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4 Martin Scorsese SLEZSKÁ UNIVERZITA V OPAVĚ Filozoficko-přírodovědecká fakulta v Opavě Lukáš Wodecki Audiovizuální tvorba Gangsterský film v pojetí Martina Scorseseho Interpretation of Martin Scorsese‘s Gangster film diplomová práce Opava 2020 Vedoucí bakalářské práce: MgA. Tomáš Polenský Ph.D. ABSTRAKT Diplomová práce se zaměřuje na filmovou tvorbu Martina Scorseseho v žánru gangsterského filmu. Práce se zabývá počátky mafiánských organizací, vývojem tohoto žánru a samotnou tvorbou režiséra. Praktická část práce je zaměřena na analýzu tří mafiánských filmů režiséra Martina Scorseseho, kterými jsou Mean Streets (1973), GoodFellas (1990) a Casino (1995). Cílem této práce je vylíčit život a tvorbu autora, najít vzájemná propojení s gangsterskými filmy v jejich počátcích a poukázat na vlivy, které měly dopad na Scorseseho tvorbu. KLÍČOVÁ SLOVA: Gangsterský film, mafie, Martin Scorsese, film, režisér ABSTRACT The Diploma Thesis deals with Martin Scorsese´s gangster movie production. It is focused on the beginnings of Mafia organisations, the development of the gangster movie genre and the works of Martin Scorsese. The practical part is focused on the analysis of Martin Scorsese´s three mafia movies, which are Mean Streets (1973), GoodFellas (1990) and Casino (1995). The aim of this work is to depict the author´s life and works, to find mutual connections between gangster movies in their very beginnings and to point to influences that had an impact on Scorsese´s work. KEYWORDS: Gangster films, Mafia, Martin Scorsese, Film, Director Čestné prohlášení Tuto práci jsem vypracoval samostatně, veškeré literární prameny a informace, které jsem v práci využil, jsou uvedeny v seznamu použité literatury. Prohlašuji, že elektronická verze práce je shodná s verzí tištěnou. Souhlasím s prezenčním zpřístupněním své práce v Ústřední knihovně Slezské univerzity v Opavě. …………………………………………… Poděkování Děkuji MgA. Tomáši Polenskému Ph.D. za velké nasazení a chuť pro konzultování této diplomové práce. Úvod ________________________________________________________________ 1 1 Mafie ____________________________________________________________ 3 1.1 Italské mafie, jejich původ a historie ________________________________________ 4 1.2 Bratrstvo a organizace ___________________________________________________ 6 1.3 Migrace Italů do USA _____________________________________________________ 8 1.3.1 Černá ruka __________________________________________________________________ 9 1.3.2 Cosa Nostra ________________________________________________________________ 10 2 Počátky gangsterského filmu ________________________________________ 12 2.1 Vývoj gangsterského filmu _______________________________________________ 13 2.1.1 Sociální realismus ve fotografii. _________________________________________________ 13 2.2 Počátky němé éry gangsterského filmu _____________________________________ 14 2.2.1 Gangsterský film ve 20. letech __________________________________________________ 16 2.3 Gangsterský film ve 30. letech ____________________________________________ 17 2.3.1 Příchod zvuku v gangsterském filmu _____________________________________________ 17 2.3.4 Hays Production code ________________________________________________________ 18 2.3.2 Studio Warner Bros __________________________________________________________ 18 2.3.3 Typizace postav _____________________________________________________________ 20 3 Návrat gangsterského filmu v 70. letech _______________________________ 22 4 Martin Scorsese ___________________________________________________ 24 4.1 Charakteristika postav a prostředí _________________________________________ 26 4.2 Režijní prvky ve Scorseseho filmech ________________________________________ 27 4.2.1 Kamera ____________________________________________________________________ 27 4.2.1.1 Motivated Camera Shot _____________________________________________________ 27 4.2.1.2 Central framing ____________________________________________________________ 29 4.2.2 Střih a práce s časem _________________________________________________________ 29 4.2.2.1 Zpomalení a zrychlení času ___________________________________________________ 30 4.2.2.2 Mrtvolka _________________________________________________________________ 30 4.2.3 Práce s hudbou a tichem ______________________________________________________ 31 4.2.3.1 Komentář _________________________________________________________________ 33 PRAKTICKÁ ČÁST PRÁCE ________________________________________________ 35 5 Mean Streets _____________________________________________________ 35 5.1 Vznik filmu ____________________________________________________________ 35 5.2 Inspirační zdroje a prostředí ______________________________________________ 37 5.3 Děj __________________________________________________________________ 39 5.4 Charakteristika postav __________________________________________________ 40 5.5 Kamera a práce se světlem _______________________________________________ 41 5.6 Střihové postupy _______________________________________________________ 44 5.7 Práce s hudbou a zvukem ________________________________________________ 46 6 GoodFellas _______________________________________________________ 48 6.1 Vznik filmu ____________________________________________________________ 48 6.2 Historický kontext ______________________________________________________ 49 6.3 Děj __________________________________________________________________ 50 6.4 Inspirační zdroje a prostředí ______________________________________________ 51 5.3.1 Vliv francouzské nové vlny _____________________________________________________ 54 6.5 Charakteristika postav __________________________________________________ 55 6.6 Práce s kamerou _______________________________________________________ 57 6.7 Schizofrenie a práce s hudbou a zvukem ____________________________________ 59 7 Casino __________________________________________________________ 61 7.1 Historický kontext ______________________________________________________ 61 7.2 Inspirační zdroje a prostředí ______________________________________________ 62 7.3 Děj __________________________________________________________________ 63 7.4 Charakteristika postav __________________________________________________ 64 7.5 Práce s kamerou a světlem _______________________________________________ 66 7.6 Střihové principy _______________________________________________________ 67 7.7 Práce s hudbou a zvukem ________________________________________________ 68 Závěr _______________________________________________________________ 70 Projektová část – Poslední přání _________________________________________ 73 Seznam použitých zdrojů _______________________________________________ 76 Bibliografie: _____________________________________________________________________ 76 Internetové zdroje ________________________________________________________________ 77 Filmové zdroje ___________________________________________________________________ 78 Youtube zdroje __________________________________________________________________ 78 Přílohy ______________________________________________________________ 79 Gangsterský film v pojetí Martina Scorseseho Úvod Martin Scorsese je jedním z nejvýraznějších scenáristů a režisérů filmové éry Nového Hollywoodu. Především je znám pro svůj autorský osobitý styl, který vychází z autentických událostí a prostředí, v němž Scorsese vyrůstal. Jeho italsko – americký původ a dětství prožité v městské části Little Italy v New Yorku se značně projevily na jeho tvorbě. Odraz obou vlivů se výrazně projevuje ve Scorseseho filmech v žánru gangsterského filmu. Záměrně jsem zvolil toto téma, jelikož bych chtěl blíže přiblížit vlivy, které se odráží v autorově tvorbě. Především má práce za cíl poukázat na dopad prostředí, etnický původ a inspiraci jinými režiséry na Scorseseho tvorbu. Uvedené jevy jsem se rozhodl aplikovat na mobi trilogií, která zahrnuje snímky Mean Streets, GoodFellas a Casino. Na zmíněných filmech se mimo jiné pokusím blíže definovat režisérův autorský styl a prvky typické pro jeho tvorbu. Prostřednictvím zvolených snímků bych chtěl poukázat na spojitost a vývoj mezi jednotlivými filmy v žánru gangsterského filmu. Od Mean Streets, který se zaměřuje na lokální mafiánské prostředí, až po snímek Casino, ve kterém je vliv mafie znatelný v mnohem větším měřítku. V první části teoretické práce bude věnována pozornost především vzniku a vývoji samotné mafie. Čtenář práce tak získá povědomí o původních sicilských organizacích až po velké mafiánské rodiny, které se usadily v USA. Tato část má za cíl přiblížit prostředí a postavy, které jsou klíčovými pro Scorseseho gangsterské filmy. Především usazení mafie v prostředí Little Italy. Druhá část teoretické práce bude zaměřena na gangsterský žánr ve filmu. Čtenáři budou popsány principy a vývoj tohoto žánru a charakteristika jednotlivých snímků. Velká pozornost bude věnována klíčovým filmům z 30. let v USA, které se staly inspirativními pro mnoho režisérů. V teoreticko-analytické části získá čtenář povědomí o životě Martina Scorseseho. Tato část bude obsahovat inspirační zdroje, přiblíží prostředí, ve kterém vyrůstal, a jeho cestu k filmu. Zaměřím se také na analýzu scenáristických, režijních a střihových 1 Gangsterský film v pojetí Martina Scorseseho postupů, které se staly typické pro Scorseseho tvorbu a napomohly k formování jeho autorského stylu. Při psaní práce jsem vycházel převážně z analýzy Scorseseho snímků. Tomu předcházelo důkladné nastudování historie mafie a vývoj gangsterského žánru včetně analýzy těchto filmů. Co se
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