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Strategies for Cooling Singapore

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Strategies for Cooling Singapore COOLING SINGAPORE 2017 STRATEGIES FOR COOLING SINGAPORE A CATALOGUE OF 80+ MEASURES TO MITIGATE URBAN HEAT ISLAND AND IMPROVE OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT LEA A. RUEFENACHT & JUAN A. ACERO COOLING SINGAPORE 2017 STRATEGIES FOR COOLING SINGAPORE A CATALOGUE OF 80+ STRATEGIES TO MITIGATE URBAN HEAT ISLAND AND IMPROVE OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT EDITED BY LEA A. RUEFENACHT & JUAN A. ACERO CS FOREWORD Cities are usually warmer than the rural areas that surround them. This phenomenon, which is known as the ‘urban heat island’ effect (UHI), occurs because cities consume huge amounts of energy in electricity and fuel, have less vegetation to provide shade and cooling, and are built of materials that absorb and store energy from the sun. The urban heat island effect over much of Singapore averages about 4°C, though it can exceed 7°C at certain times of the day. This warming reduces thermal comfort, discourages people from walking or cycling, and increases the energy used for air conditioning. It is also responsible for more intense storms, which sometimes lead to flooding. And as the economy develops Singapore’s urban heat island effect will only grow larger, unless mitigating action is taken. This research is supported by the National Research Foundation (NRF), Prime Minister’s Many people believe the time has come for Singapore to develop a Office, Singapore under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological strategy to combat urban warming. This would bring benefits, not only Enterprise (CREATE) programme. in liveability, but also in reducing carbon emissions. To contribute to such a strategy, a research project ‘Cooling Singapore’ was launched in 2017, We thank our colleagues from SEC, SMART, TUM CREATE and NUS who provided with the aim of providing actionable knowledge for policymakers. insights and expertise that greatly assisted the research. The project forms part of the NRF’s CREATE programme, and brings together research teams from the Singapore-ETH Centre, SMART, TUM CREATE and NUS. One of its goals is to build an expert community within academia and government that can help guide policy about the urban heat island effect in the longer term. To meet this goal, it has set up a ‘UHI task force’ composed of representatives from governments agencies and universities that facilitates the exchange of knowledge and helps ensure the policy ‘roadmap’ is realistic. This report is the first publication of the Cooling Singapore team. It presents a comprehensive review of potential measures to tackle the urban heat island effect, focusing especially upon the needs of cities such as Singapore located in the humid tropics. by Peter Edwards Cooling Singapore Lead PI 7 FOREWORD 04 Peter Edwards MOTIVATION 10 Heiko Aydt VEGETATION 12 Juan Angel Acero URBAN GEOMETRY 34 Juan Angel Acero, Lea A. Ruefenacht & Muhammad Omer Mughal WATER BODIES & FEATURES 64 Juan Angel Acero MATERIAL & SURFACES 80 Gloria Pignatta SHADING 104 Lea A. Ruefenacht TRANSPORT 120 Jordan Ivanchev ENERGY 140 Sreepathi Bhargava Krishna & Gloria Pignatta GLOSSARY 168 PEOPLE 182 MOTIVATION Cooling Singapore aims at developing a roadmap towards reducing the context of Singapore, its integration into urban planning, and its current urban heat island (UHI) effect in Singapore and thereby also improving research status. While many of the items in the catalogue may also be outdoor thermal comfort (OTC). Both UHI and OTC are complex topics applicable to non-tropical cities, mitigation strategies and measures that that can be addressed in many ways. Research efforts in Singapore are not applicable to tropical cities have been excluded. (and elsewhere) typically focus on these topics to promote a better understanding of them and to discover new and viable solutions for The individual catalogue items have been compiled by reviewing keeping residents comfortable indoors and outdoors. current scientific articles that study and measure the causes of UHI and OTC, with special focus on Singapore and tropical regions. To verify In contrast with the existing and on-going research on UHI and OTC, the and extend the list of the collected strategies, a questionnaire within main objective of Cooling Singapore is not to gain new scientific insights the scientific community of SEC, SMART, TUMCREATE and NUS was or to add new solutions for reducing UHI or improving OTC to this already conducted. The content within this document is based on literature well developed body of knowledge. Instead, Cooling Singapore aims review and expert knowledge from various perspectives on urban design, at providing a comprehensive overview of solutions that are relevant transport, energy, building construction, and urban climatology. in a tropical context and provide guidelines that translate the existing body of scientific knowledge into actionable knowledge that is directly applicable to Singapore. Heiko Aydt A major goal of Cooling Singapore is to develop a catalogue of solutions Cooling Singapore Project Leader and guidelines for reducing UHI and improving OTC that are applicable to the local context of Singapore. The purpose of this catalogue is to give policy makers a comprehensive overview of mitigation strategies and measures that are available. With this catalogue, we hope to support the urban planning and design process with actionable knowledge. In its current form, the catalogue lists a series of mitigation strategies and measures to serve as a basis for further discussion so as to prioritise and select the most relevant and promising ones that apply to the Singapore context. In the next iteration of this working document, the selected mitigation strategies and measures will be evaluated in terms of their applicability, estimated effectiveness and economic impact in relation to the specific areas of interest in Singapore. As it is now, the catalogue contains 86 strategies and measures for mitigating the UHI effect and/or for improving OTC. These are grouped into seven clusters: vegetation, urban geometry, water features and bodies, materials and surfaces, shading, transport, and energy. These clusters are based on strategic sectors, for example urban geometry, transport and energy, and the physical aspects, such as albedo, shading and ventilation, which influence the urban climate. Each strategy describes its impact towards UHI and OTC, its applicability in the tropical 12 13 001 VEGETATION VEGETATION Vegetation has been used extensively as a UHI mitigation strategy worldwide. Properties of vegetation include high albedo and low heat PLANTING GREENERIES admittance that have the effect of reducing accumulation of incoming Green roofs solar energy in the urban area. Additionally, certain types of vegetation Vertical greeneries such as trees can provide shade and minimise the heat gain from solar Green walls/facades radiation, which then improves thermal comfort significantly. Also, the Vegetation around buildings ambient air temperature reduction and building shading by vegetation Selective Planting can lower building energy demand for indoor cooling purpose. Green pavements Infrastructure greenery Singapore, an urban area located in the tropics, has a regional climate that is close to the level of thermal discomfort due to high air temperatures and humidity. Along with this fact, the huge extension of the city and the presence of artificial materials worsens the situation. PARKS AND OPEN SPACES However, high levels of precipitation in Singapore aid vegetative growth, and as such require minimal maintenance and pose lower investment Macroscale urban greening costs for agencies as compared to dry climates. This is certainly an Local scale urban greening opportunity for the whole urban area to consider mitigation strategies Microscale urban greening related to vegetation during urban planning and the local/microscale Green parking lots urban design. Expanding green areas would be positive but considering Tree species the strategic locations of the vegetation can increase even more the Urban farming benefits and improve the local thermal comfort in open spaces while reducing building cooling energy demand. GREEN CORRIDORS The Vegetation category has been divided into three sub-categories: Planting Greeneries, Parks and Open Spaces, and Green Corridors. The Transport corridors first deals with the inclusion of vegetation in the urban design. Most of the strategies can be applied from a retrofitting point of view (e.g. incorporating green roofs, vegetation around buildings). Depending on their spatial extension these strategies can address the whole UHI and/ or locally the OTC. The second sub-category, describes the possibilities of managing and improving the thermal performance of open spaces. Finally, the last sub-category focuses on integrating green corridors in the entire city as a way of improving OTC. Juan Angel Acero Cooling Singapore Researcher 16 17 PLANTING GREENERIES PLANTING GREENERIES GREEN ROOFS VERTICAL GREENERY Incorporating green roofs involves placing a vegetative layer such as plants, shrubs, Vertical greenery is defined as the growing of vegetative elements on the external facade grass, and/or trees on building rooftops. They are also called ‘rooftop gardens’ or ‘eco of the building envelope. There are two kinds of systems: support system that allows roofs’. Green roofs can be installed as a thin layer (around 5 cm) of groundcover up to a plants to climb through them, and carrier system where plants can settle and develop. thick layer (around 1m) of intensive vegetation and trees. The thickness depends
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