar [Silbar, Jeff] composer USA 1988 Wind Beneath My Wings [1988: from the film Beaches]

Hazel Hutchins [Hutchins, Hazel] writer USA 1988 Three and Many Wishes of Jason Reed [1988]

Pentti Kanerva [Kanerva, Pentti] mathematician USA 1988 Sparse Distributed Memory [1988] He studied computer memory.

Bobby McFerren [McFerren, Bobby] singer USA 1988 Don't Worry, Be Happy [1988]

Walter Dean Myers [Myers, Walter Dean] writer USA 1988 Fallen Angels [1988]; Monster He lived 1937 to ?.

Peter Novick [Novick, Peter] historian USA 1988 That Noble Dream [1988]

Heinz Pagels [Pagels, Heinz] physicist USA 1988 Dreams of Reason [1988] He lived 1939 to 1988 and studied complexity.

Robert Palmer [Palmer, Robert] singer USA 1988 Simply Irresistible [1988]

Hazel Rochman [Rochman, Hazel] editor USA 1988 Somehow Tenderness Survives: Stories of Southern Africa [1988]

Pamela Service [Service, Pamela] writer USA 1988 Stinker from Space [1988]

Tim Shallice [Shallice, Tim] psychologist USA 1988 From Neuropsychology to Mental Structure [1988] He studied supervisory attentional system. He invented model with functional models, contention scheduler, supervisory system, language system, and episodic memory [Shallice, 1988].

Dianne Snyder [Snyder, Dianne]/Allen Say [Say, Allen] writer/illustrator USA 1988 Boy of the Three-Year Nap [1988]

Gunter Wachtershauser [Wachtershauser, Gunter] lawyer Germany 1988 He studied life's origin [1988]. Hydrothermal-vent iron, nickel, and sulfur ions act as catalysts, templates, and energy sources to form biological molecules. Pyrite surfaces hold molecules.

Clint Black [Black, Clint] singer USA 1988 to 1992 Better Man [1988]; We Tell Ourselves [1992] He lived 1962 to ?.

Tracy Chapman [Chapman, Tracy] singer USA 1988 to 1996 Fast Car [1988]; Give Me One Reason [1996]

Bernard J. Baars [Baars, Bernard J.] psychologist England 1988 to 1997 Cognitive Theory of Consciousness [1988]; In the Theater of Consciousness [1997] He lived 1946 to ? and studied contrastive analysis, deep context, global workspace, self-concept, and self-systems. Global workplace is an extended reticular thalamocortical activating system (ERTAS) [Baars, 2002].

Mardi J. Horowitz [Horowitz, Mardi J.] psychologist USA 1988 to 1998 Psychodynamics and Cognition [1988] Unconscious interactions {psychodynamics} among motives, to achieve wishes, avoid potential threats, and use control processes, provide basis for personality and personality disorders. Control processes include defenses to prevent threats.

Francisco Varela [Varela, Francisco] biologist USA 1988 to 1999 Embodied Mind [1991]; View from Within [1999] He lived 1946 to 2001 and studied neurophenomenology. Living cells rebuild themselves {autopoiesis, Varela} [1988], with Maturana.

Vilayanur S. Ramachandran [Ramachandran, Vilayanur S.] psychologist India 1988 to 2001 Perception of shape from shading [1988]; Phantoms in the Brain [1998: with Sandra Blakeslee]; Synaesthesia: a window into perception, thought and language [2001: with Edward M. Hubbard]; Hearing Colors, Tasting Shapes [2003: with Edward M. Hubbard]; Brief Tour of Human Consciousness [2004] He lived 1951 to ?. He invented the bumps and illusion and studied filling-in. He developed Utilitarian Theory of Perception. Perhaps, people produce art to play or to gain pleasure, to stimulate perceptions and exercise art laws. Perhaps, people produce art to show hand-eye coordination and attract mates. Perhaps, people want art to show wealth and attract mates, so they order art. Perhaps, people rehearse abstracting future activity. Perhaps, art has ten universal laws. Art shows and possibly amplifies individual differences from average {peak shift}. Art discovers abstract triggers of perception used by brain to recognize objects and possibly amplifies them. Perception groups surfaces that share feature to make one object {grouping}, so art uses shared features. Mind has to solve problems to perceive {perceptual problem solving}, so art encourages camouflage and ambiguity. Art uses as few features as possible in the outline {understatement, art} {isolation, art}. Art uses composition with balanced opposites {contrast, art}. Art uses composition with various symmetry forms {symmetry, art}. Art depicts universals, not chance or random coincidences. Art uses composition, including rhythm and repeats {repetition, art}, and arrangements of geometry and intensity {balance, art}. Art combines unrelated objects to emphasize feature {metaphor, art}.

Stephen Hawking [Hawking, Stephen] physicist England 1988 to 2002 Brief History of Time [1988]; Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays [1993]; Nature of Space and Time [1996: with Roger Penrose]; Universe in a Nutshell [2001]; Future of Spacetime [2002: with Kip Thorne, Igor Novikov, Timothy Ferris, and Alan Lightman] He lived 1942 to ? and studied singularities and black holes. He predicted that black holes can radiate random thermal radiation and so have temperature [1974]. Black-hole surfaces create virtual-particle pairs, and one particle can leave black hole, resulting in mass loss and thermal radiation (Hawking radiation).

Daniel M. Greenberger [Greenberger, Daniel M.]/Michel A. Horne [Horne, Michel A.]/Anton Zeilinger [Zeilinger, Anton] physicist USA 1989 They invented a {GHZ experiment} [1989]. If three spin 1/2 particles have singlet state, two detectors oriented at different angles, perpendicular to moving particle path, can measure one particle's spin.

Eric A. Kimmel [Kimmel, Eric A.] writer USA 1989 Hershel and the Hanukkah Goblins [1989]

Bette Midler [Midler, Bette] singer USA 1989 Wind Beneath My Wings [1989] She lived 1945 to ?.

Roy Orbison [Orbison, Roy]/Jeff Lynne [Lynne, Jeff]/Tom Petty [Petty, Tom] composer USA 1989 You Got It [1989] Orbison lived 1936 to 1988. Lynne lived 1947 to ?. Petty lived 1952 to ?

Tom Petty [Petty, Tom]/Jeff Lynne [Lynne, Jeff]/Heartbreakers composer USA 1989 Free Fallin' [1989: sung by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers] Petty lived 1952 to ?. Lynne lived 1947 to ?.

Carlton Ridenhour [Ridenhour, Carlton]/Hank Shocklee [Shocklee, Hank] composer USA 1989 Fight the Power [1989: from the film Do the Right Thing. sung by Public Enemy]

Lech Walesa [Walesa, Lech] union leader Gdansk, Poland 1989 He lived 1943 to ?. Elections became open to all parties, including Solidarity union. Solidarity won election and formed coalition.

Tim Berners-Lee [Berners-Lee, Tim] inventor Switzerland 1989 to 1990 World Wide Web [1989]; Hypertext Markup Language or HTML [1990] He lived 1955 to ?.

Garth Brooks [Brooks, Garth] composer/singer USA 1989 to 1990 If Tomorrow Never Comes [1989]; Not Counting You [1990]; Dance [1990] He lived 1962 to ?.

George H. W. Bush [Bush, George H. W.] president USA 1989 to 1993 He lived 1924 to ?. 41st president fought war with Iraq over Kuwait occupation [1991]. Economy was bad.

Paul C. W. Davies [Davies, Paul C. W.] chemist USA 1989 to 1998 New Physics [1989: editor]; About Time: Einstein's Unfinished Revolution [1995]; Fifth Miracle: The Search for the Origin of Life [1998] He studied relativity and life's origin.

Vaclav Havel [Havel, Vaclav] president Czech Republic/Slovakia 1989 to 2000 He lived 1936 to ? and became president of independent Czechoslovakia [1989].

Ian Stewart [Stewart, Ian] mathematician England 1989 to 2001 Does God Play Dice? [1989]; Flatterland [2001] He lived 1945 to ?.

J. Allan Hobson [Hobson, J. Allan] biologist USA 1989 to 2002 Sleep [1989]; Chemistry of Conscious States [1994]; Dreaming as Delirium [1999]; Consciousness [1999]; Dreaming [2002] He studied sleep and developed AIM model [Hobson, 2002].

Dan Lloyd [Lloyd, Dan] psychologist USA 1989 to 2003 Simple Minds [1989]; Radiant Cool [2003] Representational systems can focus attention on environment or self regions or intervals. They can extract information from environment, represent information accurately to useful detail, and use information for function. These representational abilities can evolve from simpler state. Representation does not indicate anything about representational system and cannot represent itself. Minimum representational system has more than one information channel, whose inputs converge, and has way to use or store converged output. However, one channel can contain as much information as two channels, if it has enough capacity. Serial-processing algorithm can be equivalent to parallel-processing algorithm. Input can be equivalent to converged inputs. Relying only on representational-system physical characteristics cannot explain representation, because representation is informational, rather than physical.

Roger Penrose [Penrose, Roger] physicist England 1989 to 2004 Emperor's New Mind [1989]; Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness [1994]; Nature of Space and Time [1996: with Stephen Hawking]; Road to Reality [2004] He lived 1931 to ? and developed quantum-mechanics objective reduction [Penrose, 1994].

Diane Ackerman [Ackerman, Diane] writer USA 1990 Natural History of the Senses [1990] She lived 1956 to ?.

Leslie Bricusse [Bricusse, Leslie]/Frank Wildhorn [Wildhorn, Frank] lyricist/composer England 1990 Jekyll and Hyde [1990: musical] Bricusse lived 1931 to ?.

Mario Capecchi [Capecchi, Mario]/Oliver Smythies [Smythies, Oliver] biologist USA/Canada 1990 They invented gene knockouts in mice [1990].

Jeffrey Elman [Elman, Jeffrey] computer scientist USA 1990 Finding Structure in Time [1990] To hidden layer, he added units {context layer, Elman} that received a hidden-layer copy and then added back to hidden layer {simple recurrent network, Elman}.

William French [French, William] inventor USA 1990 gene therapy [1990] Successful therapy {gene therapy, French} treated adenosine deaminase deficiency {adenosine deaminase deficiency} (ADA).

Marcia Griffiths [Griffiths, Marcia] singer USA 1990 Electric Boogie [1990]

Donald Hall [Hall, Donald] editor USA 1990 Oxford Book of Children's Verse in America [1990]

MC Hammer [Hammer, MC] composer/singer USA 1990 U Can't Touch This [1990]

Sinead O'Connor [O'Connor, Sinead] singer USA 1990 Nothing Compares 2 U [1990]

Luther Vandross [Vandross, Luther] composer USA 1990 Here and Now [1990]

Bryan Adams [Adams, Bryan] singer USA 1990 to 1991 Summer of '69 [1990]; Everything I Do [1991]

Mariah Carey [Carey, Mariah] composer/singer USA 1990 to 1991 Vision of Love [1990]; Love Takes Time [1990]; Someday [1990]; I Don't Wanna Cry [1990]; Emotions [1991]; Can't Let Go [1991] She lived 1970 to ?.

Robert M. Seyfarth [Seyfarth, Robert M.]/Dorothy L. Cheney [Cheney, Dorothy L.] biologist USA 1990 to 1992 How Monkeys See the World, Inside the Mind of Another Species [1990]; Meaning and Mind in Monkeys [1992] Monkeys make alarm calls even when they can perceive that other monkeys are not near or that other monkeys are calling already. Monkeys do not have theory of mind. Vervet monkeys make different alarm calls for eagles, leopards, and snakes and use grunts in social interactions.

Jerry Spinelli [Spinelli, Jerry] writer USA 1990 to 2000 Maniac Magee [1990]; Stargirl [2000] He lived 1941 to ?.

Ira B. Black [Black, Ira B.] biologist USA 1991 Information in the Brain: A Molecular Perspective [1991]

Eric Clapton [Clapton, Eric]/Will Jennings [Jennings, Will] composer USA 1991 Tears in Heaven [1991: from the film Rush] Clapton lived 1945 to ?.

Billy Ray Cyrus [Cyrus, Billy Ray] composer/singer USA 1991 Achy Breaky Heart [1991] He lived 1961 to ?.

Merlin Donald [Donald, Merlin] psychologist England 1991 Origins of the Modern Mind [1991] Brain and culture allow cognition.

Rosa Guy [Guy, Rosa] writer USA 1991 Disappearance [1991]

George Kampis [Kampis, George] biologist USA 1991 Self-Modifying systems in biology and cognitive science [1991] Algorithms cannot provide new information.

Phyllis Reynolds Naylor [Naylor, Phyllis Reynolds] writer USA 1991 Shiloh [1991]

Roger Nicoll [Nicoll, Roger] biologist USA 1991 Special neuron stimulation can cause excitation over hours, involving protein-kinase phosphorylation after calcium-ion influx [1991].

Seymour Papert [Papert, Seymour] mathematician South Africa/USA 1991 Constructionism: research reports and essays 1985-1990 [1991: with I. Harel] He lived 1928 to ?, studied learning theories {constructionism}, and invented the Logo computer language.

Alan Peters [Peters, Alan]/Sanford Palay [Palay, Sanford]/Henry Webster [Webster, Henry] physician USA 1991 Fine Structure of the Nervous System [1991]

Bonnie Raitt [Raitt, Bonnie] singer USA 1991 Something to Talk About [1991]

David M. Raup [Raup, David M.] biologist USA 1991 Extinction: Bad Genes or Bad Luck [1991] Catastrophe has happened at mass-extinction level, and clades, species, demes, organisms, cell lines, and genes can have extinctions {field of bullets model}.

Robert Rosen [Rosen, Robert] biologist USA 1991 Life Itself: A comprehensive Inquiry into the nature, origin, and fabrication of life [1991] Nature does not use computations or simulations.

David Rosenthal [Rosenthal, David] psychologist USA 1991 Nature of Mind [1991] Consciousness is higher-order thoughts about representations {higher-order thought theory, Rosenthal} {meta- representation, Rosenthal}.

Stephanie Spinner [Spinner, Stephanie]/Jonathan Etra [Etra, Jonathan] writer USA 1991 Aliens for Breakfast [1991]

Stephen Stich [Stich, Stephen] psychologist USA 1991 From Folk Psychology to Cognitive Sciences [1991A] He developed a materialist psychology, with no mind {eliminative materialism, Stich}.

Celine Dion [Dion, Celine] singer Canada/USA 1991 to 1999 Beauty and the Beast [1991: with Peabo Bryson]; When I Fall in Love [1994: with Clive Griffin]; Because You Loved Me [1996]; It's All Coming Back to Me Now [1996]; Power of the Dream [1996]; My Heart Will Go On [1999: by James Horner]; I'm Your Angel [1999: with R. Kelly]

Rodney Brooks [Brooks, Rodney] computer scientist USA 1991 to 2002 Intelligence without representation [1991]; Flesh and Machines: How Robots Will Change Us [2002] Robots can have rules that are in separate modules that compete by inhibiting each other {subsumption architecture}. The outside world is the only model needed. The robot Cog goes directly from multisensory perception to action, without memory or language. The robot Genghis detects heat and moves toward or away.

Owen Flanagan [Flanagan, Owen] psychologist USA 1991 to 2002 Science of the Mind [1991]; Consciousness Reconsidered [1992]; Dreaming Souls [2000]; Problem of the Soul [2002] He studied mind and dreaming.

Petra Stoerig [Stoerig, Petra] psychologist Germany 1991 to 2002 She lived 1957 to ? and studies blindsight.

Napoleon Chagnon [Chagnon, Napoleon] anthropologist USA 1992 Yanomamö: The Fierce People [1992: about Amazon tribe] He lived 1938 to ?.

Leda Cosmides [Cosmides, Leda] psychologist USA 1992 Adapted Mind [1992: editor with John Tooby and John Barkow] People can easily detect rule breaking in social interactions.

G. William Farthing [Farthing, G. William] psychologist USA 1992 Psychology of Consciousness [1992] He studied amnesia.

Brock Fenton [Fenton, Brock] biologist USA 1992 Bats [1992: Facts on File]

Gerald Fischbach [Fischbach, Gerald] psychologist USA 1992 Mind and Brain [1992] He studied brain anatomy.

Elliott Gershan [Gershan, Elliott]/Ronald Rieder [Rieder, Ronald] biologist USA 1992 Major Disorders of Mind and Brain [1992]

Patricia Goldman-Rakic [Goldman-Rakic, Patricia] psychologist USA 1992 Working Memory and the Mind [1992] Frontal lobe region is for working memory.

Kenny G or Kenneth Gorelick [Gorelick, Kenneth] singer USA 1992 Forever in Love [1992] He lived 1956 to ?.

Doreen Kimura [Kimura, Doreen] psychologist USA 1992 Sex Differences in the Brain [1992] She studied gender brain differences.

A. David Milner [Milner, A. David] psychologist USA 1992 Neuropsychology of Consciousness [1992: with M. D. Rugg]

A. R. Rahman [Rahman, A. R.] or Duleep Kumar [Kumar, Duleep] composer India 1992 Roja or Rose [1992: including Yeh Haseen Vadiyan and Roja Jaaneman] He lived 1967 to ?.

Terrence J. Sejnowski [Sejnowski, Terrence J.] mathematician USA 1992 He studied shape from shading in neural networks [1992], with Sidney Lehky.

Dennis Selkoe [Selkoe, Dennis] biologist USA 1992 Aging Brain, Aging Mind [1992]

Carla Shatz [Shatz, Carla] biologist USA 1992 Developing Brain [1992]

Larry R. Squire [Squire, Larry R.] psychologist USA 1992 Encyclopedia of Learning and Memory [1992] He studied learning and memory.

R. L. Stine [Stine, R. L.] or Robert Lawrence Stine [Stine, Robert Lawrence] writer USA 1992 Goosebumps [1992: and later books] He lived 1943 to ?.

Maya [Angelou, Maya] poet USA 1992 to 1993 Still I Rise [1992: poem]; I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings [1993: autobiography] She lived 1928 to ?.

Semir Zeki [Zeki, Semir] psychologist USA 1992 to 1993 Visual Image in Mind and Brain [1992]; Vision of the Brain [1993] He studied microconsciousness [Zeki, 1998] and essential nodes [Zeki, 2001]. In area V5, cells detect spot or line motion direction. In V4, cells detect color difference. Cells can respond to relative intensities at different wavelengths or to actual perceived color, which depends on surroundings. Adjacent to primary visual cortex, cells can detect line orientation, receptive fields are larger, and mapping varies.

Jared Diamond [Diamond, Jared] sociologist USA 1992 to 1997 Third Chimpanzee: the Evolution and Future of the Human Animal [1992]; Guns, Germs, and Steel [1997]

Kevin O'Regan [O'Regan, Kevin] psychologist England 1992 to 2001 He lived 1948 to ? and studied enactive perception. Perception depends on sense and motor actions. It is not about representation but about capacity to do something.

Antonio Damasio [Damasio, Antonio] psychologist USA 1992 to 2003 Brain and Language [1992: with Hanna Damasio]; Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain [1994]; Feeling of What Happens [1999]; Looking for Spinoza [2003] He studied extended consciousness, autobiographical self, core-self, proto-self, somatic marker, akinetic mutism, and epileptic automatism. Consciousness involves special brain regions, which attend to brain regions that regulate body. Wakefulness, attention, and consciousness are separate. Consciousness involves perceptions and emotion mental parts, because emotions precede consciousness. Consciousness is response but is not overt. Emotion is an innate pattern of chemical and neural responses to stimulus patterns. Emotions involve brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain, which regulate body. Reticular formation, cranial nerve nuclei, amygdala, anterior cingulate, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex send axons to periaqueductal gray (PAG), which coordinates emotions. Damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex reduces social behaviors and emotions {prefrontal lobe syndrome}. Different emotions involve different brain regions. Emotions are automatic but learning and consciousness can affect them. Emotions lead to feelings, which involve cortex. Images become explicit, consciously or unconsciously, in mental space {image space}. Memory, recall, movement, attention, and image processing are in implicit unconscious mental space {dispositional space}. Symbols are mental image: spatial and temporal, concrete or abstract, conscious or unconscious, or mental patterns representing objects and concepts. Images depend on neural patterns of chemical and electrical activity. Mental uses symbols directly. Cerebral association cortex recognizes stimulus, which sends signals to amygdala to trigger emotional reaction, which sends to basal forebrain, hypothalamus, and brainstem to perform reaction. Brain senses body changes and conveys information to trigeminal nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, nucleus tractus solitarius, ventral medial thalamus, insula, anterior cingulate, and ventromedial frontal lobes to make emotional state. Mental states arising from brain sensory events are feelings, which are ideas about body state, having both thoughts and processing methods [Damasio, 1999].

Susan Blackmore [Blackmore, Susan] psychologist England 1992 to 2004 Beyond the Body [1992]; Dying to Live [1993]; In Search of the Light [1996]; Meme Machine [1999]; Consciousness: An Introduction [2004]; Conversations on Consciousness [2006] She invented dying brain hypothesis. People copy and recombine memes {memetics}. Imitation development associates with big brains and language. Imitation also allowed sense of self and other [Blackmore, 2006].

Don Black [Black, Don]/Christopher Hampton [Hampton, Christopher]/Andrew Lloyd Webber [Webber, Andrew Lloyd] lyricist/lyricist/composer England 1993 Sunset Boulevard [1993: musical] Black lived 1938 to ?. Webber lived 1948 to ?.

Kenneth Branagh [Branagh, Kenneth]/Emma Thompson [Thompson, Emma] director/actor England 1993 Much Ado about Nothing [1993] Branagh lived 1960 to ?. Thompson lived 1959 to ?.

Richard E. Cytowic [Cytowic, Richard E.] psychologist USA 1993 Man Who Tasted Shapes [1993] He studied synesthesia, which relates to limbic system.

Graham Lyle [Lyle, Graham]/Terry Britten [Britten, Terry] composer USA 1993 What's Love Got to Do With It [1993: from the film What's Love Got to Do With It]

Frances McCullough [McCullough, Frances] editor USA 1993 Love Is Like a Lion's Tooth [1993]

Marc Shaiman [Shaiman, Marc] composer USA 1993 Wink and a Smile [1993: from the film Sleepless in Seattle]

Barry E. Stein [Stein, Barry E.] psychologist USA 1993 Merging of the Senses [1993: with M. A. Meredith] He studied synesthesia.

Gerard t' Hooft [t' Hooft, Gerard] physicist USA/Netherlands 1993 He lived 1946 to ? and studied the holographic principle [1993] and how it applies to black holes.

Tina Turner [Turner, Tina] singer USA 1993 What's Love Got to Do with It [1993] She lived 1939 to ?.

Stuart Kauffman [Kauffman, Stuart] mathematician USA 1993 to 1995 Origins of Order [1993]; At Home in the Universe [1995] He studied random graphs and Boolean networks to try to find complex-system, chaos, and self-organization laws. Most algorithms are their shortest descriptions {incompressibility}. Element physical interactions can order systems {self-organization, Kauffman} [Kauffman, 1995].

Laura Esquivel [Esquivel, Laura] writer Mexico 1993 to 2000 Like Water for Chocolate [1993]; Law of Love [2000] She lived 1950 to ?.

Paul W. Ewald [Ewald, Paul W.] biologist USA 1993 to 2000 Evolution of Infectious Disease [1994]; Plague Time [2000] Infections that use intermediate hosts, such as cholera and malaria, evolve to be stronger [1993]. Infections that infect directly evolve to be weak enough to maintain the host. Infections cause most genetic and chronic diseases.

William Clinton [Clinton, William] or Bill Clinton [Clinton, Bill] president USA 1993 to 2001 He lived 1946 to ?. 42nd president got balanced budget agreement. He escaped impeachment for sexual affair coverup [1998]. He passed NAFTA trade agreement for Mexico and USA. He got Palestine and Israel to agree on peace and Palestinian state. He presided over prosperity.

Scott Morris/Big Bad Voodoo Daddy composer USA 1994 Go Daddy-O [1994: in the film Swingers, 1996]; You and Me and the Bottle Makes Three [1994]; Jump Jive and Wail [1994]

John Campbell [Campbell, John] psychologist USA 1994 Past, Space, and Self [1994] He studied about self.

Mariah Carey [Carey, Mariah]/Boys II Men singer USA 1994 One Sweet Day [1994]

Alain Connes [Connes, Alain] physicist France 1994 Phase spaces can show results of non-commutative operations {non-commutative geometry, Connes} and so represent non-commutative algebras. For example, space rotations are non-commutative. Phase spaces representing quantum effects are non-commutative. Geometry can be non-commutative if axes are different, rather than equivalent. Cross products are non-commutative. His non-commutative phase space can represent all elementary particle symmetry groups. This space has two continuous spaces, which have bosons, linked by discrete non-commutative space, which has Higgs particles, predicted to have mass of 160 GeV. Using this space defines what renormalization is mathematically, rather than it looking ad hoc, with Dirk Kreimer. Perhaps, space has fractional dimensions related to gravitation. Gravity has non-commutation of quanta and operations, and this can give rise to time, just as atomic motions give rise to temperature, with Carlo Rovelli.

Sharon Creech [Creech, Sharon] writer USA 1994 Walk Two Moons [1994]

Sheryl Crow [Crow, Sheryl] singer USA 1994 All I Wanna Do [1994]

Brian Goodwin [Goodwin, Brian] mathematician USA 1994 How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity [1994] Self-organizing systems follow physical laws and describe living-system energy flows.

James B. Hartle [Hartle, James B.] physicist USA 1994 He invented decoherence theory, with Gell-Mann [1994]. With Robert Geroch, he studied quantum gravity as superpositions of all possible four-dimensional space-time curvatures weighted by complex numbers [1986], but it is impossible to prove that two different four-dimensional space-time topologies are the same, so they can be unique or degenerate.

Tim Rice [Rice, Tim]/Elton John [John, Elton] lyricist/composer USA 1994 Can You Feel the Love Tonight [1994: from the film The Lion King]; Circle of Life [1994: from the film The Lion King]; Hakuna Matata or No Worries [1994: from the film The Lion King. Swahili] Rice lived 1944 to ?. John lived 1947 to ?.

George Soros [Soros, George] economist USA 1994 Theory of Reflexivity [1994] He lived 1930 to ? and invented a theory {theory of reflexivity} {reflexivity theory}.

Elizabeth Winthrop [Winthrop, Elizabeth] writer USA 1994 Castle in the Attic [1994]

Karen Cushman [Cushman, Karen] writer USA 1994 to 1996 Catherine, Called Birdy [1994]; Midwife's Apprentice [1996]

John M. Roberts [Roberts, John M.] historian England 1994 to 1997 History of the World [1994]; Concise History of the World [1997] He lived 1928 to 2003.

Stephen J. Ceci [Ceci, Stephen J.] psychologist USA 1994 to 2000 Memory Work: The royal road to false memories? [1994: with E. Loftus]; Jeopardy in the Courtroom [1995: with Maggie Bruck]; Psychological Science in the Public Interest [2000: with R. A. Bjork] Preschool children are easily suggestible about past events.

Stephen Wolfram [Wolfram, Stephen] mathematician USA 1994 to 2002 Cellular Automata and Complexity: Collected Papers [1994]; New Kind of Science [2002] He invented Mathematica software. Science does not need laws expressed as mathematical equations. Simple non-linear rules operating on simple units can generate all pattern types and describe all phenomena. Because they can be equivalent to any algorithm, cellular automata can describe all complex processes. Physical systems satisfying differential equations can be cellular automatons, by substituting finite differences and discrete variables for differential equations. His Rule 30 seems to create unpredictable pattern, rather than expected recursiveness. www.stephenwolfram.com/publications/articles/date.html.

Christof Koch [Koch, Christof] biologist USA 1994 to 2004 Large-Scale Neuronal Theories of the Brain [1994: with Joel L. Davis]; Biophysics of Computation [1999]; Quest for Consciousness [2004] He lived 1956 to ?. Neural activity differs in dreaming, awake, or brain-damaged {activity principle, Koch}. Different animal types can have different neural-activity patterns. Perhaps, some neuron set has same ion channels, shape, receptors, axons, or biochemistry {neuronal correlates of consciousness, Koch}.

Chris J. S. Clarke [Clarke, Chris J. S.] mathematician England 1995 Nonlocality of Mind [1995] Mind is non-local.

Dave Matthews [Matthews, Dave] or Dave Matthews Band singer USA 1995 Ants Marching [1995]; What Would You Say [1995]

Melissa Etheridge [Etheridge, Melissa] singer USA 1995 Like the Way I Do [1995]

Susan Greenfield [Greenfield, Susan] psychologist England 1995 Journey to the Centers of the Mind [1995]; Private Life of the Brain [2000]; Brain Story [2000]; Tomorrow's People [2003] She lived 1950 to ?. Consciousness level depends on brain size and complexity.

Johnny Hartman [Hartman, Johnny] composer USA 1995 I See Your Face Before Me [1995: from the film Bridges of Madison County]

Jewel Kilcher [Kilcher, Jewel]/Steve Poltz [Poltz, Steve] composer USA 1995 You Were Meant for Me [1995]

Alanis Morissette [Morissette, Alanis] singer USA 1995 You Oughta Know [1995]; Ironic [1995]

Antti Revonsuo [Revonsuo, Antti] philosopher/psychologist Finland 1995 On the Nature of Consciousness: Theoretical and Empirical Problems [1995]; Consciousness, dreams, and virtual realities [1995]; Can Functional Brain Imaging Discover Consciousness in the Brain? [2001] Imagine a planet {Black Planet} that one cannot see or know until one puts on a spacesuit with correct sensors that transduce physical energies into what one can sense. Black Planet is Earth, and transducer and human senses.

Stephen Schwartz [Schwartz, Stephen]/Alan Menken [Menken, Alan] composer USA 1995 Colors of the Wind [1995: from the film Pocahontas] Schwartz lived 1949 to ?. Menken lived 1949 to ?.

Michael Tye [Tye, Michael] philosopher USA 1995 Ten Problems of Consciousness [1995] Consciousness is representational. Mental representations that are poised, are abstract, are non-conceptual, and have intentional content are conscious {PANIC theory}. Poise means that it can affect beliefs and thoughts. Abstract means that it is a code or symbol, not just a physical thing. Non-conceptual means that it is specific and continuous, not a concept or category. Intentional content means that it represents external or internal object or event.

Edward Witten [Witten, Edward] physicist USA 1995 He lived 1951 to ? and used duality to solve string theory problems [1995]. In one string-theory version, strong coupling is equivalent to weak coupling, for calculation.

Stevie Wonder [Wonder, Stevie]/Artis Ivey [Ivey, Artis]/Doug Rasheed [Rasheed, Doug]/Lawrence Sanders [Sanders, Lawrence] composer USA 1995 Gangsta's Paradise [1995: from the film Dangerous Minds. sung by Coolio] Wonder lived 1950 to ?.

Betty Ren Wright [Wright, Betty Ren] writer USA 1995 Dollhouse Murders [1995]

Randy Newman [Newman, Randy] composer USA 1995 to 2001 You've Got a Friend in Me [1995: from the film Toy Story]; When She Loved Me [1999: from the film Toy Story 2]; If I Didn't Have You [2001: from the film Monsters, Inc.]

Craig Venter [Venter, Craig] biologist USA 1995 to 2001 He organized scientists to sequence a free-living organism [1995] and the human genome [2001]. Haemophilus influenzae bacterium has 1000 genes with 1,800,000 bp.

Paul Bach-y-Rita [Bach-y-Rita, Paul] psychologist USA 1995 to 2002 Nonsynaptic Diffusion Neurotransmission and Late Brain Reorganization [1995] He studied sense substitution. Tongue arrays can replace vestibular system. He invented Tactile Vision Substitution System [Bach-y-Rita and González, 2002].

Ned Block [Block, Ned] philosopher USA 1995 to 2003 On a confusion about a function of consciousness [1995]; What is Functionalism? [1996]; Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates [1997: with Owen Flanagan and Güven Güzeldere, editors] He lived 1942 to ?. Mind What happens if individuals in China physically perform same algorithm used by conscious people {Chinese nation example} {China brain example}. Does chess machine that uses lookup table to know all best moves in all positions have intelligence? Does robot with all human behaviors have intelligence? Can qualia be missing or interchanged? Sense qualities and experiences are a consciousness type {phenomenal consciousness, Block} (p-consciousness). Mental representations, used for rational thoughts and actions, are a consciousness type {access consciousness, Block} (a-consciousness). Access consciousness is under conscious control and includes self-consciousness, creativity, discrimination, generalization, and behavior flexibility.

Thomas Metzinger [Metzinger, Thomas] psychologist USA 1995 to 2003 Conscious Experience [1995: editor]; Neural Correlates of Consciousness [2000: editor]; Being No One: The Self- Model Theory of Subjectivity [2003] He lived 1958 to ?. Experience is unity {Holon}. Experience involves model of self {self-model theory}.

Enya or Eithne Ní Bhraonáin [Bhraonáin, Eithne Ní] composer/singer Wales 1995 to 2005 Memory of Trees [1995]; Paint the Sky with Stars [1997]; Only Time [2001]; Amarantine [2005] She lived 1961 to ?.

Alwyn Scott [Scott, Alwyn] mathematician USA 1995 to 2005 Stairway to the Mind [1995]; : A Mathematical Primer [2002]; Nonlinear Science: Emergence and Dynamics of Coherent Structures [2003: 2nd edition]; Encyclopedia of Nonlinear Science [2005: editor] Brain has hierarchical structure and new properties can arise at highest levels.

Bryan Adams [Adams, Bryan]/Marvin Hamlisch [Hamlisch, Marvin] lyricist/composer USA 1996 I Finally Found Someone [1996: from the film The Mirror Has Two Faces]

William H. Calvin [Calvin, William H.] biologist USA 1996 How Brains Think [1996]; Cerebral Code [1996] Brain works by selection. 0.5-mm-diameter cortical hexagonal columns and their lateral connections represent symbols. Columns vary, compete, and replicate. Symbols integrate and coordinate to make scenes and help each other compete and copy. Consciousness is image or scene that is most populous {scenario spinning}.

Ry Cooder [Cooder, Ry] guitarist USA 1996 Buena Vista Social Club [1996]; El Cuarto de Tula or Tula's Room [1996: composed by Luis Maquetti] He lived 1947 to ?.

Robin Dunbar [Dunbar, Robin] psychologist England 1996 Grooming, Gossip, and the Evolution of Language [1996] Language replaced grooming in larger social groups.

Joseph E. LeDoux [LeDoux, Joseph E.] psychologist USA 1996 Emotional Brain [1996] Amygdala quickly receives input from thalamus and gives emotional responses. Amygdala more slowly receives from cortex, which analyzes stimulus.

Albert Libchaber [Libchaber, Albert] physicist France 1996 He used a liquid-helium box to study turbulence onset and found that it had period doubling, as in other complex non- linear systems [1996]. First, system reaches steady state as cylinders roll, then convection rolls become toruses, then those bifurcate, making 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and so on, rolls as convection coil goes faster, and turbulence increases.

Steven Mithen [Mithen, Steven] psychologist England 1996 Prehistory of Mind [1996] Consciousness starts from social interaction but then needs to expand to link brain modules. Mammals gained general ability to make primates, then specialized language and culture to make early hominins, and then general ability to make modern humans.

Daniel L. Pals [Pals, Daniel L.] philosopher England 1996 Seven Theories of Religion [1996]

Huw Price [Price, Huw] philosopher Australia 1996 Times's Arrow and Archimedes' Point [1996] He studied time.

Howard Shore [Shore, Howard] composer USA 1996 That Thing You Do! [1996: from the film That Thing You Do!]

Jim Steinman [Steinman, Jim] composer USA 1996 It's All Coming Back to Me Now [1996]

Stuart R. Hameroff [Hameroff, Stuart R.] anesthesiologist USA 1996 to 1998 Toward a Science of Consciousness: The First Tucson Discussions and Debates [1996: with Alfred W. Kaszniak and Anne C. Scott, editors]; Toward a Science of Consciousness II: The Second Tucson Discussions and Debates [1998: with Alfred W. Kaszniak and Anne C. Scott, editors] He lived 1947 to ?. Anesthetics can interact with brain-cell microtubules.

Celia M. Heyes [Heyes, Celia M.] psychologist USA 1996 to 1998 Social Learning in Animals: The Roots of Culture [1996: editor with B. G. Galef]; Theory of mind in non-human primates [1998] Chimpanzees have no sense of self and no awareness of mental states, though they can inspect their bodies using mirrors.

Benjamin W. Schumacher [Schumacher, Benjamin W.] mathematician USA 1996 to 1998 Quantum data processing and error correction [1996] Information is only in physical media, which store bits or qubits {information science, Schumacher}. Physical medium can transform and/or transfer information to process information. Output from processing must be verifiable or complete task.

Diane Warren [Warren, Diane] composer USA 1996 to 1998 Because You Loved Me [1996: from the film Up Close and Personal]; I Don't Want to Miss a Thing [1998: from the film Armageddon. sung by Aerosmith]

Robert M. Hazen [Hazen, Robert M.] chemist USA 1996 to 2000 Comparative Crystal Chemistry [1982: with L. W. Finger]; High-Temperature and High-Pressure Crystal Chemistry [2000] Minerals have crevices in which molecules can hide from ultraviolet light and become concentrated [1996]. Clay and mineral surfaces can be chemical-reaction substrates, catalysts, and templates. Minerals, such as calcite, can have chirality and select for L or R organic molecules. Biological-molecule metal ions can act as catalysts or energy sources. Magnetite can catalyze ammonia formation from nitrogen and hydrogen. Iron, nickel, and sulfur ions are in hydrothermal vents.

Daniel L. Schacter [Schacter, Daniel L.] psychologist USA 1996 to 2001 Searching for Memory: The Brain, the Mind, and the Past [1996]; Seven Sins of Memory [2001] Memory allows efficient coding, search, retrieval, generalization, discrimination, adaptation, and survival. Brain has sensory Specialized Knowledge Modules, which can activate reflexes and awareness, and reasoning and acting Executive System, which can inform consciousness of plans, activate habits, control senses, and respond voluntarily. Intermediate system {conscious awareness system} integrates information from modules for use by executive system and exchanges information with episodic memory. Executive only uses conscious information. He studied memory transience. He invented Dissociable Interactions and Conscious Experience (DICE) model, with consciousness- awareness system connected to executive, memory, response system, and lexical, conceptual, spatial, facial, and self- modules [Schacter, 2001].

David J. Chalmers [Chalmers, David J.] philosopher USA 1996 to 2002 Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory [1996] He lived 1966 to ?. Information is physical and phenomenal, and physical properties cause phenomenal properties, so same physical situation can cause different phenomena {double-aspect theory, information} {naturalistic dualism}, which is non-reductive. Judgments about experience have functional or physical explanations, but experience is not part of the explanation, even when the judgment is that experience is not physical or functional {paradox of phenomenal judgment}. If artificial parts replace neurons with same functions, do qualia fade {fading qualia}? If artificial parts switch back and forth with neurons with same functions, do qualia flip {dancing qualia}? How do brain processes cause sensations {hard problem, consciousness}? How do brain processes cause mental functions like perceiving, attending, waking, sleeping, moving voluntarily, and categorizing {easy problem, consciousness}? Consciousness supervenes on the physical but is a different reality type. Phenomena, conscious states, emerge from physical structures and functions according to laws. Before 1800, people thought electromagnetism was reducible to mechanics, but instead it became a new irreducible force. Phenomena are irreducible properties, not substances, of nature, requiring non-reductive theory. Experience properties, relations, and structures reflect nervous-system anatomy and physiology, as well as physical stimuli. Brain process can generate consciousness [Chalmers, 2000] [Chalmers, 2002].

Matt Ridley [Ridley, Matt] journalist USA/England 1996 to 2003 Origins of Virtue [1996]; Genome [1999]; Nature Via Nurture [2003]

Bob Carlisle [Carlisle, Bob]/Randy Thomas [Thomas, Randy] composer USA 1997 Butterfly Kisses [1997]

Clayton M. Christensen [Christensen, Clayton M.] economist USA 1997 Innovator's Dilemma [1997] He lived 1952 to ? and studied actual business policy.

Margaret Davidson [Davidson, Margaret] writer USA 1997 Helen Keller [1997]

Terrence Deacon [Deacon, Terrence] psychologist England 1997 Symbolic Species [1997] Brain and language allow symbolic communication {symbolic species}.

Danny Elfman [Elfman, Danny] composer USA 1997 Men in Black [1997: from the film Men in Black]

Stephen Flaherty [Flaherty, Stephen]/David Newman [Newman, David] lyricist/composer USA 1997 Journey to the Past [1997: from the film Anastasia]

Reuben Hersh [Hersh, Reuben] mathematician USA 1997 What Is Mathematics Really? [1997] He wrote popular science.

Karen Hesse [Hesse, Karen] writer USA 1997 Out of the Dust [1997]

James Horner [Horner, James]/Will Jennings [Jennings, Will] lyricist/composer USA 1997 My Heart Will Go On [1997: from the film Titanic]

Richard Morris [Morris, Richard] biologist Scotland 1997 Only active synapses can take up protein to permanently alter synapse [1997], with Uwe Frey.

Walter Schneider [Schneider, Walter] psychologist USA 1997 He invented, with Mark Pimm-Smith, a message-aware control mechanism, with inner loop for specific messages from sense modules, connected to controller with goals and attention.

Jonathan Shear [Shear, Jonathan] psychologist USA 1997 Explaining Consciousness: The Hard Problem [1997: editor]

Elliott Smith [Smith, Elliott] composer USA 1997 Miss Misery [1997: from the film Good Will Hunting]

Ian Wilmut [Wilmut, Ian] inventor England 1997 mammal cloned [1997] He cloned Dolly the sheep from adult sheep cells {mammal cloning}.

Ian Tattersall [Tattersall, Ian] anthropologist England 1997 to 1998 Becoming Human [1998] He studied human origins from hominins [1997].

Martin Rees [Rees, Martin] astronomer England 1997 to 2001 Before the Beginning [1997]; Just Six Numbers [1999]; Our Cosmic Habitat [2001] He lived 1942 to ? and studied pre-big-bang theories.

Lee Smolin [Smolin, Lee] physicist USA 1997 to 2001 Life of the Cosmos [1997]; Three Roads to Quantum Gravity [2001] He studied quantum loop theory.

JK Rowling [Rowling, JK] or Joanne Rowling [Rowling, Joanne] writer England 1997 to 2005 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone or Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone [1997]; Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets [1998]; Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban [1999]; Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire [2000]; Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix [2003]; Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince [2005] She lived 1965 to ?.

John Morgan Allman [Allman, John Morgan] biologist USA 1998 Evolving Brains [1998] He studied brain evolution. Brains allow animals to account for environment variations in space and time and make appropriate responses. More advanced brains allow wider spaces and longer times. Brains require much energy and are in animals that can find more and/or better food at higher rate. Complex brains require longer time to develop. Family and group structures were necessary for humans to have advanced brains. Brains can sense water, food, sexual partners, shelter, and safe locations, as well as predators and dangerous locations. Brains can assign priorities to input. Brains can perform activities to get food or water, reproduce, gain shelter and safe locations, and avoid predators and dangerous locations. Brains can remember input and output. Brains are more complex if environmental niche is more variable. Animals use larger energy amounts, because warm- blooded. Water, food, sexual partners, shelter, and safe locations are scarcer and predators and dangerous locations are more numerous. Maximize age is higher.

Nima Arkani-Hamed [Arkani-Hamed, Nima]/Georgi Dvali [Dvali, Georgi]/Savas Dimopoulos [Dimopoulos, Savas] physicist USA 1998 ADD suggested that perceived space-time is inside universe with two more large dimensions [1998].

Denise Dellarosa Cummins [Cummins, Denise Dellarosa] psychologist USA 1998 Evolution of Mind [1998: editor with Colin Allen] She studied brain evolution.

Susan Hurley [Hurley, Susan] philosopher England 1998 Consciousness in Action [1998] Consciousness does not lie between perception and behavior {classical sandwich} but actively binds perception, behavior, body, and environment {dynamical singularity}.

Vernon B. Mountcastle [Mountcastle, Vernon B.] psychologist USA 1998 Perceptual Neuroscience [1998] He found macrocolumns, with Lorente de No.

Saul Perlmutter [Perlmutter, Saul] astronomer USA 1998 He showed that universe is expanding faster, not slowing, and hypothesized different energy type (dark energy) as cause [1998].

Daniel J. Povinelli [Povinelli, Daniel J.] psychologist England 1998 Animal Self-awareness: A Debate. Can Animals Empathize? Maybe Not [1998] Chimpanzees have a sense of self from their behavior, but no awareness of mental states. Chimpanzees look to where another is looking. Chimpanzees do not realize that others are not looking, though three-year old children do realize it in same situation.

Carole Bayer Sager [Sager, Carole Bayer]/David Foster [Foster, David] lyricist/composer USA 1998 Prayer [1998: from the film Quest for Camelot]

Brian Schmidt [Schmidt, Brian] astronomer Australia 1998 Universe expansion is accelerating [1998].

Brian Schmidt [Schmidt, Brian] astronomer Australia 1998 He showed that universe is expanding faster, not slowing, and hypothesized different energy type (dark energy) as cause [1998].

Stephen Schwartz [Schwartz, Stephen]/Hans Zimmer [Zimmer, Hans] composer USA 1998 Prince of Egypt or When You Believe [1998: from the film The Prince of Egypt] Schwartz lived 1949 to ?.

Charles P. Siewert [Siewert, Charles P.] psychologist USA 1998 Significance of Consciousness [1998] Thoughts {non-iconic thought} can have no images.

Leslie Stevenson [Stevenson, Leslie]/David L. Haberman [Haberman, David L.] philosopher England 1998 Ten Theories of Human Nature [1998]

James Thomson [Thomson, James] biologist USA 1998 He discovered embryonic stem cells [1998].

Robert Waterston [Waterston, Robert]/John Sulston [Sulston, John] biologist USA/England 1998 C. elegans genome They organized scientists to sequence C. elegans animal genome [1998].

Virginia Euwer Wolff [Wolff, Virginia Euwer] writer USA 1998 Probably Still Nick Swanson [1998]; Make Lemonade; True Believer She lived 1937 to ?.

Rodney M. J. Cotterill [Cotterill, Rodney M. J.] biologist USA 1998 to 2003 Enchanted Looms: Conscious Networks in Brains and Computers [1998] Perhaps, consciousness is in anterior cingulate. Consciousness unifies body actions. Perhaps, ability to make new reflexes is consciousness purpose. He developed computer simulations (CyberChild) to find neural correlates of consciousness. It uses mammalian nervous system circuits grouped into binary composite units. It has two senses, hearing and touch. It controls vocalization, feeding, and bladder-control muscles. It has pain receptors for low stomach- milk level, low blood-sugar level, full bladder, and dirty diaper. Emergent behavior, such as ability to make new reflexes, indicates consciousness.

Stanislas Dehaene [Dehaene, Stanislas] psychologist USA 1998 to 2003 He invented global neuronal workspace theory, in which neurons have permanent and temporary modules connected over long and short distances, for perception, memory, attention, emotion, evaluation, and action.

Stan Franklin [Franklin, Stan] computer scientist USA 1998 to 2004 IDA: A Cognitive Agent Architecture [1998: with Arpad Kelemen and Lee McCauley]; Learning in "Conscious" Software Agents [2000]; "Conscious" software: a computational view of mind [2001] He developed the Intelligent Distribution Agent (IDA) application. IDA performs Global-Workspace-Theory top-level functions and has multiple-threaded independent agents {codelet}. IDA knows skills of Navy personnel and what they like to do after current tour ends. It also knows Navy policies and what jobs Navy needs to fill [Franklin, 1998].

Lou Bega [Bega, Lou] singer USA 1999 Mambo No. 5 [1999]

Simon Blackburn [Blackburn, Simon] philosopher England 1999 Think [1999] He lived 1944 to ?.

Rita Carter [Carter, Rita] journalist England 1999 Mapping the Mind [1999] Brain scans associate brain regions with psychological functions.

Freeman [Dyson, Freeman] chemist England/USA 1999 Origins of Life [1999] He lived 1923 to ?.

Ian Glynn [Glynn, Ian] psychologist England 1999 Anatomy of Thought [1999] He studied brain anatomy.

Chris Isaak [Isaak, Chris] composer USA 1999 Baby Did a Bad Bad Thing [1999: from the film Eyes Wide Shut]

Leo Kadanoff [Kadanoff, Leo] physicist USA 1999 Phase transitions and critical points can be hierarchies of phase regions that affect neighbors {phase scaling} [1999].

Euan M. Macphail [Macphail, Euan M.] psychologist England 1999 Evolution of Consciousness [1999] Only humans are self-consciousness and feelings, because only they have language.

Aimee Mann [Mann, Aimee] composer USA 1999 Save Me [1999: from the film Magnolia]

Ricky Martin [Martin, Ricky] singer USA 1999 Livin' La Vida Loca or Living the Crazy Life [1999]

Trey Parker [Parker, Trey]/Marc Shaiman [Shaiman, Marc] lyricist/composer USA 1999 Blame Canada [1999: from the film South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut]

William E. Seager [Seager, William E.] philosopher England 1999 Theories of Consciousness: An Introduction and Assessment [1999] He reviewed representational, identity, intentional, external, and informational theories.

Raman Sundrum [Sundrum, Raman] physicist USA 1999 RS-1 [1999]; RS-2 [1999] He suggested that universe is inside a universe with one more dimension, where most gravity stays, making perceived gravity weak [1999: with Randall]. Space-time is anti-de-Sitter space.

Michael Tomasello [Tomasello, Michael] psychologist USA 1999 Cultural Origins of Human Cognition [1999] Chimpanzees do not imitate but learn cultural traits by being in same situation.

Jamie Zawinski [Zawinski, Jamie] mathematician Russia 1999 He thought that wave/particle duality is contradiction but is still true [1999].

Brian Greene [Greene, Brian] physicist USA 1999 to 2003 Elegant Universe [1999]; Fabric of the Cosmos [2003] He studied string theory.

Lisa Randall [Randall, Lisa] physicist USA 1999 to 2005 RS-1 [1999]; RS-2 [1999]; Warped Passages [2005] She suggested that universe is inside a universe with one more dimension, where most gravity stays, making perceived gravity weak [1999: with Sundrum]. Space-time is anti-de-Sitter space.

Philip D. Zelazo [Zelazo, Philip D.] psychologist USA 1999 to 2007 Developing theories of intention: Social understanding and self-control [1999: with Astington and Olson] He invented a consciousness model with conscious-content recursion levels (Levels of Consciousness model), from perception, to self-perception, to other minds, and to social competence.

Amir D. Aczel [Aczel, Amir D.] mathematician USA 2000 Mystery of the Aleph [2000] Aleph is symbol for infinity levels.

Margaret Atwood [Atwood, Margaret] writer Canada 2000 Blind Assassin [2000] She lived 1939 to ?.

Talis Bachmann [Bachmann, Talis] psychologist USA 2000 Microgenetic Approach to the Conscious Mind [2000] Perception uses temporal steps {microgenesis, Bachmann} [Bachmann, 2000].

Paul Bloom [Bloom, Paul] psychologist USA 2000 How Children Learn the Meanings of Words [2000] He studied language.

Hans Flohr [Flohr, Hans] neuroscientist Germany 2000 Inhibition or blocking of NMDA receptor complexes, as done by ketamine and nitrous oxide, causes unconsciousness [2000]. Consciousness is a high-level representation that brain has representations, using NMDA-receptor-linked cell assemblies firing synchronously [Flohr, 2000]. However, NMDA receptors are just as involved in non-conscious processes [Hardcastle, 2000]. Many anesthetics, such as etomidate, act on other sites [Franks and Lieb, 2000].

Marc D. Hauser [Hauser, Marc D.] psychologist USA 2000 Wild Minds: What Animals Really Think [2000] Tamarin monkeys are curious about their bodies and movements that they see in mirrors, unlike cats and dogs. Monkeys can have sense of self.

Andrei Voznesensky [Voznesensky, Andrei] writer Russia 2000 Parabolic Ballad [2000] He lived 1933 to ?.

Stephen G. Waxman [Waxman, Stephen G.] physician USA 2000 Correlative Neuroanatomy [2000]

Max Velmans [Velmans, Max] psychologist England 2000 to 2007 Understanding Consciousness [2000]; Investigating Phenomenal Consciousness [2000]; How Could Conscious Experiences Affect Brains? [2003]; Blackwell Companion to Consciousness [2007: with Susan Schneider] He lived 1942 to ? and is Critical Realist. Brain and mind are one, because physical world and experience have same place and time with similar intensities {reflexive monism}. He invented reflexive model of consciousness.

Lawrence Krauss [Krauss, Lawrence] physicist USA 2000 to 2012 Quintessence [2000]; A Universe from Nothing [2012] He studied dark energy.

David Baerwald [Baerwald, David] composer USA 2001 Come What May [2001: from the film Moulin Rouge!]

Cynthia I. Breazeal [Breazeal, Cynthia I.] computer scientist USA 2001 Designing Sociable Robots [2001] Kismet is robot head whose parts can move like human head parts. If it is too close to see, it cranes back, and if it is too far, it cranes forward. It checks for movement, skin color, and saturated colors and looks in weighted direction. State depends on happiness, stimulation, and willingness for new stimuli. State affects where it looks. It checks pitch for patterns of approving, disapproving, drawing attention, and soothing, but it has no language ability. It can make sounds in pitch patterns. It can move eyebrows, lips, and ears to reflect happiness, stimulation, and willingness for new stimuli.

Jim Collins [Collins, Jim] sociologist USA 2001 Good-to-Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap... and Others Don't [2001] Level 1 is Highly Capable Individual. Level 2 is Contributing Team Member. Level 3 is Competent Manager. Level 4 is Effective Leader. Level 5 {Level 5 Leadership} is Executive. Good executives are humble or quiet, are strong- willed, require self-discipline, sacrifice self for company, take responsibility, listen to and credit others, work for long- term company gain, and have high standards. They are not outsiders or flamboyant persons. They do not have charisma. They do not impose discipline. Determine what company can do best, choose best method for cash flow and profits, choose main indicator, and have passion inside {Hedgehog Concept}.

Scott Kirkpatrick [Kirkpatrick, Scott] mathematician USA 2001 traveling-salesman problem [2001] Salesmen want to travel shortest distance among cities, with no path duplication. What is the shortest path {traveling- salesman problem, Kirkpatrick} [2001]? Traveling-salesman problems are NP-complete. Number of possible paths is factorial of number of cities, divided by two, because trips can be in either direction. Tours are vertexes of N- dimensional polygons. Tours that differ by one city are near each other in N-dimensional space. Simulated annealing can find shorter paths but allow longer paths, to avoid local minima. Techniques can find good paths but not necessarily the best.

Gary Marcus [Marcus, Gary] psychologist USA 2001 to 2004 Algebraic Mind [2001]; Birth of the Mind [2004] He studied mind and brain.

George W. Bush [Bush, George W.] president USA 2001 to 2009 He lived 1946 to ?. 43rd president attacked Afghanistan [2001] and Iraq [2003] and tried to end worldwide terrorism by force and monetary measures. He lowered taxes and increased debt. Economy was bad.

Fred C. Adams [Adams, Fred C.] astronomer England 2002 Our Living Multiverse [2002] Our universe is one of many universes (multiverse), with different physical parameters.

Bono composer USA 2002 Hands That Built America [2002: from the film Gangs of New York. sung by U2]

Eminem composer USA 2002 Lose Yourself [2002: from the film 8 Mile]

George Mandler [Mandler, George] psychologist USA 2002 Consciousness Recovered [2002]

Richard Gibbs [Gibbs, Richard]/Eric Green [Green, Eric]/Eric Lander [Lander, Eric]/Richard McCombie [McCombie, Richard]/Douglas Smith [Smith, Douglas]/Bruce Roe [Roe, Bruce]/Elbert Branscomb [Branscomb, Elbert]/Ian Jackson [Jackson, Ian]/Steve Brown [Brown, Steve]/Peter Little [Little, Peter]/Jane Rogers [Rogers, Jane]/Duncan Campbell [Campbell, Duncan] biologist USA 2002 They organized scientists to sequence mouse genome.

Axel Cleeremans [Cleeremans, Axel] biologist USA 2003 Unity of Consciousness: Binding, Integration and Dissociation [2003: editor] Consciousness unifies by integrative processes among brain parts.

Pentti Haikonen [Haikonen, Pentti] computer scientist Finland 2003 Cognitive Approach to Conscious Machines [2003] He developed bottom-up system to try to build perception, imagery, inner speech, pain and pleasure, and emotions from artificial neurons, using no algorithms, but only distributed signals, cross-links, analysis, and reports. Process becomes conscious when it is sufficiently complex {emergence, Haikonen}. System uses no numbers, only meanings.

Owen Holland [Holland, Owen] computer scientist England 2003 Machine Consciousness [2003: ed.] He developed robots with internal models and control systems, with Rod Goodman. Perhaps, sufficiently complex and intelligent control systems can have consciousness emerge {emergence, Holland}.

Aaron Sloman [Sloman, Aaron]/Ron Chrisley [Chrisley, Ron] computer scientist England 2003 Virtual machines can model consciousness-like information processing. Models can define consciousness and mind as architectures. Information processing shows that qualia-concepts depend on architecture. Architecture structures qualia themselves.

Luc Steels [Steels, Luc] computer scientist Belgium 2003 People speak to themselves voice {inner voice} to express their thoughts, and this information processing structure is useful.

Walter Freeman [Freeman, Walter] psychologist USA 2003 to 2004 He studied mind as neural dynamical system, in which waves have synchronous phase by phase locking and then transition to new phase. Brains are self-organizing systems in critical states that transition to global patterns.

Nigel J. T. Thomas [Thomas, Nigel J. T.] philosopher USA 2003 to 2005 Mental Imagery [2005] Opening refrigerators turns light on and it always comes on, so you think that it is always on, but it really goes off when door closes {refrigerator light illusion}.

Jeremy M. Wolfe [Wolfe, Jeremy M.]/Keith R. Kluender [Kluender, Keith R.]/Dennis M. Levi [Levi, Dennis M.] psychologist USA 2006 Sensation and Perception [2006] They studied psychology and perception biology.

Barack Obama [Obama, Barack] president USA 2009 He lived 1961 to ?. 44th president tried to stimulate economy and bailout big businesses.