DOCSLIB.ORG

Forgery and Its Types

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Forgery and Its Types SUBJECT FORENSIC SCIENCE Paper No. and Title PAPER No. 8: Questioned Document Module No. and Title MODULE No.5: Introduction to Forgery and Its Type Module Tag FSC_P8_M5 FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No. 8: Questioned Document MODULE No. 5: Introduction To Forgery & Its Types TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Learning Outcomes 2. Introduction to Forgery 3. Law related to Forgery 4. Types of forgery 4.1 Simulated forgery 4.2 Traced forgery 4.3 Forgery by memory 4.4 Forgery without model or Forgery by impersonation 5. Summary FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No. 8: Questioned Document MODULE No. 5: Introduction To Forgery & Its Types 1. Learning Outcomes After studying this module, you will be able to Know what forgery is. Learn the types of forgery. Identify the type of forgery. 2. Introduction to Forgery Forgery may be defined as the creation of any false written document or alteration of a genuine one, with the intent to defraud. Forgery may consist the filling up a blank on a document containing a genuine signature or materially altering or erasing instrument. The causal intent to swindle, grounded on knowledge of the wrong nature of the instrument, must complement the act. Modes of forgery may include bills of exchange, bills of lading, promissory notes, checks, bonds, receipts, order for money or goods, mortgages, discharges of mortgages, deeds, bonds, records, account books and certain kind of tickets or passes for transportation or events etc. The most famous case of forgery in the twentieth century took place in 1983 with the “discovery” of the Hitler diaries. The diaries supposedly contained passage written by German dictator Adolf Hitler between 1932 and 1945. Gerd Heidemann, a German reporterfor Stern magazine, had claimed the writings as genu ine and sold them. He had obtained them from Konrad Kujau, a Stuttgart dealer in military memorabilia and documents. The magazines Newsweek and Paris Match, along with other media, paid more than $5 million for the documents. Major news sources around the world quickly published major stories detailing the historical information that the diaries allegedly contained. Investigative experts from around the world later conducted forensic examinations on the diaries and the documents were found to be fake. FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No. 8: Questioned Document MODULE No. 5: Introduction To Forgery & Its Types Kujau then admitted forging the diaries, and news sources immediately retracted their coverage. Both Kujau and Heidemann were sentenced to four and a half years in German prison, but not before Kujau embarrassed the media even further by forging Hitler autographs for spectators at his circus like trial. 3. Law Sec 464 in the Indian Penal Court states that FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No. 8: Questioned Document MODULE No. 5: Introduction To Forgery & Its Types FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No. 8: Questioned Document MODULE No. 5: Introduction To Forgery & Its Types FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No. 8: Questioned Document MODULE No. 5: Introduction To Forgery & Its Types 4. Types of forgery For the purpose of the subject of identification and comparison of signature and writing, forgeries may be classified as: 1. Freehand, simulated or copied forgery 2. Traced forgery 3. Forgery by memory 4. Forgery without model or forgery by impersonation 4.1 Simulated Forgery In this type of forgery, the forger selects a model signature or writing and tries to copy the design of letters and other broad features depending upon his skill, practice and competency. Such an attempt in most of the cases results in a crude forgery, however, in some cases the forger is competent enough to make a simulation which at first sight may appear to be genuine and may be passed as genuine by those who compare only the general outline of letters and gives little importance to the line quality and other minute details. A forger may be able to acquire all the writing habits of another individual by a long practice but practically it is not possible to adopt each and every writing habit of another person and to avoid one’s own writing habits to interact in the process of forgery the forger is likely to fail all attempts. Writing is the visible record of very complicated series of acts controlled by mental and muscular habits of a writer acquired by a long continued practice. With repeated use, the handwriting become so automatic that is cannot be easily discard or acquired at will. This is one of the basic principles of the handwriting comparison. FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No. 8: Questioned Document MODULE No. 5: Introduction To Forgery & Its Types Motives which incites the forger to simulate a genuine signature: - Mainly to extort money illegally and it is this anticipation of gain and urges a person to do such wrongful actions. - Other options may be domestic or personal satisfaction.5 Fig: The above written signature are genuine whereas below signature is simulated forgery 4.2 Traced Forgery As the name indicates, traced forgery is prepared by drawing the outline of a genuine signature by the process of tracing. One of the most common methods used by forger is to make an outline of genuine signature on a paper by the use of a carbon paper. A carbon paper is placed in between the paper bearing the model signature and the paper which is to bear the forged signature. The tracing is done with the help of a pointed instrument to make a carbon outline on the paper. A conventional writing instrument is then carefully moved over the carbon outline to conceal the carbon impressions and to give the appearance of its being genuine. The indentation so produced serve as guidelines which are then filled in with ink with writing instrument to complete the forgery. FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No. 8: Questioned Document MODULE No. 5: Introduction To Forgery & Its Types The third most popular method these days is transmitted light method. The forger places a paper (which is to bear the forged signature) over the document bearing genuine signature and then both the documents are placed against a window pan. The outlines of signature thus made visible by the sun light passing through the paper are placed on a glass top table and the light is projected from under to increase the translucency of the papers. A forged signature can only be branded as a traced forgery when- 1. The actual model signature from which it was traced is discovered. 2. The pencil or carbon outlines are present along with the signature indicating tracing process. 3. The indented outlines are present along with the strokes of signature. 4. Two or more forged signature showing marked suspicious similarities or rubber stamp effects are present and they superimpose each other in their major parts. 4.3 Forgery by memory Forgery by memory refers to the signature or writing prepared from the mental impression of the form of letters of the signature(s) or writing of the actual writer and without any model signature before the forger at the time of forgery, such forgeries are usually the combinations of the normal handwriting of the forger and letter bearing some resemblance with the signature(s) or writing of the actual writer. The degree of resemblance of course, depends on the ability of the forger to memorize and reproduce the letter forms. Such type of forgeries can be easily detected and proved because forgery by memory is a primitive type of forgery and no forger can memorize or reproduce all the features of the signature or writing to be forged. FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No. 8: Questioned Document MODULE No. 5: Introduction To Forgery & Its Types 4.4 Forgery by Impersonation or forgery without model When a person merely writes/signs the name of another person in his own handwriting in normal manner or in some modified manner, representing himself to be that person with some ulterior motive such as signature is a forgery. In this type of forgery, no attempt is made to stimulate or trace from a model signature and once the genuine signatures of the actual person is available, the forgery is obvious and to prove the same is not difficult. In case of forgery by impersonation, the position is however different. In this type of forgery, the forger may just write the name/signature of other person in his own handwriting without even knowing the style of writing of that person. In such case, it may be possible to trace out the forger by comparison of the spurious signature with adequate specimen signature of the suspect(s). 5. Summary Forgery may be defined as the creation of any false written document or alteration of a genuine one, with the intent to defraud. A famous case of forgery in 20th century is case of “Hitler Diaries”. Sec 464 of IPC defines the forgery. There are four types of forgery, simulated forgery, traced forgery, forgery by memory and forgery by impersonation. FORENSIC SCIENCE PAPER No. 8: Questioned Document MODULE No. 5: Introduction To Forgery & Its Types .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Detecting Forgery: Forensic Investigation of Documents
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Legal Studies Social and Behavioral Studies 1996 Detecting Forgery: Forensic Investigation of Documents Joe Nickell University of Kentucky Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Nickell, Joe, "Detecting Forgery: Forensic Investigation of Documents" (1996). Legal Studies. 1. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_legal_studies/1 Detecting Forgery Forensic Investigation of DOCUlllen ts .~. JOE NICKELL THE UNIVERSITY PRESS OF KENTUCKY Publication of this volume was made possible in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Copyright © 1996 byThe Universiry Press of Kentucky Paperback edition 2005 The Universiry Press of Kentucky Scholarly publisher for the Commonwealth, serving Bellarmine Universiry, Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky Universiry, The Filson Historical Sociery, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Sociery, Kentucky State University, Morehead State Universiry, Transylvania Universiry, University of Kentucky, Universiry of Louisville, and Western Kentucky Universiry. All rights reserved. Editorial and Sales qtJices:The Universiry Press of Kentucky 663 South Limestone Street, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-4008 www.kentuckypress.com The Library of Congress has cataloged the hardcover edition as follows: Nickell,Joe. Detecting forgery : forensic investigation of documents I Joe Nickell. p. cm. ISBN 0-8131-1953-7 (alk. paper) 1. Writing-Identification. 2. Signatures (Writing). 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning Objectives Listed Below
    Faking Hitler The STERN scandal and its impact on the reputation of the entire European press industry TEACHING NOTES The authors prepared this case solely as a basis for class discussion and not as an endorsement, a source of primary data, or an illustration of effective or ineffective management. Although based on real events and despite occasional references to actual companies, this case is fictitious and any resemblance to actual persons or entities is coincidental. Teaching Plan This teaching plan serves as a guide for the presentation of the STERN scandal which occupied an entire industry in the 1980s, when the topics of 'fake news' and 'lying press' were still in their infancy. Thus, this case exemplifies real-life management decisions in the field of corporate brand management that scandal-causing magazine STERN as well as other European media organizations had to make. The presented teaching notes are intended to assist the presenter in the preparation, structure and organization of the ‘Faking Hitler’ case in order to facilitate an engaging discussion among the students while achieving the learning objectives listed below. It is worth to note that the case should be particularly adapted to the COVID-19 situation. Since, the audience cannot solve the case in class, Zoom, Microsoft Teams or another similar software should be used for the purpose of presenting the case and organizing the discussion. Hereby, the audience will be composed of students from the “Corporate Brand Management and Reputation” course. The document comprises a case synopsis, an argumentation on the evergreen nature of the case, learning objectives including relevant theories, discussion questions, teaching methods, an epilogue as well as or own reflection on the given case.
    [Show full text]
  • Adam Sisman, Hugh Trevor-Roper
    Adam Timmins Ex Historia 208 Adam Sisman , Hugh Trevor-Roper (Weidenfield & Nicholson, 2010), xviii + 598 pp. £25.00 In biographical terms the heavyweight British historians of the twentieth century have been poorly served. Granted, in the last ten years or so studies of A.J.P. Taylor and E.H. Carr have appeared (although Taylor has had at least four biographies devoted to his life – including one by Sisman - and can hardly claim to be under-represented). 1 However, we await full length studies for the likes of Lawrence Stone, Christopher Hill and Lewis Namier (excluding his wife’s odd biography of him – reading it one would never guess that Namier was a historian), to name but name but three. 2 A gap has been filled then, by Adam Sisman’s life of Hugh Trevor-Roper. Would it be a touch unfair to call this an ‘official’ life? Sisman knew Trevor-Roper, and was given access to his personal papers as a result; but his biography is no hagiography. Though it might be said to be incomplete in certain areas – Sisman himself admits that some material from Trevor-Roper’s years as Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge has been excluded due to potential libel threats – and given some of the stories that do make it into the book, the mouth waters at the scurrilousness that must have been excluded. Nonetheless, Sisman has managed to produce an absorbing – and one suspects definitive for the foreseeable future – biography of Hugh Trevor-Roper. Given the material he has to work with one would expect nothing less.
    [Show full text]
  • Examples of Great Falsifications in 20Th-Century History
    The Manipulated Past Andrzej Krajewski, PhD When many people strongly believe in a falsehood, the fraud starts to take on a life on its own, and there is a real danger that it will not only change the way the past is seen but also shape the future. On 13 March 1881, Ignacy Hryniewiecki, a Pole associated with the Russian anarchist organization Narodnaya Volya (People’s Will), threw a bomb that killed Alexander II. The investigation carried out after the assassination of the tsar showed that among the conspirators was a Jewish woman Hesia Helfman. At the time, a rumour spread like wildfire across the empire that it was the Jews who had killed the ruler. With the permission of the authorities, there were about 250 pogroms (acts of cruelty and killings aimed at a large group of people , mainly the Jews, because of their race or religion) in the western governorates. A decade later Nicholas II ascended the throne and revolutionary turmoil began to grow in Russia. According to the French ambassador to St Petersburg, Maurice Paléologue, Nicholas II’s secret police (Okhrana) constantly warned him ‘about the conspiracies being set up in the darkness of the ghettos’. All that was missing were documents confirming these reports of Jewish plots. The conquest of the world by the Jews The Russians were informed about the rise of the Jewish conspiracy in a series of articles in the newspaper Russkoye Znamia. In August 1903 it began to publish records from the secret – as it was claimed – part of the proceedings of the First Zionist Congress, which took place in Basel in 1897.
    [Show full text]
  • Catriona Kelly Julian Barnes Antony Beevor Mary Beard Richard J Evans Sameer Rahim Andrew Marr Simon Schama 2 PROSPECT
    The past in perspective Catriona Kelly Julian Barnes Antony Beevor Mary Beard Richard J Evans Sameer Rahim Andrew Marr Simon Schama 2 PROSPECT Foreword by Sameer Rahim t Prospect we believe that reflecting on the past glossed over in traditional works. Reviewing Beard’s new book, can provide key insights into the present—and the SPQR, Edith Hall, Professor of Classics at King’s College, Lon- future. In the following pages, you can read a selec- don, hails her “exceptional ability” to keep up with modern tion of some our favourite historical and contem- scholarship as well as her talent for plunging the reader into the porary essays we have published in the last year. thick of the action right from the start. AJulian Barnes’s new novel, The Noise of Time, is based on Nazi propaganda presented Hitler’s Germany as the inher- the life of the Russian composer Dmitri Shostakovich. In her itor of the Roman Empire. The man who shaped that image lively and expert review, Catriona Kelly, Professor of Russian at was Josef Goebbels. Richard J Evans, a leading historian of the Oxford University, argues that Barnes has captured the spirit of Nazis, reviews a biography of Goebbels that draws extensively the “technician of survival,” who was in continual fear of having for the first time on his private diaries. What Evans finds is a his music—and his life—being eradicated by Stalin. man, for all his fanatical bombast, who had “a soul devoid of Staying on Russia, Antony Beevor’s column “If I ruled the content.” Also included is my interview with Nikolaus Wachs- world” describes how after the publication of his bestselling Ber- mann, whose acclaimed book KL is the first comprehensive his- lin: the Downfall, which criticised the Red Army’s conduct dur- tory of the Nazi concentration camps.
    [Show full text]
  • MASTER CASES Faking Hitler
    CORPORATE BRAND MANAGEMENT AND REPUTATION MASTER CASES Faking Hitler The STERN scandal and its impact on the reputation of the entire European press industry By: Théo Caplet Julia Anna Lagler Christina Julia Pretz Eights Edition Master Student Case Papers 2021 Corporate Brand Management and Reputation: Master’s Cases The “Corporate Brand Management and Reputation: Master’s cases” is a case series for applying the case method of teaching and learning in higher education. The cases are relevant to brand strategists in private and public sector organizations, as well as academics and students at universities, business schools, and executive education. The cases are written by groups of master’s students as a course project. The specially developed case format is defined as: “A management decision case describes a real business situation leading up to a question(s) that requires assessment, analysis, and a decision reached by discussion in class. The alternative approaches and recommendations from the class discussion are followed by a description of the choices made by the case company. This description is then discussed by the class.” The student groups select the topics of their case providing updated and relevant insights into the corporate brand management. The cases can be used as “written cases” (handed out and read in advance, later to be discussed in class) and/or as “live case” (presented by the teacher following a discussion in class). Each case includes teaching notes, visuals with speaker’s notes, learning objectives, board plans,
    [Show full text]
  • Selling Hitler: the Story of the Hitler Diaries Free
    FREE SELLING HITLER: THE STORY OF THE HITLER DIARIES PDF Robert Harris | 400 pages | 01 Oct 2009 | Cornerstone | 9780099791515 | English | London, United Kingdom Selling Hitler (TV Mini-Series – ) - IMDb In Selling Hitler Robert Harris has provided an enthralling, blow-by-blow account of one of the most infamous hoaxes in history, the alleged discovery of the Hitler diaries. A potentially convoluted A very exciting account of the Hitler diaries forgery case. The front cover Observer quote "impossible to stop reading" was quite true and I raced through this at an unprecedented pace for non-fiction Robert Harris. Written with the pace and verve of a thriller, this is the story of the biggest fraud in publishing history. Init seemed that one of the most startling discoveries of the century had been made, and that one of the world's most sought-after documents had finally come to light - the private diaries of Adolf Hitler. What followed was a Selling Hitler: The Story of the Hitler Diaries of fakery, greed, the duping of experts, and the exchange of enormous sums of money for world-wide publishing rights. Several of his books have been filmed, Selling Hitler: The Story of the Hitler Diaries The Ghos t, which was directed by Roman Polanski. His work has been translated into forty languages and he is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. He lives in West Berkshire with his wife, Gill Hornby. His next book, V2is coming out in autumn Selling Hitler by Robert Harris | Waterstones As IMDb celebrates its 30th birthday, we have six shows to get you ready for those pivotal years of your life Get some streaming picks.
    [Show full text]
  • Information Issued by The
    Volume XXXVIII No. 6 June 1983 INFORMATION ISSUED BY THE ASSOamnOH OFJCWISH ROVGOS IN GRUTBimUH Egon Larsen could not be expected to know that we, the left- behinds in Berlin, sang "Jetzt geht's der Dolly gut,/ sie sitzt in Hollywood..." When Hitler had usurped power and the Reichstag went up in flames, the trickle of immigrants grew to "NEW WEIMAR" IN HOLLYWOOD a flood of prominent refugees: Thomas and Heinrich Mann, Bert Brecht and Lion Feuchtwanger, Kurt Weill and Lotte Lenya, Peter Lorre and Albert A Cast of Thousands in the Film Metropolis Bassermann, Alfred DOblin and Hanns Eisler. Some, like Feuchtwanger, had to make their escape during the war, from Nazi-occupied France and through Fascist Italy or Spain. If the majority of Jewish newcomers had hoped to We who were living and working in pre-Hitler Still later, Marlene Dietrich left Berlin straight be helped and welcomed with open arms by their Germany never realised that we were witnessing the after her phenomenal success in the "Blue Angel" in fellow-Jews amongst the old-established film moguls, oinh and rise of a new cultural era, now post­ 1930, together with her director, Josef von Stemberg, they were disappointed. The Mayers and Goldwyns humously called "Weimar". Thus it sounds rather and continued her star career in Hollywood without did not seem to feel any obligation to employ them, absurd when a publisher proclaims, on the flap of a a break. Taylor also mentions Dolly Haas, but he and some went so far as to point out that they were, new book about the emigration of "the cream ofthe first and foremost, Americans, and proud of it.
    [Show full text]
  • Fake Hitlers and a Real Art Problem for Merkel Paintings Signed “A
    AiA news-service Fake Hitlers and a Real Art Problem for Merkel Paintings signed “A. Hitler” attract wealthy buyers – but at the same time, Merkel removes paintings by a true master from her office wall because he was a Nazi. By Leonid Bershidsky 13 september 2019 09:00 CEST Nolde’s sunflowers; Merkel’s problem. Photographer: Sean Gallup/Getty Images Leonid Bershidsky is Bloomberg Opinion's Europe columnist. He was the founding editor of the Russian business daily Vedomosti and founded the opinion website Slon.ru. Read more opinionFollow @Bershidsky on Twitter SHARE THIS ARTICLE Adolf Hitler, the failed artist, appears to be taking his revenge on Emil Nolde, the successful artist he envied and hated. Just as Hitler watercolors, even those demonstrated to be fake, fetch high prices at auctions, there’s a political backlash in Germany against Nolde. Chancellor Angela Merkel even took his works off her office walls this year. The contrasting and intertwined stories of Hitler and Nolde — the latter as ardent a Nazi as the former — are among the best illustrations of the complicated relationship between art and evil that permeates the last century of German history. Both men’s artistic careers started with a rejection by a major art academy (Hitler in Vienna, Nolde in Munich), but that led them in startlingly different directions — and to an eventual clash. Two Artists Hitler the artist is still something of a mystery, though biographers have thoroughly documented the Nazi dictator’s life. It’s known that he came to Vienna in the fall of 1907, at age 18, to take an entrance exam at the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts, that the rejection devastated him and that, after his money ran out in 1909, he started eking out a living as a painter in Vienna and then Munich, until going off to fight in World War I.
    [Show full text]
  • “Attributed to Adolf Hitler”
    Report on the works “Attributed to Adolf Hitler” 66 lots offered at an auction by Thies Militaria Auctions, LLC, Fredericksburg, Virginia, USA, September 21, 2020 Start price $ 12,000 (€ 10,155) index (text in blue is clickable) Survey all lots Introduction Explicit reference to the seizure of fake Hitlers in Germany, 2019 Wolfgang Schulze von Mertschinsky Konrad Kujau Fake versus forgery Hitler's style Description and photos by auctioneer Terms and Conditions [by auctioneer] Conclusion Aftermath The US Thies 'Hitlers' are probably stored in Germany Appendix 1 – Addresses Thies in USA and Germany Appendix 2 – E-mail by Andreas Thies, 16-06-2020 Jaap van den Born and Bart FM Droog Droog Magazine Nijmegen / Eenrum Version 1.6 September 22, 2020 “Attributed to Hitler” objects, Thies US auction, September 21, 2020. Droog Magazine, 2020. Page 1/91 Survey all lots # Lot Object Start price 1 643 Violin $ 400 2 644 Watercolor “Bavarian church with mountains, 1908” $ 200 3 645 (Oil) Painting “Mountain goats in the Alps”, 1924 $ 350 4 646 Top hat $ 400 5 647 Oil painting “Farm house and mountains” $ 200 6 648 Watercolor “Apollo touching the sun” $ 350 7 649 Pencil drawing, “Portrait Gustaff Kubirick”, 1908 $ 250 8 650 (Oil) Painting “Woman in white dress”, 1908 $ 450 9 651 (Oil) Painting “Sunflowers in vase”, 1908 $ 350 10 658 Pencil drawing “Kaiser Wilhelm II”, 1915 $ 275 11 659 Pencil drawing (probably) “Heinrich Hoffmann”, 1923 $ 275 12 660 Pencil drawing “Soldiers in tent”, 1923 $ 275 13 & 14 661 Two pencil drawings, portraits (1906 and 1907)
    [Show full text]
  • Selling Hitler Tells the Story of the Biggest Fraud in Publishing History
    CONTENTS About the Book About the Author Also by Robert Harris Title Page Acknowledgements List of illustrations Dramatis Personae Prologue Part One Chapter One Chapter Two Chapter Three Part Two Chapter Four Chapter Five Chapter Six Chapter Seven Chapter Eight Chapter Nine Chapter Ten Part Three Chapter Eleven Chapter Twelve Chapter Thirteen Chapter Fourteen Chapter Fifteen Chapter Sixteen 1 Chapter Seventeen Chapter Eighteen Chapter Nineteen Chapter Twenty Chapter Twenty-One Chapter Twenty-Two Chapter Twenty-Three Chapter Twenty-Four Part Four Chapter Twenty-Five Chapter Twenty-Six Chapter Twenty-Seven Chapter Twenty-Eight Chapter Twenty-Nine Chapter Thirty Epilogue Picture Section Index Copyright 2 About the Book APRIL 1945: From the ruins of Berlin, a Luftwaffe transport plane takes off carrying secret papers belonging to Adolf Hitler. Half an hour later, it crashes in flames . APRIL 1983: In a bank vault in Switzerland, a German magazine offers to sell more than 50 volumes of Hitler’s secret diaries. The asking price is $4 million . Written with the pace and verve of a thriller and hailed on publication as a classic, Selling Hitler tells the story of the biggest fraud in publishing history. 3 About the Author Robert Harris is the author of Fatherland, Enigma, Archangel, Pompeii, Imperium and The Ghost, all of which were international bestsellers. His latest novel, Lustrum, has just been published. His work has been translated into thirty-seven languages. After graduating with a degree in English from Cambridge University, he worked as a reporter for the BBC’s Panorama and Newsnight programmes, before becoming political editor of the Observer and subsequently a columnist on the Sunday Times and the Daily Telegraph.
    [Show full text]
  • Journalism Ethics
    The Fall of Journalist Jack Kelley and “The Hitler Diaries” Hoax Emily Biery and Lizzie Torrance Annette Taylor USA Today Fabrications by Jack Kelley Fabrication of Hitler Diaries Jack Kelley was a USA Today reporter and a Pulitzer Gerd Heidemann, a journalist from German magazine, finalist in 2002. Fellow journalists speculated about Der Stern, pushed for the publication of “The Hitler the accuracy of his stories, including coverage of Diaries,” a series of journals allegedly written by Jerusalem and Cuban refuges. USA Today investigated Adolf Hitler, which Heidemann marketed to various the stories for plagiarism and falsifications. news organizations. London’s Sunday Times and the United States’ Newsweek published excerpts in 1983. The SPJ Ethics Code says a journalist should be The documents were quickly proven by historians, “honest and courageous in gathering, reporting and who utilized basic authentication techniques, to be interpreting information.” Journalists should provide forged by German swindler and Nazi memorabilia citizens with correct and useful information. Kelley’s counterfeiter, Konrad Kujau. articles included exaggerated quotes from sources. He violated the ethics code to seek truth and report it If the principles of journalism as outlined in the SPJ because his stories were false and did not serve the Code of Ethics, including 1. a reliance on skepticism, public. 2. verification of the facts and 3. a hyperawareness of the circumstances and sources that the Although his fabricated stories were published, USA documents were said to have come from were Today handled the situation effectively by publicly followed, the story would have never been published. acknowledging the error.
    [Show full text]