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Home , Blondi, Bruno Ganz, Eva Braun, Goebbels children, Heimat (film series), Heinz Schubert (actor)

Hitler – Films from The and Its Contexts

Series Editors: Olaf Jensen, University of Leicester, UK, and Claus-Christian W. Szejnmann, Loughborough University, UK. Series Editorial Board: Wolfgang Benz, Robert G. Moeller and Mirjam Wenzel More than 60 years on, remains a subject of intense debate with ever-widening ramifications. This series aims to demonstrate the continuing rel- evance of the Holocaust and related issues in contemporary society, politics and culture; studying the Holocaust and its history broadens our understanding not only of the events themselves but also of their present-day significance. The series acknowledges and responds to the continuing gaps in our knowledge about the events that constituted the Holocaust, the various forms in which the Holocaust has been remembered, interpreted and discussed, and the increasing importance of the Holocaust today to many individuals and communities.

Titles include:

Olaf Jensen and Claus-Christian W. Szejnmann (editors) ORDINARY PEOPLE AS MASS MURDERERS Perpetrators in Comparative Perspectives Karolin Machtans and Martin A. Ruehl (editors) HITLER – FILMS FROM GERMANY History, Cinema, and Politics since 1945 Tanja Schult A HERO’S MANY FACES Raoul Wallenberg in Contemporary Monuments Forthcoming titles: Olaf Jensen (editor) HISTORY AND MEMORY AFTER THE HOLOCAUST IN GERMANY, POLAND, RUSSIA AND BRITAIN

The Holocaust and Its Contexts Series Series Standing Order ISBN 978–0–230–22386–8 Hardback 978–0–230–22387–5 Paperback (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Hitler – Films from Germany History, Cinema and Politics since 1945

Edited by

Karolin Machtans Assistant Professor of German Studies, Connecticut College Martin A. Ruehl Lecturer in German Thought, University of Cambridge

Palgrave macmillan Editorial matter, selection and introduction © Karolin Machtans and Martin A. Ruehl 2012 All remaining chapters © their respective authors 2012 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978–0–230–22990–7 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2012 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-31110-1 ISBN 978-1-137-03238-6 ()eBook DOI 10.1057/9781137032386

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hitler—films from Germany : history, cinema and politics since 1945 / edited by Martin A. Ruehl, Karolin Machtans. p. cm. Summary: “The first book-length study to critically examine the recent wave of Hitler biopics in German cinema and television. A group of international experts discuss films like Downfall in the context of earlier portrayals of Hitler and draw out their implications for the changing place of the Third in the national historical imagination”—Provided by publisher. 1. Hitler, Adolf, 1889–1945—In motion pictures. 2. Motion pictures— Germany—History—21st century. 3. Television—Germany—History— 21st century. I. Ruehl, Martin. II. Machtans, Karolin. PN1995.9.H514M585 2012 791.43651—dc23 2012021611 10987654321 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 Contents

List of Illustrations vii

Acknowledgments xii

Notes on Contributors xiii

Introduction 1 Karolin Machtans and Martin A. Ruehl

Part I Totem and Taboo

1 The Führer’s Fake: Presence of an Afterlife 35 Eric Rentschler

2 ‘Hitler’s Shadow Still Looms over Us’: G. W. Pabst’s as Film and Event 56 Michael Töteberg

3 Our Hitler: A Film by Hans-Jürgen Syberberg 72 Thomas Elsaesser

Part II Another Hitler

4 Entombing the Nazi Past: On Downfall and Historicism 99 Sabine Hake

5 Tragedy and Farce: Dani Levy’s Mein Führer 132 Michael D. Richardson

6 Man, Demon, Icon: Hitler’s Image between Cinematic Representation and Historical Reality 151 Michael Elm

7 Hitler Wars: Guilt and Complicity from Hirschbiegel to Harald Schmidt 168 Michael Butter

v vi Contents

Part III Approximations

8 Hitler Nonfictional: On Didacticism and Exploitation in Recent Documentary Films 193 Kerstin Stutterheim

9 Encountering Hitler: Seductive Charisma and Memory Spaces in Heinrich Breloer’s Speer & Hitler 211 Axel Bangert

10 Far Away So Close: Loving to Hate Hitler 234 Johannes von Moltke

Index 244 Illustrations

Figures i.1 Cover page of Hans-Jürgen Syberberg’s book Hitler – A Film from Germany (1982) 2 i.2 Hitler salutes crowds of supporters from a motorcade: scene from Hitler: A Career (1977), directed by and Christian Herrendoerfer 3 i.3 as Hitler in George Schaefer’s television dramatization (1981) 9 i.4 Udo Kier as Hitler in Christoph Schlingensief’s 100 Years of : The Last Hour in the Führerbunker (1989) 11 i.5 Bruno Ganz as Hitler in Downfall (2004) 12 i.6 Helge Schneider as Hitler in Dani Levy’s Mein Führer (2007) 14 i.7 Martin Wuttke as Hitler in Quentin Tarantino’s (2009) 15 i.8 Hitler features in an AIDS awareness ad released by German charity Regenbogen in 2009 16 1.1 The opening scene of Helmut Dietl’s Schtonk! (1992), with Günther Bader in the role of Hitler 36 1.2 Forger Fritz Knobel (Uwe Ochsenknecht) takes on Hitler’s features in Schtonk! (1992) 39 1.3 The young Fritz Knobel (Robert Chalkey) copies Hitler’s signature from the frontispiece of in Schtonk! (1992) 43 1.4 A close-up of Hitler’s handwriting: scene from Schtonk! (1992) 50 2.1 Hitler (Albin Skoda) on the cover of the original program brochure for G. W. Pabst’s The Last Ten Days (1955) 57 2.2 Albin Skoda as Hitler and Willy Krause as Goebbels in Pabst’s The Last Ten Days (1955) 61 2.3 Hitler (Albin Skoda) accepts defeat: scene from The Last Ten Days (1955) 67 3.1 One of the Hitler puppets in Hans-Jürgen Syberberg’s Hitler – A Film from Germany (1977) 79

vii viii List of Illustrations

3.2 Hitler (Heinz Schubert) as ‘carpet eater’: scene from Syberberg’s Hitler – A Film from Germany (1977) 84 3.3 Hitler (Heinz Schubert) as Charlie Chaplin: scene from Syberberg’s Hitler – A Film from Germany (1977) 84 3.4 Hitler (Johannes Buzalski) as painter: scene from Syberberg’s Hitler – A Film from Germany (1977) 85 3.5 Hitler (Heinz Schubert) as standard bearer: scene from Syberberg’s Hitler – A Film from Germany (1977) 85 3.6 Harry Baer (as himself) in conversation with a Hitler puppet: scene from Syberberg’s Hitler – A Film from Germany (1977) 91 4.1 Hitler (Bruno Ganz) chooses his future secretary: scene from Downfall (2004) 101 4.2 Hitler (Bruno Ganz) accepts defeat in Downfall (2004) 105 4.3 Close-up of (Alexandra Maria Lara) in Downfall (2004) 106 4.4 Hitler (Bruno Ganz) embraces (Juliane Köhler): scene from Downfall (2004) 107 4.5 (Ulrich Matthes) reacts to the news of Germany’s imminent defeat: scene from Downfall (2004) 107 4.6 Close-up of Hitler’s trembling hands: scene from Downfall (2004) 111 4.7 Hitler (Bruno Ganz) lashes out against his generals: scene from Downfall (2004) 123 5.1 Hitler (Helge Schneider) takes a bath in Dani Levy’s Mein Führer (2007) 136 5.2 Hitler (Helge Schneider) sleeps beside his speech coach Adolf Grünbaum (Ulrich Mühe): scene from Mein Führer (2007) 141 5.3 Hitler (Helge Schneider) on the rostrum in the final sequence of Mein Führer (2007) 145 5.4 Grünbaum (Ulrich Mühe) delivers Hitler’s speech at gun point: scene from Mein Führer (2007) 145 6.1 Hitler (Bruno Ganz) bids farewell to his secretary in Downfall (2004) 154 6.2 Hitler (Bruno Ganz) orders Speer to destroy Germany’s infrastructure: scene from Downfall (2004) 157 6.3 Hitler (Helge Schneider) loses half of his moustache in Dani Levy’s Mein Führer (2007) 159 6.4 Hitler (Helge Schneider) in bed with Eva Braun (Katja Riemann): scene from Mein Führer (2007) 160 List of Illustrations ix

6.5 Hitler (David Bamber) strokes the head of his : scene from Bryan Singer’s Valkyrie (2008) 162 6.6 Hitler (David Bamber) beside his would-be assassin Stauffenberg (Tom Cruise): scene from Bryan Singer’s Valkyrie (2008) 163 7.1 Bruno Ganz as Hitler on the original German poster for Downfall (2004) 172 7.2 Speer (Heino Ferch) and Hitler (Bruno Ganz) discuss the rebuilding of in Downfall (2004) 175 7.3 Hitler (Helge Schneider) reclines on a couch in Levy’s Mein Führer (2007) 180 7.4 Hitler (Helge Schneider) takes his tea in a white suit in Mein Führer (2007) 182 7.5 Hitler in bed with Göring: excerpt from Walter Moers’ cartoon Adolf, the Nazi Pig (1998) 183 7.6 Hitler joins the peace movement: excerpt from Walter Moers’ cartoon Adolf, the Nazi Pig (1998) 184 8.1 Hitler in a private moment: scene from ’s television documentary Hitler: A Profile (1995) 197 8.2 Eintopfsonntag – ordinary take their lunch with the Führer: scene from Guido Knopp’s Hitler: A Profile (1995) 198 8.3 Hitler and his German shepherd: scene from Hitler: A Profile (1995) 202 9.1 Hitler (Tobias Moretti) visits Speer at his Berlin atelier: scene from Heinrich Breloer’s television docudrama Speer & Hitler (2005) 212 9.2 Hitler (Tobias Moretti) and Speer at a reception: scene from Speer & Hitler (2005) 212 9.3 Speer (Sebastian Koch) first encounters Hitler (Tobias Moretti) at a party rally: scene from Speer & Hitler (2005) 219 9.4 Speer (Sebastian Koch) accompanies Hitler (Tobias Moretti) on his walks on the : scene from Speer & Hitler (2005) 222 9.5 Hitler in the midst of Speer’s model of Germania: scene from Breloer’s Speer & Hitler (2005) 228

Plate section (following page 96)

Hitler in ’s (1935), top, and a pre-war Nazi film, bottom x List of Illustrations

Charlie Chaplin as Adenoid Hynkel, a thinly veiled caricature of Hitler, in The Great Dictator (1940) Scenes from Disney’s animated short Der Führer’s Face (1943) Bobby Watson as Hitler in The Story of Mankind (1957), top, and Steven Berkoff as Hitler in War and Remembrance (1988), bottom Scenes from Mel Brooks’ The Producers (1968), with Dick Shawn as Hitler in the musical-within-the-film, bottom as Hitler in Hitler: The Last Ten Days (1973) Original footage from National Socialist propaganda films in Hitler: A Career (1977), directed by Joachim Fest and Christian Herrendoerfer Two scenes from Hans-Jürgen Syberberg’s Hitler – A Film from Germany (1977), showing André Heller reading out passages from the film script, top, and Heinz Schubert as Hitler, bottom Scenes from Hans-Jürgen Syberberg’s Hitler – A Film from Germany (1977) in which Hitler is frequently shown in the form of a puppet, top Scenes from Rainer Werner Fassbinder’s films The Marriage of Maria Braun (1979), top, and Lili Marleen (1981), bottom Anthony Hopkins impersonates Hitler in the television drama The Bunker (1981) Udo Kier as Hitler in Christoph Schlingensief’s 100 Years of Adolf Hitler: The Last Hour in the Führer Bunker (1989) Two scenes from Helmut Dietl’s Schtonk! (1992), with Uwe Ochsenknecht in the role of Fritz Knobel (bottom), a character modelled on the real-life forger of Hitler’s diaries, Guido Knopp’s television documentary Hitler: A Profile (1995), shows Hitler posing for a Heinrich Hoffmann photograph, top, and in a private moment, bottom Two scenes from Christian Duguay’s Hitler: The Rise of Evil (2003), with Robert Carlyle in the role of the young Hitler Hitler (Bruno Ganz) with (Heino Ferch) outside the , top, and with Eva Braun (Juliane Köhler), bottom, in Downfall (2004) Two scenes from Downfall (2004) showing Hitler (Ganz) surrounded by his entourage Hitler (Ganz) with a (Donevan Gunia), top, and the , bottom, in Downfall (2004) Downfall (2004) shows Hitler (Ganz) dining with his staff, top, and sitting alone in his bedroom, bottom Two scenes from Downfall (2004) showing Hitler (Ganz) voicing his racist doctrines List of Illustrations xi

Hitler (Ganz) opposite (Corinna Harfouch), top, and a young nurse (Elizaveta Boyarskaya), bottom, in Downfall (2004) Hitler (Ganz) acknowledges defeat (top); the scene of his suicide (bottom): two stills from Downfall (2004) Two scenes from Mein Führer (2007) showing Hitler (Helge Schneider) with his ‘coach’ Adolf Grünbaum (Ulrich Mühe), top, and with Eva Braun (Katja Riemann), bottom Hitler (Schneider) receives Grünbaum (Mühe), top, and plays the piano for Eva Braun, bottom, in Mein Führer (2007) Hitler (Schneider) embarks on a nocturnal promenade with his German shepherd , top, and delivers his final speech to the people of Berlin, bottom: two scenes from Mein Führer (2007) Scenes from Walter Moers’ animated short ADOLF – I’m Sitting in My Bunker (2006) Tobias Moretti as Hitler in Heinrich Breloer’s television mini-series Speer & Hitler: The Devil’s Architect (2005) Scenes from Speer & Hitler (2005) showing Hitler (Moretti) in the company of his favorite architect (Sebastian Koch) Hitler (Martin Wuttke) rages, top, and dies, bottom, in Quentin Tarantino’s Inglourious Basterds (2009) Comedian Harald Schmidt (above) and NDR’s satirical show Extra Drei (below) lampoon the German media’s new obsession with Hitler Two scenes from Bernd Fischerauer’s Hitler in Court (2009), with Johannes Zirner as Hitler Scenes from Jörg Buttgereit’s Captain Berlin versus Hitler (2009), with Claudia Steiger (below) as Hitler’s physician Ilse von Blitzen Acknowledgments

This book grew out of a series of papers presented at the 2007 con- ference of the German Studies Association (GSA) in San Diego, and we should begin by thanking the GSA for giving us a platform to dis- cuss with a relatively large group of experts what was then a relatively little-known topic. We next need to thank our panelists, both for their original presentations and for their subsequent efforts to rework these, in some cases quite substantially, for publication. Johannes von Moltke deserves special mention in this context, as he kindly agreed to expand his comments on panel no. 2 into a tour d’horizon thatnowservesasa conclusion to our volume. We are indebted to Thomas Elsaesser, Sabine Hake, Eric Rentschler, and Michael Töteberg, who were not among the panelists, for contributing individual chapters. Ruth Ireland, Clare Mence, and Cherline Daniel at Palgrave gave us excellent support when it came to turning these chapters into a book. Catherine Smale and Julie Deering ably translated some of the contributions originally submitted in German. Crystal Eisinger helped with the selection of illustrations. The publication process was further facilitated by generous financial aid from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), as well as the Newton Trust and the Vice-Master’s Fund of Trinity Hall, University of Cambridge. Finally, we would like to thank our colleagues and students for their questions, suggestions, and support. This book bears the stamp of the lively research culture at the University of Cambridge, where film studies have long been an integral part of German studies.

Karolin Machtans Martin A. Ruehl

xii Contributors

Axel Bangert is a research fellow at Homerton College and a member of the Department of German and Dutch, at the University of Cambridge. From 2004 to 2006, he worked as a research assistant at the Founda- tion Holocaust Memorial in Berlin. His doctoral thesis, completed at the University of Cambridge in 2010, examines the portrayal of the Third Reich in post-reunification German cinema and television. He is cur- rently co-editing a volume on the Holocaust in contemporary screen culture titled Holocaust Intersections: Genocide and Visual Culture at the New Millennium, which is scheduled to be published in 2012.

Michael Butter is a research fellow in the School of Language & Litera- ture at the Freiburg Institute of Advanced Studies, where he is working on a book about American conspiracy theories from the Puritans to McCarthyism. He is the author of The Epitome of Evil: Hitler in American Fiction, 1939–2002 (2009), and co-editor of American Studies/Shifting Gears (2010) and Arnold Schwarzenegger: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Body and Image (2011). His essays on American literature and culture have appeared in journals such as the Canadian Review of American Studies and Journal of Literary Theory.

Michael Elm studied sociology and educational theory at the Goethe University in Frankfurt/Main, Germany. He received his doctorate with a thesis on Holocaust testimonies in feature and documentary films. He was a research fellow at the Fritz Bauer Institute, working on memo- rial culture and the reception of the Holocaust. He is co-editor of Zeugenschaft des Holocaust: Zwischen Trauma, Tradierung und Ermittlung (2007). Currently a lecturer for the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) at Ben Gurion University in Beer Sheva, Israel, he is prepar- ing a comparative study of Bildungsgeschichten in German, Israeli, and American historical films.

Thomas Elsaesser is Professor of Film and Television Studies at the University of Amsterdam. He has held visiting professorships at various

xiii xiv Notes on Contributors

American universities, notably the University of California (Los Angeles, San Diego, Berkeley, Irvine, Santa Barbara), New York University, and Yale University. In 2005–06 he held the Chair at Stockholm University, and in 2006–07 he was a Leverhulme Profes- sor at the University of Cambridge. He has published numerous books on German film history, including studies on early film (A Second Life: German Cinema’s First Decade), the cinema of the Weimar Republic (Weimar Cinema and After: Germany’s Historical Imaginary) and Fritz Lang (Metropolis), the New German Cinema (New German Cinema – A History), a monograph on Rainer Werner Fassbinder, a study on the afterlife of the Nazi era in German post-war film, and The BFI Companion to German Cinema.

Sabine Hake is the Texas Chair in German Literature and Culture in the Department of Germanic Studies at the University of Texas at Austin. She is the author of six monographs, including German National Cin- ema (2008), Topographies of Class: Modern Architecture and Mass Society in Weimar Berlin (2008), and Screen Nazis: Cinema, History, and Democracy (2012). She has published numerous articles and edited volumes on German film and Weimar culture. Her current book project is tenta- tively titled ‘Fragments of a Cultural History of the German Proletariat, 1870s–1970s’.

Karolin Machtans is Assistant Professor of German Studies at Connecticut College. Before joining Connecticut College, she was an assistant professor at California Polytechnic State University and a DAAD lecturer at Cambridge University. Her research concentrates on twentieth and twenty-first-century German literature and film, with a special focus on intercultural literature and film, representations of the Holocaust, and the interrelations between literature, film, and history. Her first book, which examines the autobiographical writings of Saul Friedländer and Ruth Klüger in the context of their scholarly work, was published in 2009 by Max Niemeyer Verlag. She is currently working on a book-length study of the representation of Istanbul in German literature and film.

Johannes von Moltke is Associate Professor of German Studies and Screen Arts and Cultures at the University of Michigan. He is the author of No Place Like Home: Locations of Heimat in German Cinema (2005), which was awarded the MLA Scaglione Prize for Best Book in German Studies. Together with Julia Hell and Andreas Gailus, he serves Notes on Contributors xv as executive editor for The Germanic Review, and together with Gerd Gemünden he is the series editor for Screen Cultures: German Film and the Visual at Camden House. He is the editor, with Gerd Gemünden, of the forthcoming Culture in the Anteroom: The Legacies of Siegfried Kracauer and, with Kristy Rawson, of the forthcoming Affinities: Siegfried Kracauer’s American Writings 1941–1966. He is currently working on a monograph titled Manhattan Transfer: Siegfried Kracauer and the New York Intellectuals, or, the Trans-Atlantic Construction of Critical Theory.

Eric Rentschler is Arthur Kingsley Porter Professor of Germanic Lan- guages and Literatures at Harvard University. He has published numer- ous works on German cinema during the Weimar Republic, the Third Reich, the post-war, and the post- era, including West German Film in the Course of Time (1984), German Film and Literature (1986), West German Filmmakers on Film (1988), Augenzeugen (1988; second updated edition 2001, with Hans Helmut Prinzler), TheFilmsofG.W.Pabst (1990), and The Ministry of Illusion (1996). He is currently working on two book projects: The Enduring Allure of Nazi Attractions and Courses in Time: Film in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1962–1989.

Michael D. Richardson is Associate Professor of German and Chair of the Department of Modern Languages and Literatures at Ithaca College. His research focuses on German literature and film, as well as the repre- sentation of Hitler in popular culture. He has written and presented on German film, from the Weimar era to the present. He is co-editor, with David Bathrick and Brad Prager, of Visualizing the Holocaust: Documents, Aesthetics, Memory, and co-editor, with Jennifer Kapczynski, of the forth- coming New History of German Cinema (2012). He is currently working on a monograph titled Hitler Immortal: The Afterlife of Hitler in Popular Culture.

Martin A. Ruehl is Lecturer in German Thought at the Faculty of Mod- ern and Medieval Languages and Fellow of Trinity Hall, University of Cambridge. His research concentrates on the myths and memories that have shaped German society and culture in the twentieth century. He lectures on fascist cinema and the representations of fascism in post-war European film for the MPhil in Screen Media & Cultures (University of Cambridge). He has published books and articles on Nietzsche, Thomas Mann, and Stefan George. His monograph The Making of Modernity: Renaissance Italy and the German Historical Imagiation, 1860–1930 will be published in 2012. xvi Notes on Contributors

Kerstin Stutterheim is a filmmaker as well as a professor in media studies and aesthetics at the Hochschule für Film und Fernsehen Konrad Wolf in Potsdam. Her films include Mythos, Macht und Mörder (1998), a documentary on the occult roots of Nazi ideology. She has also published widely on this topic, notably Okkulte Weltvorstellungen in dokumentarischen Filmen des ‘Dritten ’ (2000) and ‘Germanisch- arische Auserwähltheit in mythischem und okkultem Kontext’, in Peter Zimmermann (ed.), Zur Ästhetik und Geschichte des nonfiktionalen Films in Deutschland 1895 bis 1945 (2005). She is currently working on a mono- graph about the history and aesthetics of documentary filmmaking in Germany.

Michael Töteberg is a film critic and independent scholar as well as director of the Agentur für Medienrechte at the Rowohlt publishing house. He has edited the papers of Rainer Werner Fassbinder and the writings of , , and Tom Tykwer. He is also the editor of Metzler Film Lexikon (2005). His numerous publications on modern German cinema include Fritz Lang: Mit Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten (1985), Filmstadt . Von Emil Jannings bis Wim Wenders: Kino-Geschichte(n) einer Grossstadt (1990), Fassbinders Filme (1990–91), Das Ufa-Buch: Kunst und Krisen, Stars und Regisseure, Wirtschaft und Politik, co-edited with Hans-Michael Bock (1992), Szenenwechsel. Momentaufnahmen des jungen deutschen Films (1999), Rainer Werner Fassbinder (2002), Good bye Lenin: ein Film von Wolfgang Becker (2003), Film-Klassiker: 120 Filme (2006), Romy Schneider (2009), and Tom Tykwer’s Drei (2011). He is a contributor to CineGraph: Lexikon zum deutschsprachi- gen Film (2009).