AN ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF WILD HERB USE IN BULGARIA

BY

KERRY L. PLOETZ

submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN FORESTRY

MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

2000 The thesis, “An Ethnobotanical Study of Wild Herb Use in Bulgaria”, is hereby approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN

FORESTRY.

School of Forestry and Wood Products

Signatures:

Thesis Advisor:______Blair Orr Dean:______Glenn Mroz Date:______

ii TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page LIST OF FIGURES ……………….………………………………………………. v

LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………… vi

ABSTRACT……………………….………………………………………………. ix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION….…………………………………………….. 1

CHAPTER 2 STUDY AREA………….…………………………………………4

Geography and Mineral Resources…………………………………………4 Climate……………………………………….……………………………..6 Flora and Fauna……………………………….…………………………….6 Environmental Issues……………………………………………………….7 Demographics……………………………………………………………… 8 Agriculture…………………………………………………………………. 9 Industry………………………………………….…………………………. 9 Language……………………………………………………………………10 Education………………………………………….……………………….. 10 History……………………………………………………………………... 10 Herb Use, Personal and Commercial ……………………………………....12

CHAPTER 3 METHODS…………………………………………………..……14

Survey Design………………………………………………………………14 Survey Distribution…………………………………………………………16 Town Descriptions……………………………………………………….…16 Survey Data Compilation……………………………………………...……26 Potential Problems……………………………………………………….… 27

CHAPTER 4 GENERAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………...…29

Short Answer………………………………………………………….…… 33

iii CHAPTER 5 THE FIFTEEN MOST COMMONLY USED HERBS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………………………….……37

Descriptions of the Fifteen Most Commonly Used Herbs…………….……40

CHAPTER 6 REGIONAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………….……… 47

Regional Differences of Individual Herb Use…………………………...… 49 Regional Differences for Methods of Acquiring Herbs………………….…59 Regional Differences of Uses of Herbs……………………………….…… 63 Regional Conclusions……………………………………………………… 67

CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………… 73

LITERATURE CITED…………………………………………………………..… 75

APPENDIX 1 SAMPLE SURVEY…………………………………………….… 77

APPENDIX 2 DATA FOR EACH OF THE 21 SURVEY SETS…………...……82

iv LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. Bulgaria within Europe………………………………………………….…….. 5 2. Bulgaria…………………………………………………………………………5 3. Cities Surveyed and Regional Distribution………………………………..….. 19 4. Areas Where Medicinal Plants are Threatened…………………………………57

v LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Age Structure of Bulgarians………………………………………………….…8 2. Town Information……………………………………………………………… 17 3. Average Herb Use and Population According to Town……………………..… 30 4. Average Percentages of How Herbs are Acquired for Each Town………….… 31 5. Average Percentages of How Herbs are Used for Each Town……………..….. 32 6. The Fifteen Most Commonly Used Herbs and the Percentages of Surveys That Indicated Use of Them…………………………………………………… 38 7. Average Percentages of Methods of Acquisition for the Fifteen Most Commonly Used Herbs………………………………………..…………..……39 8. Average Percentages of How the Fifteen Most Commonly Used Herbs are Used………………………………………………………………………….… 40 9. Average Herb Use According to Region…………………………………….… 48 10. Herbs with Significant Chi Square Values in the Pirin Mountains Region….…49 11. Herbs with Significant Chi Square Values in the Rila Mountains Region…..…50 12. Herbs with Significant Chi Square Values in the Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains Region………………………………………………………51 13. Herbs with significant Chi Square Values in the Plains South of the Balkan Mountains Region………………………………………………………………52 14. Herbs with Significant Chi Square Values in the Rhodope Mountains Region.. 53 15. Herbs with Significant Chi Square Values in the Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains Region……………………………………………………... 55 16. Significant Chi Square Values for Methods of Acquiring Herbs for the Pirin Mountains Region………………………………………………………………59 17. Significant Chi Square Values for Methods of Acquiring Herbs for the Rila Mountains Region………………………………………………………………60 18. Significant Chi Square Values for Methods of Acquiring Herbs for the Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains Region………………………..60 19. Significant Chi Square Values for Methods of Acquiring Herbs for the Plains South of the Balkan Mountains Region…………………………….………..…61 20. Significant Chi Square Values for Methods of Acquiring Herbs for the Rhodope Mountains Region….……………………………………...……..….. 61 21. Significant Chi Square Values for the Methods of Acquiring Herbs for the Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains Region……………………… 62 22. Significant Chi square Values for the Uses of Herbs for the Pirin Mountains Region……………………………………………………….………………….63 23. Significant Chi Square Values for the Uses of Herbs for the Rila Mountains Region…………………………………………………………………………..64 24. Significant Chi Square Values for the Uses of Herbs for the Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains Region……………………..………………… 64 25. Significant Chi Square Values for the Uses of Herbs for the Plains South of the Balkan Mountains Region………………………………..…………………65

vi 26. Significant Chi Square Values for the Uses of Herbs for the Rhodope Mountains Region………………………………………………………………66 27. Significant chi Square Values for the Uses of Herbs for the Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains Region………………………………..……… 66 28. Summary of Regional Data…………………………………..…………………68

vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I cannot express enough gratitude to my advisor, Blair Orr, for his unending assistance and support throughout my graduate career in the “The Loret Miller Ruppe Peace Corps Masters International Program in Forestry at Michigan Technological University”. While serving in Bulgaria, he kept me connected to the home front and provided invaluable words of wisdom. Since my return Blair has made sure I kept on track with what once seemed an insurmountable task, completing my masters. I would also like to thank the remainder of my committee; Peg Gale for giving me the opportunity to broaden my horizons by assisting her in a wetlands study and for always giving an encouraging smile and kind words; Jim Pickens for providing some friendly advice or a humorous story when I needed to hear something uplifting; and to Ron Gratz, for his valuable suggestions and for understanding and supporting the Peace Corps experience. Thank you all for your support, time, and critiques. A warm thank you to Janet Locatelli, a resourceful librarian, for finding some obscure information that I had lost hope of ever finding. Bulgaria is a beautiful country with warm people and a diverse environment. My service in Peace Corps would not have been as enjoyable or as rewarding without my friends there. I would especially like to thank Silvia, Ivanka, and Stephen Angelova, our Bulgarian family, for their constant support and generosity. I will always cherish our friendship and remember the daily acts of kindness you gave. Special thanks to Ani and Gergana for their friendship. This study would not have been possible without the Peace Corps Volunteers that administered the surveys, and the Peace Corps Bulgaria office for their assistance. Many thanks! Lastly, I would like to thank my family. All of you have contributed with your love and support. Thank you Mom, for supporting me throughout college and life, and for teaching me how important it is to enjoy whatever I choose to do. Larry and Denise, thank you for your editing skills and all of your support. Special thanks to Jeff, for loving Peace Corps and Bulgaria as much as I do, looking forward to our next adventure together, and for sharing the grueling process of writing a thesis with me.

viii ABSTRACT

Bulgaria is a country rich in history, culture and traditions which include the use of herbs. Herbs are commonly used throughout Bulgaria for medicinal purposes, in the preparation of food, and as decoration. Bulgaria is a country in political, economic, and cultural transition. Many privatized herb companies opened after the fall of communism; a high unemployment rate led to a larger available work force for collecting. Bulgaria is currently the largest exporter of herbs in Europe.

Herbs play an integral part in the Bulgarian household. I decided to design an ethnobotanical study to learn which herbs are used, how they are used, and the methods used to acquire them. I also wanted to learn if the local people believe herbs are threatened, and if they do, what are those threats? To accomplish these goals, I designed a multiple choice format survey, listing 128 herbs and short answer questions, that would be administered by other Peace Corps Volunteers. In this way a wide range of towns throughout Bulgaria could be surveyed.

Nineteen towns were surveyed. The responses indicate that herbs are primarily used medicinally and in the preparation of food. The people surveyed indicated that herbs play an important role in their families and that Bulgarians are knowledgeable on various uses of herbs, traditional and modern. The responses also indicated that

Bulgarians are concerned about the abundance of herbs because of problems associated with herb companies, improper gathering techniques, pollution, and deforestation.

Results from the nineteen towns surveyed show that fifteen herbs are commonly used in Bulgaria. These herbs are primarily popular medicinal species or are commonly

ix used in traditional Bulgarian cuisine. These herbs usually have a widespread natural range or can be easily cultivated and are readily available to most of the population.

Even though some herbs are commonly used throughout Bulgaria, there are significant regional differences of herb use. Fourteen of the towns were grouped into six geographic regions. The distinct regions use varying amounts of herbs, different individual herbs, and have different uses for and methods of acquiring herbs. Local topography, natural diversity of herbs in proximity to the regions, and traditional knowledge all affect regional use of herbs.

x Motherland beloved, with beauty so supreme!

Your boundless skies unfold their wondrous azure!

Your fleeting images enchant so like a treasure!

Every glance reveals fresh marvels yet unseen:

Here merry valleys, yonder giant mountains,

The land profuse with flowers, the sky with diamonds abounds…

Motherland beloved, with beauty so supreme!

Is there a country more generous in colour, in largesse?

You are a crucible replete with kindness and grace:

Bread, roses, nectar, flowers, fruit and lace,

The radiance of the East, the South’s lush caress,

Your forests are endowed with harmony and calm,

The valleys full of blossoms, the bosom full of charm.

Is there a country more generous in colour, in largesse?

Motherland, are you not worthy of devotion?

What wanderer ever left you not uttering a sigh?

Ivan Vazov

xi CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

During my first year in Bulgaria I spent time observing the people and the culture that surrounded me. I came to the conclusion that herbs are an integral part in most

Bulgarians’ lives. They use them medicinally, for cooking, decoration, and to generate income. I decided to design an ethnobotanical study, using a survey, that could be used to determine which herbs Bulgarians used most, how they are acquired and how they are used.

According to Martin (1995), ethnobotany is defined as the study of people’s classification, management and use of plants. Ethnobotanical studies can be applied almost anywhere because plants are an integral part of many societies. The study of ethnobotany can include many fields of research - botany, biochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, medicine, nutrition, agriculture, ecology, evolution, religion, sociology, anthropology, linguistics, history and archaeology. Therefore, there are numerous approaches and applications of ethnobotanical studies (Alexiades, 1996).

The following passage from the Encyclopedia of World Cultures (Bennett,1992) describes what I observed, and what Bulgarians described to me.

“Treatment for illness traditionally included a variety of possibilities: religious actions, such as drinking holy water and kissing icons; non-Christian magical incantations believed to counter or exorcise evil forces; herbal treatments using local plants and their products (such as garlic, wine, and brandy); and consulting a physician. Traditionally, the last option was the last resort, but in contemporary Bulgaria it is more often the first response to sickness, though often in combination with folk treatments.”

1 In the following chapter I will discuss the study area, Bulgaria. I will begin by discussing the geography and environment of Bulgaria, followed by the demographics information, agriculture, industry, and education. I will conclude with a brief section on

Bulgaria’s history, including a history of their herb practices.

The methods will be described in Chapter 3. The methods are split into five sections; survey design, survey distribution, town descriptions, survey data compilation, and potential problems. I will begin by discussing how I designed and then distributed the surveys. A brief description of each of the nineteen towns that participated will be given. A section follows this on the methods used to compile and analyze the data.

Chapter 3 concludes by addressing potential problems with the methodology.

In Chapter 4 I will describe the data collected from the nineteen towns that were surveyed and then discuss those results. This includes the average number of herbs used in each to town, along with the population information. Statistically, population size and herb use are correlated. Herb use data, and methods of acquiring herbs for each town are also presented in this chapter. Results from the short answer section of the survey are included in this chapter.

Chapter 5 focuses on the acquisition and uses of the fifteen most commonly used herbs. The chapter concludes with a description of each of the fifteen most commonly used herbs and a discussion of why these herbs are frequently used in Bulgaria.

The regional results will be presented in Chapter 6. Fourteen of the towns were grouped into six distinct geographic regions to determine if towns in specific regions share patterns of herb use. This will include regional results of how many herbs are used, methods of acquiring herbs, and what the herbs are used for. In this chapter I will discuss

2 individual herbs that are used significantly more or significantly less in a particular region compared to the other towns and the reasons for these differences.

I will briefly discuss conclusions in the final chapter. This is followed by appendices with a sample survey form and the original data from each of the 21 survey sets.

3 CHAPTER 2

STUDY AREA

Though only the size of Ohio, Bulgaria is a country rich in history and culture and diverse in climate, flora, and fauna. The traditional use of herbs, recent economic and political transition, and ecological diversity makes Bulgaria an intriguing study area - the traditional lifestyle merges with modern economy. This chapter provides the background on Bulgaria necessary to understand the context in which the study of herb use was undertaken.

GEOGRAPHY AND MINERAL RESOURCES

This study was conducted in Bulgaria, a country located in Eastern Europe between 41°14′ and 44°13′N and 22°21′ and 28°26′E (Bennett, 1992). Bulgaria is

110,993.6 square kilometers and is bordered by Romania (608 km of border), Serbia

(318km), Macedonia (148 km), Greece (494 km), Turkey (240km) and the Black Sea

(354km) (CIA, 1998) (Figures 1 and 2). There is much diversity in the landforms, dominated by mountains in the central and southern parts of the country and the Danube plains in the north. The average altitude is 470 meters (Republic of Bulgaria, 1998). The highest point, at 2925m, is Mount Musala in the Rhodope Mountains. The lowest point, at 0m, is found in the Black Sea (CIA, 1998). The Balkan Mountains, 530 km long, divides the country into two parts, the north and the south. Its highest elevation is 2376 m, and the average elevation is 722m (ICN, 1998).

4 Figure 1: Bulgaria within Europe (www.heritagefilms.com)

Figure 2: Bulgaria (www.bulgaria-embassy.org/map.htm)

5 Brown coal, also known as lignite, iron ore, copper, zinc, lead, oil, and natural gas are the chief mineral resources in Bulgaria (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

CLIMATE

The climate of Bulgaria is classified as moderate continental, but varies when close to the Black Sea or in the mountains (Republic of Bulgaria, 1998). A

Mediterranean influence is found in the southern regions of Bulgaria (Bulgarian Travel

Guide, 2000). The Balkan Range provides a barrier to the cold northern air currents.

This produces the effect of cold winters and hot summers in the northern areas, especially the Danubian Plain. The areas south of the Balkan Mountains have average temperatures that are several degrees higher and with smaller variations, a climate favorable for agriculture (Nachev and Velchev, 1999). The average annual air temperature of Bulgaria is 10.5° C. The highest recorded temperature was 45.2° C and the lowest temperature was –38.3° C (ICN, 1998).

The average annual rainfall is between 450 to 1300 mm. Rainfall is highest in the mountains and western Bulgaria. Snow is rarely seen along the Black Sea coast, but snow usually is found in the high mountains for 200 days (ICN, 1998).

FLORA AND FAUNA

Bulgaria allocates a large percentage of its land for reserves. There are three national parks and 89 reserves or protected areas. The diversity of landforms and climate lead to a variety of vegetation. These areas help support over 12,350 plant species, including many endemics (Republic of Bulgaria, 1998). There are 270 plants endemic to

6 Bulgaria and 285 plant species unique to the Balkan Peninsula (ICN, 1998). About one third of Bulgaria is covered by forests (Nachev and Velchev, 1999). The most common trees are oak, beech, elm, white pine, black pine, spruce and fir. Grass communities cover about 15% of Bulgaria (ICN, 1998: Apostolova and Slavova, 1997).

Bulgaria contains about 15,000 animal species. Plain regions host the majority of the animal species. Foxes, squirrels, hedgehogs, weasels, polecats and bats can be found throughout the country. Wild cats, wild boars, bears, badgers, rabbits, mountain goats, wolves, deer, eagles, vultures and woodpeckers can be found in the mountains. The swamps along the Danube River and the Black Sea coast are rich in birds, such as pelicans, ibis, herons, cormorants, gulls and ducks. Storks are abundant in most towns, on old smokestacks of abandoned factories. Balkan trout, pike, sheat-fish and various carp are the most common freshwater fishes. Crabs, black mussel, grey mullet, mackerel, seals and three dolphin species are found in the Black Sea (ICN, 1998).

Most Bulgarian wildlife books and publications list all these species of animals as being common in Bulgaria. There are many protected areas where hunting is prohibited.

In reality, poaching is a serious threat to Bulgaria’s fauna. With a high unemployment rate, many Bulgarians need to hunt because they cannot afford to buy meat. During my

27 months in Bulgaria, with much time spent hiking, I saw a total of two deer, two rabbits, and a squirrel. The birds were plentiful.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

The most common natural hazards in Bulgaria are earthquakes and landslides.

Non-natural environmental problems include air pollution due to industrial and auto

7 emissions; rivers polluted with raw sewage, heavy metals, and detergents; deforestation; forest damage caused by air pollution and acid rain; soil contamination from heavy metals and industrial waste (CIA, 1998).

DEMOGRAPHICS

The population of Bulgaria is 8,194,772, but there is an annual population decline of 0.52%. The death rate is higher than the birth rate. With the fall of communism the unemployment rate increased. Bulgarians have said they do not have the money to have children. Another reason for the population decline is that most Bulgarians, when given the chance, will emigrate to other countries. The age structure of Bulgarians is shown in

Table 1.

Table 1: Age structure of Bulgarians Age Bracket (yrs) % of population 0-14 16 15-64 68 65+ 16

The average age in Bulgaria will continue to increase because of the low birth rate. The average life expectancy is about 72 years old (CIA, 1998).

The majority of the people are ethnic Bulgarians (86%), while 9% are Turkish and

4% are Roma (Embassy of Bulgaria, U.S., 2000). The minority population is growing.

According to statistics from 1956 ethnic Bulgarians comprised 90% of the total population, 6% were Turkish, and 4% were all other minorities including Roma,

Russians, Romanians, and Armenians (The Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations,

1960). Most Roma people will tell you that they have larger numbers than reported, but that the Bulgarians do not include them in the census. The predominant religion is

8 Bulgarian Christian Orthodox. Sixty-seven percent of the population currently resides in urban areas compared to 33.5% living in urban areas in 1956 (Embassy of Bulgaria, U.S.,

2000: The Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, 1960). The future of many villages is in question because of the mass migration to urban areas. Many villages have primarily elderly residents (Bennett, 1992; Creed, 1998).

AGRICULTURE

Agricultural crops are important to the economy of Bulgaria. Bulgaria was considered an agricultural country until World War II. Agricultural products account for about 15% of Bulgaria’s GNP, and about 20% of the total work force (The Columbia

Gazetteer of the World, 1998). The mild climate and fertile soils give way to a variety of vegetables, fruits and tobacco (Nachev and Velchev, 1999). Bulgaria is the fourth largest exporter of tobacco in the world (U.S. Department of State, 1999). Other important crops are wheat, corn, barley, sunflowers, sugar beets, and grapes (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). Bulgaria is also well known for its rose oil, wine, brandy, and yogurt.

INDUSTRY

Bulgaria has been considered an industrial country since the end of World War II.

In 1939 industry accounted for only 25% of Bulgaria’s GNP, by 1957 it was 68% (The

Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, 1960). Industries that are important to the economy include textiles, metallurgical products, chemical products, building materials, machinery, electronics, food processing, and steel production (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998: Nachev and Velchev, 1999: U.S. Department of State, 1999).

9 LANGUAGE

The official language is Bulgarian, a Slavic language using the Cyrillic alphabet.

The literacy rate is 98%. In 863 AD, two Christian monks that were brothers, Cyril and

Methodius created the alphabet by mixing Latin and Greek letters. This new alphabet is thought to have helped spread Christianity to other areas in Eastern Europe in the 9th century (Embassy of Bulgaria, U. S., 2000). Today, the Cyrillic alphabet is also used in the languages of Russia, Serbia, Macedonia, and the former Soviet republics. Bulgarians take great pride in this and celebrate Cyril and Methodius Day every year with parades and other festivities.

EDUCATION

Attending school is required for children from 7 to 16 years old and is free at public schools. Students choose their career path when entering seventh grade. They can chose to attend a trade school, a mathematics school, or a language school. Most of the math and language schools prepare the students for college. Students need to pass an exam to be admitted into the “better” schools. A university education is free to those students who qualify on a competitive nation-wide exam, but the majority of students pay tuition. Sofia University located in the capital, Sofia, is the oldest in the country, founded in 1888 (ICN, 1998).

HISTORY

The Thracians previously inhabited the territory now known as Bulgaria in the 6th century BC and the Roman Empire conquered them in the 5th century AD. The

10 beginnings of Bulgaria as an independent country began in 681 AD, when it was founded by the Slavs and the proto-Bulgars (Republic of Bulgaria, 1998). It became the most powerful country in Eastern Europe in the late 9th and 10th century. Its reign came to an end in the centuries to follow due to conflicts with Magyars, Serbs, Russians, the

Byzantine Empire, and, especially, the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire ruled

Bulgaria for almost 500 years, from 1396 to 1878 (Embassy of Bulgaria, U.S., 2000).

The Ottoman Empire was, and still is, accused of many war atrocities and of trying to destroy Bulgaria’s culture and religion. To this day, many Bulgarians hold a strong dislike for Turkey and the Turkish people. They refer to that period as the “Turkish

Yoke”.

The Ottoman Empire retreated from Bulgaria in 1878 after Russia defeated them in the War of Liberation. Bulgaria formally declared independence in 1908, despite interference from Russia, the Ottoman Empire and other Balkan States. The government was unstable, as parties struggled for power. During the next 36 years, there would be many different leaders. The USSR invaded Bulgaria in 1944 and placed the Fatherland

Front (the Communist Party) in power. Georgi Dimitrov became the first Communist

Prime Minister of Bulgaria, winning 70% of the vote in a questionable election (Embassy of Bulgaria, U.S., 2000). As a result, all the private enterprises and banks were nationalized, and all of the farmable land became part of cooperative farms (Republic of

Bulgaria, 1998). Bulgaria was a close ally of the Soviet Union for the next 42 years.

Todor Zhivkov, the second Communist Prime Minister, was overthrown by his own men in 1989. They renamed themselves the Bulgarian Socialist Party, but were later overthrown by a transitional coalition government in 1990. Bulgaria is currently a

11 parliamentary republic whose power belongs to the people through elected representatives. They adopted a constitution in July of 1991 that “…provides for a multi- party, parliamentary system and free elections on the basis of universal suffrage”

(Embassy of Bulgaria, U.S., 2000). During this time, the property and businesses that had been seized were slowly reinstated to the previous owners. Zhelyu Zhelev was

Bulgaria’s first president freely elected by the people. He served until 1997. Peter

Stoyanov of the United Democratic Forces party is the current president. Bulgaria is still going through the difficult transition of government, economy, and culture.

Many Bulgarians still consider themselves communists and want to return to that system of government. The standard of living fell by about 40% after the fall of communism because the Bulgarian economy had been closely tied to the Soviet market

(U.S. Department of State, 1999). Under communism everyone was employed and there were not the class distinctions that exist now. As of March of 2000, 18.5% of the population that were able to work, were unemployed (Embassy of Bulgaria, U.S., 2000).

HERB USE, PERSONAL AND COMMERCIAL

Under communism people could collect herbs in small quantities for personal use or to sell in small quantities at the town vegetable markets, but they could not collect herbs to sell on a large scale. With the privatization of businesses, herb companies began to open throughout the country. The high unemployment rate led to an increased available labor force capable of gathering the herbs. It is a normal practice for herb companies to drive collectors to an area where a specific herb is known to grow. Herb companies pay the gatherers by the weight of the herbs they bring in. This encourages

12 the herb gatherers to pick the entire plant, including the roots, and to pick all of the herbs in a given area. The workers are usually not from the area where they are collecting, so they do not feel local responsibility towards the area. As a result, sustainable collecting methods are not practiced. Of all the European countries, Bulgaria is the largest exporter of medicinal herbs. It ranks among the largest herb exporting countries in the world.

Each year, Bulgaria exports between ten and fifteen tons of herbs (Aladzhem, 2000).

It is possible that the current commercial production of herbs could alter the natural ecological dynamics of herbs in Bulgaria and shift the ways Bulgarians view and use herbs. Certain herbs may be viewed as a possible income source, and they will be collected and sold to herb companies instead of being used locally. This can result in an area devoid of economically valuable herbs, possibly affecting the people that live in nearby communities who traditionally use those herbs.

I felt a study of current home use of herbs would be an important area of study.

The meaning of the word herb, as used in this study, refers to flora that is used by people.

Herbs are usually plants and shrubs but can include trees if the leaves or fruit are used.

How are herbs used in the Bulgarian household and do Bulgarians think herbs are threatened in their local environment? The study was conducted in many towns throughout Bulgaria to determine if there are significant regional or local differences in herb use. The next chapter describes the methods used to conduct the study.

13 CHAPTER 3

METHODS

I wanted to create and distribute a survey to a wide range of villages throughout

Bulgaria to learn about the role that herbs play in the Bulgarian household. This broad goal led to several subsidiary questions. Which herbs are used most often and for what uses? Are there regional differences in the use of herbs? Is a local Bulgarian’s use of herbs affected by the privatization of herb companies? Do the local people think the herbs of Bulgaria are threatened, and if they do, what are those threats?

A survey that covered the different regions, reduced respondent bias, and could be efficiently administered was needed. I used multiple choice format questionnaires administered by other Peace Corps Volunteers. This chapter is divided into five sections; survey design, survey distribution, town descriptions, survey data compilation, and potential problems.

SURVEY DESIGN

I designed a survey that was applicable to all towns in Bulgaria, by listing herbs from all the different areas of Bulgaria. The surveys could be distributed to many different towns in Bulgaria to get a wider-spread response in comparison with developing a locally targeted survey.

The survey listed 128 herbs found in Bulgaria. I used the book Bilkosubirane,

Rukovodctvo za Brane i Purvichna Prerabotka na Lechebni Rasteneya (Asenov et al.,

1998) to create the herb list. This book lists herbs from every region in Bulgaria. The

14 survey listed the herbs using their common Bulgarian name, their Latin name and the common English name. The first column is marked if the person surveyed uses the herb.

The following column is to indicate how they are acquired. Are they grown in a garden, purchased, or gathered from the local environment? The next column asks if the person surveyed sells the herb. If they do, are they sold at the town bazaar or to an herb company? The final column is used to indicate what the herb is used for. The possibilities are medicinal, food, decoration or other.

The last page of the survey consists of short answer questions. These questions are to determine if certain herbs are becoming increasingly rare or more expensive, and what percentage of a family’s income is dependent on herbs. The questions focus on changes in the last decade, since the fall of communism and the privatization of businesses including herb companies. These questions are:

1. Have some herbs become more expensive in the past 10 years? Which ones?

2. Have some herbs become more difficult to find in the local environment in the

past 10 years? Which ones?

3. Are there any herbs your family used to use, which you can no longer find to

purchase or gather? Which ones?

4. What percentage of your family’s income is from selling herbs?

5. Does your family think the abundance of Bulgaria’s herbs is threatened?

These questions were written in English so they could be used as an English assignment for other Peace Corps Volunteers. A sample survey form is in Appendix 1.

15 SURVEY DISTRIBUTION

I distributed sets of surveys, along with additional information teachers could use to create an informative lesson about herbs, their uses and how they are abused in nature, to Peace Corps Volunteers in other towns. Most of the volunteers were English teachers and they gave the surveys to one Bulgarian class, at the high school level, as an English assignment which was to be completed at home with the students’ families. In this way, the student becomes the interviewer when he or she brings the survey home and discusses it with the family (Sutton and Orr, 1991). The volunteers that were not English teachers distributed them to colleagues, friends, eco-clubs, NGO’s, etc. I supplied these volunteers with copies of the survey in Bulgarian. In this way I could get a wide sampling of surveys from various regions in Bulgaria. I gave a set to any volunteer that was willing to distribute them.

The volunteers that participated were from the following towns: Bansko,

Blagoevgrad, Karjdali, Kyustendil, Lovech, Nova Zagora, Pernik, Plovdiv, Razgrad,

Samokov, Saparevo Banya, Sevlievo, Silistra, Smolyan, Svoge, Tryavna, Velingrad,

Vratsa, and Yambol. The population size, location within Bulgaria, and coordinates of each town are shown in Table 2.

TOWN DESCRIPTIONS

Fourteen of the towns were grouped into six distinct regions based on geographic location. The remaining towns were in isolated locations and could not be placed in a group. The regions are: Pirin Mountains, composed of Bansko and Blagoevgrad; Rila

Mountains, consisting of Samokov and Saparevo Banya; Rhodope Mountains, consisting

16 Table 2: Town Information TOWN POPULATION* LOCATION IN COORDINATES BULGARIA Bansko 9,292 SW 41°1'N 23°29'E Blagoevgrad 72,853 SW 42°02’N 23°05’E Karjdali 46,767 SC 41°39'N 25°22'E Kyustendil 54,452 SW 42°16'N 22°41'E Lovech 48,528 NC 43°09'N 24°43'E Nova Zagora 26,367 SE 42°30'N26°00'E Pernik 91,075 SW 42°35'N 23°00'E Plovdiv 345,205 SW 42°08'N 24°45'E Razgrad 41,658 NE 43°31'N 26°32'E Samokov 28,702 SW 42°20'N23°35'E Saparevo Banya 4,583 SW 42°17'N 23°16'E Sevlievo 25,558 NC 43°01'N 25°05'E Silistra 48,287 NE 44°07'N 27°16'E Smolyan 34,627 SW 41°35'N 24°42'E Svoge 8,288 NW 42°58'N 23°19'E Tryavna 12,398 NC 42°53'N 25°30'E Velingrad 25,887 SW 42°02'N 23°59'E Vratsa 76,947 NW 43°12'N 23°33'E Yambol 91,119 SE 42°28'N 26°30'E SW=SouthWest SC=SouthCentral SE=SouthEast NW=NorthWest NC=NorthCentral NE=NorthEast *Population numbers are based on 1993 data Population and Coordinate data are taken from The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998.

17 of Velingrad, Smolyan and Karjdali; Plains South of the Balkan Mountains, consisting of

Yambol and Nova Zagora; Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains, consisting of

Tryavna and Sevlievo; and the Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains, consisting of Lovech, Vratsa and Svoge. Figure 3 illustrates the locations of cities surveyed and these six regions.

Pirin Mountains Region

Bansko is a town of 9,292 people, located in the southwest quarter of Bulgaria in the Pirin Mountains (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). It is an agricultural town, with tobacco as an important crop (ICN, 1998). The industry of Bansko focuses on timber products, furniture, producing telephone equipment and woodworking. A wine factory is located here (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). Bansko is also well known to tourists, as an alpine skiing destination.

Blagoevgrad is located in the southwest quarter of Bulgaria in the Pirin

Mountains, with a mild Mediterranean climate (Blagoevgrad Municipality, 2000). The population is 72,853 (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). During 1985-87, the town center was rebuilt in the traditional soviet style, with concrete block buildings and concrete monuments. It is the administrative center of the Pirin region and hosts a variety of factories. Blagoevgrad produces most of Bulgaria’s cigarettes at the Pirin Tobacco

Plant. Other important industries are machine building and electronics. It is the regional center for the national telecommunications company and the national television company

(Blagoevgrad Municipality, 2000). The regional hospital is also located here.

Blagoevgrad is home to the American University of Bulgaria, and as a result, has become

18 Figure 3: Cities Surveyed and Regional Distribution

19 westernized more quickly than other areas. This town is a hub for cultural events, with annual theater and music festivals. The Pirin Folk Ensemble of Blagoevgrad is the most well known folk music and dance troupe in Bulgaria.

Rila Mountains Region

Samokov is located in western Bulgaria on the Iskur River in the Rila Mountains

(Bousfield and Richardson, 1999). The population is 28,702. Samokov is 43km southeast of Sofia. It is an agriculture center, producing rye, oats, potatoes, fruit, livestock, and dairy farming. Samokov was home to a bomb and missile-making factory during the cold war and, consequently, this town’s economy was severely damaged with the fall of communism. The main industry is the lumber trade, with a state-run lumber business in town. Other industries include textiles and manufacturing electrotechnical plastics. There are coal and lime mines nearby. Many tourists pass through Samokov on their way to neighboring ski resorts (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). It is well known in Bulgaria for its art school specializing in painting (Webtourist, 1997).

Saparevo Banya is located in the southwest quarter of Bulgaria on the Dzherman

River, in the Rila Mountains. The population is 4,583. It is primarily known as a health resort and boasts the hottest springs in Bulgaria. Saparevo Banya produces a variety of fruits and there are many vineyards (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

Rhodope Mountains Region

Velingrad is located in southwest Bulgaria on the Chepinska River in the

Rhodope Mountains with an altitude of 750-850m above sea level (Webtourist, 1997).

20 The population of Velingrad is 25,887 (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). It is comprised of three former Pomak villages, Chepino, Luzhene, and Kamenitza that came together in 1949. It is well known as a health resort, with a wealth of hot mineral springs (Bousfield and Richardson, 1999). It is also an alpine skiing area (Webtourist,

1997). The main industries of Velingrad are building machine-processing equipment, manufacturing toys, and cutting marble (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

Smolyan, a town of 34,627 people, is located in south central Bulgaria in the

Rhodope Mountains on the Arda River. It is the highest major town in Bulgaria, at

1000m above sea level (Bousfield and Richardson, 1999). Smolyan is the economic and administrative center of the Rhodope Mountains (Webtourist, 1997). As an agricultural center, Smolyan specializes in tobacco, potatoes, livestock, and dairy farming. The main industries are metal and wood processing, construction materials, building furniture, and producing wine. A famous woodworking school is located here (The Columbia

Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

Karjdali is located in south central Bulgaria on the Arda River, in the Rhodope

Mountains. The population is 46,767. It was one of the last towns in Bulgaria to remain under the Ottoman rule, to this day it has a high population of Turkish-Bulgarians. The main industries include tobacco and food processing, lead and zinc smelting, textiles, and building auto engines. A teachers college is located here (The Columbia Gazetteer of the

World, 1998).

21 Plains South of the Balkan Mountains Region

Yambol is located in the southeast quarter of Bulgaria with a population of 91,119

(The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). During communism, the main industry was a polyester fiber plant, but Yambol is now reverting back to an agriculture region, with foreign investments helping establish new vineyards. Grain and livestock are other important agricultural products. Other industries include chemical production, machinery, construction materials, and food processing (The Columbia Gazetteer of the

World, 1998).

Nova Zagora is located south of the Balkan Mountains with a population of

26,367. It is an agricultural center, specializing in grain, cotton, livestock and tobacco.

The main industries of Nova Zagora are textiles, canning, and the construction and repair of agricultural machinery (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains Region

Tryavna is located in central Bulgaria in the Balkan Mountains, at an altitude of

450m and with a population of 12,398 (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998:

ICN, 1998). It is a town known for its woodworking and icon painting. Tryavna is home to a famous art school. Agriculture is important to this town, especially fruits, livestock, and horticulture. There are two former munition factories that have been converted to lamp and light bulb manufacturing. Other industries include machine fabrication, furniture, wool and cotton textiles, and marmalade and fruit canning (The Columbia

Gazetteer of the World, 1998). One of Bulgaria’s few tuberculosis centers for children is located in Tryavna.

22 Sevlievo is located in central Bulgaria, in the Balkan Mountains. It is a market center for fruit, grain and livestock. This town has been labeled by Bulgarians as the

“Hong Kong of Bulgaria”. In 1993, the population was 25,558 but locals say it has grown to over 30,000 by 1999. The main industries are manufacturing wire, construction materials, and plumbing fixtures (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). There are numerous foreign companies in town such as ABB, a Swedish company that produces electronics and two U.S. companies, The American Company and Ideal Standard. They produce ceramic bathroom fixtures such as toilets and showers. The unemployment rate of Sevlievo is very low.

Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains Region

Lovech is located in the north central area of Bulgaria in the foothills of the

Balkan Mountains on the Osum River. It has a population of 48,528 (The Columbia

Gazetteer of the World, 1998). Lovech is a grain and livestock center. The main industrial firm is Balkan, which manufactures textiles and bicycles. They are downsizing rapidly and the unemployment rate has reportedly risen to 25% (Lovech, 2000). Other industries include auto assembly, manufacturing iron parts, electric tools, leather goods, plastic, and furniture (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

The town of Vratsa sits in the foothills of the Balkan Mountains in the northwest quarter of Bulgaria. It has a population of 76,947. Vratsa is a commercial and crafts center with the main industries of iron smelting, electric forklift manufacturing, and cotton and silk textile processing (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

23 Svoge is located at the mouth of the Iskrets River, in the foothills of the Balkan

Mountains in the Northwest quarter of Bulgaria. It is 29km north of Sofia. The population is 8,288. Svoge is a health resort because of their thermal springs. Many people from Sofia visit because of the proximity of the town. The main industries of the town are ceramics and chocolate (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

Individual Towns, Not Placed in a Region

Kyustendil is located in western Bulgaria, close to the border of Macedonia with an altitude of 510-530m. 54,452 people live here (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World,

1998). The climate is continental with a Mediterranean influence. The mild weather and fertile plains are reasons for its successful agriculture (Webtourist, 1997: Bousfield and

Richardson, 1999). Kyustendil is a market center for fruits and other agricultural products. The industries include sheet iron, wire, shoes, building furniture, and knitting.

Tourists visit Kyustendil for the Turkish steam baths, heated by thermal springs (The

Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

Pernik is located in western Bulgaria on the Struma River, about 25-km southwest from Sofia with a population of 91,075. At the turn of the century, Pernik became

Bulgaria’s largest coal mining center, an industry that employed most of the local men.

During communism these miners received high wages and early retirement. Presently, the mining industry is failing and there is high rate of unemployment in Pernik. Other industries include smelting iron and steel, machine building, cement, a glassworks factory, and a power plant (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

24 Plovdiv, located in south central Bulgaria, on the Maritsa River, is the second largest city in Bulgaria with 345,205 people (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World,

1998). Plovdiv became Bulgaria’s largest marketplace center during the 1870’s when the railway between Europe and Istanbul was completed. In present times it is a business center, hosting the International Trade Fairs every May and September. It is also a transportation hub. Plovdiv has historically been the most liberal town in all of Bulgaria.

A state university and a medical college are located here. Plovdiv is a cultural center, attracting tourists with its art galleries, museums, craft workshops and Roman ruins

(Bousfield and Richardson, 1999: Hellander and Stanley, 1999). Every July, the

European Month of Culture is celebrated (Bulgarian Travel Guide, 2000). The major industries of Plovdiv include textiles, making carpets, manufacturing electronic equipment, leather working, food processing, and making steel products (The Columbia

Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

Razgad is located in northeastern Bulgaria on the Beli Lom River in the

Ludogorie hills, hills that separate the Balkan Mountains from the Danubian Plain. The population is 41,658 (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998). The town is characterized by many Turkish buildings and architecture (ICN, 1998). Razgrad is the cattle trading and agricultural center of this upland region. Grain, legumes, sunflowers, and lumber are all exported. The industries are tool and auto parts manufacturing, food processing, producing pharmaceuticals, glass, and porcelain (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

Silista is located on the border with Romania, in the northeast quarter of Bulgaria along the Danube River on the Danubian plain. The population is 48,287. The

25 economy of Silistra is tied to the port on the Danube River. Agricultural products include fruits, vegetables, livestock, and wine. From time immemorial to the present Silistra has been a supplier of grain to the southeast. The industries include textiles, furniture manufacturing, food and wood processing, and paper milling (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

SURVEY DATA COMPILATION

The surveys were distributed in December of 1998 and were returned by March of

1999. This is the winter season of Bulgaria, not a growing season of herbs. This is important because it would lessen the influence that currently growing herbs could have on the results. The people surveyed might be more apt to mark the herbs they are currently gathering or growing.

As the surveys were returned, I compiled each town’s data, making a master sheet for each set of surveys. In this way, data from the different towns and regions can be compared. Two towns, Silistra and Sevlievo, had two sets of surveys each. I combined these sets. With each master sheet, I calculated the average number of herbs used per town.

I performed the statistical test “Spearman’s coefficient of rank correlation” on the town’s average herb use and population size (Steele and Torrie, 1960). This was done to determine, statistically, if the data is consistent with a rank order correlation between population size and herb use.

For each town, I calculated how herbs were acquired. I calculated the average percentage of each of the three methods listed on the survey to collect herbs, for each

26 town. I also calculated the average percentage of each of the four uses of herbs that were listed on the survey, for each town.

I calculated the fifteen most commonly used herbs, from all surveys. I examined the average percent of how these herbs are acquired and what they are used for, using data from all the towns.

I calculated the average number of herbs used per region. To determine if certain regions used specific herbs significantly more or less than the average of the remaining towns, I performed chi-square tests of independence on each region with each individual herb on the survey (Freese, 1984). I also performed the chi-square tests of independence on each region’s data on how the total herbs used per region are acquired and how they are used, to determine if it differed statistically from the remaining towns.

POTENTIAL PROBLEMS

There are some inherent problems with the previously described method of designing and distributing the surveys. The primary problem is that I cannot be sure the information was collected in a consistent manner because 21 different volunteers administered sets of surveys. Fourteen of the volunteers were English teachers. I do not know if they gave the lesson on herbs before or after the surveys were completed. I assume the lesson has no or little impact on the results because the information in the lesson did not name any specific herbs. It was general information about the different parts of the herb that are used (roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits), and the different methods of how herbs are consumed (teas, creams, tinctures, food), and how herbs are abused in nature. The other seven volunteers were in the business or environmental

27 programs and did not give a lesson about herbs, and the short answer part of the survey was completed in Bulgarian instead of English. I assume this had little or no impact on the survey because of the rigidness of the survey.

This method employs many interviewers. The students can all be considered interviewers in this case because they brought the surveys home to question their families. According to Sutton and Orr (1991) multiple interviewers can be beneficial to a study because it allows for a variety of interviewing techniques and reduces the possibility that the results are biased by a principle interviewer’s way of questioning.

Also, an interview from a family member can elicit more complete responses compared to an interview from a stranger (Sutton and Orr, 1991).

I decided to distribute a multiple choice survey with an established list of herbs.

This is a potential problem because the results could have been different if the people surveyed were asked to list the herbs they use, freehand, without a set list. I determined this design was necessary because many people would be administering the survey and a more concrete survey would lead to more consistent results. According to Martin (1995), dichotomous and multiple choice questions are a way to investigate matters that have already been identified in non-formal ways, more intensely. A higher number of responses from this type of study have to be collected to obtain statistically significant results, compared to open-ended questions (Martin, 1995). I was not biased by listing specific herbs or only herbs from my region when making the survey. I listed all of the herbs from the book Bilkosubirane, Rukovodctvo za Brane i Purvichna Prerabotka na

Lechebni Rasteneya (Asenov et al., 1998), which has a comprehensive list of herbs from all regions of Bulgaria. This survey design is suited to gather a wide sampling of data from many towns in Bulgaria. The nationwide results are presented in Chapters 4, 5, and

6.

28 CHAPTER 4

GENERAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Herbs are an integral part of the Bulgarian household. They are primarily used medicinally and in the preparation of food. The responses of the people surveyed indicate that Bulgarians are knowledgeable on various uses of herbs, traditional and modern, and that herbs play an important role in their families. Bulgarians are aware of the increasing economic value of specific herbs and realize this along with problems associated with industrialization – pollution and deforestation, could threaten the abundance of herbs in Bulgaria.

In this chapter I will describe the results of the nineteen towns that were surveyed, the average number of herbs used by to town, along with the population information.

The results of the statistical test, Spearman’s coefficient of rank correlation, will be used to statistically indicate that population size and herb use are correlated. The data of the breakdown of how the towns acquire and use herbs is also presented in this chapter. I will also discuss the results from the short answer part of the survey.

Twenty-one sets of surveys were returned from nineteen different towns, for a total of 278 surveys. The original data for each survey set is shown in Appendix 2. The average number of herbs marked on each survey, from all towns, is 30.30 herbs. The number of herbs used varies greatly from town to town. Table 3 shows the towns, in order of the average number of herbs used per town, along with the number of surveys returned and population size.

The data indicates that a town’s average herb use is directly related to its

29 population size. Seventy percent of the top ten herb-using towns have a population below 35,000. Only 22.2% of the remaining towns, that use a lesser amount of herbs, have a population below 35,000. In Bulgaria, a town with less than 35,000 people is considered a relatively small town.

Using Spearman’s coefficient of rank correlation, the calculated t value is 2.073 and the critical test value of t is 1.734, with eighteen degrees of freedom at the 0.10 confidence level (Steele and Torrie, 1960). Since the calculated t statistic is greater than the test value of t, the null hypothesis is rejected and the data are consistent with a rank order correlation between small town size and the increased use of herbs.

Table 3: Average herb use and population according to town TOWN SURVEYS AVERAGE NUMBER POPULATION HERBS USED Nova Zagora 11 51.45 26,367 Velingrad 13 38.54 25,887 Vratsa 18 37.89 76,947 Lovech 19 37.79 48,528 Svoge 16 34.75 8,288 Karjdali 3 34.33 46,767 Bansko 2 34.0 9,292 Smolyan 24 33.71 34,627 Triyavna 24 32.63 12,398 Samokov 11 29.0 28,702 Sevlievo 22 27.71 25,558 Saparevo Banya 2 27.0 4,583 Silistra 29 25.92 48,287 Kyustendil 4 25.75 54,452 Pernik 10 25.7 91,075 Blagoevgrad 21 25.19 72,853 Yambol 19 23.63 91,119 Plovdiv 11 20.09 345,205 Razgrad 19 16.37 41,658 all tows 278 30.30 *Population numbers are based on 1993 data (The Columbia Gazetteer of the World, 1998).

30 People in all towns acquire their herbs primarily by gathering them from the local environment - the forests, fields, river valleys, mountain pastures, and mountain fields surrounding their towns. An average of 72.1% of all herbs indicated on all the surveys, for all towns, are acquired by gathering. An average of 25.6% of all herbs are grown and an average of 14.4% of all herbs are bought. Table 4 shows for the breakdown of how the herbs are acquired by town.

Table 4: Average percentages of how the herbs are acquired for each town TOWN % GROWN % PURCHASED % GATHERED Nova Zagora 14.3 15.2 61.5 Velingrad 28.5 14.4 68.7 Vratsa 28.9 14.8 78.9 Lovech 22.7 6.4 82.3 Svoge 15.8 11.3 77.9 Karjdali 44.7 18.4 53.4 Bansko 32.4 4.4 82.4 Smolyan 14.5 9.3 87.4 Tryavna 28.6 16.1 76.1 Samokov 21.6 11.6 79.6 Sevlievo 30.5 8.3 71.5 Saparevo Banya 38.9 0 63.0 Silistra 25.9 22.0 65.6 Kyustendil 27.2 4.9 79.6 Pernik 28.0 14.8 72.0 Blagoevgrad 23.4 22.1 77.3 Yambol 25.4 30.3 61.0 Plovdiv 12.2 35.3 67.9 Razgrad 22.5 13.8 63.0

Average % 25.6 14.4 72.1

The percentages for the three methods of acquiring herbs do not add up to 100% for each of the towns, and hence, do not sum to a 100% for the average percentages.

Many surveys indicated that they use a combination of methods to acquire the same herb.

31 Many families will gather as many herbs as they can, or the amount they think will be sufficient to last the year. If they use up their supply of herbs, they may need to purchase additional herbs in the market. In some years a family intends on gathering or growing the necessary herbs, but due to a poor growing season, they resort to purchasing herbs.

The towns use herbs primarily for medicinal purposes. An average of 55.4% of all the herbs are used medicinally for every town. This is followed by an average of

35.7% of the herbs being used for the preparation of food for all towns. An average of

17.2% of the herbs are used as decoration and 10.6% are used for other purposes (Table

5).

Table 5: Average percentages of how the herbs are used for each town TOWN %MEDICINAL % FOOD % DECORATION %OTHER Nova Zagora 35.2 29.5 11.0 10.1 Velingrad 59.9 30.1 18.0 18.6 Vratsa 69.5 28.4 14.2 12.9 Lovech 61.8 34.4 22.1 8.9 Svoge 64.6 27.7 14.4 6.8 Karjdali 63.1 34.0 35.9 3.9 Bansko 66.2 32.4 22.1 1.5 Smolyan 61.7 34.9 14.0 12.9 Tryavna 58.7 28.9 17.0 18.0 Samokov 49.8 29.5 18.5 16.3 Sevlievo 58.0 35.8 14.1 17.5 Saparevo Banya 48.1 40.7 22.0 0 Silistra 59.8 33.1 17.6 8.3 Kyustendil 57.3 47.6 9.7 5.8 Pernik 45.5 38.9 13.6 26.1 Blagoevgrad 53.5 44.8 18.3 10.6 Yambol 52.6 35.4 14.0 10.5 Plovdiv 52.9 49.8 15.4 0 Razgrad 35.0 42.8 14.8 12.9

Average % 55.4 35.7 17.2 10.6

32 The sum of the percentage for the uses of herbs is not 100% because some herbs may have more than one use. A common example is for the herb stinging nettle. The leaves are used for medicinal purposes and as a food source.

The data indicates that the average number of herbs used is unique to each town.

These results, supported with Spearman’s coefficient of rank correlation test, imply that there is a rank order correlation between small town size and increased use of herbs. The results also show that the individual towns acquire and use herbs differently, compared to the other towns. In Chapter 6, I will explore the results of the regional information about how herbs are acquired and used to determine if the individual regions follow similar patterns of herb use.

SHORT ANSWER

As described in the methods, the students were the interviewers when completing the survey with their families. Most Bulgarian households consist of an extended family; it is common for three generations to be living together. Therefore, the responses represent different views as the older generation lived a traditional life and the students are living during a time of transition and exposure to a global culture.

Valuable information was gathered from the short answer part of the survey.

Fewer than 30% of the respondents completed all the questions. One of the reasons for the lack of responses may be the limited English skills of the participants or that the participants did not want to disclose personal information. Bulgaria is a former communist country; many people do not willingly share information with strangers.

Some of the herbs are protected and the people surveyed may have had concerns about

33 the legal implications if they admitted collecting these herbs. Other people may not want to give away their “secrets” of where the medicinally important herbs are located.

This part of the survey was a valuable tool in gaining local perceptions of herbs because the answers are qualitative. Rather than trying to fit answers into awkward categories, the answers themselves provide the key information. Over 80% of the people surveyed responded to at least one question on the last page. 55% of the total surveys indicated that they believe the abundance of Bulgaria’s herbs are threatened. If one only counts the surveys that responded to this question, 89% believe Bulgaria’s herbs are threatened. Similarly, 44% of the total surveys indicated that herbs have become more difficult to find. This percentage raises to 78% when only the surveys that indicated a response are included.

Many of the participants took the time to write lengthy responses to the questions regarding the threats to the abundance of Bulgaria’s herbs and the role herbs have in the

Bulgarian family, past and present. Throughout the surveys there were various responses as to what the participants believe are the threats - pollution, industrialization, deforestation, fires, improper gathering techniques, insufficient protection and gathering laws, grazing animals, pesticides, too many people gathering, and herb companies. The most common shared beliefs of existing threats are improper gathering techniques, people collecting for money, and pollution. The following quotes are representative of the majority of the responses.

“There are a lot of threats but the most important is that many people gather herbs and then sell them to herb companies.” respondent from Blagoevgrad

“The main threat are people. Some of them don’t know that they shouldn’t root out [pull out roots] herbs because the next year they couldn’t [will not] grow again. Other[s] don’t stop [picking] before the glade 34 or meadow with many herbs remains without a stick in them.” respondent from Svoge

“I think that the threats come from polluted nature [local environment] and destroying of forests.” respondent from Nova Zagora

As for the role herbs play in the Bulgarian family, most participants replied that herbs are important for medicinal purposes. Using herbs in the preparation of food and in cosmetics were also mentioned. Many respondents indicated that they preferred herbal medicine to modern medicine because herbs are safer and cause less harmful side effects.

Other respondents preferred to use modern medicine primarily, and they would use herbal medicine if the modern medicine did not help. Some respondents wrote that they use herbs more now, while others wrote that they used herbs more in the past, before modern medicine was readily available. Although there are differing views of herbal vs. modern medicine, it appears that Bulgarians have the choice between the two. Some choose to use the traditional herbal treatments, believing them to be safer, while others choose modern medicine. Many of the participants indicated that they used a combination of herbal and modern medicine. As a participant from Silistra wrote, “In the past my family was cured only with medicinal herbs but presently it [my family] uses

[modern] medicines and treatment with herbs’.

35 Conclusions

The results show that herbs are an important part of the Bulgarian household.

They are used primarily for medicinal purposes. Bulgarians are aware of the threats that face the abundance of herbs, and are concerned about these environmental problems.

The data clearly indicates that there are differences from town to town. Regional differences will be discussed in Chapter 6. There are, however, some herbs that are found throughout Bulgaria and are commonly used. The next chapter discusses the fifteen most commonly used herbs.

36 CHAPTER 5

THE FIFTEEN MOST COMMONLY USED HERBS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A wide variety of herbs are used in Bulgaria for medicinal purposes, in the

preparation of food, and for decoration. There are regional and local differences in the

use of certain herbs, but some herbs are commonly used throughout Bulgaria. These

herbs are primarily popular medicinal species or are prevalent in traditional Bulgarian

cuisine. The most commonly used herbs are readily available to most of the population,

and usually have a widespread natural range or can be easily cultivated.

In this chapter I will present the survey results of the fifteen most commonly used

herbs. These herbs were determined by using the results from all the collected surveys

and are representative of the nineteen towns that were surveyed. The average

percentages of the methods of how these herbs are acquired and their uses are also

discussed in this chapter. The chapter concludes with a description of each of the fifteen

herbs.

The fifteen most commonly used herbs used are Utrica dioica, Rosa sp. diversa,

Rubus idaeus, Matricaria chamomilla, Anethum graveloens, Thymus sp. diversa,

Frageria vesca, Hypericum perforatum, Rubus sp diversa, Origanum vulgare, Geranium macorrhizum, Cotinus coggygria, Vaccinium myrtillus, Primula veris and Achillea millefolium. Table 6 shows the percentage of total people surveyed that indicated use for each of these herbs.

37 Table 6: The fifteen most commonly used herbs and the percentage of surveys that indicated use of them HERB: LATIN COMMON % OF SURVEYS THAT INDICATED USE Utrica dioica Stinging Nettle 94.2 Rosa sp. diversa Rose Hip 94.2 Rubus idaeus Raspberry 93.9 Matricaria chamomilla Chamomile 93.5 Anethum graveolens Dill 93.2 Thymus sp. diversa Wild Thyme 93.2 Frageria vesca Wild Strawberry 90.6 Hypericum perforatum St. John's Wort 90.6 Rubus sp. diversa Dewberry 88.8 Origanum vulgare Wild Marjoram 78.8 Geranium macorrhizum Wild Geranium 78.8 Cotinus coggygria Smoke Tree 71.2 Vaccinium myrtillus Bilberry 69.8 Primula veris Cowslip 69.4 Achillea millefolium Milfoil 68.7

The responses show that these herbs are mainly gathered, with an average of

61.8% of the total surveys for all towns acquiring them in this method. This is followed by growing them, with an average of 24.6% of the total surveys for all the towns indicating this method, and lastly purchasing the herbs, with an average of 15.0% of total surveys for all towns indicating this. The sum of the percentages for the different methods of acquiring herbs is not 100% because many of the people surveyed indicated they used more than one method. Table 7 shows how each of the fifteen herbs are acquired. The percentage for each method of acquisition for total surveys is given.

38 Table 7: Average percentages of methods of acquisition for the fifteen most commonly used herbs HERB % GROWN % PURCHASED % GATHERED Stinging Nettle 35.6 12.9 78.8 Rose Hip 9.4 20.5 84.9 Raspberry 70.1 13.3 44.6 Chamomile 17.3 27.0 76.6 Dill 78.4 20.1 13.3 Wild Thyme 7.2 20.9 81.7 Wild Strawberry 6.8 6.1 86.7 St. John's Wort 2.9 15.8 80.9 Dewberry 38.1 10.8 70.9 Wild Marjoram 5.4 22.3 58.3 Wild Geranium 60.8 3.2 27.0 Smoke Tree 2.2 22.3 55.0 Bilberry 1.1 14.0 63.3 Cowslip 32.7 4.0 43.9 Milfoil 1.4 11.2 60.8

Average % 24.6 15.0 61.8

The fifteen most commonly used herbs are used primarily in medicinal ways and in the preparation of food. About forty-six percent of all the surveys, from all the towns, indicate that they use these herbs medicinally, 43.9% of the total surveys use the herbs for food preparation. About ten percent of the surveys indicate using the herbs as decoration and 9.1% of the people surveyed indicate using them for other purposes.

These percentages do not total 100% because some people indicated that they use them in more than one way. Table 8 shows how each of the fifteen herbs are used. Percentages are listed for each use, according to the responses from all surveys.

39 Table 8: Average percentages of how each of the fifteen most commonly used herbs are used HERB %MEDICINAL % FOOD %DECORATION %OTHER Stinging Nettle 59.0 86.3 1.4 13.7 Rose Hip 72.3 61.9 6.1 15.5 Raspberry 14.4 92.1 3.2 9.0 Chamomile 83.1 17.3 8.6 12.2 Dill 18.0 83.1 2.2 10.8 Wild Thyme 77.0 25.9 0.4 13.7 Wild Strawberry 15.5 88.1 4.3 5.8 St. John's Wort 82.7 12.6 2.2 9.0 Dewberry 13.7 84.2 2.5 6.8 Wild Marjoram 53.2 33.1 1.1 11.5 Wild Geranium 25.5 1.4 62.6 10.1 Smoke Tree 66.2 2.5 2.9 4.7 Bilberry 20.5 63.3 2.2 4.7 Cowslip 26.6 1.8 51.4 4.3 Milfoil 63.7 4.7 5.4 4.0

Average % 46.1 43.9 10.4 9.1

Of the fifteen most commonly used herbs, seven are used primarily in medicinal ways, six are used principally in the preparation of food, and two are used mainly for decorative purposes.

DESCRIPTIONS OF FIFTEEN MOST COMMONLY USED HERBS

Utrica dioica and Rosa sp. diversa are the most commonly used herbs. About ninety-four percent of all respondents indicated that they used these herbs. Utrica dioica is commonly known as stinging nettle. The majority of the responses, 78.8%, indicated that they gather this herb. 35.6% responded that they grow stinging nettle, and 12.9% purchased it. Stinging nettle is used primarily for food preparation, as 86.3% of the people surveyed stated. The leaves of this herb are usually cooked in soups. Another

40 important use of stinging nettle is medicinal. Fifty-nine percent of the people surveyed indicate they use it in this manner. About one percent use it for decoration and 13.7% use it in other ways. As an herbal supplement, stinging nettle is used as a remedy for hayfever and other allergies by drinking a tea made from the leaves. It is also rich in iron and vitamin C and thought to prevent anemia (Langer, 2000: Mindell, 1992).

Rosa sp. diversa is commonly known as rose hip. 84.9% of the participants indicated that they gather this herb. A little over twenty percent purchase rose hip and

9.4% grow it. Rose hip is used primarily in medicinal ways, 72.3% of people surveyed use it this way. About sixty-two percent of the respondents specify another significant use of rose hip is for food preparation purposes. About six percent use it as a decoration and

15.5% have other uses for this herb. As an herbal supplement, rose hips have been used to boost the immune system to combat colds, and for kidney and bladder problems. Rose hips provide a naturally high source of vitamin C (Hoffman, 1996).

Rubus idaeus was the third most widely used herb. 93.9% of the people surveyed use this herb, commonly known as raspberry. About seventy percent grow raspberry,

44.6% gather it, and 13.3% purchase it. Raspberry is commonly used as a food source, as

92.1% of the respondents indicated. 14.4% use it medicinally, 3.2% use it as a decoration, and 9.0% have other uses for it. As an herbal supplement, raspberry leaf tea has been used for sore throats, fever blisters, diarrhea and to tone uterine muscles in preparation for childbirth (Mindell, 1992).

Matricaria chamomilla, known as chamomile, is the fourth most commonly used herb with 93.5% of the respondents indicating that they use it. It is mainly gathered, as

76.6% of the responses show. 27% purchase chamomile and 17.3% grow it. The most significant use of chamomile is medicinal, with 83.1% of the responses. About seventeen

41 percent use it in food preparation, 8.6% use it as decoration, and 12.2% have other uses for it. As an herbal supplement, chamomile has popularly been used for stress relief and to calm anxiety. It has been used for muscle pains, stomachaches, insomnia, rheumatism, and to relieve toothaches (Mindell, 1992).

Anethum graveolens and Thymus sp. diversa are both used by 93.2% of the people surveyed. Anethum graveolens is commonly known as dill, and is primarily grown as

78.4% of the responses indicate. About twenty percent purchase it and 13.3% gather it.

Dill is primarily used in food preparation, as 83.1% of the respondents indicate. Eighteen percent use it medicinally, 2.2% use it as decoration, and 10.8% have other purposes for it. Dill is used as a seasoning in many traditional recipes including snezhanka, a cucumber yogurt salad and kiselo krastavitsi, pickled cucumbers. As an herbal supplement, dill has been used as a digestive aid (Mindell, 1992).

About eighty-two percent of the people surveyed gather Thymus sp. diversa, known as wild thyme. 20.9% purchase it and 7.2% grow it. Seventy-seven percent of the participants indicated use of wild thyme medicinally. About twenty-six percent use it for food preparation, 0.4% use it as decoration, and 13.7% have other uses for it. As an herbal supplement, wild thyme has been used as an expectorant, and as an antifungal agent useful for treating athlete’s foot (Mindell, 1992).

About ninety-one percent of the people surveyed indicated use of Frageria vesca and Hypericum perforatum. About eighty-seven percent of the people surveyed gather

Frageria vesca, commonly known as wild strawberry. About seven percent grow it and

6.1% purchase wild strawberries. The main use of wild strawberry is as a food source, as

88.1% of the respondents indicated. A little over fifteen percent use it medicinally, 4.3% use it as decoration and 5.8% have other uses for it. Bulgarians have cultivated

42 strawberries extensively since the late 1940’s because they have a high export value

(Creed, 1998). Wild strawberries are different from the cultivated ones in that they are smaller and have a tarter taste. Many Bulgarian households will make preserves from the wild strawberries.

About eighty-one percent of the people surveyed gather Hypericum perforatum, commonly known as St. John’s wort. 15.8% purchase it and 2.9% grow it. St. John’s wort is used almost exclusively in medicinal ways, with 82.7% of the respondents indicating this. 12.6% use it in food preparation, 2.2% use it as a decoration and 9% have other uses for it. St. John’s wort is popularly used as an herbal supplement to treat depression, anxiety, and insomnia. It has also been used to treat gastric ulcers and viral infections (Mindell, 1992). The oil has been used to heal sunburns (Hoffman, 1996).

The ninth most used herb is Rubus sp. diversa, with 88.8% of the people surveyed showing this. About seventy-one percent of the people surveyed gather Rubus sp diversa, commonly known as dewberry. About thirty-eight percent grow it and 10.8% purchase it. About eighty-four percent of the respondents indicated that dewberry is used in food preparation. About fourteen percent use medicinally, 2.5% use it for decoration, and 6.8% have other uses for it.

About seventy-nine percent of the people surveyed use Origanum vulgare and

Geranium macorrhizum. About fifty-eight percent of the participants indicated that

Origanum vulgare, commonly known as wild marjoram, is gathered. About twenty-two percent purchase it and 5.4% grow it. About fifty-three percent of the people surveyed marked that they use wild marjoram in medicinal ways, 33.1% use it in the preparation of food, 1.1% use it for decoration, and 11.5% have other uses for it. As an herbal

43 supplement, wild marjoram has been used in the treatment of colds and the flu, mouth

inflammations, headaches and muscle pains (Hoffman, 1996).

About sixty-one percent of the people surveyed grow Geranium macorrhizum,

commonly known as wild geranium. Twenty-seven percent gather it and 3.2% purchase

it. Wild geranium is primarily used as a decoration, as 62.9% of the respondents

indicated. A little over twenty-five percent use it medicinally, 1.4% use it for food

preparation, and 10.1% have other uses for it. The Bulgarian name for this herb is

zdravets, literally translated to mean health. Most Bulgarians have zdravets in their

homes, as a symbol to promote health. Guests will most likely receive a bunch of

zdravets, tied with a red ribbon (another symbol of health) when they visit a home or a

business. On the first day of school, zdravets and water are thrown on the front steps of

the school, as a sign of health and luck for the new year.

About seventy-one percent of the people surveyed use Cotinus coggygria, commonly known as smoke tree. 55% of the participants indicated that smoke tree is gathered, 22.3% purchase it and 2.2% grow it. Smoke tree is used primarily for medicinal purposes, as 66.2% of the participants indicated. 2.9% use it for decoration,

2.5% use it for food preparation, and 4.7% have other uses for smoke tree.

About seventy percent of the people surveyed indicated that they use Vaccinium myrtillus, commonly known as bilberry. About sixty-three percent gather it, 14% purchase it and 1.1% grow it. About sixty-three percent of the participants indicated that bilberry is used as a food source, 20.5% use it medicinally, 2.2% use it for decoration and

4.7% have other uses for it. As an herbal supplement bilberry has been used to preserve eyesight and help people with poor night vision and near-sightedness (Mindell, 1992). It has also been used as a sedative, and for colds, chills, and coughs (Hoffman, 1996).

44 About sixty-nine percent of the people surveyed use Primula veris, commonly

know as cowslip. About forty-four percent of the respondents indicated that cowslip is

gathered, 32.7% grow it and 4% purchase it. Cowslip is used primarily as decoration, as

51.4% of the participants indicate. About twenty-seven percent use it medicinally, 1.8%

use it in food preparation and 4.3% have other uses for it.

The fifteenth most used herb is Achillea millefolium, as 68.7% of the people

surveyed indicated. 60.8% of the people surveyed gather Achillea millefolium, commonly known as milfoil or yarrow. 11.2% purchase it and 1.4% grow it. Milfoil is primarily used in medicinal ways, as 63.7% of the participants indicated. 5.4% use it as decoration, 4.7% use it as in food preparation and 4% have other uses for it. As an herbal supplement milfoil has been used to decrease fevers, lower blood pressure and as an antiseptic to aid in the healing of wounds (Hoffman, 1996).

Clinical Trials on Herbs

There have been many clinical trials performed that support the idea that some herbs have medicinal properties. This study will not focus on these studies with scientific evidence to support that the herbs mentioned have medicinal value. Bulgarians intend to use them for medicinal purposes, whether scientifically proven or not. Both The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine and The Journal of Pharmacology and

Experimental Therapeutics are resources that display clinical trials.

Conclusions

These results show that the fifteen most commonly used herbs, for the towns surveyed, are stinging nettle, rose hip, raspberry, chamomile, dill, wild thyme, wild

45 strawberry, St. John’s wort, dewberry, wild marjoram, wild geranium, smoke tree, bilberry, cowslip, and milfoil.

For these herbs the primary method of acquiring them is by gathering them. The exceptions to this are for raspberry, dill, and wild geranium which are primarily grown.

Raspberry and dill are both used mainly in food preparation, and they are easy to grow.

Wild geranium has a long tradition as a symbol of good health and luck. For these cultural reasons, Bulgarians will grow it in their homes and gardens.

Seven of the fifteen most commonly used herbs are used primarily for medicinal purposes; rose hip, chamomile, wild thyme, St. John’s wort, wild marjoram, smoke tree, and milfoil. Six of the fifteen most commonly used herbs are used principally in the preparation of food; stinging nettle, raspberry, dill, wild strawberry, dewberry, and bilberry. The fruits of raspberry, strawberry, dewberry, and bilberry herbs are used as a food source. The leaves of stinging nettle are commonly used in soups, and dill is a popular food seasoning in Bulgaria. The other two herbs, wild geranium and cowslip are used mainly as decoration. As mentioned above, wild geranium is a cultural symbol of health in Bulgaria and is widely used.

While these fifteen herbs are common throughout Bulgaria, there are important regional differences. Fourteen of the surveyed towns are grouped into geographic regions. The regional results are discussed in the following chapter.

46 CHAPTER 6

REGIONAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Because there are substantial cultural, economic, and ecological differences across Bulgaria it is reasonable to hypothesize that there are also differences in herb use across the country. In this chapter I will present and discuss regional results of herb use, methods of acquiring herbs and what the herbs are used for. During comparisons of regional data, a specific region’s data is compared to all the other towns that were surveyed. This includes all the towns that are not in the specific region being compared, including individual towns that are not grouped into a region.

I use the chi-square test of independence extensively to statistically indicate a significant difference of a region’s use of individual herbs, in comparison with the average of all towns not in that region. The chi-square test of independence is also used to statistically indicate a significant difference of a region’s specific methods of acquiring herbs compared to the average of all towns not in that region. This test is also performed to indicate a significant difference in the way an individual region uses herbs, in comparison with the average of all towns not in that region.

Fourteen of the towns were grouped into regions. The regions are: Pirin

Mountains, composed of Bansko and Blagoevgrad; Rila Mountains, consisting of

Samokov and Saparevo Banya; Rhodope Mountains, consisting of Velingrad, Smolyan and Karjdali; Plains South of the Balkan Mountains, consisting of Yambol and Nova

Zagora; Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains, consisting of Tryavna and

Sevlievo; and the Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains, consisting of Lovech,

47 Vratsa and Svoge. The remaining towns could not be placed into a regional group because they were spread out in other areas of Bulgaria, in isolated locations.

As mentioned above, the average number of herb used per survey, taking into account all surveys, is 30.30 herbs. The average herb use varies for the different regions.

The regions are listed in order of average herb use in Table 9.

Table 9:Average herb use according to region REGION Average number herbs used Pirin Mountains 25.96 Rila Mountains 28.69 Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains 30.28 Plains South of the Balkan Mountains 33.83 Rhodope Mountains 35.33 Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains 36.91

These results show that the average herb use differs from region to region. This suggests that some regions use a higher number of herbs than other regions. There are many possible reasons for this - the length of the growing season, the natural herb diversity in proximity to the towns, or a more traditional lifestyle that uses more herbs for medicinal treatment. Regions could be affected by the commercial herb companies which have gathered too many herbs, not leaving enough for the local population. When asked if Bulgaria’s herbs are threatened, a participant from Saparevo Banya, in the Rila

Mountains region responded “Many people gather herbs from the nature [local environment] and after they sell them. They gather a lot and therefore they are threatened”.

48 REGIONAL DIFFERENCES OF INDIVIDUAL HERB USE

Herb use varies according to region. Results of individual herbs that are used significantly more or significantly less in a specific region, in comparison to all the other surveyed towns are shown in this section.

Significant differences of individual herb use were determined using the chi- square test of independence on each region, of each individual herb, compared to the remaining towns’ data. Tables 10 through 15 show the herbs with significant chi-square calculated values, regional use percentages, and percentages of use for all other towns.

Significant values are greater than the 0.10 test statistic t of 2.706 (DeGroot, 1975).

The chi-square values of Table 10 indicate that the Pirin Mountain Region significantly use two herbs more than the remaining towns, and four herbs less than the average of the other towns.

Table 10: Herbs with significant chi-square values in the Pirin Mountains region REGION: PIRIN MOUNTAINS HERB LATIN COMMON REGIONAL OTHER TOWNS Χ2 VALUE USE (%) USE (%) Vaccinium myrtillus Bilberry 87.0 62.6 3.507(+) Origanum vulgare Wild Marjoram 95.7 70.9 4.271(+) Sambucus ebulus Dwarf Elder 0 26.6 9.096(-) Agrimonia eupatoria Agrimony 0 14.7 4.338(-) Malus sylvestris Wild Apple 30.4 45.7 3.170(-) Arctium lappa Great Burdock 0 15.1 4.462(-) (+)region has significantly higher use (-)region has significantly lower use

49 The chi-square values of Table 11 indicate that the Rila Mountains region

significantly uses four herbs more than the average of the remaining towns. The data also

shows that this region uses one herb less than the other towns.

Table 11: Herbs with significant chi-square values in the Rila Mountains region REGION: RILA MOUNTAINS HERB LATIN COMMON REGIONAL OTHER TOWNS Χ2 VALUE USE (%) USE (%) Vaccinium myrtillus Bilberry 100 65.1 5.905(+) Helleborus odorus Bear’s-Foot 76.9 34.2 8.895(+) Corylus avellana Hazel 53.8 24.1 5.176(+) Tilia tomentosa Silver Lime 46.2 23.7 2.915(+) Veronica officinalis Speedwell 7.7 30.9 3.533(-) (+)region has significantly higher use (-)region has significantly lower use

The chi-square values of Table 12 indicate that seven herbs are used more in the

Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region than in the remaining towns. The

values also indicate that nine herbs are used less in this region than in the other towns.

50 Table 12: Herbs with significant chi-square values in the Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region REGION: CENTRAL PART OF THE NORTHERN BALKAN MOUNTAINS HERB LATIN COMMON REGIONAL OTHER TOWNS Χ2 VALUE USE (%) USE (%) Tamus communis Lady’s Seal 10.9 3.6 3.236(+) Heracleum sibiricum Cow Parsnip 67.4 39.2 6.396(+) Agrimonia eupatoria Agrimony 32.6 9.4 13.985(+) Filipendula vulgaris Dropwort 10.9 1.4 10.250(+) Fraxinus ornus Flowering Ash 6.5 1.4 3.560(+) Euphrasia officnalis Eyebright 15.2 6.1 3.030(+) Viola odorata Sweet Violet 60.9 35.6 5.123(+) Vaccinium vitis-idaea Cowberry 39.1 51.1 7.659(-) Vaccinium myrtillus Bilberry 54.3 60.8 6.229(-) Ononis spinosa Restharrow 4.3 11.2 2.982(-) Geum urbanum Wood Avens 2.2 8.3 2.916(-) Bellis perennis Daisy 10.9 19.0 3.334(-) Artemisia absinthium Wormwood 17.4 32.7 7.980(-) Origanum vulgare Wild Marjoram 69.6 67.3 2.798(-) Juniperus communis Juniper 6.5 15.5 4.012(-) Juniperus oxycedrus 2.2 10.4 4.252(-) (+)region has significantly higher use (-)region has significantly lower use

The chi-square values of Table 13 indicate that seventeen herbs are used more in the Plains South of the Balkan Mountains region, than in the remaining towns. 13.3% of all the herbs listed on the survey are used more in this region. This region is located south of the Balkan Mountains, with a milder climate and a longer growing season. This could be a possible reason for the increased use of wild herbs. The results of the chi-square test of independence indicate that one herb is used less.

51 Table 13: Herbs with significant chi-square values in the Plains South of the Balkan Mountains region REGION: PLAINS SOUTH OF THE BALKAN MOUNTAINS HERB LATIN COMMON REGIONAL OTHER TOWNS Χ2 VALUE USE (%) USE (%) Leucojum aestivum Loddon Lily 40.0 12.6 12.767(+) Sambucus ebulus Dwarf Elder 46.7 21.6 6.920(+) Salix alba White Willow 26.7 13.3 2.722(+) Veronica officinalis Speedwell 56.7 25.2 10.068(+) Paliurus spina-christi Christ’s-Thorn 23.3 6.1 9.213(+) Galium vercum Yellow Galium 40.0 20.9 3.921(+) Galium aparine Goosegrass 26.7 5.8 13.865(+) Tilia tomentosa Silver Lime 43.3 21.2 5.326(+) Atropa bella-donna Banewort 20.0 8.6 2.962(+) Bellis perennis Daisy 43.3 16.2 10.284(+) Artemisia absinthium Wormwood 53.3 29.9 4.606(+) Arctium lappa Great Budock 26.6 12.2 3.503(+) Origanum vulgare Wild Marjoram 96.7 68.3 6.437(+) Centaurea cyanus Corn Flower 36.7 18.7 3.763(+) Tribulus terrestris 13.3 1.8 10.942(+) Cynodon dactylon Bermuda-Grass 30.0 11.2 6.653(+) Prunus spinosa Blackthorn 53.3 30.9 4.010(+) Cotinus coggygria Smoke-Tree 46.7 66.2 9.894(-) (+)region has significantly higher use (-)region has significantly lower use

The chi-square values of Table 14 indicate that 30 herbs are used significantly more in the Rhodope Mountains region than in the other towns. 23.4% of all the herbs listed on the survey are used more in this region. A possible reason could be the same explanation as given for the Plains South of the Balkan Mountains region. The Rhodope

Mountains region is located south of the Balkan Mountains, with a milder climate and a longer growing season. The chi-square test indicates that three herbs are used less than the average of the remaining towns.

52 Table 14: Herbs with significant chi-square values in the Rhodope Mountains region

REGION: RHODOPE MOUNTAINS HERB 2 LATIN COMMON REGIONAL OTHER TOWNS Χ VALUE USE (%) USE (%) Verbena officinalis Vervain/Holywort 17.5 4.7 7.432(+) Onopordon acanthium Cotton Thistle 10.0 0.7 13.606(+) Taraxacom offinale Dandelion 72.5 45.0 5.532(+) Adonis vernalis Spring Adonis 12.5 4.7 2.801(+) Quercus sp. diversa Oak 52.5 28.8 5.281(+) Leonurus cardiaca Motherwort 15.0 5.8 3.220(+) Galega officinalis Goat’s Rue 7.5 2.2 2.710(+) Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain 50.0 30.2 3.163(+) Genista tinctoria Dyer’s Greenwood 15.0 5.8 3.220(+) Geum urbanum Wood Avens 22.5 5.4 11.390(+) Ruscus aculeatus Kneeholly 7.5 0.4 12.104(+) Primula veris Cowslip 95.0 55.8 14.398(+) Malus sylvestris Wild Apple 77.5 37.1 16.064(+) Tilia cordata Small-Leaved Lime 52.5 33.1 2.721(+) Sedum acre Wall-Pepper 7.5 1.1 6.313(+) Dryopteris filix-mas Male Fern 30.0 11.2 7.547(+) Sorbus aucuparia Mountain Ash 5.0 1.1 2.711(+) Tussilago farfara Coltsfoot 65.0 41.0 4.006(+) Teucrium polium Poley 22.5 6.8 7.968(+) Teucrium chamaedrys Common Germander 22.5 5.8 10.416(+) Equisetum arvense Horsetail 32.5 17.3 3.041(+) Marrubium vulgare Wild Horehound 12.5 2.2 8.973(+) Carlina acanthifolia 5.0 1.1 2.711(+) Origanum vulgare Wild Marjoram 92.5 65.5 2.772(+) Saponaria officinalis Soapwort 15.0 6.1 2.786(+) Gentiana cruciata 30.0 10.8 8.079(+) Polypodium vulgare Polypody 20.0 6.5 6.248(+) Juniperus communis Juniper 37.5 11.2 14.855(+) Centaurium erythraea Common Centaury 67.5 37.8 7.508(+) Petasites hybridus Butterbur 7.5 1.4 4.725(+) Tilia tomentosa Silver Lime 12.5 24.1 4.371(-) Cotinus coggygria Smoke-Tree 57.5 62.9 4.293(-) Viola odorata Sweet Violet 32.5 41.0 3.273(-) (+)region has significantly higher use (-)region has significantly lower use

53 The results of the chi-square test of independence, as shown in Table 15, indicate that forty-two herbs are used more in the Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region than in the remaining towns. About thirty-three percent of all the herbs listed on the survey are used more in this region than the average of all the other towns. A possible reason why this region uses more herbs could be that they have more traditionally uses for them. The chi-square values indicate that none of the listed herbs are used less in this region.

Conclusions

These results show that the use of individual herb varies with the different regions. Some of the herbs are used significantly more and some are used significantly less in a specific region, in comparison with the other towns. Some regions have a longer growing season and therefore a longer timeframe to grow and gather herbs, and more time to purchase fresh herbs than regions with a shorter growing season. The Pirin

Mountains region, Rila Mountains region, Rhodope Mountains region, and the Plains

South of the Balkan Mountains region are all located south of the Balkan Mountains and have a milder climate with a longer growing season.

Some regions may have a higher natural diversity of herbs that are in proximity to the towns. Therefore, regions may use more individual herbs because those herbs are endemic to that region or may only grow in localized areas, including that region.

Some regions may use specific herbs in traditional ways, as medicinal plants.

Regions that have retained more traditional treatments for illnesses, in relation to herbs, may use a higher number of individual herbs more than the other towns.

54 Table 15:Herbs with significant chi-square values in the Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region REGION: WESTERN PART OF THE NORTHERN BALKAN MOUNTAINS HERB REGIONAL OTHER TOWNS LATIN COMMON USE %) USE (%) Χ2 VALUE Rumex alpinus Monk’s Rhubarb 15.1 5.8 3.466(+) Vaccinium vitis-idaea Cowberry 69.8 44.2 4.027(+) Vaccinium myrtillus Bilberry 84.9 53.6 7.101(+) Tamus communis Lady’s Seal 13.2 2.9 7.829(+) Sambucus nigra Elder 73.6 35.6 15.019(+) Sambucus ebulus Dwarf Elder 35.8 19.8 2.856(+) Inula helenium Elecampane 17.0 5.4 5.786(+) Verbena officinalis Vervain/Holywort 13.2 4.7 3.547(+) Crataegus monogyna Whitethorn 71.7 37.1 11.530(+) Frageria vesca Wild Strawberry 94.3 72.7 4.305(+) Ononis spinosa Restharrow 18.9 8.3 3.065(+) Bryonia alba White Bryony 11.3 3.2 4.504(+) Plantago major Greater Plantain 58.5 27.0 11.508(+) Asparagus officinalis Asparagus 24.5 7.9 8.481(+) Symphytum officinale Comfrey 18.9 5.8 6.994(+) Geranium macrorrhizum 88.7 61.9 3.841(+) Agrimonia eupatoria Agrimony 22.6 10.4 3.245(+) Berberis vulgaris Barberry 22.6 7.9 6.613(+) Malus sylvestris Wild Apple 62.3 36.3 5.187(+) Utrica dioica Stinging Nettle 100 75.2 3.999(+) Helleborus odorus Bear’s-Foot 56.6 27.0 9.883(+) Rubus sp. diversa Dewberry 98.1 70.1 8.219(+) Allium ursinum Ramsons 18.9 3.6 13.366(+) Corylus avellana Hazel 45.3 18.0 11.679(+) Tilia platyphyllos Large-Leaved Lime 75.5 42.1 9.614(+) Pulmonaria officinalis Lung-Wort 7.5 1.4 5.109(+) Euphrasia officnalis Eyebright 18.9 5.0 8.696(+) Potentilla erecta Tormentil 13.2 1.8 12.533(+) Agropyron repens Couch-Grass 15.1 3.6 8.034(+) Tussilago farfara Coltsfoot 73.6 36.3 14.130(+) Teucrium polium Poley 18.9 6.5 5.594(+) Teucrium chamaedrys Common Germander 15.1 6.1 2.979(+) Equisetum arvense Horsetail 32.1 15.8 3.926(+) Achillea millefolium Milfoil 81.1 53.2 4.703(+) Achillea clypeolata 56.6 23.7 14.111(+) Stachys officinalis Betony 11.3 3.2 4.504(+) Arctium lappa Great Burdock 26.4 10.1 6.528(+) Malva sylvestris Mallow 22.6 10.8 2.898(+) Cotinus coggygria Smoke-Tree 90.6 54.0 11.954(+) Viola odorata Sweet Violet 62.3 33.8 7.255(+) Prunus spinosa Blackthorn 52.8 26.6 7.343(+) Veratrum lobelianum White Falsehellebore 11.3 3.6 3.739(+) (+)region has significantly higher use (-)region has significantly lower use

55 The private herb companies could be affecting local use of individual herbs. If a company has over harvested a particular herb in a certain region, that region may use the herb less than the other towns because it is no longer available to them.

Figure 4 is a map that indicates areas where medicinal plants are threatened. Two areas with high concentrations of threatened herbs are located in the Rhodope Mountains region and just north of the Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region.

These are also the regions where the highest percentages of individual herb use are found.

The local people could be over harvesting the herbs because, as shown above, they use many herbs. The towns of Vratsa and Lovech are both located in the Western Part of the

Northern Balkan Mountains region and Karjdali of the Rhodope Mountains region are medium size towns in Bulgaria, not villages, implying that a higher population might be gathering the herbs. One of the problems with this idea is that there is an annual population decline in Bulgaria, indicating that fewer people would be using the herbs than in the past. The herb companies know where the greatest concentration of herbs can be found. They could be responsible for the threatened herbs in the regions where there is more traditional herb use.

The following quotes are in response to one of the short answer questions on the survey, asking what are the threats to the abundance of Bulgaria’s herbs.

“May be they are threatened because more and more firms deal with the export of herbs. But I don’t have any certain facts.” respondent from Lovech

“The irresponsible behaviour of people who gather & sell herbs. Ineffective laws. Failure on the part of the state authorities to provide protection for herbs.” respondent from Lovech

56 Figure 4: Areas Where Medicinal Plants Are Threatened (Meine, 1998)

57 “Lack of control on gathering herbs. Most gatherers pluck them instead of cutting or tearing only the leaves and blossoms.” respondent from Lovech

“The pollution of the nature [local environment], the unlimited and irregular picking of herbs from people who don’t know how to do it.” respondent from Vratsa

“One of the most [biggest] threats is people who gather the herbs with its [their] roots. If they gather the herbs without its roots there is no harm and the herbs will spread and grow again.” respondent from Velingrad

“Most important threat is humans. They take all [of the] herbs from the nature [local environment] and next year there will not be any more herbs.” respondent from Smolyan

“Many people gather them, and after this they sell them.” respondent from Smolyan

Responses are from participants from the Western Part of the Northern Balkan

Mountains region and the Rhodope Mountains region. These two regions have the highest herb use, compared to the other regions, and they both have the highest number of individual herbs that are used significantly more. Generally, people who use and gather more herbs are more knowledgeable about herbs, and therefore they are aware of the threats facing the abundance of Bulgaria’s herbs.

These are the regions with higher concentrations of threatened medicinal plants as indicated on Figure 4. The responses imply that the people who live in this region are aware of threats to herbs in their region, primarily improper gathering techniques, herb companies, and pollution.

58 REGIONAL DIFFERENCES FOR METHODS OF ACQUIRING HERBS

The separate regions use different methods for the acquiring of herbs. This section will show the results of a region using a specific method of acquiring herbs significantly more or significantly less than the other towns.

Using the chi-square test of independence, differences were shown among the regions concerning how they acquire herbs compared to the other towns. Tables 16 through 21 reveal significant chi-square values, for each region, regarding how the herbs are acquired. Significant values are greater than the 0.10 test statistic t of 2.706

(DeGroot, 1975).

The chi-square values in Table 16 indicate that the Pirin Mountains region uses the method of purchasing herbs more than the other towns. The chi-square test values also indicate that there are no significant differences for the methods of growing and gathering herbs, in this region.

Table 16: Significant chi-square values for methods of acquiring herbs for the Pirin Mountains region REGION: PIRIN MOUNTAINS METHOD Χ2 VALUE Grow 0.845 Purchase 6.354(+) Gather 1.022 (+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level (-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values of Table 17 indicate that the Rila Mountains region uses the method of gathering herbs more than the other towns. The values also indicate that this region uses the method of purchasing herbs less than the remaining towns. The chi-

59 square test resulted in no significant difference for the method of growing herbs for the

Rila Mountains region.

Table 17: Significant chi-square values for methods of acquiring herbs for the Rila Mountains region REGION: RILA MOUNTAINS METHOD Χ2 VALUE Grow 0.0366 Purchase 7.428(-) Gather 3.182(+) (+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level (-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values in Table 18 indicate that the Central Part of the Northern

Balkan Mountains uses the method of growing herbs more than the remaining towns.

The values indicate that this region uses the methods of purchasing and gathering less than the other towns.

Table 18: Significant chi-square values for methods of acquiring herbs for the Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region REGION: CENTRAL PART OF THE NORTHERN BALKAN MOUNTAINS METHOD Χ2 VALUE Grow 20.120(+) Purchase 4.847(-) Gather 5.222(-) (+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level (-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values of Table 19 indicate that the Plains South of the Balkan

Mountains region utilizes the method of purchasing herbs more than the other towns.

60 The values also indicate that this region uses the methods of growing and gathering less than the remaining towns.

Table 19: Significant chi-square values for methods of acquiring herbs for the Plains South of the Balkan Mountains region REGION: PLAINS SOUTH OF THE BALKAN MOUNTAINS METHOD Χ2 VALUE Grow 4.497(-) Purchase 64.459(+) Gather 15.335(-) (+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level (-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values for the Rhodope Mountains region (Table 20) indicate that this region uses the method of gathering more than the other towns. The values also indicate that this region uses the methods of growing and purchasing less than the remaining towns.

Table 20: Significant chi-square values for methods of acquiring herbs for the Rhodope Mountains region REGION: RHODOPE MOUNTAINS METHOD Χ2 VALUE Grow 4.155(-) Purchase 13.257(-) Gather 18.985(+) (+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level (-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values of Table 21 indicate that the Western Part of the Northern

Balkan Mountains region uses the method of gathering to acquire herbs more than the other towns. The data also indicates that this region uses the method of purchasing herbs,

61 less than the remaining towns. The chi-square value for the method of growing does not indicate a significant difference between the Western Part of the Northern Balkan

Mountains region and the other towns.

Table 21: Significant chi-square values for the methods of acquiring herbs for the Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region REGION: WESTERN PART OF THE NORTHERN BALKAN MOUNTAINS METHOD Χ2 VALUE Grow 2.207 Purchase 38.219(-) Gather 32.474(+) (+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level (-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The data in this section indicates that the regions use different methods of acquiring herbs. Regions that have a high diversity of herbs in proximity to the towns might gather more herbs, while regions that have a low diversity of herbs in proximity to the towns might grow or purchase more herbs. One can infer that the method of gathering is used more in regions that use more herbs medicinally, because this is usually traditional knowledge that has been handed down from generation to generation, and its beginnings would have been in the herbs that grew in proximity to the towns. On the other hand, regions that use more herbs medicinally could show higher incidences of purchasing herbs, if the medicinal herbs used to grow in that region but have since disappeared.

62 REGIONAL DIFFERENCES OF USES OF HERBS

The regions use herbs in different ways. In this section I will show the results of the separate regions and the ways in which the herbs are used in comparison with the other towns.

Using the chi-square test of independence, differences were also shown among the regions on how they use herbs compared to the other towns. Tables 22 through 27 reveal significant chi-square values, for each region, regarding how the herbs are used.

Significant values are greater than the 0.10 test statistic t of 2.706 (DeGroot, 1975).

The chi-square values of Table 22 statistically indicate that the Pirin Mountains region uses herbs for the preparation of food more than the other towns. The values also indicate that this region uses herbs less than the remaining towns medicinally and for other uses. The test did not indicate a significant difference for the Pirin Mountain region using herbs decoratively compared to the other towns.

Table 22: Significant chi-square values for the uses of herbs for the Pirin Mountains region REGION: PIRIN MOUNTAINS USE Χ2 VALUE Medicinal 5.762(-) Food 13.226(+) Decoration 0.860 Other 6.338(-) (+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level (-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values for the Rila Mountains region, as shown in Table 23, indicate that this region uses herbs decoratively more than the remaining towns. The data also indicates that this region uses herbs medicinally less than other towns. The chi-

63 square test did not result in values to indicate a difference of using herbs in food preparation and for other reasons, between the Rila Mountains region and the other towns.

Table 23: Significant chi-square values for the uses of herbs for the Rila Mountains region REGION: RILA MOUNTAINS USE Χ2 VALUE Medicinal 2.765(-) Food 0.292 Decoration 3.474(+) Other 2.049 (+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level (-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values of the Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region, as shown in Table 24, indicate that this region uses herbs for reasons other than medicinally, as food sources, and decoratively more than other towns. The values indicate that this region uses herbs in food preparation less than the remaining towns.

The values for using herbs medicinally and decoratively did not indicate a difference between this region and the other towns.

Table 24: Significant chi-square values for the uses of herbs for the Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region REGION: CENTRAL PART OF THE NORTHERN BALKAN MOUNTAINS USE Χ2 VALUE Medicinal 0.0589 Food 9.134(-) Decoration 1.943 Other 42.141(+) (+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level (-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

64 The chi-square values of Table 25 indicate that the Plains South of the Balkan

Mountains region uses herbs for food preparation more than the other towns. The data also indicates that this region uses herbs medicinally less than the remaining towns. The values do not show a difference between this region and the other towns in using herbs decoratively and for other uses.

Table 25: Significant chi-square values for the uses of herbs for the Plains South of the Balkan Mountains region REGION: PLAINS SOUTH OF THE BALKAN MOUNTAINS USE Χ2 VALUE Medicinal 5.834(-) Food 10.491(+) Decoration 1.070 Other 0.108 (+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level (-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values of Table 26 indicate that the Rhodope Mountains region uses herbs for “other” reasons more than the other towns. The data indicates that this region uses herbs in food preparation, less than the remaining towns. The values do not statistically indicate a difference between this region, and the other towns, for using herbs medicinally and decoratively.

65 Table 26: Significant chi-square values for the uses of herbs for the Rhodope Mountains region REGION: RHODOPE MOUNTAINS USE Χ2 VALUE Medicinal 1.147 Food 4.756(-) Decoration 0.0485 Other 3.129(+) (+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level (-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

The chi-square values in Table 27 indicate that the Western Part of the Northern

Balkan Mountains region use herbs medicinally more than the other towns, and use herbs in the preparation of food and for other reasons less than the remaining towns. The chi- square test did not result in a significant difference, for using herbs decoratively, for this region and the other towns.

Table 27: Significant chi-square values for the uses of herbs for the Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region REGION: WESTERN PART OF THE NORTHERN BALKAN MOUNTAINS USE Χ2 VALUE Medicinal 40.699(+) Food 21.230(-) Decoration 0.260 Other 17.909(-) (+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level (-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level

66 REGIONAL CONCLUSIONS

The separate regions use herbs in a variety of ways, often resulting in regional differences. The local topography can affect gathering as well as natural herb diversity in the area surrounding the individual regions. Using herbs for food purposes might be more significant in regions that have more edible fruit-bearing plants close to the towns.

The same could be true for medicinal plants. Regions that have more medicinal plants in the immediate area, and have residents with more in-depth knowledge on traditional cures, will use herbs medicinally more than the other towns. These ideas are further explored in the remainder of this section.

Table 28 shows all of the regional results, condensed into one table. Each region is listed followed by the average number of herbs used. The following columns are results of the chi-square tests. The number of individual herbs used significantly more and significantly less in a region, compared to the other towns is listed. This is followed by columns indicating if a region uses a method of acquiring significantly more or less, indicated by a “+” or a “-”, than the other towns. The same information is given for regional differences in herb use.

The Pirin Mountains region and the Rila Mountains region use the least amount of herbs, and do not use many herbs significantly more than the other regions. Both of these mountain ranges are geographically “new” mountains. Anyone that has been to these mountains will tell you that they are places of extreme hiking, with many sheer cliffs, high peaks, and very little vegetation. There are not as many herbs available to the local population. “There’s difficult[ies] in finding some of the herbs and some of them occur in very small amounts”, responded a participant from the Pirin Mountains region. To

67 Table 28: Summary of regional data average individual herb use method of acquiring uses REGION number more less grow purchase gather medicinal food decoration other herbs used Pirin Mountains 25.96 2 4 0 + 0 - + 0 -

Rila Mountains 28.69 4 1 0 - + - 0 + 0

Central Part of 30.28 7 9 + - - 0 - 0 + North Balkan Mtns

Plains South of 33.83 17 1 - + - - + 0 0 Balkan Mtns

Rhodope 35.33 30 3 - - + 0 - 0 + Mountains

Western Part of 36.91 42 0 0 - + + - 0 - North Balkan Mtns

(+)region has significantly higher value at a 90% level (-)region has significantly lower value at a 90% level (0)no significant value

68 collect the herbs that are available would require traversing difficult, often dangerous terrain.

The Balkan and Rhodope Mountains are very different. They are geographically

“old” mountains. They are composed of rolling hills, sheep pastures, and thick vegetation. There is a greater diversity of herbs than in the Pirin and Rila Mountains.

Also, the terrain of the Balkan and Rhodope Mountains is much easier to traverse. The towns found in the Central Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region, Plains South of the Balkan Mountains region, Western Part of the North Balkan Mountains region, and the Rhodope Mountains region are all found inside of, or bordering the Balkan Mountains or the Rhodope Mountains. These regions use more herbs, in comparison with the Pirin

Mountains and Rila Mountains regions. A participant from the Rhodope Mountains region indicates the importance of herbs, “We use herbs for medical [medicinal purposes] and for food. Without herbs our life will [would] not [be the] same.”

The Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region uses more herbs than the other regions. This region uses the method of gathering, to acquire herbs, more than the other towns, and uses the method of purchasing less than the other towns. Since the people of this region primarily use the method of gathering, one can infer that they are outside in the natural environment more often. Experienced gatherers know when the correct time is to collect specific herbs. When they go out to look for those herbs, they could also find other, lesser used herbs. They will collect these herbs as well as the more commonly used herbs, because they are available at the time. Areas that use the method of purchasing primarily, can only purchase the herbs that are available in the market.

They may not have as much of an opportunity to find the lesser used herbs, compared to

69 residents in regions where more herbs are gathered than purchased. The values also indicate that this region uses herbs medicinally, more than the other towns. Since they treat more medical problems with herbs, they have a greater need for herbs, and therefore use more. As a person surveyed from this region responded “We have always used herbs to prepare tea and to cure some illnesses. It is also very relaxing and enjoyable to go among nature [into the local environment] and gather them.” The people who live in this region have a personal connection to the land and possess strong feelings about their natural surroundings. The fact that this region purchases herbs significantly less than the other towns indicates that the price of herbs does not affect this regions’ herb use.

There are two regions, the Pirin Mountains region and the Plains South of the

Balkan Mountains region, which use the method of purchasing to acquire herbs more than the other towns do. These regions use herbs primarily as a food source, and less for medicinal purposes. In Bulgaria, most of the people I met that used many herbs for medicinal purposes were also skilled gatherers. They were aware of the local environment and knew the proper time and places to collect the herbs that they needed.

One can infer that traditional ways of treating illnesses are not used as often in regions where purchasing herbs is the method primarily used to acquire herbs, as in this case.

Herbs are still an ingredient of many Bulgarian recipes, and would need to be purchased at the market, along with other food items. The Pirin Mountains region is located in a rocky mountain range, without a lot of vegetation so many herbs would need to be purchased because they are not easily found or can not be easily gathered in the local environment.

70 The Rila Mountains region, the Rhodope Mountains region and the Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains region all primarily use the method of gathering to acquire herbs. Residents in all of these regions purchase herbs less than the other towns.

People that gather herbs are knowledgeable about their local environment and the proper times and places to gather the herbs they use. People have less need to purchase herbs.

The Western Part of the Northern Balkan Mountains is the only region that uses herbs for medicinal purposes significantly more than the other towns. One can infer that medicinal knowledge of herbs vanishes before the food knowledge of herbs. Medicinal knowledge is more complex; deciding which herbs are needed to treat various medical problems and preparing them in the correct manner. Herbs that are used as a food source are usually picked and eaten. The most common of these are berries and they usually do not require special preparation to be consumed. A person can be walking in the local environment, see the berries and eat them. The collecting of medicinal herbs requires more preparation and species specific knowledge.

Further Study

This study was intended to give a broad view of herb use in Bulgaria. A subsequent study could be used to determine if local herb use is affected by availability.

An intensive local study of a couple different communities and the available herbs that are found in the surrounding area would be useful. This information could be used to determine if a communities’ herb use is correlated to the herbs that are available in the local environment.

71 Conclusions

Herbs are used commonly throughout Bulgaria, but there are significant regional differences. Individual herbs can be used significantly more of less, depending on the region. Some regions will use herbs primarily for medicinal purposes, while others use them in the preparation of food. These regional differences are results of topography, natural diversity in the surrounding area, traditional knowledge, and methods used to acquire herbs.

72 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

Herbs play an important role in Bulgaria. Traditionally, Bulgarian families have used them primarily for medicinal purposes and in the preparation of food. Though society is changing the traditional use of herbs is still practiced. In some cases illnesses are treated only with herbs. In most cases they are used in combination with modern medicine.

Although herbs are widely used throughout Bulgaria, there are local and regional differences. Average herb use is directly related to population size. There is a rank order correlation between small town size and the increased use of herbs. The majority of the people surveyed indicated that they use gathering to acquire their herbs, followed by growing herbs, and lastly by purchasing. Bulgaria is well suited for gathering because it has a wide ecological diversity of herbs. Of the people surveyed, herbs are used primarily for medicinal purposes, though there is also substantial use in food preparation.

A wide variety of herbs are used throughout Bulgaria, but some are more commonly used than others. Of the fifteen most commonly used herbs, seven are used primarily for medicinal purposes and six are used in the preparation of food. Herbs play an integral role in the treatment of illnesses and in Bulgarian cuisine. Some herbs are commonly used across Bulgaria, while others are used on a regional basis.

There are significant differences of regional use of herbs, of the six regions represented in this study. Herbs are more easily collected from regions that are in a suitable terrain. The terrain of the Balkan and the Rhodope Mountains is rolling, gentle

73 hills, making traversing easier. These areas have a rich vegetation, providing a higher diversity of herbs. The regions located in these mountains use more herbs than the regions that are in unsuitable terrain. Some regions have retained more medicinal knowledge about herbs. Medicinal knowledge is more complex and usually requires more preparation, in comparison with the knowledge of herbs used for food purposes.

Medicinal knowledge is more likely to fade than the food knowledge because of the complexities of collecting and using medicinal herbs. Local traditions, length of the growing season, and local knowledge of herbs play significant roles in regional use of herbs.

The traditional uses of herbs could be disrupted by the economic and political transition of Bulgaria. The privatization of herb companies combined with a large available workforce, due to the high unemployment rate, and the diverse ecological conditions of Bulgaria has made herbs a lucrative business. Inefficient laws, improper gathering techniques, and pollution have made Bulgarians concerned about the future of the abundance of herbs. Long-term monitoring of herb population and commercial use of herbs may help guide policy and its implementation.

74 LITERATURE CITED

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76 APPENDIX 1

SAMPLE SURVEY

77 ORIGINAL SURVEY PAGE 1 NAME: DATE:

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED ЗВЕЗДИЦА 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHAN'S WORT 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY ОМАН ЧЕРЕН ORIGINAL SURVEY PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT ORIGINAL SURVEY PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa DOG ROSE OTHERS 1.IF YOUR FAMILY PURCHASES HERBS; a. HAVE SOME HERBS BECOME MORE EXPENSIVE IN THE PAST 10 YEARS? b. WHICH ONES? (Write the number of the herb)

2. IF YOUR FAMILY GATHERS HERBS FROM NATURE; a. HAVE SOME HERBS BECOME MORE DIFFICULT TO FIND IN THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE PAST 10 YEARS? b. WHICH ONES? (Write the number of the herb)

3. ARE THERE ANY HERBS YOUR FAMILY USED TO USE WHICH YOU CAN NO LONGER FIND TO PURCHASE OR GATHER? a. WHICH ONES? (Write the number of the herb)

4. WHAT PERCENTAGE OF YOUR FAMILY’S INCOME IS FROM SELLING HERBS? (CIRCLE ONE) a. 0% b.1-20% c. 20-40% d. 40-60% e. 60-80% f. 80-100%

5. DOES YOUR FAMILY THINK THE ABUNDANCE OF BULGARIA’S HERBS IS THREATENED? a. WHAT ARE THE THREATS?

6. WHAT ROLE DO HERBS PLAY IN YOUR FAMILY PRESENTLY, AND WHAT ROLE DID THEY PLAY IN THE PAST?

81 APPENDIX 2

DATA FOR EACH OF THE 21 SURVEY SETS

82 BANSKO PAGE 1 PCV: MICHAEL BROWN, SURVEYS:2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 11 1 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 11 1 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 212 22 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 21 1 21 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 111 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED ЗВЕЗДИЦА 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 111 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 1111 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 21 2 1 1 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 212 12 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 111 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 22 11 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 1111 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 11 1 1 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 11 1 1 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 222 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 11 1 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY ОМАН ЧЕРЕН BANSKO PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 21 2 2 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 21 2 1 2 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 111 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 2212 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 22 12 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 22 1 12 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 21 2 2 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 1111 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 11 1 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 111 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 111 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 22 1 12 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 222 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 11 1 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 11 1 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 11 1 1 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 222 BANSKO PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 222 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 222 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 111 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 2221 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 11 1 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 212 2 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 21 2 2 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 21 1 2 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 1111 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 111 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 11 1 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 111 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 2221 OTHERS

TOTALS 68 22 3 56 45 22 15 1 % 32.4 4.4 82.4 0 0 66.2 32.4 22.1 1.5 BLAGOEVGRAD PAGE 1 PCV: BEVERLY BEYER CITY, SURVEYS:21

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 21 1 11 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 21 1 1 1 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 15 5 13 5 14 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 18 8 16 6 18 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 7753 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 716 223 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 322 3 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 3111 2 1 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 11 1 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 8117 2 6 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 111 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED ЗВЕЗДИЦА 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 827 631 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 71 6 2334 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 20 4 5 19 4 20 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 7241 16 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 111 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 826 35 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 111 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 211 2 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 81 7 8 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 61 5 6 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHAN'S WORT 19 2 18 18 6 2 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 11 1 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY ОМАН ЧЕРЕН BLAGOEVGRAD PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 15 14 1 6 4 1 14 1 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 11 1 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 13 3 10 5 11 2 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 1111 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 77351 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 17 4 3 16 12 16 3 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens 19 16 4 5 4 16 1 2 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 8116 71 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 20 8 5 16 4 20 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 19 3 4 18 17 6 1 2 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 4121 31 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 62 6 53 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 12 1 1 12 10 5 2 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 5115 431 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 111 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 11 1 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 19 12 6 15 3 19 2 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 20 1 5 20 18 12 2 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 21 1 2 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 5213 2 2 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 41 3 3 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 6215 232 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 1111 11 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 11 1 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 8434 8 2 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 11 3 9 10 1 BLAGOEVGRAD PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 211 2 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 212 11 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 22 2 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 13 1 1 13 12 1 2 1 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 616 61 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 20 1 6 19 16 10 3 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 31 3 13 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 414 13 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 312 21 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 11 1 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 211 2 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 15 11 7 15 1 2 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 10 6 1 8 10 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 9625 9 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 21 1 1 1 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 88451 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 2211 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 111 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 111 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 12 10 1 1 11 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 8218 8311 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 111 1 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa DOG ROSE 20 3 5 18 16 17 3 5 OTHERS

TOTALS 524 122 117 407 281 236 96 56 % 23.1 22.1 76.9 0 0 53.1 44.6 18.1 10.6 KARJDALI PAGE 1 PCV: JULIE BURGER, SURVEYS: 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 11 1 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 2212 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 211 21 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 11 1 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 11 1 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 11 1 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED ЗВЕЗДИЦА 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 211 1 1 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 11 1 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 2111 211 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 11 1 1 1 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 3323 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 322 13 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 11 1 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 21 2 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 111 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 32 1 3 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 21 1 2 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 3112 3 1 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 11 1 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 11 11 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY ОМАН ЧЕРЕН KARJDALI PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 32 2 1 3 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 32 2 1 2 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 11 1 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 21 11 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 3112 33 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 311 13 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 21 1 12 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 3112 3 1 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 11 1 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 11 1 111 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 21 1 2 1 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 2111 2 1 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 11 1 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 32 1 231 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 31 3 311 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 11 1 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 11 1 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 11 1 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 2111 2 1 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 1111 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 11 1 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 2111 21 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 21 2 2 KARJDALI PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 211 111 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 222 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 1 1 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 321 13 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 11 1 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 3112 3 1 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 21 2 1 2 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 11 1 1 1 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 11 1 1 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 21 2 2 1 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 11 1 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 2111 2 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 11 1 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 3112 321 OTHERS

TOTALS 103 46 19 55 65 35 37 4 % 44.7 18.4 53.4 0 0 63.1 34.0 35.9 3.9 KYUSTENDIL PAGE 1 PCV: CYNTHIA LINTZ, SURVEYS: 4

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 111 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 3313 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 4414 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 11 1 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 1111 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 2211 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 111 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 11 1 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 11 1 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED ЗВЕЗДИЦА 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 111 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 31 3 2 1 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 43 31 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 211 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 22 2 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 11 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 21 1 2 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 21 2 2 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 33132 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 1 11 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY ОМАН ЧЕРЕН KYUSTENDIL PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 32 1 1 21 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 111 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 22 2 2 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 1111 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 3213 331 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 2 22 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 222 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 313 3 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 3113 311 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 11 1 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 21 2 11 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 21 2 11 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 31 3 12 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 111 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 43 2 14 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 4432 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 222 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 31 2 2 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 11 1 1 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 1111 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 2221 KYUSTENDIL PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 222 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 111 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 4423 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 111 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 11 1 1 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 211 2 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 11 1 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 11 1 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 11 1 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 22 2 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 1111 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 41 4 141 OTHERS

TOTALS 103 28 5 82 1 59 49 10 6 % 27.2 4.9 79.6 0 0.970873786 57.3 47.6 9.7 5.8 LOVECH PAGE 1 PCV: ANNISA WANAT, SURVEYS: 19

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 31 2 112 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 2212 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 615 42 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 13 13 1 2 4 13 1 2 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 16 16 1 1 7 13 1 3 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 22112 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 17 1 16 1 2 14 2 3 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 71 6 1511 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 4113 124 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 413 1311 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 42211411 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 71 7 1613 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 51511341 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 615 1512 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 211 12 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 211 12 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED ЗВЕЗДИЦА 11 1 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 2212 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 2212 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 2211 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 14 1 14 1 1 9 6 2 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 11 1 10 1 7 1 2 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 111 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 1111 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 18 2 18 1 1 7 18 1 1 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 333 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 15 11 2 4 1 2 2 12 3 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 221111 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 33121 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 11 1 10 2 5 3 3 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 2112 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 551511 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 111111 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 10 3 1 6 1 1 10 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 10 10 1 10 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHAN'S WORT 18 1 1 17 1 3 17 1 2 1 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 1111 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 222 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 441221 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY ОМАН ЧЕРЕН 111 LOVECH PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 22121 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 18 14 1 5 3 18 1 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 32 2 3 1 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 2212 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 16 9 11 1 1 6 15 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 44131 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 4431 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 10 2 9 1 1 3 9 2 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 2212 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 19 10 1 18 15 18 1 1 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 17 16 2 2 1 5 15 1 3 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 11 11 1 4 1 5 5 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 18 7 1 16 1 2 18 1 2 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 1111 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 31 3 13111 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 19 3 3 16 1 2 17 3 3 1 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 81181 46 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 1111 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 71 6 146 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 717 16312 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 15 3 3 13 3 14 5 2 3 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 61 51 2532 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 11 1 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 21 21 121 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 11 11 1 1 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 111 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 18 15 3 6 1 2 17 1 2 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 16 2 2 16 1 2 14 5 4 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 1111 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 41 3 2 11 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 81 81 1712 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 11 1 111 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 2 2121 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 33121 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 92 8 425 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 22 11 13 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 6213 411 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 2212 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 42 4 311 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 81 7 362 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 918 91 LOVECH PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 111 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 111 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 514 41 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 11 1 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 1111 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 16 1 15 1 2 13 3 5 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 12 12 1 9 2 5 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 41 31 113 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 11111 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 41 4 14 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 14 1 1 12 1 10 7 1 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 2212 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 2211 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 61 5 1 6 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 44113 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 551141 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 19 2 17 1 1 14 1 2 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 13 8 9 1 13 1 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 10 8 4 3 9 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 43 4 1211 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 11 3 10 7 6 2 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 41411411 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 221111 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 22111 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 11 10 2 2 1 11 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 11 11 11 2 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa DOG ROSE 19 2 3 18 1 4 16 12 1 2 OTHERS

TOTALS 705 162 45 582 28 80 437 245 157 64 % 22.6 6.3 81.1 3.9 11.1 60.9 34.1 21.9 8.9 NOVA ZAGORA PAGE 1 PCV: GIL FAIR CITY, SURVEYS: 11

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 1 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 813 311 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 917 17 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 9919 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 1111 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 96531 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 97451 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 723 411 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 411 1 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 4321 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 915 211 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 613 11 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 81 4 3 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 11 1 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 312 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED ЗВЕЗДИЦА 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 311 2 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 111 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 91 6 44 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 81 4 32 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 11 1 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 11 11 1 11 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 11 1 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 4321 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 8542 6 3 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 1 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 741 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 815 1113 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 311 1 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 81 5 2 1 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 111 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 8114 5 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 6112 3 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 11 1 2 9 8 2 1 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 21 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 311 1 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 211 1 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY ОМАН ЧЕРЕН 211 1 NOVA ZAGORA PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 1 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 21 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 11 7 1 6 3 7 4 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 4311 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 10 5 1 7 2 7 1 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 1 1 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 31 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 32 1 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 75231 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 11 3 4 10 7 9 4 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 11 9 2 2 1 9 1 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 8116 3 6 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 11 4 9 9 1 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 1 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 11 2 11 8 2 2 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 2222 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 61 2 2 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 62 5 3 1 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 1 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 73 4 231 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 11 4 8 7 5 1 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 62 3 121 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 111 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 621 3 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 21 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 10 6 1 7 1 10 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 11 3 11 9 4 1 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 11 1 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 11 1 111 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 2211 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 42 12 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 761112 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 2 211 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 2 1 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 92 6 4 22 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 21 1 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 926 332 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 322 11 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 826 7 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 8124 61 NOVA ZAGORA PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 1111 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 1111 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 512 11 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 221 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 10 4 7 7 3 1 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 744 431 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 111 1 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 714 41 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 11 5 6 4 6 2 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 11 1 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 10 1 8 2 1 4 1 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 412 1 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 42 1 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 311 2 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 846 611 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 64 2 1 5 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 73 4 1 6 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 31 2 1 1 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 7113 1 1 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 9745 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 41 1 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 41 1 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 1 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 11 7 2 3 9 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 827 531 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 1 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 111 1 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 11 2 4 10 10 10 2 1 OTHERS

TOTALS 566 81 86 348 199 167 62 57 % 14.3 15.2 61.5 0 0 35.2 29.5 11.0 10.1 PERNIK PAGE 1 PCV:MARY WEINER, SURVEYS:10

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 22 2 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 2111 1 1 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 515 132 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 616 52 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 11 1 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 4212 422 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 22 12 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 41 3 211 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 211 11 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 2111 2 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 11 1 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 1111 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED ЗВЕЗДИЦА 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 884412 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 31 1 11 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 10 1 10 10 3 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 3331 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 431 3 1 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 21 2 11 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 31 2 3 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 73 6 7 2 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 917 613 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY ОМАН ЧЕРЕН PERNIK PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 22111 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 1111 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 87 1 2151 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 74 3 2151 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 42 3 3 2 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 93 8 291 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 9722 8 1 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 22 2 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 82 7 7 1 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 10 5 7 10 1 2 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 4413 1312 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 3213 211 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 4122 321 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 2111 2 2 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 32 2 1 2 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 10 9 1 4 10 2 1 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 10 1 3 8 6 3 2 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 11 1 1 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 1 11 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 11 1 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 515 313 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 222 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 11 11 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 6125 422 PERNIK PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 7216 6 1 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 2211 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 725 4314 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 11 1 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 222 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 32 2 1 11 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 936 81 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 33 12 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 31 2 3 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 111 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 33122 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 1111 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 111 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 54 1 4 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 514 41 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 10 1 9 7 7 2 3 OTHERS

TOTALS 257 72 38 185 117 100 35 67 % 28.0 14.8 72.0 0 0 45.5 38.9 13.6 26.1 PLOVDIV PAGE 1 PCV: JIM DAY CITY, SURVEYS: 11

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 11 1 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 423 24 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 938 29 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 515 41 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 32 2 3 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 11 1 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED ЗВЕЗДИЦА 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 211 2 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 221 2 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 413 211 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 11 1 1 9 2 10 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 43 1 4 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 2211 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 111 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 111 1 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 212 2 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 938 95 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 111 11 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 1 11 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY ОМАН ЧЕРЕН 111 PLOVDIV PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 7611 2 6 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 41 2 2 3 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 11 11 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 11 1 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 937 59 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 8442 18 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 11 1 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 7235 7 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 10 2 6 7 10 3 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 111 1 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 5514 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 5114 24 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 11 1 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 8155 28 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 10 4 7 9 5 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 11 1 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 3321 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 11 1 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 111 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 111 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 111 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 423 4 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 221 2 PLOVDIV PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 11 1 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 11 1 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 221 2 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 11 1 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 615 52 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 211 21 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 11 1 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 11 1 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 11 1 5 6 7 7 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 11 1 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 11 1 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 111 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 533 51 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 41 3 4 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 22 2 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 212 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 111 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 222 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 111 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 111 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 3111 3 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 412 41 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 211 2 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 976 551 OTHERS

TOTALS 221 27 78 150 117 110 34 % 12.2 35.3 67.9 0 0 52.9 49.8 15.4 0.0 RAZGRAD PAGE 1 PCV:AMY PRIMUS, SURVEYS:19

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 10 1 4 6 10 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 945 9 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 72 5 6 1 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 22 2 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED ЗВЕЗДИЦА 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 3312 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 55411 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 13 1 13 2 13 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 761 17 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 11 1 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 222 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 333 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 222 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHAN'S WORT 12 1 2 10 9 1 1 3 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 1 1 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS 11 1 ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 2 2 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY 2211 ОМАН ЧЕРЕН RAZGRAD PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 12 7 5 1 12 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 11 1 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 75 2 7 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 111 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE 615 6 ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 18 3 1 13 4 17 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 19 12 1 6 18 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 31 2 21 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 13 1 1 10 11 1 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 18 2 16 13 1 1 2 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 5522 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 514 213 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 22 2 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 18 14 1 4 2 17 1 1 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 15 2 5 10 11 4 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 1 1 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 211 11 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 321 12 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 11 1 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 3111 3 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 52 3 321 RAZGRAD PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 22 2 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 11 1 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 6661 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 222 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 1 1 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 8124 242 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 11 1 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 211 11 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 11 11 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 111 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 13 3 10 11 1 1 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 22 2 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 21 1 2 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris 11 1 БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 11 1 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 211 11 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 54 5 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 312 12 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa DOG ROSE 17 1 5 13 1 13 6 2 OTHERS

TOTALS 285 67 35 180 2 103 114 46 39 % 21.5 11.3 57.9 0.6 0 33.1 36.7 14.8 12.5 SAMOKOV PAGE 1 PCV: KEVIN BESSER, SURVEYS: 11

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 221 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 845 36 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 11 4 8 5 9 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 41 4 411 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 222 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 441112 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 111 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 22 22 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 11 1 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 111 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED ЗВЕЗДИЦА 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 2211 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 514 3111 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 73 5 5121 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 211 11 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 11 1 11 11 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 111 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 52 4 131 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 4413 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 212 2 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 413 4 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 444 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 61 6 6 1 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 10 1 10 10 1 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY ОМАН ЧЕРЕН SAMOKOV PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 98 2 2 72 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 11 1 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 10 5 7 1 9 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 71 6 25 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 10 4 9 4 10 1 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 11 10 1 2 2 9 3 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 9118 1 81 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 10 4 1 9 9 1 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 11 1 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 10 4 7 9 3 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 111 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 5115 23 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 5113 3 11 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 625 311 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 514 4112 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 111 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 111 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 11 1 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 10 6 9 1 10 4 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 11 1 2 11 9 1 5 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 11 1 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 212 2 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 22 2 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 111 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 222 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 2211 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 111 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 31 2 3 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 4422 SAMOKOV PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 321 3 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 9981 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 222 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 11 1 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 7116 521 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 11 1 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 222 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 222 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 11 1 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 111 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 836 8 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 42 3 4 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 53 3 5 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 51 5 132 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 11 1 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 22 11 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 77 6 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 716 61 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 10 1 10 8 7 2 OTHERS

TOTALS 319 69 37 254 159 94 59 52 % 21.6 11.6 79.6 0 0 49.8 29.5 18.5 16.3 SAPAREVO BANYA PAGE 1 PCV: CYNTHIA LINTZ, SURVEYS: 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 22 2 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 22 2 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 1111 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 11 1 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 111 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 11 1 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED ЗВЕЗДИЦА 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 11 11 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 22 2 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 22 2 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 111 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 11 1 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 11 1 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 222 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY ОМАН ЧЕРЕН SAPAREVO BANYA PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 22 11 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 1111 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 22 22 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 22 2 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 11 1 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 22 2 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 222 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 22 2 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 111 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 22 1 2 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 222 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 11 1 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 11 1 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 11 1 SAPAREVO BANYA PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 222 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 222 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 11 1 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 11 1 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 111 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 11 1 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 2211 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 11 1 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 111 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 2212 OTHERS

TOTALS 54 21 34 26 22 12 % 38.9 0.0 63.0 0 0 48.1 40.7 22.2 0.0 SEVLIEVO PAGE 1 PCV: JEAN PERKINS, SURVEYS:16

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 6251451 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 716 362 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 61 6 512 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 76423 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 4114 4111 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 111 1 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 111 1 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 6114 3112 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 21 2 2 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED ЗВЕЗДИЦА 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 1111 1 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 211 2 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 2111 1 1 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 87732 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 8417 7211 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 111 1 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 15 2 13 1 3 14 2 3 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 111 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 111 1 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 14 12 1 1 1 10 3 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 3212 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 66214 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 2121 2 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 41 3 2 1 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 111 1 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 63 5 25 1 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 52 4 25 1 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 14 1 1 13 3 12 1 1 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 6216 2 51 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY ОМАН ЧЕРЕН 222 SEVLIEVO PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 13 12 1 1 6 1 11 4 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 21 1 2 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 12 9 2 3 1 9 2 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 111 1 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 615 61 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 313 31 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 827 461 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 14 8 1 9 10 12 3 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 16 15 4 1 1 3 14 2 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 44122 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 13 6 9 3 13 2 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 21111 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 14 6 2 10 1 1 13 3 3 2 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 1111 111 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 31 2 2211 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 8218 2643 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 11 3 1 9 1 2 10 5 3 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 3112 222 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 2112 12 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 211 1 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 1 1 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 15 13 2 5 5 14 1 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 13 2 3 11 3 8 4 2 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 211 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 1 1 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 111 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 212 111 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 41 3 4 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 1 11 1 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 111 1 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 21 1 11 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 1111 1 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 2121 1 1 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 212 21 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 11 1 1 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 51 4 24 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 555 SEVLIEVO PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 111 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 212 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 11 1 1 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 87811 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 2221 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 33 122 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 21 2 2 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 31 3 3 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 11111 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 927 1541 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 2112 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 2111 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 111 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 2112 2 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 15 14 1 15 1 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 75 4 61 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 43 2 4 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 32 1 1 2 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 54332 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 111 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 9514 81 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 6126 16 1 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 1 1 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 15 1 2 13 2 10 12 5 OTHERS

TOTALS 444 145 60 311 7 24 266 155 63 83 % 32.7 13.5 70.0 1.576576577 5.405405405 59.9 34.9 14.2 18.7 SEVLIEVO2 PAGE 1 PCV: STEPHANIE LINDENBAUM, SURVEYS:6

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 22 2 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 11 1 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 22 2 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 3313 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 31 2 3 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 111 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 211 2 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 111 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 111 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED ЗВЕЗДИЦА 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 3321 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 222 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 66261 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 53 2 132 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 111 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 444 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 333 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 6661 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY ОМАН ЧЕРЕН 111 SEVLIEVO2 PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 21 1 1 1 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 11 1 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 66 152 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 33 3 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 222 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 22121 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 62 5 361 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 55 1 15 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 22112 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 53 4 151 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 634 5111 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 111 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 33211 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 43 3 311 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 22111 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 11 1 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 11 1 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 66 26 1 1 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 66531 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 11 1 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 41 3 122 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 555 SEVLIEVO2 PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 555 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 555 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 11 1 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 55241 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 2211 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 6661 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 33 1 3 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 21 2 1 2 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 11 1 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 2111 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 11 1 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 44 4 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 2221 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 66332 OTHERS

TOTALS 166 47 5 121 2 93 61 23 27 % 28.3 3.0 72.9 1.204819277 0 56.0 36.7 13.9 16.3 SILISTRA PAGE 1 PCV: DAMON WEITZ CITY, SURVEYS:20

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDENPURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATIONOTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 1 1 1 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 4 1 1 3 2 3 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 12 4 9 2 10 1 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 10 2 8 2 7 1 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 5 1 4 4 1 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 13 1 2 11 8 4 2 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 3 1 2 3 1 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 5 3 2 4 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 1 1 1 1 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 6 1 1 3 5 1 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 4 2 2 3 2 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 8 5 1 4 1 6 1 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED ЗВЕЗДИЦА 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 12 6 6 9 2 1 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 14 3 1 12 9 2 4 2 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 4 3 2 1 1 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 16 16 1 16 1 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 1 1 1 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 8 5 2 3 8 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 2 2 2 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 1 1 1 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 7 2 5 3 1 2 2 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 6 2 4 4 2 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 4 2 3 4 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 5 1 2 3 5 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHAN'S WORT 18 5 14 16 2 1 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 2 2 2 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS 1 1 1 ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY ОМАН ЧЕРЕН SILISTRA PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDENPURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATIONOTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 5 2 3 4 1 1 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 3 10 3 3 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 16 10 2 8 8 10 1 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 4 1 3 3 1 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 12 6 2 7 3 10 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 1 1 1 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE 11 5 7 2 7 1 ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 19 7 5 12 15 15 2 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 18 17 4 2 3 17 1 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 4 1 1 2 1 3 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 19 10 1 14 2 19 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 1 1 1 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 19 9 6 16 18 4 1 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 2 1 1 11 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 4 1 2 2 3 1 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 9 4 1 6 9 2 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 14 4 13 12 4 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 8 4 1 6 7 2 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 2 1 2 2 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 18 17 2 5 1 18 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 18 3 6 14 15 6 1 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 1 1 1 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 3 1 1 1 2 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 7 2 5 6 3 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 8 4 1 4 1 7 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 2 2 1 1 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 12 3 8 7 1 6 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 6 1 2 3 6 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 7 3 5 7 SILISTRA PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDENPURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATIONOTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 1 1 1 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 1 1 1 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 4 1 3 3 1 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 1 1 1 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 13 5 8 13 1 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 3 1 2 3 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 3 2 1 2 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 1 1 1 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 16 2 7 10 12 8 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 1 1 1 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 7 1 6 6 1 4 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 5 1 5 2 4 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 2 1 1 1 1 1 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 1 1 1 1 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 16 1 6 9 15 2 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 9 6 1 6 9 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 9 5 1 4 8 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris 1 1 1 БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 5 3 3 1 1 3 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 7 2 1 6 7 2 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 3 3 3 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 2 2 2 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 13 9 1 5 1 13 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 9 2 1 9 9 1 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 1 1 1 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa DOG ROSE 18 2 4 13 14 11 2 1 OTHERS

TOTALS 579 183 105 379 322 188 108 31 % 31.6 18.1 65.5 0 0 55.6 32.47 18.7 5.4 SILISTRA2 PAGE 1 PCV: HEATHER LEET, SURVEYS:9

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 111 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 312 3 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 33 3 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 31 2 212 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 1111 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 1 1 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 222 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 32 2 2 11 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED ЗВЕЗДИЦА 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 11 1 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 211 11 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 2221 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 715 3121 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 413 14 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 11 11 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 11 1 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 1 1 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 3322 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 111 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 323 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 323 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 725 711 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 221 11 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY ОМАН ЧЕРЕН SILISTRA2 PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 11 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 221 21 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 53 1 4 31 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 21 1 1 11 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 111 1 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 33 3 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 9336 691 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 9721 381 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 21 1 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 6225 26 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 111 1 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 8214 7311 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 111 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 22211 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 413 411 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 22111 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 11 1 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 11 1 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 8821 8 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 8136 712 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 422 31 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 211 2 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 111 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 62 4 421 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 11 1 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 321 131 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 11 1 SILISTRA2 PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 211 11 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 211 11 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 514 5 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 222 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 111 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 515 511 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 11 1 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 11 1 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 11 1 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 8136 8 1 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 2112 2 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 3113 1 2 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 111 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 44311 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 111 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 222 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 11 1 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 4231 1 3 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 221 21 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 1111 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 8137 661 OTHERS

TOTALS 206 41 53 134 131 69 33 23 % 19.9 25.7 65.0 0 0 63.6 33.5 16.0 11.2 SMOLYAN PAGE 1 PCV: JEREMY SALUCKA, SURVEYS:24

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 21 1 2 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 4432 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 14 2 13 4 14 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 18 5 17 7 17 2 1 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 12 1 11 1 11 4 1 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 55241 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 7116 224 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 5114 41 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 222 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 81 8 5 2 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 6542 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 61 4 3 3 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 111 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 3321 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED ЗВЕЗДИЦА 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 333 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 33211 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 33211 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 18 18 2 15 5 1 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 18 2 1 18 1 1 12 12 1 4 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 3331 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 23 3 1 23 1 3 22 3 1 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 44311 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 12 7 4 4 1 1 1 10 2 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 11 1 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 222 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 13 1 3 12 1 6 2 8 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 312 3 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 54411 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 3331 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 12 1 11 1 11 1 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 6651 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHN'S WORT 24 3 23 1 4 20 3 1 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 312 12 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 514 32 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 5113 4212 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 312 12 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY ОМАН ЧЕРЕН 312 21 SMOLYAN PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 111 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 21 1 1 1 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 21 14 11 9 14 4 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 5541 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 23 1 22 3 19 2 9 3 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 222 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 212 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 212 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 21 7 17 1 1 5 17 4 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 111 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 11 11 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 22 5 3 21 1 14 22 2 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 22 18 8 3 1 2 21 2 2 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 88 53 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 23 11 4 20 1 6 21 2 3 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 111 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 222 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 21 1 5 18 2 19 5 1 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 3321 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 91 9 442 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 81281 1751 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 93 7 1831 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 22112 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 222 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 5541 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 212 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 111 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 23 13 1 18 1 5 23 3 2 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 21 2 21 2 19 5 1 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 11 1 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 77 134 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 726 5112 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 111 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 2 21 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 5413 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 333 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 11 11 10 1 2 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 111 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 111 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 2221 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 8217 172 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 13 1 12 2 12 SMOLYAN PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 77611 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 625 161 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 71 7 7 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 333 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 22 3 22 1 2 22 3 2 2 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 887321 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 21 2 1 1 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 4441 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 66331 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 2221 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 22 1 2 22 1 16 7 4 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 4433 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 615 321 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 615 52 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 211 11 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 333 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 12 1 12 1 11 1 1 2 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 7314 2 6 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 11 3 1 9 1 11 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 333 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 553211 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 881172 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 111 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 2211 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 13 9 2 5 1 12 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 17 2 17 1 2 16 2 2 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 111 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 2211 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa ROSE HIP 22 1 22 1 3 17 15 4 OTHERS

TOTALS 809 117 75 707 14 35 499 282 113 104 % 14.5 9.3 87.4 1.73053152 4.326328801 61.7 34.9 14.0 12.9 SVOGE PAGE 1 PCV: ELLEN WELLS, SURVEYS:16

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 11 1 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 111 1 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 13 13 3 13 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 14 14 2 14 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 22222 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 99631 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 88621 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 4431 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 111 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 111 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 6114 5 11 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 31 2 2 11 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 42 2 2 2 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED ЗВЕЗДИЦА 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 222 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 1111 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 111 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 11 1 9 9 3 2 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 994142 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 11 1 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 16 1 15 1 3 16 1 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 111 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 312 3 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 321 111 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 11 1 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 817 423 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 211 21 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 312 3 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 71 5 6 1 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 91 8 9 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHAN'S WORT 16 1 16 1 16 1 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 514 1 5 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY ОМАН ЧЕРЕН 444 SVOGE PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 11 1 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 211 2 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 14 11 4 4 11 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 222 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 14 6 8 8 1 10 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 111 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 111 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 444 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 211 1 11 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 11 3 1 9 3 7 3 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 16 4 16 10 14 1 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 16 16 1 1 5 15 1 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 88233 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 15 6 12 2 15 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 15 7 11 1 14 1 1 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 111 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 8118 3411 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 5532 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 12 1 1 10 10 2 2 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 41 4 31 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 111 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 15 9 2 10 2 15 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 15 3 12 1 14 2 1 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 22 2 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 5551 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 8 88 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 111 1 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 844 81 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 22 2 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 11 1 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 211 2 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 6624 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 13 5 8 12 1 SVOGE PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 514 5 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 514 5 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 615 6 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 211 2 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 12 1 11 11 2 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 918 92 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 2221 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 5113 4 1 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 14 3 11 13 1 1 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 413 41 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 21 1 1 1 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 413 3 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 22 2 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 15 3 13 15 1 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 11 3 9 3 8 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 83 5 2 6 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 222 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 77342 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 222 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 111 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 111 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 99 9 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 10 1 9 10 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa DOG ROSE 16 3 16 1 15 8 OTHERS

TOTALS 553 87 62 432 2 5 358 153 80 38 % 15.6 11.2 77.7 0.4 0.9 64.4 27.5 14.4 6.8 TRYAVNA PAGE 1 PCV: PAUL SNOW, SURVEYS:24

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 21 1 11 1 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 211 21 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 514 211 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 10 1 2 9 1 1 1 8 1 3 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 15 2 3 13 1 1 2 13 1 3 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 51 4 5 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 14 1 12 2 12 4 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 61 5 4 1 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 817 4111 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 6324 4 12 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 312 3 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 827 44 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 818 4113 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 12 2 1 11 2 8 3 2 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 3331 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 31 2 2 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED 111 ЗВЕЗДИЦА 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 514 411 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 11 1 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 14 1 2 13 2 1 11 5 3 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 16 7 2 13 1 11 8 2 2 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 2211 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 111 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 23 2 1 22 2 2 21 1 3 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 222 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 111 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 12 9 3 2 1 2 10 1 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 2211 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 111 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 87334 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 222 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 10 1 10 1 10 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 212 2 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 8416 8 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 8414 8 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHAN'S WORT 21 1 3 21 3 21 2 3 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 3111 2 1 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 111 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 111 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY ОМАН ЧЕРЕН 313 3 TRYAVNA PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 3122 1 12 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 42 3 2 41 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 20 17 1 6 1 6 1 15 2 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 5214 5 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 21 16 2 9 1 7 1 17 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 111 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 735 621 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 524 311 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 94381 2914 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 11 1 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 23 14 2 20 1 2 14 22 1 5 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 22 21 6 2 2 6 17 6 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 93181 6221 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 21 7 4 18 2 1 5 20 4 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 11 1 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 22 5 7 19 1 3 17 3 8 5 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 515 241 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 2211 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 6126 23 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 22 1 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 7117 1522 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 10 1 2 9 2 6 4 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 31 3 311 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 111 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 313 2 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 111 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 111 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 23 16 5 12 4 1 4 23 4 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 23 3 4 21 3 21 7 7 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 2211 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 61 5 1423 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 11 3 10 1 8 3 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 6 66 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 31 21 1 1 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 4311 2 3 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 62242 611 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 32 22 3 1 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 312 21 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 61 5 133 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 9118 29 2 TRYAVNA PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 3331 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 4441 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 6125 6 2 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 11 1 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 15 3 14 1 2 14 1 3 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 81261 8 1 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 21 1 1 11 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 111 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 52 4 4212 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 17 3 3 14 2 1 11 5 3 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 111 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 6214 1152 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 7115 7 12 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 312 21 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 222 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 111 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 13 4 12 1 13 2 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 18 9 2 15 3 5 17 2 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 14 10 1 8 1 1 4 11 2 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 33 11 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 71 7 3212 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 222 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 111 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 11 1 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 15 14 3 2 1 2 14 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 15 1 3 13 1 13 1 2 3 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 11 1 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 21 1 1 1 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 11 1 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa DOG ROSE 22 4 6 21 1 3 15 15 2 6 OTHERS

TOTALS 766 223 124 590 32 42 456 225 131 139 % 28.5 15.8 75.4 4.1 5.4 58.2 28.7 16.7 17.8 VELINGRAD PAGE 1 PCV: TIFFANY WALKER, SURVEYS:13

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 3112 21 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 2221 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 10 2 10 1 4 9 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 11 2 11 1 6 10 1 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 77532 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 2211 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 41 4 1122 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 514 1411 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 211 2 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 41 3 2 11 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 413 211 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 73 5 2 4 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 111 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 111 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED ЗВЕЗДИЦА 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 22 21 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 11 1 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 211 21 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 111 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 616 622 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 95 5 1553 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 11 1 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 11 1 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 13 2 12 1 1 12 1 1 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 211 21 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 31 2 3 2 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 7421 25 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 11 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 6616 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 312 31 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 62 5 4 21 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 53 3 15 2 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 53 3 15 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHAN'S WORT 12 1 1 11 1 11 3 3 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 2121 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 4113 2 11 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 21 1 1 1 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY ОМАН ЧЕРЕН 211 2 VELINGRAD PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 11 1 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 111 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 88 2 2 8 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 321 21 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 12 3 1 11 6 8 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 211 11 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 3231 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 83171 1381 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 12 9 3 10 10 10 3 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 12 11 2 1 1 1 10 3 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 81 7 161 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 13 7 1 12 1 1 2 12 1 2 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 13 5 3 11 1 1 13 4 1 1 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 11 11 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 11 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 3312 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 11 1 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 11 5 7 1 1 9 4 1 3 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 85 41 1822 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 2221 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 1111 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 2221 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 11 1 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 11 1 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 13 10 2 9 1 1 13 3 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 13 2 11 1 1 11 5 2 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 4112 2 31 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 72 6 5 3 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 1 1 1 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 212 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 43 1 4 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 11 1 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 5222 511 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 11 1 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 11 1 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 7214 7 1 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 11 1 3 9 1 1 10 1 1 VELINGRAD PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 212 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 311 3 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 441141 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 21 1 2 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 817118 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 88171 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 2111 2 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 21 1 11 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 12 4 9 1 1 9 6 2 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 21 1 1 21 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 2211 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 616 332 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 6212 3141 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 6114 51 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 8451711 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 43 1 2 41 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 87 1 1 71 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 11 1 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 32 2 12 2 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 5113 512 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 541412 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 5 41131 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 211 12 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 10 9 1 1 10 1 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 926 831 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 211 2 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 11 1 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 11 1 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa DOG ROSE 13 1 2 12 1 1 9 8 2 OTHERS

TOTALS 494 142 71 340 20 19 296 150 89 93 % 28.3 14.2 67.9 4.0 3.8 59.1 29.9 17.8 18.6 VRATSA PAGE 1 PCV:ALLISON BOEHM, SURVEYS:18

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 42 4 411 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 222 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 11 1 11 1 6 9 1 1 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBEERY 15 1 2 15 1 7 13 1 1 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 321 2 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 13 3 9 7 2 3 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 42 3 4 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 7125 1613 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 8116 6 1 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 412 4 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 51 5 2 11 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 44211 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 6651 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 222 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 222 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED ЗВЕЗДИЦА 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 111 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 111 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 41 2 2 1 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 13 1 4 10 13 4 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 10 5 8 9 2 2 5 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 22 2 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 16 2 1 16 5 16 1 3 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 222 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 413 4 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 85141 2811 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 31 3 3111 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 222 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 81 6 5 14 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 111 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 514 5 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 84 7 8 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 12 5 2 8 1 12 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHAN'S WORT 18 5 17 2 17 1 1 1 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 333 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 4332 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 43 1 2 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 11 1 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY ОМАН ЧЕРЕН 5214 5 VRATSA PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 422 4211 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 4122 4211 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 14 12 1 6 8 11 2 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 43 4 4 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 10 7 1 7 4 7 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 4113 4 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 62 5 5 1 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 12 3 12 6 11 1 2 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 18 11 4 17 1 14 17 1 6 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 18 16 8 2 1 6 17 1 3 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 11 3 10 1 8 5 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 18 12 4 16 5 17 1 3 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 111 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 16 6 4 16 14 4 4 3 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 22 2 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 4432 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 83 7 5511 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 22 2 2111 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 10 3 1 9 8 2 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 13 4 1 13 1 12 2 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 6316 16 1 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 3321 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 51 3 5 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 11 1 1 1 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 18 16 4 6 2 1 4 17 1 3 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 18 3 3 16 1 16 1 1 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 333 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 313 12 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 94 9 8 2 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 111 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 413 4 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 21 1 2 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 11 1 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 615 6 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 4112 4 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 22 2 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 5314 11511 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 17 7 10 1 15 2 1 1 VRATSA PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 312 3 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 212 2 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 615 511 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 15 1 3 13 1 14 1 1 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 9128 71 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 1111 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 3331 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 513 42 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 222 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 11 1 4 7 1 10 5 3 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 61 5 4 11 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 111 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 55151 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 14 3 5 12 14 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 96 9 2 9 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 74 6 2 5 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 222 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 10 1 10 5 7 1 1 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 5551 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 5551 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 333 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 11 9 5 1 10 2 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 6541 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 222 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 111 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa DOG ROSE 17 5 6 16 2 16 13 1 5 OTHERS

TOTAL 667 195 101 532 5 17 472 190 96 87 % 28.6 14.8 78.0 0.7 2.5 69.2 27.9 14.1 12.8 YAMBOL PAGE 1 PCV: AMY GOURDE, SURVEYS:19

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? # BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 1 АЛПИЙСКИ ЛАПАД Rumex alpinus MONK'S RHUBARB 2222 2 2 БЛАТЕН ТЬЖНИК/ Filipendula ulmaria Maxim MEADOW-SWEET ОРЕХЧЕ БРЯСТОЛИСТНО 3 БЛАТНО КОКИЧЕ Leucojum aestivum LODDON LILY 422 211 4 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРВЕНА Vaccinium vitis-idaea COWBERRY 827 8 5 БОРОВИНКА ЧЕРНА Vaccinium myrtillus BILBERRY 10 3 8 2 8 6 БРЕЙ Tamus communis LADY'S SEAL 11 1 7 БЪЗ ЧЕРЕН Sambucus nigra ELDER 7235 611 8 БЪЗАК/БЪЗЕЙ Sambucus ebulus DWARF ELDER 5532 9 БЯЛ БОР Pinus sylvestris SCOTS PINE 332 3 10 БЯЛ ИМЕЛ Viscum album MISTLETOE 312 3 11 БЯЛ ОМАН Inula helenium ELECAMPANE 12 БЯЛА БРЕЗА Betula pendula SILVER BIRCH 211 2 13 БЯЛА ВЪРБА Salix alba WHITE WILLOW 211 2 14 ВЕЛИКДЕНЧЕ Veronica officinalis SPEEDWELL 9117 3 6 15 ВЕТРОГОН Eryngium campestre FIELD ERYNGO 16 ВОДНО ПИПЕРИЧЕ Polygonum hydoropiper WATER PEPPER 17 ВРАБЧОВИ ЧРЕВЦА/ Stellaria media CHICKWEED ЗВЕЗДИЦА 18 ВРАТИГА Tanacetum vulgare TANSY 19 ВЪЛЧА ЯБЪЛКА Aristolochia clematitis BIRTHWORT 20 ВЪРБИНКА Verbena officinalis VERVAIN/HOLYWORT 21 ГИНГЕР Onopordon acanthium COTTON THISTLE 22 ГЛОГ ЧЕРВЕН Crataegus monogyna WHITETHORN 2211 23 ГЛУХАРЧЕ Taraxacom offinale DANDELION 817 513 24 ГОРИЦВЕТ Adonis vernalis SPRING ADONIS 25 ГОРСКА ПИЩЯЛКА/ Angelica sylvestris WILD ANGELICA ГОРСКА АНГЕЛИКА 26 ГОРСКА ЯГОДА Frageria vesca WILD STRAWBERRY 15 3 14 3 15 27 ГОРСКИ ЕНЧЕЦ Solidago virgaurea GOLDEN-ROD 28 ГРЪМОТРЪН Ononis spinosa RESTHARROW 211 2 29 ДЕВЕСИЛ Heracleum sibiricum COW PARSNIP 10 2 7 3 8 2 30 ДИВА ТИКВА Bryonia alba WHITE BRYONY 11 1 31 ДРАКА Paliurus spina-christi CHRIST'S-THORN 32 ДЪБ Quercus species diversa OAK 413 311 33 ДЯВОЛСКА УСТА Leonurus cardiaca MOTHERWORT 34 ЕНЬОВЧЕ Galium vercum YELLOW GALLIUM 44 4 35 ЖАБЛЕК Galega officinalis GOAT'S RUE 36 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ТЕСНОЛИСТ Plantago lanceolata RIBWORT PLANTAIN 31 2 3 37 ЖИЛОВЛЕК ШИРОКОЛИСТ Plantago major GREATER PLANTAIN 52 3 5 38 ЖЪЛТ КАНТАРИОН Hypericum perforatum ST. JOHAN'S WORT 18 1 10 11 17 4 2 39 ЖЪЛТУГА Genista tinctoria DYER'S GREENWOOD 111 40 ЗАЙЧА СТЪПКА/ Geum urbanum WOOD AVENS ОМАЙНИЧЕ ГРАДСКО 11 1 41 ЗАЙЧА СЯНКА Asparagus officinalis ASPARAGUS 11 1 42 ЗАЛИСТ Ruscus aculeatus KNEEHOLLY 43 ЗАРАСЛИЧЕ/ Symphytum officinale COMFREY ОМАН ЧЕРЕН YAMBOL PAGE 2

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 44 ЗДРАВЕЦ ЗЛОВОНЕН Geranium robertianum RED SHANK 22 11 45 ЗДРАВЕЦ КРЪВЕН Geranium sanguineum BLOODY CRANESBILL 22 2 46 ЗДРАВЕЦ ОБИКНОВЕН Geranium macrorrhizum 11 6 1 5 3 9 2 47 ЗМИЙСКО МЛЯКО Chelidonium majus TETTERWORT 22 11 48 ЗМИЯРНИК Arum maculatum CUCKOO-PINT 49 ИГЛИКА Primula veris COWSLIP 9225 4 52 50 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ Herniaria hisuta HAIRY RUPTURE-WORT 11 1 51 ИЗСИПЛИВЧЕ ГОЛО Herniaria glabra GLABROUS RUPTURE-WORT 52 КАМШИК Agrimonia eupatoria AGRIMONY 323 3 53 КИСЕЛ ТРЪН Berberis vulgaris BARBERRY 211 2 54 КИСЕЛИЦА/ Malus sylvestris WILD APPLE ЯБЪЛКА ДИВА 5514 55 КЛИНАВИЧЕ/ Astragalus glycyphyllos MILKVETCH СГРАБИЧЕ СЛАДФОЛИСТНО 56 КОПИТНИК Asarum europaeum ASARABACCA 57 КОПРИВА Utrica dioica STINGING NETTLE 19 4 1 15 10 15 4 58 КОПЪР Anethum graveolens DILL 17 13 4 4 3 15 2 59 КУКУРЯК Helleborus odorus BEAR'S-FOOT 42 4 4 60 КЪПИНА Rubus sp. Diversa DEWBERRY 16 9 2 10 2 16 61 КЪРВАВИЧЕ Polygonum bisorta SNAKE-ROOT 62 ЛАЗАРКИНЯ Asperula odorata WOODRUFF-ASPERULE 63 ЛАЙКА Matricaria chamomilla CHAMOMILE 19 3 9 13 1 17 3 5 64 ЛЕВУРДА Allium ursinum RAMSONS 65 ЛЕПКА Galium aparine GOOSEGRASS 22 2 66 ЛЕСКА Corylus avellana HAZEL 67 ЛИВАДНО ОРЕХЧЕ Filipendula vulgaris DROPWORT 68 ЛИПА ДРЕБНОЛИСТНА Tilia cordata SMALL-LEAVED LIME 8325 72 69 ЛИПА ЕДРОЛИСТНА Tilia platyphyllos LARGE-LEAVED LIME 10 8 3 4 7 4 1 70 ЛИПА СРЕБРОЛИСТНА Tilia tomentosa SILVER LIME 7423 53 71 ЛОПЕН Verbascum thapsiflorum WOOL MULLEIN 72 ЛУДО БИЛЕ Atropa bella-donna BANEWORT 73 ЛУЛИЧКА Linaria vulgaris TOAD-FLAX 74 ЛЮТИВА ТЛЪСТИГА Sedum acre WALL-PEPPER 75 МАЛИНА Rubus idaeus RASPBERRY 17 15 3 1 17 76 МАЩЕРКА Thymus sp. Diversa WILD THYME 19 8 15 12 5 2 77 МЕДУНИЦА Pulmonaria officinalis LUNG-WORT 78 МРАЗОВЕЦ Colchicum autumnale MEADOW SAFFRON 79 МЪЖДРЯН Fraxinus ornus FLOWERING ASH 80 МЪЖКА ПАПРАТ Dryopteris filix-mas MALE FERN 11 1 81 ОВЧАРСКА ТОРБИЧКА Capsella bursa-pastoris SHEPHERD'S PURSE 51 4 4 1 82 ОФИКА Sorbus aucuparia MOUNTAIN ASH 83 ОЧАНКА Euphrasia officnalis EYEBRIGHT 1 11 84 ОЧИБОЛЕЦ/ Potentilla erecta TORMENTILL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ИЗПРАВЕНО 85 ПАРИЧКА Bellis perennis DAISY 42 3 2 2 86 ПАЧА ТРЕВА Polygonum aviculare KNOTGRASS 21 1 1 1 87 ПЕЛИН БЯЛ Artemisia absinthium WORMWOOD 743 223 88 ПЕЛИН КАМФОРОВ Artemisia alba 89 ПЕТОПРЪСТНИК/ Potentilla reptans CREEPING CINQUEFOIL ПРОЗОРЧЕ ПЪЛЗЯЩО 111 90 ПИРЕЙ Agropyron repens COUCH-GRASS 111 91 ПЛАНИНСКА ЧУБРИЦА Satureja montana WIN SAVORY 422 4 92 ПОДБЕЛ Tussilago farfara COLTSFOOT 754 7 YAMBOL PAGE 3

DOES YOUR FAMILY USE THESE HERBS? HOW DO YOU ACQUIRE THEM? DO YOU SELL THEM? WHAT DO YOU USE THEM FOR? BULGARIAN LATIN ENGLISH YES GROW IN GARDEN PURCHASE GATHER FROM NATURE AT THE BAZAAR TO HERB COMPANY MEDICINAL FOOD DECORATION OTHER 93 ПОДЪБИЧЕ БЯЛО Teucrium polium POLEY 11 1 94 ПОДЪБИЧЕ ЧЕРВЕНО Teucrium chamaedrys COMMON GERMANDER 95 ПОЛСКИ ХВОЩ Equisetum arvense HORSETAIL 321 3 96 ПОРЕЧ Nasturtium officinale BORAGE 97 ПРЕСЕЧКА Cnicus benedictus BLESSED THISTLE 98 ПТИЧЕ ПРОСО Lithospermum officinale GROMWELL 99 ПЧЕЛНИК Marrubium vulgare WILD HOREHOUND 100 РАВНЕЦ БЯЛ Achillea millefolium MILFOIL 12 6 9 12 101 РАВНЕЦ ЖЪЛТ Achillea clypeolata 525 5 102 РАЛИЦА Consolida regalis FORKING LARKSPUR 103 РАНИЛИСТ Stachys officinalis BETONY 104 РЕПЕЙ Arctium lappa GREAT BURDOCK 11 1 105 РЕЩЕТКА Carlina acanthifolia 106 РИГАН Origanum vulgare WILD MARJORAM 18 1 13 6 10 6 4 107 РОСОПАС Fumaria officinalis 108 РУНЯНКА/ Hieracium pilosella HAWKWEED МИШИ УШИ 109 САПУНЧЕ Saponaria officinalis SOAPWORT 110 СИНЯ МЕТЛИЧИНА Centaurea cyanus CORN FLOWER 1111 111 СИНЯ ТИНТЯВА Gentiana cruciata 112 СЛАДКА ПАПРАТ Polypodium vulgare POLYPODY 11 1 113 СЛЕЗ Malva sylvestris MALLOW 11 1 114 СМРАДЛИКА Cotinus coggygria SMOKE-TREE 643 51 115 ТЕМЕНУГА МИРИЗЛИВА Viola odorata SWEET VIOLET 98 5 92 116 ТЕМЕНУГА ТРИЦВЕТНА Viola tricolor WILD PANSY 44 1 4 117 ТРАБУЗАН/ Tribulus terrestris БАБИНИ ЗЪБИ 11 1 118 ТРОСКОТ Cynodon dactylon BERMUDA-GRASS 21 1 2 119 ТРЪНКА Prunus spinosa BLACKTHORN 7544 120 ХВОЙНА СИНЯ Juniperus communis JUNIPER 211 2 121 ХВОЙНА ЧЕРВЕНА Juniperus oxycedrus 111 122 ЧЕМЕРИКА Veratrum lobelianum WHITE FALSEHELLEBORE 123 ЧЕРВЕН БОЖУР Paeonia peregrina PEONY 9732 9 124 ЧЕРВЕН КАНТАРИОН Centaurium erythraea COMMON CENTAURY 625 61 125 ЧОБАНКА/ Petasites hybridus BUTTERBUR ОВЧАРКА 126 ЧУВЕН Chenopodium bonus-henricus ALL-GOOD 11 1 127 ШАПИЧЕ Alchemilla vulgaris compl. LADY'S MANTLE 11 1 128 ШИПКА Rosa sp. Diversa DOG ROSE 18 1 4 16 1 14 8 3 OTHERS

TOTALS 579 114 136 274 236 159 63 47 % 19.7 23.5 47.3 0 0 40.8 27.5 10.9 8.1