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Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Landscape and Horticulture Industry

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Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Landscape and Horticulture Industry DISTRIBUTION, BIOLOGY, AND MANAGEMENT OF Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus MARSHALL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) IN THE LANDSCAPE AND HORTICULTURE INDUSTRY By ANITA SEEN NEAL A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Anita Seen Neal To my family, friends, and fellow faculty, without their love and support, none of this would have happened ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Dr. Ronald Cave whose patience, support, and motivation provided guidance and advice in my research, in the writing of my dissertation, and my growth as a scientist. In addition to my advisor, I would like to thank the rest of my committee, Dr. Jennifer Gillett-Kaufman, Dr. Catharine Mannion, and Dr. Sandra Wilson, for their suggestions, comments, and support that made substantial improvements to my study and created a new-found enthusiasm for the study of insects. I sincerely thank Dr. Pasco Avery, who provided me access to his laboratory, taught me how to use various instruments, and guided my research with new ideas. I thank Dr. Rodrigo Diaz for conveying the use of a species distribution model. I am grateful to Michael Thomas, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry and field inspectors for sharing their data collection locations and host plant information for the weevils. Special thanks are extended to Norman Platts, homeowner, for allowing the collection of weevils and Janet Dawson at the Biological Control Research and Containment Laboratory for assistance with weevil colony maintenance. I thank the faculty and personnel at the Biological Control Research and Containment Laboratory and the Indian River Research and Education Center for all their help when doing my research. It has been a pleasure to get to know them all. I would be amiss not to thank UF/IFAS administration for allowing me time to work on my Ph.D. Lastly, I thank my family, especially my mom, my husband and daughters, and my brothers for their loving support, understanding, and encouragement during this process. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 8 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. 111 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 13 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................ 166 Distribution and Characteristics of Myllocerus Species ........................................ 166 Description and Life Cycle .................................................................................... 177 Host Plants and Insect Damage ........................................................................... 188 Management Strategies...................................................................................... 1919 3 BIOLOGY AND REARING OF Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus MARSHALL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) ............................................... 311 Materials and Methods ......................................................................................... 322 Weevil Collection and Colony. .......................................................................... 322 Rearing System. ............................................................................................... 322 Results ................................................................................................................. 344 Discussion ............................................................................................................ 355 4 ADULT COLD TOLERANCE AND POTENTIAL NORTH AMERICAN DISTRIBUTION OF Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus MARSHALL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) ..................................................................... 51 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................... 53 Cold Tolerance. .................................................................................................. 53 Sustained Cold Exposure (SCE) Versus Repeated Cold Exposure (RCE). ....... 55 Niche Modeling. .................................................................................................. 56 Results ................................................................................................................... 57 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 59 5 MORTALITY AND FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF ADULT Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus MARSHALL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) EXPOSED TO BIOPESTICIDES IN LABORATORY ASSAYS ............................... 70 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................... 71 5 Petri Dish Plant-based Bioassay. ....................................................................... 71 Plant and Insect Preparation. ............................................................................. 72 Fungal Formulations. .......................................................................................... 72 Biochemical Formulations. ................................................................................. 73 Treatment Applications. ...................................................................................... 74 Statistical Analysis. ............................................................................................. 76 Results ................................................................................................................... 76 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 78 6 COMPARISON OF MORTALITY RATES AND FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF ADULT Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus MARSHALL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) EXPOSED TO BIOPESTICIDES ON PEACH FOLIAGE IN A FIELD EXPERIMENT .......................................................................................... 89 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................... 90 Sleeve Cages. .................................................................................................... 90 Plants and Insects. ............................................................................................. 91 Fungal and Biochemical Formulations. ............................................................... 92 Experimental Design. ......................................................................................... 92 Leaf Sample Processing. .................................................................................... 94 Statistical Analysis. ................................................................................................. 95 Results ................................................................................................................... 95 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 97 7 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................... 111 APPENDIX: PERSONNAL COMMUNICATION .......................................................... 114 LIST OF REFERENCES ............................................................................................. 115 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 127 6 LIST OF TABLES Table page 3-1 Host plant species from which adult Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus were collected. ..................................................................................................... 377 3-2 Mean and range of morphometric details and duration of biological stages of Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus development. ........................................... 50 4-1 Details of sustained cold exposure and repeated cold exposure experiments on Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus adults collected from the field in August 2014 and January 2015. ....................................................................................... 64 4-2 Mean percentage survival of field-collected Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus adults following exposure to 0° C or -5° C ................................................ 65 6-1 Mean number of Beauveria bassiana CFUs/mm2 from sprayed and unsprayed peach leaves. ....................................................................................................... 109 6-2 Mean number of Metarhizium anisopliae and Isaria fumosorosea CFUs/mm2 from sprayed and unsprayed peach leaves. ......................................................... 110 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 2-1 Distribution of Myllocerus undecimpustulatus undatus in Florida based on collection information from the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry from 2000 through 2015. ......... 233
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