Palgrave Handbooks in German

Series Editor Matthew C. Altman Palgrave Handbooks in German Idealism is a series of comprehensive and authori- tative edited volumes on the major German Idealist philosophers and their critics. Underpinning the series is the successful Palgrave Handbook of German Idealism (2014), edited by Matthew C. Altman, which provides an overview of the period, its greatest philosophers, and its historical and philosophical importance. Individual volumes focus on specifc philosophers and major themes, ofering a more detailed treatment of the many facets of their work in metaphysics, epis- temology, logic, , aesthetics, political philosophy, and several other areas. Each volume is edited by a globally recognized expert in the subject, and con- tributors include both established fgures and younger scholars with innovative readings. Te series ofers a wide-ranging and authoritative insight into German Idealism, appropriate for both students and specialists.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/14696

Te Palgrave Kant Handbook Edited by Matthew C. Altman Te Palgrave Schopenhauer Handbook Edited by Sandra Shapshay Te Palgrave Hegel Handbook (forthcoming) Edited by Marina Bykova and Kenneth R. Westphal Te Palgrave Fichte Handbook (forthcoming) Edited by Steven Hoeltzel Te Palgrave Handbook of German Romantic Philosophy (forthcoming) Edited by Elizabeth Millán Te Palgrave Schelling Handbook (forthcoming) Edited by Sean J. McGrath and Kyla Bruf Te Palgrave Handbook of Transcendental, Neo-Kantian, and Psychological Idealism (forthcoming) Te Palgrave Handbook of Critics of Idealism (forthcoming)

Also by Matthew C. Altman A COMPANION TO KANT’S CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON THE FRACTURED SELF IN FREUD AND GERMAN PHILOSOPHY (coauthored) KANT AND APPLIED ETHICS: Te Uses and Limits of Kant’s Practical Philosophy THE PALGRAVE HANDBOOK OF GERMAN IDEALISM (edited) Sandra Shapshay Editor The Palgrave Schopenhauer Handbook Editor Sandra Shapshay Department of Philosophy Indiana University-Bloomington Bloomington, IN, USA

Palgrave Handbooks in German Idealism ISBN 978-3-319-62946-9 ISBN 978-3-319-62947-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-62947-6

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017947737

© Te Editor(s) (if applicable) and Te Author(s) 2017 Tis work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Te use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Te publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Te publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional afliations.

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Tis Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature Te registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Te registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Series Editor’s Preface

Te era of German Idealism stands alongside ancient Greece and the French Enlightenment as one of the most fruitful and infuential periods in the his- tory of philosophy. Beginning with the publication of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason in 1781 and ending about ten years after Hegel’s death in 1831, the period of “classical German philosophy” transformed whole felds of phil- osophical endeavor. Te intellectual energy of this movement is still very much alive in contemporary philosophy; the philosophers of that period continue to inform our thinking and spark debates of interpretation. After a period of neglect as a result of the early analytic philosophers’ rejection of idealism, interest in the feld has grown exponentially in recent years. Indeed, the study of German Idealism has perhaps never been more active in the English-speaking world than it is today. Many books appear every year that ofer historical/interpretive approaches to understanding the work of the German Idealists, and many others adopt and develop their insights and apply them to contemporary issues in epistemology, meta- physics, ethics, politics, and aesthetics, among other felds. In addition, a number of international journals are devoted to idealism as a whole and to specifc idealist philosophers, and journals in both the history of philosophy and contemporary philosophies have regular contributions on the German Idealists. In numerous countries, there are regular conferences and study groups run by philosophical associations that focus on this period and its key fgures, especially Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, and Schopenhauer. As part of this growing discussion, the volumes in the Palgrave Handbooks in German Idealism series are designed to provide overviews of the major ­fgures and movements in German Idealism, with a breadth and depth of

v vi Series Editor’s Preface coverage that distinguishes them from other anthologies. Chapters have been specially commissioned for this series, and they are written by estab- lished and emerging scholars from throughout the world. Contributors not only provide overviews of their subject matter but also explore the cut- ting edge of the feld by advancing original theses. Some authors develop or revise positions that they have taken in their other publications, and some take novel approaches that challenge existing paradigms. Te Palgrave Handbooks in German Idealism thus give students a natural starting point from which to begin their study of German Idealism, and they serve as a resource for advanced scholars to engage in meaningful discussions about the movement’s philosophical and historical importance. In short, the Palgrave Handbooks in German Idealism have comprehensive- ness, accessibility, depth, and philosophical rigor as their overriding goals. Tese are challenging aims, to be sure, especially when held simultaneously, but that is the task that the excellent scholars who are editing and contribut- ing to these volumes have set for themselves.

Ellensburg, USA Matthew C. Altman Preface

In many accounts of the history of philosophy, Schopenhauer’s thought has played a kind of niche role: He is, frst and foremost, the arch pessimist of the nineteenth (or really, any) century, bent on showing that sufering is the essential keynote of sentient existence, and that all of this sufering goes unredeemed in an atheistic world. Given these facts, he concludes, it would have been better never to have been. Second and relatedly, Schopenhauer’s importance in this narrative is as Nietzsche’s early interlocutor. As the tra- ditional view has it, Schopenhauer constitutes the pessimistic foil for Nietzsche’s atheistic afrmation of life, a foil who can now be safely ignored while scholars fgure out Nietzsche’s philosophical achievement. Although there is undoubtedly some truth to this traditional characteri- zation of Schopenhauer’s philosophical importance, if this is all one knows about his system, then all one knows is a caricature, for in addition to being a pessimist and a major infuence on Nietzsche, Schopenhauer also aimed to be the “true heir” to Kant and to ofer a superior transcendental idealist epistemology and metaphysics. Further, he ofered a neo-Platonic aesthetics and philosophy of art, which paid close attention to the phenomenology of human responses to beauty and the sublime, as well as to the specifcity of each art form and the apparent exceptionality of music. And Schopenhauer made original contributions to ethics, political philosophy, and the philoso- phy of religion that are just beginning to be reconstructed and appreciated. Tus, it is one of the main aims of Te Palgrave Schopenhauer Handbook to provide an oil-painted portrait, if you will, in the place of a line-drawn caricature. It aims to aford undergraduate students, graduate students, and

vii viii Preface scholars in philosophy, intellectual history, and the arts, a comprehensive and cutting-edge view of Schopenhauer interpretation that situates the myriad facets of his thought in the history of philosophy and connects it to the con- temporary intellectual landscape. As with all of the volumes in this series, each chapter in this volume argues for a thesis, rather than being merely expository, but aims to provide schol- arly rigor as well as accessibility for frst-time students of Schopenhauer’s philosophy. Parts of this proposed handbook cover all of the major facets of Schopenhauer’s philosophical system: metaphysics and epistemology (Part II), ethics and political philosophy (Part IV), aesthetics and philosophy of art (Part III), and his philosophy of religion (Part V). Additionally, Part I treats the canonical as well as lesser-acknowledged intellectual infuences on Schopenhauer and situates his biography and thought in its historical con- text. Part VI rounds out the volume by delving into Schopenhauer’s legacy and infuences in British literary feminism of the late nineteenth century, as well as on Nietzsche, Freud, in France and in the USA. It is worth noting that while the topic of this handbook is the philoso- phy of a privileged “dead man,” this is not an “old-boys-network” collection of chapters. Te contributors constitute an international, inter- disciplinary, and diverse group of some of the most accomplished and well-­recognized Schopenhauer scholars as well as new and up-and-coming voices in the feld. Including myself, 8 of the contributors to this volume are women, which redresses to some extent the implicit gender bias prob- lem that one often encounters in philosophy. For instance, the most recent Blackwell companion to Schopenhauer (2012) included only one woman out of 26 contributors. But one might ask why we should be studying the work of another “dead white man” today in the frst place? As alluded to above, the narrative of nineteenth-century philosophy is to this day not well understood, and there is still much work to be done to bring it into sharper focus. To my mind, we should see what we can still learn from studying the work of this somewhat neglected dead white man because it would be foolish to deprive ourselves of the historical perspective and philosophical insight that comes from such a study. Notwithstanding, this collection is not an exercise in hagiography: Schopenhauer’s prejudices, anti-Semitism, and misogyny are frankly con- fronted in at least some of these chapters, and his philosophical problems and inconsistencies are forthrightly addressed and evaluated in these pages. But it is my hope in doing the history of philosophy that we will have a better sense of our intellectual inheritance, will counter presentist biases, and will discover diferent ways of approaching and thinking through Preface ix

­philosophical problems that are promising for contemporary refection. Going further, some of the ideas you encounter in Schopenhauer, and in the history of philosophy more generally, may not only be of historical interest, instead, they might also even be true!

Bloomington, Indiana, USA Sandra Shapshay May 2017 Acknowledgements

I would frst like to thank everyone at Palgrave Macmillan who helped this rather lengthy handbook through the myriad stages of production and into print, and especially Brendan George and April James, models of pro- fessionalism. Tanks also to Matthew Altman, series editor of the Palgrave Handbooks in German Idealism, who invited me to edit this volume, and who provided sage advice and constructive criticisms every step of the way. I would like to express my gratitude to the contributors to this volume, all of whom wrote such high-level, insightful chapters and were even a joy to work with! And I’d like to single out David Cartwright, who created a help- ful and supererogatory Chronology for this handbook, as well as Günter Zöller and Christopher Janaway for helping me recruit a wide range of con- tributors. Tanks also to Arne Willée for translation help, to Allen Wood for comments on multiple drafts of my own chapter and on other sections of this handbook, and to my husband Steven Wagschal for invaluable editorial assistance. Finally, the sine qua non of this handbook is my research assistant and graduate student, Levi Tenen, who helped edit every chapter, chased down all of the permissions, and kept this project steadily moving forward with good sense and good cheer.

xi Contents

1 Introduction 1 Sandra Shapshay

Part I Te Development of Schopenhauer’s System

2 Becoming the Author of World as Will and Representation: Schopenhauer’s Life and Education 1788–1818 11 David E. Cartwright

3 How Platonic Are Schopenhauer’s Platonic Ideas? 43 Wolfgang-Rainer Mann

4 Schopenhauer’s System of Freedom 65 Günter Zöller

5 Inspiration from India 85 Martina Kurbel

Part II Epistemology and Metaphysics

6 A Dream Within a Dream: Idealism and in Schopenhauer’s Philosophy 107 Douglas McDermid

xiii xiv Contents

7 Schopenhauer’s Two Metaphysics: Transcendental and Transcendent 129 Alistair Welchman

8 Metaphysics and the Sciences in Schopenhauer 151 Marco Segala

Part III Aesthetics and Philosophy of Art

9 Aesthetic Humanism: Poetry’s Role in the Work of and Schopenhauer 179 Elizabeth Millán

10 Music and Pessimism 197 Judith Norman

11 Schopenhauer, Schenker, and the Will of Music 213 Diego Cubero

Part IV Ethical and Political Tought

12 Schopenhauer and Contemporary Metaethics 239 Colin Marshall

13 Schopenhauer and Kant on Menschenliebe 261 Gudrun von Tevenar

14 Schopenhauer on the Moral Considerability of Animals: Toward a Less Anthropocentric Ethics 283 Sandra Shapshay

15 Schopenhauer on the State and Morality 299 David Woods

Part V Religion

16 Schopenhauer and Judaism 325 Robert Wicks Contents xv

17 Schopenhauer’s Christian Perspectives 351 Christopher Janaway

18 Schopenhauer and Gotama on Life’s Sufering 373 Christopher Ryan

Part VI Legacy

19 Schopenhauer and British Literary Feminism 397 S. Pearl Brilmyer

20 Nietzsche and Schopenhauer: On Nihilism and the Ascetic “Will to Nothingness” 425 João Constâncio

21 Wolves, Dogs, and Moral Geniuses: Anthropocentrism in Schopenhauer and Freud 447 Matthew C. Altman and Cynthia D. Coe

22 Schopenhauer’s French Reception 473 Arnaud François

23 Grappling with German Atheism and Pessimism: Te Reception of Schopenhauer in the USA 485 Christa Buschendorf

24 Conclusion 509 Sandra Shapshay

Index 515 Editor and Contributors

About the Editor

Sandra Shapshay is Associate Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Political and Civic Engagement Program at Indiana University- Bloomington. Her research focuses on Kant and Schopenhauer’s aesthetic and ethical theories, as well as contemporary environmental aesthetics. In addition to editing this volume, Shapshay is working on a book that recon- structs Schopenhauer’s ethical thought for contemporary use and has also published numerous articles and book chapters on Schopenhauer’s meta- physics, views on freedom, the sublime, and tragedy. With Levi Tenen, she is editing a special issue of the Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism on envi- ronmental aesthetics and ethics. She currently serves as the director of the North American Division of the Schopenhauer Society.

Contributors

Matthew C. Altman is Professor of Philosophy at Central Washington University. He is author of A Companion to Kant’s “Critique of Pure Reason” (2008) and Kant and Applied Ethics (2011), coauthor of Te Fractured Self in Freud and German Philosophy (2013), editor of the Palgrave Handbook of German Idealism (2014) and the Palgrave Kant Handbook (2017), and series editor of the Palgrave Handbooks in German Idealism.

Christa Buschendorf (Ph.D., Professor em.) taught American Studies at Goethe University (Germany). Her research interests include transatlantic intel- lectual exchanges, e.g., the reception of Schopenhauer and the afterlife of antiquity

xvii xviii Editor and Contributors in the USA. She also focuses on the application of relational sociology to (African) American literature and culture.

David E. Cartwright is a Professor in the Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater and former director of the North American Division of the Schopenhauer Society. He has written two books and numerous articles on Schopenhauer, and he has edited and translated books on and by Schopenhauer.

Cynthia D. Coe is Professor of Philosophy at Central Washington University. She is the coauthor of Te Fractured Self in Freud and German Philosophy (2013) and author of Intrigues of Time: Levinas and the Trauma of Responsibility (forthcoming). She has also published numerous articles on post-Kantian European philosophy, Continental ethics, and feminist theory.

João Constâncio is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Nova University, Lisbon. He earned his Ph.D. there with a dissertation on Plato. He directs the research group “Lisbon Nietzsche Group”. His publications include Nietzsche and the Problem of Subjectivity (2015) and “On Consciousness: Nietzsche’s Departure from Schopenhauer,” Nietzsche-Studien 40 (2011).

Diego Cubero is Assistant Professor of Music Teory at the University of North Texas. He has published on Romantic music and aesthetics, the music of Brahms, and Schenkerian analysis.

Arnaud François born in 1978, is Full Professor at the University of Poitiers (France). Member of the Schopenhauer-Gesellschaft, he is the author of Bergson, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche. Volonté et réalité (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 2009), of Éléments pour une philosophie de la santé (Paris: Belles Lettres, 2017), and of various articles about Schopenhauer.

Christopher Janaway is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Southampton, UK. He is general editor of the Cambridge Edition of the Works of Schopenhauer. His books include Self and World in Schopenhauer’s Philosophy (1989), Schopenhauer: A Very Short Introduction (2002) and Beyond Selfessness: Reading Nietzsche’s Genealogy (2007).

Martina Kurbel studied philosophy, Indology, and psychology at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. Her doctoral thesis concentrated on “cognition” in Schopenhauer, with a special interest in his important source Oupnek’hat, the Latin translation of 50 Upanishads. Editor and Contributors xix

Wolfgang-Rainer Mann is Professor of Philosophy at Columbia University. His research concentrates on ancient philosophy. He is the author of Te Discovery of Tings: ’s Categories and their Context (Princeton, 2000). More recently, he has written a number of papers on the reception of Greek philosophy in Roman literature.

Colin Marshall teaches at the University of Washington, Seattle. Raised in New Mexico, he received his Ph.D. from NYU. Prior to the University of Washington, he taught at the University of Melbourne. His work focuses on the intersection between historical and contemporary philosophy of mind and metaethics.

Douglas McDermid is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Trent University in Peterborough, Canada. He is the author of two books: Te Varieties of Pragmatism: Truth, Realism, and Knowledge From James to Rorty (Bloomsbury, 2006) and Te Rise and Fall of Scottish Common Sense Realism (Oxford University Press, 2018).

Elizabeth Millán is Professor of Philosophy at DePaul University in Chicago. She has published in the areas of aesthetics, German Idealism/Romanticism, and Latin American Philosophy. She is currently fnishing a book-length study on Alexander von Humboldt’s Romantic presentation of the American landscape.

Judith Norman is a Professor of Philosophy at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas. She publishes on nineteenth-century German philosophy, primarily German Romanticism. She has translated many works of Nietzsche, and also Schopenhauer’s World as Will and Representation with Alistair Welchman.

S. Pearl Brilmyer is Assistant Professor of English at the University of Pennsylvania, where she teaches courses in feminist and queer theory, ­nineteenth-century British literature, and the history of science. Christopher Ryan lectures in Philosophy at London Metropolitan University. He is the author of Schopenhauer’s Philosophy of Religion: the Death of God and the Oriental Renaissance (Peeters, 2010), in addition to book chapters and articles on topics related to Schopenhauer, Indian philosophy, and the philosophy of religion.

Marco Segala is Professor of History of Philosophy at the University of L’Aquila, Italy. His research activity spans history of post-Kantian philosophy, history of science in the last two centuries, philosophy of music in the nineteenth century, and digital humanities. He is author of two books and numerous articles on Schopenhauer.

Gudrun von Tevenar is Visiting Fellow at Birkbeck College, University of London. She has published widely on the moral philosophies of Kant, Schopenhauer, and Nietzsche. xx Editor and Contributors

Alistair Welchman has published a number of articles on German Idealism and contemporary French thought and co-translated Schopenhauer’s World as Will and Representation for Cambridge University Press.

Robert Wicks is an Associate Professor at Te University of Auckland, New Zealand. He has published Schopenhauer’s “Te World as Will and Representation” (2011) and Schopenhauer (2008), along with numerous articles on Schopenhauer’s philosophy. He specializes in the philosophies of Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Hegel, and Kant.

David Woods is a Teaching Fellow at the University of Warwick, UK.

Günter Zöller is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Munich. He was a Visiting Professor at Princeton University, Emory University, Seoul National University, McGill University, Te Chinese University of Hong Kong, University of Bologna, and Venice International University. Most recent book publication: Te Cambridge Companion to Fichte (2016). Notes on Sources and Key to Abbreviations

Works by Schopenhauer are referenced in the text parenthetically, primarily using the abbreviations listed below. In general, and where available, authors have used the standard English translations in the Cambridge Edition of the Works of Schopenhauer, general editor Christopher Janaway. Works cited only in endnotes are given with their full publication information.

EFR Schopenhauer’s Early Fourfold Root: Translation and Commentary [Über die vierfache Wurzel des Satzes vom zureichenden Grunde] (original dis- sertation 1813). Trans. and ed. F.C. White. London: Ashgate, 1997. FR On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufcient Reason [Über die vier- fache Wurzel des Satzes vom zureichenden Grunde](1847/1864). In On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufcient Reason and Other Writings, trans. and ed. David Cartwright, Edward Erdmann, and Christopher Janaway, 1–198. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2015. FW Prize Essay On the Freedom of the Will [Über die Freiheit des Willens] (1839). Trans. Christopher Janaway. In Te Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics (1841/1860), 31–112. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2009. GB Gesammelte Briefe, ed. Arthur Hübscher. : Bouvier 1978. HN 1–5 Der handschriftliche Nachlaß, ed. Arthur Hübscher. Frankfurt am Main: Kramer 1970, vols. 1–5. MR 1–4 Manuscript Remains, ed. Arthur Hübscher, trans. E.F.J. Payne. Oxford: Berg 1988, vols. 1–4 [a translation of HN vols. 1–4].

xxi xxii Notes on Sources and Key to Abbreviations

OBM Prize Essay On the Basis of Morals [Über die Grundlage der Moral] (1840). Trans. Christopher Janaway. In Te Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics (1841/1860), 113–258. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2009. PP I [Parerga und Paralipomena] (1851). Trans. and ed. Christopher Janaway and Sabine Roehr. Cambridge: Cambridge UP 2014. PP II Parerga and Paralipomena [Parerga und Paralipomena] (1851). Trans. and ed. Adrian Del Caro and Christopher Janaway. Cambridge: Cambridge UP 2015. SW 1–7 Sämtliche Werke, ed. Arthur Hübscher (Mannheim: F.A. Brockhaus 1988), vols. 1–7. VC  [Über das Sehn und die Farben] (1816/1854). Trans. and ed. David Cartwright, Edward Erdmann, and Christopher Janaway, 199–302. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2015. WN On the Will in Nature [Über den Willen in der Natur] (1836/1854). Trans. and ed. David Cartwright, Edward Erdmann, and Christopher Janaway, 303–460. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2015. WWR I Te World as Will and Representation [Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung], vol. I (1818/1844/1859). Trans. and ed. Christopher Janaway, Judith Norman, and Alistair Welchman. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2014. WWR II Te World as Will and Representation [Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung], vol. II (1844/1859). Trans. E.F.J. Payne. New York: Dover 1966. List of Figures

Fig. 11.1 Overtones generate major triad 215 Fig. 11.2 Te Ground bass in Mozart’s aria “Wie stark ist nicht dein Zauberton” from Te Magic Flute. Engraved by the author 217 Fig. 11.3 Harmonic progression procreated by the tone C. Heinrich Schenker, , ed. Oswald Jonas, trans. Elisabeth Mann Borgese (University of Chicago Press, 1954), Ex. 20, p. 29. Copyright © 1954 by Te University of Chicago. By permission of the University of Chicago 224 Fig. 11.4 Triads in the key of C major, adapted from Harmony by Schenker, examples 34–35 225 Fig. 11.5 Motivic repetition in Mozart’s “Wie stark ist nicht dein Zauberton” from Te Magic Flute. Engraved by the author 226 Fig. 11.6 Linear progressions unfold triads 227 Fig. 11.7 Higher level motivic repetition in J.S. Bach’s Prelude in E-fat minor, Well-Tempered Clavier no. 1. a Heinrich Schenker, Der Tonwille: Pamphlets in Witness of the Immutable Laws of Music, Volume 1 (Oxford University Press, 2004), Fig. 1, p. 34. Copyright © 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. By permission of Oxford University Press, USA. b Score 227

xxiii xxiv List of Figures

Fig. 11.8 Nested motivic repetition in J.S. Bach’s Little Prelude in D minor, BWV 926 Heinrich Schenker, Der Tonwille: Pamphlets in Witness of the Immutable Laws of Music, Volume 1 (Oxford University Press, 2004), Fig. 1, p. 180. Copyright © 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. By permission of Oxford University Press, USA 228 Fig. 11.9 Forms of the fundamental structure 229 Fig. 11.10 Repetitions across transformational levels in Frédéric Chopin’s F major Etude, Op. 10 no. 8. (a) Deepers levels (b) Foreground level partially reproduced. Heinrich Schenker, Five Graphic Analyses (Dover Publications, 1969), pp. 47–48. Copyright © 1969 by Dover Publications, Inc. By permission of Dover Publications 231 Chronology of Schopenhauer’s Life

1788 February 22: is born in Danzig to the international merchant Heinrich Floris Schopenhauer (baptized 1847) and (born Trosiener 1766), later a popular writer and novelist. 1793 March: Te family fees to to avoid the Prussian annexation of Danzig. 1797 June 12: Birth of Schopenhauer’s only sibling, Louise Adelaide (Adele). July: Journeys to France with his father, remaining in Le Havre for two years with the family of a business associate of his father. Schopenhauer’s journals of this time are posthumously published as Travel Books from the Years 1803–1804, Reisetagbücher aus den Jahren 1803–1804. 1799 August: Returns from France and his parents enrolled him in private school of Dr. Johann Heinrich Christian Runge (1777–1811), an institution, designed to prepare future merchants. 1803 May: Te family, sans Adele, begins a tour of Holland, , France, Switzerland, Austria, Silesia, and Prussia. June 30: To perfect his English, Schopenhauer’s parents enroll him a private school in Wimbledon for 3 months. 1804 August: End of European tour. September through December: Serves as an apprentice to a Danzig ­merchant. 1805 January: Begins apprenticeship with a Hamburg merchant. April 20: Heinrich Floris dies; Johanna and Schopenhauer believe that his death is a suicide. 1806 September: Johanna and Adele move to . Schopenhauer continues his dreaded apprentice in Hamburg. 1807 May: Ends his apprenticeship. June: Attends a Gymnasium at Gotha.

xxv xxvi Chronology of Schopenhauer’s Life

December: Terminates his studies at Gotha, after being rebuked for writing­ a lampoon of an instructor. He relocates to Weimar, but lives separately from his family. 1809 February: Upon reaching the age of majority, Schopenhauer receives his inheritance, one-third of his father’s estate. October: Enrolls as a medical student at the University of Göttingen. 1810 Winter semester: Studies philosophy with Gottlob Ernst Schulze (1761–1833). 1811 September: Enters the University of to study philosophy. Winter semester: Attends lectures by Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814). 1812 Winter: Regularly observes psychiatric patients at the Berlin Charité. 1813 May: Fearing military conscription and an attack by Bonaparte (1769–1821), Schopenhauer leaves Berlin for a short stay at Weimar. June: Moves to Rudolstadt to write his dissertation. October: On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufcient Reason, (Über die vierfache Wurzel des Satzes vom zureichenden Grunde), earns Schopenhauer a doctorate in philosophy, in absentia, from the University of . His dissertation is published. November: Returns to Weimar and works with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) on theory, a subject they would discuss ­periodically for the next few months. December: Begins to borrow volumes of the Asiatisches Magazin from the ducal library in Weimar. 1814 March: Borrows a Latin translation of the Upanishads from the ducal library in Weimar. Te Oupnek’hat would become his “Bible.” May: Schopenhauer moves to Dresden, after several vicious arguments with his mother. 1816 May: On Vision and : An Essay (Über das Sehn und die Farben: Eine Abhandlung) is published. 1818 March: Completion of Te World as Will and Representation (Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung). September: First trip to Italy. December: Te World as Will and Representation is published, with a publication date of 1819. 1819 July: Returns to Germany to address a family fnancial crisis. December: Applies to the University of Berlin to qualify as a Privatdozent, an unsalaried lecturer. In his application letter, Schopenhauer expressed his desire to teach at the same time as Hegel’s principal lectures. 1820 March: Schopenhauer receives a passing grade on his test-lecture, during which he engages Hegel in a minor dispute. Summer semester: Ofers and convenes lectures for the frst and only time. Schopenhauer’s course on “General Philosophy” draws fve students, and Chronology of Schopenhauer’s Life xxvii

Schopenhauer never completes the class. Schopenhauer’s lectures are listed in Berlin’s prospectus of lectures in 1820–1822 and in 1826–1831. Long after his death, his Berlin lectures would be published as Philosophische Vorlesungen aus dem handschriftlichen Nachlass, 4 volumes. 1821 Begins an on-and-of, decade-long, afair with Caroline Richter, later “Medon” (1802–1882). February: Schopenhauer publishes his only response to one of his critics, “Necessary Reprimand of False Quotations,” (“Notwendige Rüge erlogener Zitate”) in Intelligenzblatt der Jenaischen Allgemeinen Litteratur-Zeitung, No. 10 (February 1821), a blustering reproach to a review of Te World as Will and Representation by a fellow Berlin Privatdozent, Friedrich Eduard Beneke (1798–1854). August: Schopenhauer allegedly assaults the seamstress Caroline Marquet (1771–1822), an event that would lead to a series of lawsuits, lasting for over fve years. 1822 May: Second Italian tour. 1823 May: Schopenhauer returns to Germany, over-winters in Munich, sufering through various illnesses and depression. 1824 Unsuccessfully attempts to secure contracts to translate David Hume’s (1711–1776) Natural History of Religion and Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion into German, and Giordano Bruno’s (1548–1600) della Causa, principio ed Uno into Latin. 1825 January: Attempts to secure a contract to translate Laurence Sterne’s (1713–1768) Te Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy into German. May: Returns to Berlin and begins to study Spanish. 1826 Discovers the frst edition of ’s Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft) after only being familiar with the second. 1827 May: Final, negative, judgment against Schopenhauer in the Marquet case. 1829 May: Attempts to secure a contract to translate Baltasar Gracián’s (1601–1658) Oráculo manual arte de prudencia into German. December: Attempts to secure a contract to translate Kant’s principal works into English. 1830 June: Schopenhauer’s Latin recast of part of his , “Commentationdecima exponens Teoriam Colorum Physiologcam eandemque primariam” appears in the journal Scriptores Ophthalmologici minores. 1831 August: Flees to Frankfurt am Main to avoid cholera epidemic in Berlin. 1832 January: A depressed Schopenhauer isolates himself in his rooms for two months. April: Completes his Gracián translation and once more attempts to have it published. Te translation is published posthumously in 1862. July: Moves to Mannheim. xxviii Chronology of Schopenhauer’s Life

1833 July: Schopenhauer permanently moves to Frankfurt, where he would live for the remainder of his life. 1836 March: On Will in Nature (Über den Willen in der Natur) is published. 1837 August: Convinces the editors of the frst collected edition of Kant’s works to publish the frst edition of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason and to relegate the changes in its second edition to an appendix. 1838 April 17: Death of Johanna Schopenhauer in Bonn. 1839 January: Schopenhauer’s prize-essay “On the Freedom of the Human Will” (Über die Freiheit des menschlichen Willens) earns the medal from the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences in Trondheim. A Norwegian ­translation appears the next year. 1840 January: Te prize-essay “On the Foundation of Morality” (Über das Fundament der Moral) is refused the prize by the Royal Danish Society of Sciences in Copenhagen, although it is the only entry. September: Te two prize-essays are published as Te Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics (Die beiden Grundprobleme der Ethik) (bearing a ­publication date 1841), with the Copenhagen essay retitled “On the Basis of Morals” (Über die Grundlage der Moral). 1844 March: Second edition of Te World as Will and Representation (two volumes). 1847 December: A substantially revised second edition of On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufcient Reason appears. 1849 April 25: Death of in Bonn. 1851 November: Te two-volume Parerga and Paralipomena (Parerga und Paralipomena) is published. 1853 April: An anonymous review (by John Oxenford, 1812–1877) “Iconoclasm in German Philosophy” appears in the Westminster Review. May: Te Vossische Zeitung publishes a German translation of Oxenford’s review. Te Oxenford review and its translation initiate Schopenhauer’s period of fame. 1854 September: Second edition of On the Will in Nature. December: Second edition of On Vision and Colors. 1859 November: Tird edition of Te World as Will and Representation. 1860 September: Second edition of Te Two Fundamental Problems of Ethics. September 21: Dies in Frankfurt am Main.