Outline of History of Notable Persons September 3, 2014 SOCI>History>Notable_Persons Menes pharaoh Egypt -3100 to -3000 He was king in south Egypt and united north (Lower Egypt) and south (Upper Egypt), beginning the 1st Dynasty. He founded Memphis as capital in Lower Egypt. The pharaoh became like god. An Duong [Duong, An] king Vietnam -3000 to -2000 He founded Au Viet dynasty. Gilgamesh king Uruk, Iraq -2700 Uruk is in Iraq. Imhotep architect/physician Saqqara, Egypt -2650 Pyramid of King Zoser [-2650: first step pyramid that used cut stones] He lived -2635 to -2595, multiplied using times-two table, and built pyramid. Egyptian Old Kingdom 3rd Dynasty pyramids had temples, palaces, and tombs {funerary district}. Palaces had fluted columns. Cheops or Khufu pharaoh Egypt -2500 He founded IV Dynasty and built Great Pyramid at Giza. Sargon I emperor Akkad -2400 to -2350 He began Akkadian or Old Assyrian Empire by conquering Sumer city-states in south Mesopotamia. Gudea king Lagash, Iraq -2100 He and his son ruled Amorites or Gutians. Sanskrit language Pakistan -2000 Languages {Sanskrit language} began 4000 years ago in Pakistan. Semiramis or Semiramide or Shamiram queen Babylonia/Assyria -2000 to -800 In legends, she associated with king Ninus, legendary founder of Nineveh. Perhaps, she was Shammuramat of Babylon, wife of Shamshi-Adad V [-811 to -808]. Hammurabi king/lawgiver Babylonia -1792 to -1750 Code of Hammurabi [-1792: first law code] He lived -1792 to -1750. He started First Babylonian Empire. He conquered Sumer and Akkad. His capital was at Babylon. By myth, Sun god gave laws to Hammurabi. Code of Hammurabi first codified existing laws. 282 articles were about wages, fees, divorces, slaves, and practical affairs. Code had first law of maximum retaliation, limiting revenge to no more than original harm. Ahmes mathematician Fayum, Egypt -1650 Rhind papyrus or Ahmes Papyrus [-1650] He lived -1680 to -1620, solved practical architecture problems, calculated astronomical events, and used simple interest, compound interest, principal, and rate. Multiplication is repeated doubling, and division is repeated halving. Mursilis I king Babylon -1595 As Hittite king, he took Babylon. Ahmose I pharaoh Thebes, Egypt -1554 He defeated Hyskos and started New Kingdom. He took Nubia and Canaan, Palestine. Minos king Knossos, Crete -1500 Cretan civilization had boxing, bull leaping, hunting, musicians, dancers, and board games. Abraham patriarch Palestine -1500 to -1200 The Bible tells that he started Judaism. Hatsheput queen Egypt -1490 to -1458 She lived ? to -1458 and was of XVIII dynasty. She was Thutmose I's eldest daughter. Her half-brother Thutmose II married her and was pharaoh [-1495 to -1490], and then she was regent to Thutmose III. She became pharaoh [-1479 to -1458]. She built temple at Deir el-Bahari in Thebes. Thotmes III king Egypt -1481 to -1446 After Queen Hatsheput had become pharaoh, Thotmes III conquered to Euphrates River and Levant, including south Canaan, Syria, and Palestine, but not Mitanni in east Syria and north Mesopotamia. Amenhotep III pharaoh Egypt -1411 to -1375 In 18th Dynasty, empire was at maximum size. Thebes was capital. His statues are at Thebes and are Colossi of Memnon. Memnon was an Ethiopian hero of the Greeks. Sin-leqi-unninni priest Sumer -1400 Epic of Gilgamesh [-1400: contains flood story] He revised previous version [-1600]. Gilgamesh was ruler of Uruk. Parasara poet/philosopher Karnataka, India -1391 to -575 Great Discourses on Astrology by Parasara [-1391 to -575: in the Rig-veda]; Institutes of Parasara [-1391 to -575: in the Rig-veda] In Vedas, he was Vyasa's father, was Kapila's student, received Vishnu Purana from Pulastya, taught Maitreya, and wrote Dharmasastra about law. Suppiluliumas I king Mesopotamia -1380 He became Hittite king. Iknaton or Amenhotep IV or Akhnaton pharaoh el-Amarna, Egypt -1375 to -1358 Hymn to the Sun He tried to institute monotheism based on the god of the Sun {Aton}. Sun-god temple was at the new capital Amarna or Tel-el-Amarna, 300 miles south of Thebes. He changed Egyptian life drastically. The priests of Amon opposed him. He had bad economy and lost all foreign lands. His queen was Nefertiti or Nefretete. Tutankhamon pharaoh Egypt -1355 He restored polytheistic religion. Thebes became capital again. Lagadha astronomer India -1350 Vedic Text on Light [-1350: Vedic astronomy] He described Sun and Moon motions. Moses or Móshe leader/lawgiver Egypt/Canaan -1300 Ten Commandments [-1300: ten legal prohibitions] He lived -1392 to -1272, stated Mosaic Law, and codified criminal law. The Bible tells that he received the Ten Commandments and that he was Hebrew leader before Joshua. Ramses II pharaoh Egypt -1292 to -1225 In 19th Dynasty, he fought Hittites. Empire went from fourth cataract of Nile River to Syria. Temples were at Karnak, Thebes, and Abu-Simbel. Muwattalis king Syria -1285 As Hittite king, he lost to Ramses II but kept north Syria. Ramses III pharaoh Egypt -1198 to -1167 In 20th Dynasty, he fought Syria and Libya, reunited kingdom, and lived in luxury with the nobles. Harem intrigue killed him. Saul king Israel -1012 to -1006 He became first king of Israel, was first defeated by Philistines, and then defeated them. David king/poet Israel -1012 to -990 Psalms [-1012 to -990] He defeated Philistines, conquered all of Canaan, and unified Hebrews. Jerusalem was capital. In the Bible, he fought the giant Goliath for Saul, became king of Israel after Saul, loved Bathsheba, and wrote Psalms. Yaska philosopher Gandhara (Kandahar), India -1000 to 1 Vedic Grammar or Etymologies [-1000 to 1: commentary on Nighantu, the Rig-veda glossary] He was Scholiast. Vedas are spiritual knowledge, mythology, and Yajna Mantras (Ritual Mantras). Deva means donor, luminous, and heaven resident {Dyusthan}. Devas are Agni in earth, Vayu or Indra in sky, and Surya (Sun) in heaven. Solomon king Israel -967 to -935 Aramaic Edomites became independent. He rebuilt Jerusalem. Adadnirari II king Assyria -911 to -891 He started late Assyrian civilization. Yajnavalkya philosopher/astronomer Mithila, Nepal -900 to -800 Upanishads or Near Down Sit or Sitting down near guru [-900 to -800: commentary on Veda theory is in Vedanta and has 108 conversations among masters and disciples]; Yajnavalkya [-900 to -800] He wrote most Upanishads. His disciples were Gargi Vacaknavi and Vidagdha Shakalya. Hindu texts can be about guru's teaching to disciple {upanishad, guru}. Upanishads are part of the Hindu Shruti (Revealed) scriptures and are about meditation and philosophy. Veda Brahmana or Aranyaka added older Upanishads. Recent Upanishads were separate. Manu, Brihaspati, Ayasya and Narada are Vedic sages in Upanishads. Yajnavalkya is in most Upanishads. He taught negating thoughts {neti-neti} to reach truth. Uddalaka Aruni, Shwetaketu, Shandilya, Aitareya, Pippalada, and Sanat Kumara are other sages in Upanishads. The oldest and longest conversation is Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad or Great and Secret Teachings of the Forest, about world and humans. Manukya Upanishad is about "silence" {manukya} and the syllable OM. The Upanishads include Questions, Lord, and By Whom? Upanishads use metaphors, such as metaphor of the chariot and metaphor of two birds on one tree. 95-year cycles synchronize Sun and Moon cycles. Yajna means sacrifice. Lycurgus founder/lawgiver Sparta, Greece -885 to -825 Rhetras or Constitution of Sparta [-825: harsh and strict law] He lived -885 and -825, reformed constitution to create the harsh Spartan way, and founded military oligarchy with harsh laws. Omri king Israel -878 to -871 Samaria was capital. Ahab king Israel -871 to -852 He married the Phoenician Jezebel, so Baal became worshiped, not Yahweh. The prophet Elijah was against him. Jehu king Israel -871 to -852 Elijah helped him, and he restored worship of Yahweh. Ashurnasirpal III emperor Mesopotamia -850 He began New Assyrian Empire by conquering to Mediterranean. Homer poet Chios, Greece -850 Iliad [-850]; Odyssey [-850] He lived -900 to -850 and described ancient Greek laws. George Chapman translated [1611 to 1616]. Athaliah king Judaea -845 to -839 Kingdom of Judah worshiped Baal, not Yahweh. He killed descendants of former kings. Parsvanatha philosopher India -820 to -772 He lived -872 to -772 and was the 23rd Jainist saint. Shalmaneser III emperor Mesopotamia -800 New Assyrian Empire took Syria and Palestine. Baudhayana writer/Vedic priest/craftsman India -770 to -750 Discourses on Altar Construction [-770 to -750: about altar construction] He lived -800 to -740 and wrote book about altar construction {Sulbasutra}, which required pi and square root of two and constructed circles from rectangles and squares from circles. Romulus founder Rome, Italy -753 to -716 By legend, he founded Rome. Tiglath Pileser III emperor Mesopotamia -750 New Assyrian Empire took Babylonia, Media, and Syria. Hezekiah king Judaea -725 to -697 He was king of Judah. Sargon II emperor Assyria -722 to -705 New Assyrian Empire took Samaria [-722], Carcemish, Babylon, and west Kurdistan. He built Khorsabad as capital. He conquered Israel [-720]. Manava Vedic priest/craftsman India -720 Discourses on Altar Construction [-720: about altar construction] He lived -750 to -690 and constructed circles from rectangles and squares from circles. Numa Pompilius king Rome, Italy -715 to -673 He was legendary peaceful king. Sennacherib emperor Assyria -705 to -681 New Assyrian Empire destroyed Babylon [-689]. He also defeated Egypt [-690], Cyprus, Cilicia, and Syria and exacted tribute from Jerusalem. He built capital at Nineveh. Hesiod poet Greece -700 Theogony or Genealogy of the Gods [-700]; Works and Days [-700: didactic poetry] He lived 730 to ? and was from Boeotia. Necho I or Nekhao Memkheperre king Egypt -690 to -664 He lived -710 to -664. Esar-Haddon emperor Mesopotamia/Egypt -680 to -669 New Assyrian Empire defeated Chaldeans and took control in Egypt [-673 to -670]. Ashurbanipal or Sardanapalus or Asnapper emperor Assyria -668 to -626 He took Elam [-646] and destroyed Thebes, Egypt.