Kukila 1985 2(2). Kukila 1985 2(2) .

THE BIRD LIFE OF THE NATURE RESERVE PULAU DUA

by G. Randy Milton1 and Agus Marhadi2

(Received July 9 1985)

Introduction

The nature reserve Pulau Dua (6°01 'S, 106°12' E) is one of the major sanctuaries for col­ onial breeding herons, egrets, cormorants, and ibis in Indonesia. Located in Banten Bay, on the north coast of West Java, it was established as a sanctuary in 1937, and by 1942 Hoogerwerf (1947) estimated 8 ,000-10,000 birds were present during the breeding season. At that time, the channel separating Pulau Dua from Java was greater than 500 m wide. However, Java has a rapidly accreting northern coastal plain· and by 1978 the narrowed channel had become completely silted and colonized by rapidly growing Avicennia marina, a mangrove tree species. From this time, the Avicennia forest has grown to a height of six to eight meters, and is now used as a nesting area. However, lying outside the boundaries of the reserve, this area was

threatened by disturbance, cutting for firewood, and conversion into fish ponds (tambak) . Ef­ I I forts to have protection extended to this new area were successful ar.J on 26 Dec 1984, the I Minister of Forestry signed a ministerial decree which enlarged the reserve from its former 8 I INTERTIDAL MUDFLATS ha to approximately 30 ha.

The enlarged area includes not only the new Avicennia forest, but a small coral island lying approximately 600 m to the east (Pulau Satu) and a 200 m wide buffer zone extending southwards into the area of tambak. Between February 1984 and June 1985, we have made eight trips to this reserve to inven­ Sco/o torize the avifauna and perform a census of the breeding colony. This article reports on some meters of our findings which are reported in greater detail in Milton and Marhadi (in prep) . I ~ 0 50 IOD Description of Island (see Fig. 1)

The original reserve is a low-lying island (8 ha) rising to not more than 3-4m above mean sea level. The northern part is a coral rampart with sand, covered by a 6-8 m high Diospyros maritima forest. The trees form a closed canopy with low light penetration and thus a poorly developed herb/shrub layer. The central section of this forest is overgrown by the bindweeds Ipomoea tuba, I. trichosperma, and I. pes-caprae which suppress the growth of the dominant vegetation. Within this Diospyros maritima forest can also be found scattered Ixora timoren­ DIOSPYRDS MARITIMA sis, Allophylus cobbe, Sterculia foetida. Tamarindus indicus, and Erythrina variegata . ~ DIOSPYROS MARITIMA - IPOMOEA spp Westward the vegetation becomes more open because of former cutting (Hoogerwerf 1947) tjiBISCUS TILIACEUS and is dominated by Hibiscus ti/iaceus. ii LUMNITZ ERA RACEMOSA - BRUGUIREA CYLINDRICA- The central dry area of the island is covered by low (..C::2m) herbs and shrubs, consisting of HIBISCUS TILIACEUS stands of Barteria prionitis, Pluchea indica, Lantana camara. Eupatorium odoratum. Opuntia SONNERATIA ALBA vulgaris, and clumps of Diospyrus maritima overgrown by bindweed. RHIZOPHORA spp

Southward the land slopes to sea level and there is a narrow stand of 4-5 m high Lumnitzera AVICENNIA MARINIA racemosa, Bruguiera cylindrica, and Hybiscus tiliaceus. HERB /SHRUB AREA

The former southern boundary is dominated by mangrove Rhizophora spp, with small numbers of Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina, ranging in height from 6-8 m in the east to 4-5 min the west. In the extreme southwest of the former reserve is a small stand of 4-5 m high Sonneratia alba. Figure. 1 PULAU DUA VEGETATION TYPE

32 Kukila 1985 2(2) . Kukila 1985 2(2).

'THE NATURE RESERVE PULAU DUA

1dy Milton1 and Agus Marhadi2

'Received July 9 1985) GUARDPOST SOUTH JAVA SEA

Dl 'S, 106°12' E) is one of the major sanctuaries for col- 1orants, and ibis in Indonesia. Located in Banten Bay, on was established as a sanctuary in 1937, and by 1942 0-10,000 birds were present during the breeding season. ng Pulau Dua from Java was greater than 500 m wide. ·eting northern coastal plain and by 1978 the narrowed ted and colonized by rapidly growing Avicennia marina, a

;t has grown to a height of six to eight meters, and is now lyi ng outside the boundaries of the reserve, this area was :or firewood, and conversion into fish ponds (tambak). Ef­ o this new area were successful ar.J on 26 Dec 1984, the erial decree which enlarged the reserve from its former 8 ly the new Avicennia forest, but a small coral island lying (Pulau Satu) and a 200 m wide buffer zone extending k. 1985, we have made eight trips to this reserve to inven­ Seal•f ensus of the breeding colony. This article reports on some in greater detail in Milton and Marhadi (in prep). meters ~ ~ 0 50 100

TAMBAK sland (8 ha) rising to not more than 3-4m above mean al rampart with sand, covered by a 6-8 m high Diospyros lased canopy with low light penetration and thus a poorly entral section of this forest is overgrown by the bindweeds 1/. pes-caprae which suppress the growth of the dominant 106"E J07•E naritima forest can also be found scattered /xora timoren· DIOSPYROS MARITIMA foe tida, Tamarindus indicus, and Erythrina variegata. ~ DIOSPYROS MARITIMA- IPOMOEA app more open because of former cutting (Hoogerwerf 1947) t11BISCUS TILIACEUS eus. ii LUMNITZERA RACEMOSA- BRUGUIREA CYLINDRICA ­ s covered by low ( ..C::: 2m) herbs and shrubs, consisting of HIBISCUS TIUACEUS 1i ndica, Lantana camara. Eupatorium odoratum. Opuntia SONNERATIA ALBA maritima overgrown by bindweed. RHIZOPHORA spp vel and there is a narrow stand of 4-5 m high Lumnitze ra AVICENNIA MARINIA 1d Hybiscus tilia ceus. HERB /SHRUB AREA Seals ; dominated by mangrove Rhizophora spp, with small 0 50 \OOkm WEST JAVA 1 and Avicennia marina, ranging in height from 6-8 m in 1e extreme southwest of the former reserve is a small stand Figure. 1 PULAU DUA VEGETATION TYPES

33 Kukila 1985 2(2) Kuki/a 1985 2(2)

this post. It is within these two areas that are found the larg dicus, and Erythrina variegata in which the species wou k The newly protected area is principally Avicennia marina that is approximately 6-8 m high. Thesilt substrate is more settled to the east than the accreting western boundary where b. Avifauna/ inventory thedepth exceeds 1.5 m. The 200m wide buffer zone is part of a 1-2 km wide stretch of lowland that has been converted into tambak. The vegetation on the dykes of the tambak is Throughout the period of study, 90 species were identifie varied (Schuster 1952) but species commonly encountered are Avicennia marina, Pluchea status, relative abundance and the habitats in which they"' indica, Opuntia vulgaris, Acanthus ilicifolius, Suaeda maritima, and Scirpus spp. species is not unexpected due to the reserve's close prox in The tambak area harbours a number of species that were Discussion ing the present survey. However some of these species s a. Colonial birds Dendrocygna javanica occur commonly and it is expected ly . Moreover, several species formerly reported by Hoge During the 1985 breeding season, extending from February through June, a total of 7308 island, Prin ia polychroa, Padda oryzivora, Lalage nigr< nests was counted. The survey method is outlined in detail in Milton and Marhadi (in prep) . chloropus are present in the tambak and rice fields . Briefly, the old. reserve and new Avicennia forest were divided into 25 by 25m plots, and the number of nests within each plot counted. Due to the difficulty of distinguishing nests to The number of species recorded breeding in this small rese species level, it was necessary to apply proportionality values to the total number of nests. 29 of the 90 species are migrants to Java. Van Strien (19 These values were determined by recording the number of nests with breeding birds in atten­ breeding on the island but four of these are colonial • dance over the area of the colony from selected vantage positions . The colony was di vided breeding. Our survey records 19 breeding species and a n a into five areas, distinguished by topographic features and vegetation structure. It was then to breed. A total of 27 potentially breeding species is good possible to apply the proportionality values to the total number of nests counted in each area. Moreover several additional species regularly occur on gibberifrons. Haliastur indus. and Haliaeetus leucogaster 0 There are at present 11 species of birds breeding colonially in this reserve (Table 1). Past and of the colonial species, the breeding efforts of the last two 51 current population estimates of these and former breeders are annotated in Appendix 1. ed by disturbance. Previous reports of the breeding population on Pulau Dua have probably been over-estimates As commented upon by Wilson & Allport (1985). move as they were based on either the number of birds returning to the island (Hoogerwerf 1947) , is poorly documented. (Interestingly a reverse movemen or a composite of adult birds in breeding plumage and occupied nests (5000 pairs-Harvey observed by G.R.M. on 7.4 .85 while on Sangiang isla nd i 1976). Both of these previous estimates do notconsider a common feature of large colonial and 1230. approximately 150-200 A ccipiter sp were o( birds which is delayed breeding, i.e. adult bir...;s do not become reproch.ictively active until they with 20-25 Pernis apivorus and two Falco peregrinw are several years old. However, these non-breeaers return daily to use the breeaing colony as Merops philippinus roosting on the island over the peri o a roost site. Our value (7308) on the number of breeding pairs is from nests only, which may groups of 300-350 and 65-70 birds roosting in the under-estimate the population becj'luse of failure to record late or failed (and destroyed) 7. 3. 85 and 1.4. 85 respectively . Neither group was obser nests. Table 2 gives the species make-up of the colony with the 95 percent confidence interval for those species with proportionality values. Although these intervals are sometimes wide Conclusion particularly for Nycticorax nycticorax, the accuracy of the estimate could only be improved with a substantial increase in time and resources. This survey provides a minimum estimate of 14616 breeding birds, although the total population utilizing the island is undoubtedly much This reserve will conti nue to be an important nesting co morants provided protection is maintained . With the rece higher because of the factors discussed above. include the nesting area of nearly 50% of the breeding cole \-!oogerwerf (1947, 1948a) compiled the first record of the colonial species founCi on the ble to restrict access to this area. In the past this has cause island. His subsequent papers on Pulau Dua provide additi onal information on selected chicks. Stringent enforcement of regulations regardin dramatically reduce this loss . species (Hoogerwerf 1948b; 1951a,b; 1952, 1953) which are beneficial in tracing the status of colonial breeders. Colonial species reported by Hoogerwerf which no longer breed in the A cknowledgements colony are: Plata/eo leucorodia, Anhinga me/anogaster, Ardea purpurea, Ibis cinerea and Threskiornis melanocephalus. Records were supplied by the following observers and predated: Gary Allport . Derek Holmes. and Adrian L o~ It is ~ifficult to explain the disappearance of these birds as breeding species, especially as all but the first still occur regularly on the island, and breed in the nature reserve Pulau Rambut (5°58 'S, 106°42 'E), in Jakarta Bay. However, disturbance may have been an im­ The assistance of the PHPA officials Pak Satami. Pak 1 portant factor as Threskiornis melanocepha/us, Ibis cinerea, and Anhinga melanogaster acknowledged. as well as the indomitable perseverance of were last reported breeding in 1975 (Beuninger et. a/. 1976, Harvey 1976) when overland thank the World Wildlife Fund for funding this as par o access to the island first became possible {Win 1976). ' donesia. Monit oring of Habitats. Species and Conserva c

Recent observations have also seen a cessation of breeding by Egretta garzetta in the Oi~spyros m~ritima near the observation tower on the north coast of the island, and through whtch the Irati to the guard post passes. Moreover, birds do not breed, within a 25m radius of

34

\ Kukila 1985 2(2) Kukila 1985 2 (2)

this post. It is within these two areas that are found the large Sterculia foetida , Tamarindus in­ dicus, and Erythrina variegata in which the species would be expected to breed. all y Avicennia marina that is approximately 6-8 m high. J the east than the accreting western boundary where b. Avifauna/ inventory m wide buffer zone is part of a 1-2 km wide stretch of to tambak. The vegetation on the dykes of the tambak is Throughout the period of study, 90 species were identified (Table 1) . Also provided is their commonly encountered are Avicennia marina, Pluchea status, relative abundance and the habitats in which they w.ere observed. The high number of ilicifolius, Suaeda maritima, and Scirpus spp. species is not unexpected due to the reserve's close proximity to the larger landmass of Java. The tambak area harbours a number of species that were not recorded inside the reserve dur· ing the present survey. However some of these species such as Pycnonotus aurigaster and Dendrocygna javanica occur commonly and it is expected they will visit the island occasional­ ly. Moreover, several species formerly reported by Hogerwerf (1948a) as occurring on the extending from February through June, a total of 7308 island. Prinia polychroa, Padda oryzivora, Lalage nigra. Porzana cinerea and Ga//inu/a :hod is outlined in detail in Milton and Marhadi (in prep). chloropus are present in the tambak and rice fields. icennia forest were divided into 25 by 25m plots, and the counted. Due to the difficulty of distinguishing nests to The number of species recorded breeding in this small reserve is relatively high, particularly as pply proportionality values to the total number of nests. 29 of the 90 species are migrants to Java. Van Strien (1981) records 16 species as reportedly ~cording the number of nests with breeding birds in allen· breeding on the island but four of these are colonial species which have since ceased from selected vantage positions. The colony was divided breeding. Our survey records 19 breeding species and an additional eight species are believed pographic features and vegetation structure. It was then to breed. A total of 27 potentially breeding species is go~ for this vegetativelysimple reserve. ' values to the total number of nests counted in each area. Moreover several additional species regularly occur on the island that formerly bred ; Anas irds breeding colonially in this reselile (Table 1) . Past and gibberifrons, Haliastur indus, and Ha/iaeetus leucogaster (Hoogerwerf 1942). As with several se and former breeders are annotated in Appendix 1. of the colonial species, the breeding efforts of the last two species have possibly been influenc­ ed by disturbance. Julation on Pulau Dua have probably been over-estimates As commented upon by Wilson & Allport (1985). movement of raptorial and other migrants 1mber of birds returning to the island (Hoogerwerf 1947) , is poorly documented. (Interestingly a reverse move ment of raptors to the northwest was eeding plumage and occupied nests (5000 pairs-Harvey nates do not consider a common feature of large colonial observed by G .R.M. on 7.4.85 while on Sangiang island in the Sunda Strait · between 1130 and 1230. approximately 150-200 A ccipiter sp were observed flying high over the island adult bir...;s do not become reproductively active until they with 20-25 Pernis apivorus and two Falco peregrinus.) Harvey (1976) reports 100 + se non-breei:lers return daily to use the breeaing coTony as Merops philippinus roosting on the island over the period 2-5.5. 75. while we noted two e number of breeding pairs is from nests only, which may groups of 300-350 and 65-70 birds roosting in the Avicennia forest on the evenings :puse of failure to record late or failed (and destroyed) 7.3.85 and 1.4.85 respectively. Ne it her group was observed the followilog day. e-up of the colony with the 95 percent confidence interval iry values. Although these intervals are sometimes wide, Conclusion :vc, the accuracy of the estimate could only be improved 1d resources. This survey provides a minimum estimate of This reserve will continue to be an important nesting colony for herons. egrets. and cor­ ' total population utilizing the island is undoubtedly much morants provided protection is maintained . With the recent expansion of the boundaries to ssed above. include the nesting area of nearly 50% of the breeding colony (1985), it should now be possi· led the first record of the colonial species -found on the ble to restrict access to this area. In the past this has caused an unnecessary loss of eggs and chicks. Stringent enforcement of regulations regarding access to the colony should Pulau Dua provide additional information on selected dramatically reduce this loss . 1,b; 1952, 1953) which are beneficial in tracing the status es reported by Hoogerwerf which no longer breed in the A cknowledgements onhinga melanogaster, Ardea purpurea, Ibis cinerea and Records were supplied by the following observers and their co-operation is greatly ap­ preciated: Gary Allport. Derek Holmes. and Adrian Long. ~ranee of these birds as breeding species, especially as on the island, and breed in the nature reserve Pulau akarta Bay. However, disturbance may have been an im· The assistance of the PHPA officials Pak Satami. Pak Mussa'i and Pak Taslim is gratefully 'anocephalus, Ibis cinerea, and Anhinga melanogaster acknowledged. as well as the indomitable perseverance of "Flick and Ian". We finally wish to thank the World Wildlife Fund for funding this as part of WWF/ IUCN Project 3132 · In ­ ) (Beuninger et. a/. 1976, Harvey 1976), when overland Jssible (Win 1976) . donesia. Monitori ng of Habitats. Species and Conservation Areas.

.en a cessation of breeding by Egretta garzetta in the 1ation tower on the north coast of the island, and through ses. Moreover, birds do not breed, within a 25m radius of 35 Kukila 1985 2(2) Kukila 1985 2(2)

TABLE 1 Bird species r~corded during eigi References Dates of visitation are: 25-28.2.84, 3-6.8.84, 3-6.10 Beuninger, C.S. van, I.J. de Boer, N.A . de Joncheere & J .M.A. van de Velde. 1976. Pulau 4-8.3.85, 13-15.4 .85 and 13-15.6.85. Dua. Report of a four day stay, 6-10 May 1976. Unpublished report. G.A. - Gary Allport A.L. - Ac Harvey, W.G. 1976. Field expedition of Indonesian Ornithological Society. Kukila 1: 26-28. Species Co mmon Nat Hoogerwerf, A. 1942. Report of a trip to the Nature Reserve Poelau Doewa Banten. (October 11th 2602) - 17th Official Report. Keboen Raja . Bogar. Phalacrocorax niger Little Cormora P . sulcirostris Little Black Co 1947. Ornithologische ervaringen tijdens een naar het Natuurmonument Anhinga melanogaster Oriental Darter Poelau Doewa gemaaktedienst-tournee. Limosa 20: 193:.._196. Fregata andrewsi Christmas Frig< Ardea sumatrana Great-billed He 1948a. contribution to the knowledge of the distribution of birds on the Ardea cinerea Grey Heron island of Java, with remarks on some new species. Ardea purpurea Purple Heron Treubia 19: 83-137. B u torides stria tus Little Heron Ardeola speciosa Javan Pond-H 1948b. De Lepelaar Plata/eo leucorodia op Java waargenomen. Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Limosa 21: 104. Egretta sacra Pacific Reef-Eg Egretta alba Great Egret 195la. Nieuwe bijzonderheden over het voorkomen van de Lepelaar Egretta intermedia Plumed Egret Plata/eo leucorodia regia Gould, in West Java. Egretta garzetta Little Egret Limosa 24: 91-99. Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crownec Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Cinnamon Bi 1951b. Phalacrocorax sulcirostris tenitori (Math). Thans oak broedvogel Ibis cinerea Milky Stork in West Java. Threskiornis melanocephalus Black-headed I Limosa 24: 153-155. Plegadis fa/cine/Ius Glossy Ibis Anas gibberifrons Grey Teal 1952. De Lepelaars (Piata/ea leucorodia regia , Gould) van Pulau Dua Nettapus coromandelianus (AL) Cotton Pygm (West Java) gedurende het broedseizoen 1952. Pandion haliaetus Osprey Limosa 25: 118-131. Pernis apivorus (GA) Eurasian Hone Haliastur indu~ Brahminy Kite 1953. Zwarte ibissen, Plegadis fa/cine/Ius pereginus (Bp). in het vogel­ Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied ~ reservaat Pulau Dua in de jaren 1951 en 1952. Accipiter gularis (GA) Japanese Spar Limosa 26: 20-30. Accipiter soloensis (GA) Chinese Goshc Falco peregrinus (GA) Peregrine Falc• Schuster, W.H . 1952. Spec. Pubis. Indo-Pacific. Fish. Counal. l,l43pp. Turnix suscitator Barred Button• Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breastec Strien, N.J. van 1981. Birds of Pulau Dua and Pulau Rambut. School of Environmental Rallus striatus Conservation Management, Ciawi. Slaty-breasted Pluvialis dominica Lesser Golde n Pluvialis squatarola Wilson, S .A., & G. Allport. 1985, Milky Stork Ibis cine reus and birds of the Javan Plain . Grey Plover Charadrius leschenaulti Bull. Oriental Bird Club. 1: 12-14. Gr!!ater Sand- I Charadrius mongo/us Mongolian Pb Wind, J . 1976. Visit to eagar alam (strict nature reserve) Pulau Dua. 2-5 Juni 1976. Nature Charadrius veredus Oriental Plovet Numenius arquata Conservation and Wildlife Management Project FAO/ INS/73/ 013. Bogar. Eurasian curie\ Numenius phaeopus Unpublished Report. Whimbrel Tringa totanus Common Re

36 Kukila 1985 2(2) Kukila 1985 2(2)

TABLE 1 Bird species r~corded during eight visits to Pulau Dua.

.A. de Joncheere & J.M.A. van de Velde. 1976. Pulau Dates of visitation are: 25-28.2.84, 3-6.8.84, 3-6.10:84, 21-22.2.85, 31.3-2.4.85, . 6-10 May 1976. Unpublished report. 4-8.3.85, 13-15.4.85 and 13-15.6.85 . lion of Indonesian Ornithological Society. G.A. - Gary Allport A.L. - Adrian Long.

1 f a trip to the Nature Reserve Poelau Doewa Banten. Species Common Name Status Habltat2 Official Report. Keboen Raja. Bogor. Phalacrocorax niger Little Cormorant Cb-A Rz-Av ogische ervaringen tijdens een naar het Natuurmonument P. su/cirostris Little Black Cormorant Cb-A Rz-Av Anhinga melanogaster V-C D-Tmb 1st-tournee. Limosa 20: 193 ~ 196 . Oriental Darter Fregata andrewsi Christmas Frigatebird V-R p Jtion to the knowledge of the distribution of birds on the Ardea sumatrana Great-billed Heron V-R Av-lmf on some new species. Ardea cinerea Grey Heron Cb-C Rz Ardea purpurea Purple Heron V-C lmf-Tmb Butorides striatus Little Heron (B)-A Tmb Ardeola speciosa Cb-A telaar Plata/eo leucorodia op Java waargenomen. Javan Pond-Heron Rz-Av Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Cb-A Rz-Av E gre tta sacra Pacific Reef-Egret Cb-C D-Rz-Av Egretta alba Great Egret Cb-C Rz ! bijzonderheden over het voorkomen van de Lepelaar Egretta intermedia Cb-C Rz-Av 11d , in West Java. Plumed Egret Egretta garzetta Little Egret Cb-A D-Rz-Av Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron .Cb-A Av - Rz-D Jxobrychus cinnamomeus V-R Av -Tmb rocorax sulcirostris tenitori (Math). Thans ook broedvogel Cinnamon Bittern Ibis cinerea Milky Stork V-C D-Imf Threskiornis me/anocephalus Black-headed Ibis V-C Rz-D-Imf Plegadis fa/cine/Ius Glossy Ibis Cb-C Av-Rz Anas gibberifrons V-C lmf-Tmb elaars (Plata/eo leucorodia regia, Gould) van Pulau Dua Grey Teal Nettapus coromandelianus (AL) V-R Sp 1roedseizoen 1952. Cotton Pygmy Goose Pandion haliaetus Osprey V-R p Pernis apivorus (GA) Eurasian Honey Buzzard M-Sa p Haliastur indu$ Brahminy Kite V-Cin D ibissen, Plegadis fa/cine/Ius pereginus (Bp). in het vogel­ Haliaeetus leucogaster V-Cin D ren 1951 en 1952. White-bellied Sea-Eagle Accipiter gularis (GA) Japanese Sparrowhawk M-Sa p Accipiter soloensis (GA) Chinese Goshawk M-Sa p Falco peregrinus (GA) M-Sa p . Indo-Pacific. Fish . Counal. 1.143pp. Peregrine Falcon Turnix suscitator Barred Buttonquail (B)-C Pulau Satu B-C D-Hs Pulau Duo and Pulau Rambut. School of Environmental Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen V-R Ciawi. Rallus slriatus Slaty-breasted Rail Rz Pluvialis dominica Lesser Golden Plover M-Sa lmf-Tmb M-R ') , Milky Stork Ibis cinereus and birds of the Javan Plain. Pluvialis squatarola Grey Plover Imf-Tmb l2-14. Charadrius leschenaulti Gr!!ater Sand-Plover M-R lmf Charadrius mongo/us Mongolian Plover M-R lmf Charadrius veredus M-R Imf 1 (strict nature reserve) Pulau Dua. 2-5 Juni 1976. Nature Oriental Plover anagement Project FAO/INS/73/013. Bogor. Numenius arquata Eurasian curlew M-C lmf-Tmb Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel M-C lmf-Tmb Tringa totanus Common Redshank M-C lmf-Tmb -e Reserve Pulau Dua. 9-11 June 1979. Nature Conser­ Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank M-C lmf-Tmb roject FAO/INS/73/ 013. Bogor. Unpublished Report . Tringa stagnati/is Marsh Sandpiper M-C lmf-Tmb Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper M-Sa lmf-Tmb Xenus cinereus Terek Sandpiper M-R lmf Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper M-A lmf-Tmb Calidris ruficollis Rufous necked Stint M-Sa lmf-Tmb

37 Kukila 1985 2(2) Kukila 1985 2(2)

Calidris ferruginea Curlew Sandpiper M-Sa lmf-Tmb 2. Habitat: Av-Auicennia forest; D- Diospyros Chlidonias leucopterus White- winged Tern M-C-Sa lmf-Tmb Imf- intertidal mudflat; p- passa ~ Chlidonias hybrida Whiskered Tern M-C-Sa S-Tmb forest; S-sea; Tmb-Tambak; Thr- Tre ron vernans Pink-necked Pigeon V-R D-Hs Streptopelia bitorquata Javanese Turtle-Dove B- A D-Hs- Rz-Tmb TABLE 2. The number and 95% confidence interval (C Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove V-R D colony on Pulau Dua during the breeding sea Geopelia striata Peaceful Dove B- A D-Hs-Tmb Ty to alba Barn Owl V-R D Ketupa ketu pu Buffy Fish-Owl V-R D Species Common name Est Caprimulgus affinis Savanna Nightjar (B)-C Pulau Satu Co/localia esculenta White bellied swiftlet V-C p Phalacrocorax spp Cormorants A/cedo caerulescens Small Blue Kingfisher (B) - C Thr Ardea cinerea Grey Heron Halcyon chloris Collared Kingfisher (B)-C Thr Ardeola speciosa Javan-pond Heron Halcyon sancta Sacred Kingfisher M-C Thr Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Merops philippinus Blue-tailed Bee-eater M-C-Sa Thr Egretta sacra Pacific Reef-Egret Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow M- C Thr Egretta alba Great Egret Hirundo tahitica Pacific Swallow V- C Thr Egretta intermedia Plumed Egret Delichon dasypus Asian House-Martin M- R D- Rz ' Egretta garzetta Little Egret Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented Bulbul (B) - C Hs-lmb ' Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron Oriolus chinensis V- R D Black-naped Oriole Plegadis falcinelll,ls Glossy ibis Corvus macrorhynchos Large-billed Crow V-Ln D B- C D Copsychus saularis Magpie Robin Total nests counted on colony Gerygone sulphurea Flyeater B-C Rz - Av Phylloscopus borealis Arctic Warbler M- R Av D-Hs Acrocephalus sp Great Reed-Warbler sp M- Ln Address: Prinia familiaris Bar-w inged Prinia B- A Hs-Rz- Av Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola V - R Pulau Satu 1. World Wildlife Fund, Jl. lr. H. Juanda 9, PO.BOX l Orthotomus sutorius Common Tailorbird V-Ln D- Hs Culicica pa ceylonensis Grey-headed Flycatcher V-R Av 2. Directorate General of Forest Protection and ~ature Thr Rhipidura javanica Pied Fantail (B)-C Jl. lr. H. Juanda 9 , Boger, West Java. Indonesia . Artamus leucorhynchos White-breasted Wood Swallow V-C Thr Sturnus contra Asian Pied Starling V-C D- Hs- Tmb Sturnus melanopterus Blackwinged Starling V-C D- Hs - Tmb Sturnus sturninus Purple-backed starling M- R D-Hs APPENDIX 1 An annotated checklist of the present anc Acridotheres javanicus White-vented Myna V--C D-Hs- Rz reserve Pulau Dua. Anthreptes malacensis Brown-Throated Su nbird V- C D- Hs - Tmb Phalacrocorax niger Little Cormorant Nectarinia jugularis Olive-backed Sunbird (B)-C Thr ResideT;~t ,and colonial. The most common of the two Arachnothera longirostris Little Spiderhunter V- R D estimated population of 1286 ( ± 244) breeding pairs. Dicaeum trochileum Scarlet- headed Fl ower peeker (B)-C D- Hs population of the two species to be only 500 pairs. Zosterops flava Javan White-eye V-C D- Hs Ploceus manyar Streaked Weaver B- C D- Hs Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Lonchura leucogastroides Javan Munia V- R Hs Resident and colonial. First reported to breed on Pulau DL Lonchura mojo White-headed Mun ia B- C Hs since then it has been a regular breeder in low numbers . Hs L onchura punctulata Scaly -breasted Munia V-R Anhinga melanogaster Oriental Darter Hs Lonchura malacca Chestnut Munia V- R Small numbers regularly roost on the island. Formerly l reported nesting in 1975 (1 pair, Harvey 1976) . 1. Status: B- breeding; (B)- presumed breeding; Cb- colonial breeding; M­ Ardea cinerea Grey Heron migrant; V- visitor; A- abundant (regularly greater than 50 individuals Resident and colonial. Reported breeding by Hoogerwer or breeding pairs); C- common (regularly 6-49 individuals lor breeding number 70 breeding pairs in 1975, declining to three pa pairs); · 1985. Ln- low numbers (regularly 5 or less individuals or breeding pairs) ; R­ rare (seen only occasionally or in low numbers) Sa- sometimes abun­ Ardea purpurea Purple Heron dant. Regular visitor. Formerly bred on island (Hoogerwerf 1' reported by Harvey. Small numbers commonly observec tambak and intertidal mudflat.

38 Kukila 1985 2(2) Kuki/a 1985 2(2)

Sandpiper M- Sa Imf - Tmb 2. Habitat: Av-Auicennia forest; D- Diospyros forest; Hs- herb and shrub areas; .vinged Tern M- C-Sa Imf - Tmb Imf- intertidal mudflat; p- passage over island; Rz- Rhizophora !red Tern M- C - Sa S-Tmb forest; S-sea; Tmb-Tambak; Thr- Throughout. ~ek ed Pigeon V- R D-Hs se Turtle-Dove B- A D-Hs- Rz- Tmb TABLE 2. The number and 95% confidence interval (C .l) of nests per species in the bird ~ Dove V-R D colony on Pulau Dua during the breeding season (Feb-June) in 1985. Jl Dove B- A D- Hs - Tmb lwl V-R D 'ish-O wl V-R D Estimated No. of nests lil Ni ghtjar (B)-C Pulau Satu Species Common name ±95% C .I Jellied swiftlet V-C p 31ue Kingfisher (B) - C Thr Phalacrocorax spp Cormorants 1286 ±244 d Kingfisher (B)-C Thr I Ardea cinerea Grey Heron II Kingfis her M-C Thr Ardeola speciosa Javan-pond Heron 978 ±230 Bubulcus ibis 3649 ±297 j[ed Bee-eater M- C - Sa Thr Cattle Egret Egretta sacra allow M- C Thr Pacific Reef-Egret 210 Egretta alba 34-37 Swallow V-C Thr Great Egret Egretta intermedia 63 ±42 ;ouse-Martin M- R D- Rz Plumed Egret Egretta garzetta Little Egret 1121 ±213 -vented Bulbul (B)-C Hs-Tmb ' Nycticorax nycticorax Black-crowned Night Heron 213 ? lil ped Oriole V-R D Plegadis falcinellys Glossy ibis ca. 40 >ill ed Crow V- Ln D Robin B-C D Total nests counted on colony 7308 r B- C Rz-Av Warbler M- R Av ~eed- Warbler sp M- Ln D- Hs Address: 1ged Prinia B- A Hs-Rz-Av Cisticola V - R Pulau Satu 1. World Wildlife Fund, Jl. Ir. H. Juanda 9 , PO.BOX 133 Bogar, West Java, Indonesia. on T ailorbird V- Ln D- Hs eaded Flycatcher V-R Av 2. Directorate General of Forest Protection and ~ature Conservation, Balai III , (B) - C Thr 3nta il Jl. Ir. H. Juanda 9, Bogor, West Java. Indonesia. Jreasted Wood Swallow V- C Thr 'ied Starling V- C D- Hs- Tmb inged S ta rli ng V-C D- Hs- Tmb -backed starling M-R D-Hs APPENDIX 1 An annotated checklist of the present and former colonial breeding birds on >ented Myna V--C D-Hs- Rz reserve Pulau Dua. Throated Sunbird V- C D- Hs - Tmb acked Su nbird (B)-C Thr Phalacrocorax niger Little Cormorant piderhunter V- R D Resider;tt and colonial. The most common of the two species of cormorant with a total -headed Fl ower peeker (B) - C D- Hs estimated population of 1286 ( ± 244) breeding pairs. Wind (1978)estimated the breeding hite-eye V-C D- Hs population of the two species to be only 500 pairs. !d Weaver B- C D- Hs Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant Munia V- R Hs I Resident and colonial. First reported to breed on Pulau Dua in 1951 (Hoogerwerf 1951b) and eaded Munia B- C Hs since the!) it has been a regular breeder in low numbers. Hs ~re aste d Munia V-R Anhinga melanogaster Oriental Darter Hs I ut Munia V- R Small numbers regularly roost on the island. Formerly bred (Hoogerwerf 1948 a) and last reported nesting in 1975 (1 pair, Harvey 1976) . 3)- presumed breeding; Cb- colonial breeding; M­ Ardea cinerea Grey Heron ;itor; A- abundant (regularly greater than 50 individuals Resident and colonial. Reported breeding by Hoogerwerf (1948 a), estimated by Harvey to -s); C- common (regularly 6-49 individuals lor breeding number 70 breeding pairs in 1975, declining to three pairs in 1978 (Wind) , and 11 pairs in 1985. ers (regularly 5 or less individuals or breeding pairs) ; R­ occasionally or in low numbers) Sa- sometimes abun- Ardea purpurea Purple Heron Regular visitor. Formerly bred on island (Hoogerwerf 1948 a) but by 1975 no birds were reported by Harvey. Small numbers commonly observed roosting and foraging in adjoining tambak and intertidal mudflat.

39 Kukila 1985 2(2) Kukila 1985 2(2)

Ardeo/a speciosa Javan Pond-Heron APPENDIX 2. Addendum of additional species recorded Resident and colonial. Recorded breeding by Hoogerwerf (1948. a) and a minimum 200 (pers. comm.) between 1976 and 1980. Most of these we breeding pairs in 1975 (Harvey) . This number had increased to-978 (±230) in 1985. jacent waters or mudflats of Banten Bay. With the exce~ casual visitors. Bubu/cus ibis Cattle Egret Resident and colonial. The most abundant species on the island with an estfmated 3649 (± 297) in 1985. Harvey also comments that this is the most common specoes with at least 2500 breeding pairs. Charadrius dubius Little Ringed Plover Numenius madagascarensis Eastern Curlew Egretta sacra Pacific Reef-Egret Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit Resident and colonial. Present in low numbers during 1985 (less than 10 pairs) but possibly Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot more abundant due to mistaking white forms for E. garzetta. Harvey estimated a minimum Calidris alba Sanderling two pairs and concludes the same. Calidris subminuta Long-toed Stint Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt Egretta alba Great Egret Glareola maldiuarum Oriental Pratincole Resident and colonial. Reported breeding by Hoogerwerf (1948 a) and estimated by Harvey Sterna bergii Great Crested Tern to have a minimum breeding population of 100 - 200 pairs. The numbers had declined to Sterna bengalensis Lesser Crested Tern approximately 20 and 30 pairs in 1976 and 1978 respectively (Wind) . The breeding popula­ Sterna dougal/ii Roseate Tern tion in 1985 was 34 - 37 pairs. S terna sumatrana Black-~ a ped Tern Sterna albifrons Little Tern Egretta intermedia Plumed Egret Gelochelidon nilotica Gull-billed Tern Resident and colonial. Breeding reported by Hoogerwerf (1948 a) with a minimum estimate Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift of 200 pairs in 1975 (Harvey). During the 1985 nesting season an estimated 63 (± 42) Aegithina tiphia Common lora breeding pairs.

Egretta garzetta Little Egret Resident and colonial. The second most common breeding species, reported pr!!sent by Hoogerwerf (1948 a) , estimated by Harvey to have a minimum breeding population of 1000 NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF TH pairs; 1121 ( ± 213) breeding pairs in 1985. HELIOPAIS PERSO A IN INDONESIA Nycticorax nycticorax Black-Crowned Night-Heron Resident and colonial. Estimated by Harvey in 1975 to be 500 - 700 breeding pairs. The by G . Randy Milton estimate in 1985 is 213 ( ± 302) breeding pairs. The actual population is probably in the up­ per end of the range as the survey method is believed to have under-estimated the number. It Received July 16 19 was also reported by Hoogerwerf (1948 a) to be a common breeder numbering hundreds. Introduction Ibis-cinerea Milky Stork Regular visitor. Formerly bred on the island (Hoogerwerf 1948 a) and last reported nesting in The distribution of the Masked Finfoot Heliopais pe1 1975 (7 nests, Beuningen et. a/. 1976). Roosts in small groups (2- 10) although a group of Ripley (1980) . Baker ( 1929) . and Medway & Wells (1 32 was recorded 13.6.85. eastern India. Burma. Thailand. peninsular Malaysia. an< range its status has been well documented: resident ar Threskiornis melanocephalus Black-headed Ibis Bangladesh (Ali & Ripley 1980); resident. rare. but wid Common. Formerly' bred (Hoogerwerf 1948 a) and in 1953 greater than 400 birds areas and swamps of Burma (Smythies 1953) ; and a no1 (Hoogerwerf 1953) were estimat~d nesting in several sub-colonies on the is land. Harvey forested rivers of peninsular Malaysia. extending from th< reported 15 pairs beginning to nest in 1975 but by 1978 (Wind) only 41 birds we re observed Wells 1976) . roosting. Currently, approximately 40 - 50 birds regularly roost on the island. A detailed record has been prepared by Medwa Plegadis fa/cine/Ius Glossy Ibis 1982) of finfoot sightings. locations. iind dates of occum Resident and colonial. First reported to occur in 1941 (Hoogerwerf 1948 a) and breeding in and distribution in Indonesia is unclear. and is usually cc 1951 (Hoogerwerf 1953). The breeding population is now estimated at approximately 40 curring as far south as Malacca (Malaysia) and Sumatra "" pairs, the same as reported by Harvey. Both Hoogerwerf (1953) and Wind (1978) report is inadequate for an area (Sumatra) that extends over breaks in breeding. Historical Records - prior to 1940 Plata/eo leucorodia White Spoonbill First reported on island in 1941 (Hoogerwerf 1948 b) with breeding occurring in 1951 and Early records of this species in Sumatra have been c 1952 (Hoogerwerf 1951, 1952). No recent records. island. Schneider collected an adult (sex unknown) in nc

40 Kukila 1985 2(2) Kukila 1985 2(2) u n APPENDIX 2. Addendum of additional species recorded by W. G. Harvey and D.A. Holmes reeding by Hoogerwerf (1948. a) and a minimum 200 (pers. comm.) between 1976 and 1980. Most of these were observed on the immediately ad­ rhis number had increased to 978 ( ± 230) in 1985. jacent waters or mudflats of Banten Bay. With the exception of the iora, all are migrants or casual visitors. bu ndant species on the island with an estfmated 3649 ( ± (The editors). 1ts that this is the most common specoes with at least 2500 Charadrius dubius Little Ringed Plover Numenius madagascarensis Eastern Curlew Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit ow numbers during 1985 (less than 10 pairs) but possibly Calidris tenuirostris Great Knot hite forms for E. garzetta. Harvey estimated a minimum Calidris alba Sanderling Calidris subminuta Long-toed Stint Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt Glareola maldivarum Oriental Pratincole ·eeding by Hoogerwerf (1948 a) and estimated by Harvey Sterna bergii Great Crested Tern tlation of 100 - 200 pairs. The numbers had declined to Sterna bengalensis Lesser Crested Tern .976 and 1978 respectively (Wind) . The breeding popula- Sterna dougallii Roseate Tern Sterna sumatrana Black-~aped Tern Sterna albifrons Little Tern Gelochelidon nilotica Gull-billed Tern 'POrted by Hoogerwerf (1948 a) with a minimum estimate Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift luri ng the 1985 nesting season an estimated 63 ( ± 42) Aegithina tiphia Common lora

most common breeding species, reported pr~sent by Harvey to have a minimum breeding population of 1000 NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE MASKED FINFOOT rs in 1985. HELIOPAIS PERSONATA IN INDONESIA ned Night-Heron Harvey in 1975 to be 500 - 700 breeding pairs. The by G. Randy Milton reeding pairs. The actual population is probably in the up­ method is believed to have under-estimated the number. It Received July 16 1985 (1 948 a) to be a common breeder numbering hundreds. Introduction e island (Hoogerwerf 1948 a) and last reported nesting in The distribution of the Masked Finfoot Heliopais personata has been described by Ali & n6). Roosts in small groups (2- 10) although a group of Ripley (1980). Baker (1929) . and Medway & Wells (1976) as ranging throughout north· eastern India. Burma. Thailand. peninsular Malaysia. and Sumatra. Throughout most of this range its status has been well documented: resident and rare for north-eastern India and -headed Ibis Bangladesh (Ali & Ripley 1980) : resident. rare. but widely distributed in the flooded forest jerwerf 1948 a) and in 1953 greater than 400 birds areas and swamps of Burma (Smythies 1953): and a nonbreeding but frequent visitor to the !d nesting in several sub-colonies on the island. Harvey forested rivers of peninsular Malaysia. extending from the coast to the hinterland (Medway & in 1975 but by 1978 (Wind) only 41 birds were observed Wells 1976) 1 40 - 50 birds regularly roost on the island. A detailed record has been prepared by Medway & Wells (1976) and Wells (1983, 1982) of finfo ot sightings, locations. and dates of occurrence in Malaysia. However its status ~d to occur in 1941 (Hoogerwerf 1948 a) and breeding in and distribution in Indonesia is unclear. and is usually covered by statements similar to "oc­ eeding population is now estimated at approximately 40 curring as far south as Malacca (Malaysia) and Sumatra" (King eta/. 1975). This information uvey. Both Hoogerwerf (1953) and Wind (1978) report is inadequate for an area (Sumatra) that extends over 1965 km from north to south.

Historical Records - prior to 1940 oil] -l oogerwerf 1948 b) with breeding occurring in 1951 and Early records of this species in Sumatra have been confined to the northern half of the o recent records. island . Schneider collected an adult (sex unknown) in nonbreeding plumage (housed at the

41