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Revision of the genus Aponogeton (Aponogetonaceae) H.W.E. van Bruggen IV. THE SPECIES OF ASIA AND MALESIA Abstract In this revision are recorded 9 species from continental Asia and Indonesia, and 2 from New Guinea. Of the latter is to science. Some confused in the could be described All 1 new species frequently past exactly. have been and all could be examined the author. A. loriae and names properly typified existing types by For A. echinatus a neotype was chosen. A Descriptions are given of all species and a key is provided for their identification. drawing of the generative parts of all species has been made and a distribution map of each species has been prepared. All examined sheets are enumerated in an identification list. Introduction till of the Asiatic Up now there were only few publications regional interest on species of of the the 'Flore Aponogeton. One most important of these was the compilation in Generale de l'lndochine' 6 (1942) by Miss A. Camus. Some attentionhas been ofIndiain the The ofthese more paid to the species past. titles the works can be found in bibliography of each species. has been made of each No attempt to provide a full bibliography species. As in former would involve publications some species were frequently mixed up this citing many 'sensus' and 'pro partes', which does not seem useful. In the revision viz. from continental Asia and present 11 species are distinguished, 9 Indonesia, and 2 from New Guinea. Of the latter 1 is new to science. A. robinsonii and A. from related and eberhardtii, both Vietnam, are closely mutually may be conspecific. There Both have is, however, not sufficient material of the former to make a decision. inflorescences of rare non-African consisting 2 spikes, a phenomenon in species. A. undulatus I that appeared to be viviparous, a fact usually ignored in literature; presume of which this Several A. microphyllum, no specimens seem to exist, belongs to species. I Indo-Chinese species had to reduce to the synonymy under A. lakhonensis, which species has a vast area of distribution. The specimens of Teysmann from Celebes (Indonesia) most probably also belong to A. lakhonensis. A. rigidifolius and A. crispus, both from Ceylon, also seem to be closely related mutually, but due to the prohibition by the Ceylonese Government of loaning sheets I could only examine 1 sheet of the former. Therefore I could not decide whether they deserve only infraspecific rank. A. crispus is a that all very variable species and one needs some imagination to believe random collec- tions also echinatus from India. belong to one species; it is related to A. stated under the To prevent long enumerations of localities and collectors I mostly heading 'Distribution' only the localities. The collections are mentioned in the identifi- cation list. *) Linthorst Homanstraat 19, Heemskerk, Netherlands. 458 BLUMEA VOL. XVIII, No. 2, 1970 from from — Fig. I. I. Aponogeton tenuispicatus v. Bruggen (fruit and embryo type locality, rest culture). 2. Aponogetonechinatus Roxb. (tepal: Henry 15945; rest from culture). — 3. Aponogetonrigidifolius v. Bruggen Beusekom and (from culture). — 4. Aponogeton crispusThunb. (embryo: van 1446; tepal, stamen, gynaeceum d. e. from culture; fruit: Thwaites CP 2306, SING). — c. tepal or perianth; stamen; gynaeceum; f. fruit: h. embryo. All x 7. H. W. E. van Bruggen: Aponogeton in Asia and Malesia 459 I viz. A. A. A. Of the 11 species distinguished could cultivate 6, crispus, echinatus, loriae, and thanks A. natans, A. rigidifolius, A. undulatus, partly to generous support from overseas. Acknowledgements. I would like to thank Mr. Rajendra Babu (Trivandrum) and Prof. Bole (Bombay) for A. in sending living corms of natans. Moreover, the latter was very helpfulby localizing places India which could be found Dr. Robbins and Mrs. Pulsford sent me of A. loriae not on maps. (Boroko) living corms and Dr. Hoogland (Canberra) and Mr. van Beusekom (Leyden) of A. crispus. Dr. Heine and Mrs. Tirel assisted in (Paris) me by localizing places Indo-Chine, and Dr. Sleumer (Leyden) did the same thing with Mr. regard to places in Papua. Sinclair (Singapore) informed me about some interesting data on the collect- ion of A. undulatus from Johore. I owe them all a great debt of gratitude. I Furthermore,I am very much obliged to the directors of the following herbaria, from which could borrow specimens, viz. St. Xavier's College, Bombay (BLAT), the British Museum, Natural History, Botanical Department,London (BM), the Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor (BO), the Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane (BRI), the Central National Herbarium, Calcutta (CAL), the Herbarium Australiense, Canberra (CANB), Systematisch-Geobotanisches Institut, Goettingen (GOET), The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K), The Rijksherbarium, Leyden (L), Division of Botany, Department of Forests, Lae (LAE), National Herbarium,South Yarra(MEL), Southern CircleHerbarium,Coimbatore (MH),Botanic Garden, Singapore (SING), Universitets Institution for Systematisk Botanik, Uppsala (UPS), and the Herbarium Vadense, I also Linnaean in Wageningen(WAG). have been privileged to study the flowers of Herbarium 479.1 the keeping of the Linnean Society of London. who Iam grateful to Dr. R. C. Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr, prepared the Latin diagnosis of A womersleyi, Miss R. I and to van Crevel who made the excellent drawings.Finally am very much indebted to Prof. Dr. G. C. G. J. van Steenis again. PHENOTYPIC DEVIATION OF CULTIVATED PLANTS As from the ofA. the distinction of this from the will appear treatment crispus species related A. echinatus caused much brain-racking. be True, herbarium specimens of bothspecies nearly always can unmistakably identified at first sight, but cultivated specimens from doubtful sources show many intermediate forms and obscure the limits. Only by ignoring the cultivated specimens I could arrive at a conclusion. than the Aponogeton species not seldom behave differently in culture in open country. but A. bernieranus has strongly bullate leaves, this structure disappears for the greaterpart seldom flowers in cultivated plants. A. undulatus, a viviparous species, very in cultivation, but, according to the herbarium material, flowers frequently in nature. A. rigidifolius has become and curled at its locality perfectly flat leaves, which waved in culture. the those Fortunately, generative parts of cultivated material differ hardly or not from of collected specimens. behaviour How these differences in or habit are caused, is not clear to me. Many in which is in and there The species occur water extremely poor ions, grow luxuriantly. use of similar (but stagnant) water in cultivation usually does not lead to success. On the in contrary, most cultivated waterplants grow hardly or not oligotrophic water. Only considerable of in eutrophic water (e.g. obtained by keeping a population fish) a satisfying growth is to some extent possible. In nature the plants are probably provided with sufficient nutritious substances by the streaming water. Likewise the influence of the water current on the habit is not clear. Are the leaves of A. rigidifolius flat, and those of A. bernieranus bullate under the influence of this current? under the influence of Does this structure change stagnant water? when the Anyhow, describing new species on cultivated specimens, one must exercise One into the in the greatest care. needs a thorough insight genus question to prevent description of 'species' which do not exist in nature at all. 460 BLUMEA VOL. XVIII, No. 2, 1970 H. W. E. van Bruggbn: Aponogeton in Asia and Malesia 461 KEY TO THE SPECIES I. Embryo crowned with a whorl of linear, tortuous appendages. Spathe up to 5 —6 cm. I. A. appendiculatus 1. Embryo with a plumule attached between the base and the middle of the embryo, or without plumule, 1 crowned with a whorl of not appendages. Spathe up to ± cm ). 2. Inflorescence with 2 spikes. 3. Spikes up to cm, slender. Leaves shorter than 4 cm 2. A. robinsonii to Leaves than A. eberhardtii 3. Spikes up 14 cm. longer 10 cm 3. 2. Inflorescence with 1 spike. A. 4. Tepals longer than ± 5 mm, caducous. Plants stoloniferous 4. undulatus 4. Tepals up to ±3 mm, persistent. Plants not stoloniferous. 5. Ovules 4 —8. 6. Testa simple. 7. Cross veins at ± 50° angle. Tepals yellow. Filament not or slightly widened. Fruit with a terminal beak 5. A. loriae ± white Filament widened. 7. Cross veins at 70° angle. Tepals or creamish. strongly Fruit with a short lateral beak 6. A. womersleyi 6. Testa double. 8. Tepals white,pink, or violet, spatulate. Filament not widened. Fruit with a long terminal beak 7. A. natans 8. Tepals yellow, obovate. Filament widened. Fruit with a short lateral beak 8. A. lakhonensis 5. Ovules 2 (seldom 1). 9. Rhizome cylindrical, up to 1 cm 0, creeping. Leaves submerged, band-shaped, flat, about times A. 15 or more as long as wide 9. rigidifolius 9. Tuber elongate, globular,or obovoid, mostly more than 1 cm 0, not creeping. Submerged times leaves undulate or crisped, less than 15 as long as wide. Leaves 10. submerged, very seldom floating. Tepals about as long as wide. Fruit smooth, more than times as long as thick. Plumule attached near the middle of the embryo and fitted in A. a narrow groove 10. crispus seldom about 10. Leaves mostly floating, submerged. Tepals i£ times as long as wide. Fruit with less mostly irregular excrescences, seldom smooth, than 2J times as long as thick. Plumule attached the base of the and fitted in wide at embryo a groove 11. A. echinatus Blumea — I. Aponogeton appendiculatus v. Bruggen, 16 (1968) 265, fig. 5. Type: son indicated the second Aleppy, Nov. 1893. M. A. Law 1iy (K, 2 sheets, one holotype, isotype). — Fig. 2:5; map 1. all leaf-blades Tuber ± r cm 0, probably elongate and creeping.
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  • Isolation, Identification and Pharmacological Activities of Endophytic Fungi from Aponogeton Undulatus Roxb

    Isolation, Identification and Pharmacological Activities of Endophytic Fungi from Aponogeton Undulatus Roxb

    Pharmacology & Pharmacy, 2020, 11, 350-361 https://www.scirp.org/journal/pp ISSN Online: 2157-9431 ISSN Print: 2157-9423 Isolation, Identification and Pharmacological Activities of Endophytic Fungi from Aponogeton undulatus Roxb. Nargis Sultana Chowdhury1*, Farhana Farjana1, Md. Hossain Sohrab2 1Manarat International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh 2Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Division (PSRD), BCSIR Laboratories, Dhaka, Bangladesh How to cite this paper: Chowdhury, N.S., Abstract Farjana, F. and Sohrab, Md.H. (2020) Isola- tion, Identification and Pharmacological Acti- The objective of this study is to isolate, identify and investigate the pharmacol- vities of Endophytic Fungi from Aponoge- ogical activities of the endophytic fungi from an aquatic plant Aponogeton ton undulatus Roxb. Pharmacology & Phar- undulatus Roxb. (A. undulatus). Endophytic fungi were isolated and identi- macy, 11, 350-361. fied based on morphological characters. The molecular identification of the https://doi.org/10.4236/pp.2020.1112028 fungal isolates was performed using by analyzing the DNA sequence based on Received: November 5, 2020 mega BLAST program. Spectrums of antibacterial and antifungal activities Accepted: December 13, 2020 were studied by Agar diffusion methods. Extracts of the endophytic fungal Published: December 16, 2020 strains isolated from the plant A. undulatus were screened for probable cyto- Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and toxic activities using brine shrimp lethality bioassay. Six endophytic fungi, Scientific Research Publishing Inc. namely AULE-1, AULE-2, AULE-3, AURE-1, AURE-3 and AURE-4 were This work is licensed under the Creative isolated and purified from the leaves and roots of the plant such as strains Commons Attribution International AULE-1 as Trichooderma sp., AULE-2 as Carvularia sp.