John Oman: Orkney’S Theologian
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This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: • This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. • A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. • This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. • The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. • When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. John Oman: Orkney’s Theologian A contextual study of John Oman’s theology with reference to personal freedom as the unifying principle Eric George McKimmon Presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Edinburgh 2012 Dedication In memory of two Oman scholars and ministers in the Presbyterian Church in Ireland Rev’d Walter Russell Entrican B.A. 1903-1984 Rev’d David Andrew Gibb Milligan B.A. 1921- 2006 i Acknowledgements....................................................................................... v Declaration....................................................................................................vii Abstract......................................................................................................... ix Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 Thesis Outline ............................................................................................ 2 Secondary Sources.................................................................................... 5 Primary Sources ........................................................................................ 7 Books by John Oman................................................................................. 7 Translation ................................................................................................. 8 Chapter One- Freedom in context: Church and religion in Scotland and Orkney in the late nineteenth century. ........................................................ 9 1 Ecclesiastical Landscape .................................................................. 11 2 John Cairns (1818-1892)................................................................... 20 3 Trials and Tribulations ....................................................................... 32 4 Orkney Roots..................................................................................... 38 Chapter Two- Oman and Scottish Philosophical Traditions ................... 53 1 Scottish Realists: Calderwood, Fraser and Veitch............................. 56 2 Personal Idealists: Sorley and Pringle Pattison ................................. 66 Chapter Three- Oman and European Thought ......................................... 85 1 The Reformation................................................................................ 87 2 The Catholic Reformation.................................................................. 95 3 Enlightenment.................................................................................. 104 4 Romanticism.................................................................................... 110 Chapter Four- Freedom in its theological, metaphysical and personal dimensions ................................................................................................ 127 ii 1 Re-shaping theology: personality and the idea of grace ..................129 2 Freedom and metaphysics: a mindful universe................................136 3 Freedom realized: the sacred and the holy......................................145 4 The spirituality of freedom................................................................153 Chapter Five- Christology: a narrative of freedom .................................167 1 Evaluations in scholarship................................................................169 2 Christology and revelation................................................................174 3 Oman’s use of the Bible...................................................................183 4 New Testament Christology .............................................................190 5 Oman’s Theology of the Cross.........................................................197 Chapter Six- Ecclesiology: looking for the city that is to come ............213 1 The Church of Christ........................................................................215 2 The Apocalyptic................................................................................219 3 The Church in an evolutionary paradigm .........................................231 4 German nexus..................................................................................234 5 Institutions, ministry and sacraments ...............................................240 Chapter Seven- Conclusions ....................................................................261 1 Contexts: a summary ......................................................................261 2 Personal freedom: a unifying principle .............................................263 3 Consequences: a reductionist, an apologist of a visionary?.............264 Bibliography...............................................................................................277 1 Works of John Oman .......................................................................277 2 Works about Oman ..........................................................................285 3 Nineteenth Century Scottish Philosophy..........................................290 4 Theology ..........................................................................................293 iii 5 General Theology............................................................................ 295 6 Church History................................................................................. 297 7 Biblical Studies ................................................................................ 298 8 General Literature............................................................................ 299 iv v Acknowledgements I am indebted to the two ministers to whom this thesis in dedicated, Walter Entrican and David Milligan, for introducing me to the work of John Oman. In 1976, on becoming a student for the ministry in the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, both ministers encouraged me to read Oman’s books. Though my reading in theology has been varied over the years many times I have returned to Oman on the subject of religion and theology. I have, however, never quite understood his place in theological tradition. I am grateful, therefore, to Rev’d Dr. Ruth Page for encouraging me to undertake this belated study. Dr. Page supervised my B.D. Dissertation in 1981 on Oman’s understanding of doctrine and its relation to religious experience. Rev’d Professor David Fergusson must be thanked for accepting me as a post-graduate student and encouraging me over the past three years. Dr Fergusson’s suggestion of a contextual approach has proved most helpful in bringing Oman’s thinking into clearer relief. Further, as my advisor of studies his steadying hand, critical mind and ready availability has been vital to the enterprise. I would add that the limitations of the work are entirely my own. I am grateful to the staff at New College library, Edinburgh, Kirkwall library in Orkney and Westminster College library, Cambridge, for their helpfulness with source material and books. The sources of financial support have been greatly appreciated in these straightened economic times. In particular, The Hope Trust has been generous towards the cost of my student fees, the University of Edinburgh has awarded a scholarship available to ministers of the Church of Scotland and my wife has enabled me to reside in Edinburgh through her love and maintenance. The preparation of the text of the thesis has been made much easier by my wife Kathleen’s proof reading and my son Angus’ help with computer technicalities. My son Calum and daughter Morag must be thanked for their indulgence over three Christmases when father was not entirely focused on family celebrations. vi vii I composed this thesis, the work is my own. No part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree or qualification. Name……………………………………….. Date……………………… viii ix Abstract This thesis is a contextual study of the work of Orkney theologian John Oman (1860- 1939), with reference to personal freedom as the unifying principle. Oman’s early life in Orkney, his philosophical awakening in Edinburgh and his wide reading of European thought are the contexts explored. From these contexts emerges a theology that is eclectic in nature and which finds coherence in the principle of personal freedom. Oman’s concept of freedom is defined theologically, metaphysically and personally; this is followed by discussion of its application to the specific subject areas of Christology and Ecclesiology. The priority that Oman gives to personal freedom results in a distinctive theology of Christ and the Church. Thus, the uniqueness of Christ lies in the freedom which he exemplifies in humanity; and the Church is a community of freedom