New Questions, New Insights, New Approaches
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C NEW QUESTIO O N TRIBUTIO YEARBOOK 2011 N S N TO S, NEW THE R ESE In A SIGHTS, NEW APPRO RCH FORUM NEW QUESTIONS, A T THE W ORLD A CHES NEW INSIGHTS, S UMMIT O N M EDI NEW APPROACHES A F OR C HILDRE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE RESEARCH FORUM N an D YOUTH 2010 AT THE WORLD SUMMIT ON MEDIA FOR CHILDREN anD YOUTH 2010 EDITORS: CecILIA VON FEILITZEN, ULLA CARLSSON & CATHARINA BucHT The International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media NORDICOM Nordic Information Centre for Media and Communication Research University of Gothenburg Box 713, SE 405 30 Göteborg Sweden ISBN 978-91-86523-21-3 Telephone: +46 31 786 00 00 ISBN 978-91-86523-21-3 The International Clearinghouse Fax: +46 31 786 46 55 on Children, Youth and Media www.nordicom.gu.se YEAR- NORDICOM BOOK 9 789186 523213 2011 University of Gothenburg The International The International Clearinghouse Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media, at on Children, Youth and Media A UNESCO INITIATIVE 1997 Nordicom University of Gothenburg Box 713 SE 405 30 GÖTEBORG, Sweden In 1997, the Nordic Information Centre for Media and Web site: Communication Research (Nordicom), University www.nordicom.gu.se/clearinghouse of Gothenburg, Sweden, began establishment of the International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth DIRECTOR: Ulla Carlsson and Media. The overall point of departure for the SCIENTIFIC CO-ORDINATOR: Clearinghouse’s efforts with respect to children, youth Cecilia von Feilitzen Tel:+46 8 608 48 58 and media is the UN Convention on the Rights of the Fax:+46 8 608 46 40 Child. [email protected] The aim of the Clearinghouse is to increase INFORMATION CO-ORDINATOR: awareness and knowledge about children, youth and Catharina Bucht media, thereby providing a basis for relevant policy- Tel: +46 31 786 49 53 making, contributing to a constructive public debate, Fax: +46 31 786 46 55 [email protected] and enhancing children’s and young people’s media literacy and media competence. Moreover, it is hoped that the Clearinghouse’s work will stimulate further research on children, youth and media. THE CLEARINGHOUSE The International Clearinghouse on Children, IS LOCATED AT NORDICOM Youth and Media informs various groups of users – Nordicom is an organ of co-operation between the Nordic researchers, policy-makers, media professionals, countries – Denmark, Finland, Ice- voluntary organisations, teachers, students and land, Norway and Sweden. The over- interested individuals – about riding goal and purpose is to make the media and communication efforts under taken in the Nordic countries • research on children, young people and known, both through out and far media, with special attention to media beyond our part of the world. violence, Nordicom uses a variety of chan- nels – newsletters, journals, books, databases – to reach researchers, • research and practices regarding media students, decisionmakers, media education and children’s/young people’s practitioners, journalists, teach- participation in the media, and ers and interested members of the general public. Nordicom works to establish and • measures, activities and research concerning strengthen links between the Nordic children’s and young people’s media research community and colleagues environment. in all parts of the world, both by means of unilateral flows and by link- ing individual researchers, research Fundamental to the work of the Clearinghouse is groups and institutions. the creation of a global network. The Clearinghouse Nordicom also documents media publishes a yearbook and a newsletter. Several trends in the Nordic countries. The joint Nordic information addresses bibliographies and a worldwide register of organisations users in Europe and further afield. concerned with children and media have been The production of comparative media compiled. This and other information is available on the statistics forms the core of this Clearinghouse’s web site: service. Nordicom is funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers. www.nordicom.gu.se/clearinghouse Yearbook 2011 New Questions, New Insights, New Approaches Contributions to the Research Forum at the World Summit on Media For Children and Youth 2010 Editors: Cecilia von Feilitzen, Ulla Carlsson, Catharina Bucht © Editorial matters and selections, the editors; articles, individual contributors (with two exceptions, see page 19 and 161) ISSN 1651-6028 ISBN 978-91-86523-21-3 Published by: The International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media Series editor: Ulla Carlsson Nordicom University of Gothenburg Box 713 SE 405 30 GÖTEBORG Sweden Cover by: Karin Persson Printed by: Litorapid Media AB, Göteborg, Sweden, 2011 Environmental certification according to ISO 14001 Contents Foreword 9 New Questions, New Insights, New Approaches Ulla Carlsson Young People in the Digital Media Culture. Introduction to the Research Forum Plenary Session 15 Dafna Lemish Eight Working Principles for Change in Children’s Television. The Views of Producers Around The World 19 Ibrahim Saleh What Underlies Children, Media and Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)? 29 Media Literacy and Education Jordi Torrent and Alton Grizzle Introduction 41 Renee Hobbs, Henry Cohn-Geltner and John Landis Views on the News. Media Literacy Empowerment Competencies in the Elementary Grades 43 Chi-Kim Cheung A Study of the Impact of Media Education on Students’ Media Analysis Skills. An Interim Report 57 José Manuel Pérez Tornero and Mireia Pi A New Horizon. Media Literacy Assessment and Children in Europe 69 Esther Hamburger Youth and Children in Contemporary Brazilian Film and Television – and Film and Television by Youth and Children 83 Samy Tayie Children and New Media Literacy. An Egyptian Case Study 93 Children, Media, Consumption and Health Dafna Lemish Introduction 105 Kara Chan Tween Girls’ Sexuality and a Media Scandal in Hong Kong 109 Ibrahim Saleh Media Sexual and Reproductive Health Taboos in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) 125 Kathryn C. Montgomery, Sonya Grier, Jeff Chester and Lori Dorfman Digital Marketing and Children’s Health. A Framework for Research 133 Arvind Singhal Juanita Publicly Asks “What Will You Do for Me, Mayoral Candidate?” Children, Media, and Health Advocacy in Colombia 145 Media Ethics and Social Responsibility Sirkku Kotilainen Introduction 157 Sonia Livingstone Positioning Children’s Interests within Debates over Internet Governance 161 Divina Frau-Meigs Attaching Media Education to Human Rights by Socializing Young People to Ethics Online. Competences and E-strategies 173 Manisha Pathak-Shelat Youth and the Paradoxes of the Indian Media Situation. Considerations for a Socially Responsible Youth Media Policy 189 Tatiana Merlo Flores in collaboration with Marcelo Petrazzini, Mariana Arraztoa, Gabriela Nahabedian and Elena Vázquez Tools to Measure the Levels of Audience Involvement. Content analyses vs. social impact 1998/2010 201 Sirkku Kotilainen, Annikka Suoninen, Irma Hirsjärvi and Sara Kolomainen Youngsters’ Expressions of Responsible Citizenship through Media Diaries 213 Communication for Social Change Florencia Enghel and Thomas Tufte Introduction 225 Iryna Vidanava On Disc and Online. Expanding Digital Activism in Belarus 227 Lise Grauenkær Jensen and Mette Grøndahl Hansen Strengthening Civil Society. A Communication for Social Change Agenda? 241 Ece Algan Being Read by a DJ. Youth Interaction via Radio and Cell Phones in Southeast Turkey 251 Florencia Enghel and Thomas Tufte Citizenship Practices among Youth. Exploring the Role of Communication and Media 261 The Authors 271 Foreword Rapid and dramatically changing digital and converging media and communi- cation processes have given rise to new questions about the relations between children, youth and media. These processes have prompted many in research and in the debate to reformulate and re-approach basic questions at new levels and from new perspectives. By elucidating, broadening and contextualizing knowledge about young people and media from a global point of view, we also discover the very different media situations in various parts of the world. In cooperation with the hosts of the World Summit on Media for Children and Youth in 2010, Karlstad, Sweden, The International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media at Nordicom organized a Research Forum with different sessions in the summit programme. The aim of each session was to provide a space for an exchange of knowledge and a dialogue between the different groups of delegates at the summit and for researchers to reach out to interested parties in and outside the research community – teachers, media professionals, decision makers, regula- tors, etc. A constructive dialogue between representatives of different professions and positions is vital for further progress in realizing children’s rights. The current Yearbook is based on the presentations made at the sessions of the Forum. Under the overriding theme of the introductory Plenary Session “New Ques- tions, New Insights, New Approaches”, The Clearinghouse Research Forum had four more sessions with panels on different themes: • Media Literacy and Education • Children, Media, Consumption and Health • Media Ethics and Social Responsibility • Communication for Social Change In these five panels, there were 25 presentations of topical research by a range of the most outstanding scholars from Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America and North America. For this book, they reworked their contributions to provide slightly extended articles. 9 Foreword In this rich, broad and varied